i. endosymbiosis a. occurred in early eukaryotes pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

24
I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

Upload: felicity-hall

Post on 02-Jan-2016

216 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

I. Endosymbiosis

A. Occurred in early eukaryotes

Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

Page 2: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria
Page 3: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria

1. circular DNA2. similar translational machinery

- DNA, RNA, ribosomes

Page 4: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

3. divide by process similar to binary fission4. double membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts

- inner membrane part of prokaryote- outer membrane from cell membrane of “host”

Page 5: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

II. Eukaryotic Reproduction

A. Sexual

1. haploid gametes

2. advantage in evolutionary adaptation

3. more diversity

4. includes self-fertilization- offspring still not identical to parent

Page 6: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

B. Asexual

1. no gametes

2. offspring genetically identical to parent

3. parthenogenesis- new organism from an unfertilized egg- many insects, lizards, fish, amphibians

Page 7: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

III. Kingdom Protista

A. Most diverse kingdom

1. most unicellular eukaryotes (except yeast)

2. all eukaryotes not plant, animal, or fungus

3. “catch-all” kingdom

- some protists more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than other protists

Page 8: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

III. Kingdom Protista

A. Most diverse kingdom (cont’d)

4. algae (many of the photosynthetic protists)

5. protozoa (single-celled heterotrophs)

6. molds (similar to fungi)

Page 9: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

B. Diplomonads

- 2 nuclei and multiple flagella

- Giardia intestinalis

Page 10: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

C. Euglenozoans

1. includes heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites

2. Trypanosoma

- sleeping sickness- tsetse flies

3. Euglena

- many can alternate between photosynthetic and heterotrophic

Page 11: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

D. Alveolates

- have tiny membrane-enclosed sacs just under the cell membrane

1. dinoflagellates

a. marine/aquatic phytoplankton (photosynthetics)b. some are heterotrophicc. some are bioluminescentd. toxic red tides (from overgrowth)

Page 12: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria
Page 13: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

2. apicomplexans

a. animal parasites

b. form spores

c. Plasmodium

- malaria

Page 14: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

3. ciliates

- use cilia for locomotion

- heterotrophs that dine on bacteria, algae, and other ciliates

- paramecium

Page 15: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

E. Stramenopiles

- have a “hairy” flagellum1. water molds

a. freshwater organismsb. decompose dead plant and animal materialc. includes downy mildewsd. can be parasitic

- fish- potato blight- downy mildew of grapes

Page 16: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

2. diatoms

a. unicellular, photosynthetic algae

b. cell wall contains silica (found in many abrasives)

c. marine/aquatic

d. diatomaceous earth

Page 17: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

3. brown algae

a. largest and most complex algae (fast-growing)

b. marine

c. multicellular

d. most seaweeds

e. kelp

Page 18: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

F. Amoebozoans

use pseudopodia

Page 19: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

F. Amoebozoans

use pseudopodia

1. free-living amoebas- marine/aquatic- soil

Page 20: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

2. parasitic amoebas

- dysentery- Naegleria fowleri

Page 21: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

3. plasmodial slime molds- oozing mass of slime- many nuclei - decomposers

Page 22: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

4. cellular slime molds- can aggregate into slugs- change location - differentiates and sporulates

Page 23: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

G. Red and green algae

1. closely related to plants

2. both contain chlorophyll

3. red algae are important reef species- hard cell walls, non-motile

Page 24: I. Endosymbiosis A. Occurred in early eukaryotes Pelomyxa - lacks mitochondria

G. Red and green algae (cont’d)

4. green algae- Chlamydomonas- Volvox- many sea weeds