i. fragmentation of the gondwana super-continent creation of new oceans atlantic indian
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Major tectonic systems operating during the past 200 My. I. Fragmentation of the Gondwana super-continent Creation of new Oceans Atlantic Indian circum-Antarctic formation of passive margins Closing of Tethys Ocean: complex Mediterranean – Middle East interactions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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I. Fragmentation of the Gondwana super-continent Creation of new Oceans
• Atlantic• Indian• circum-Antarctic• formation of passive margins
Closing of Tethys Ocean: • complex Mediterranean – Middle East interactions• major continental collisions in central Asia• Australian-SE Asian collisions
Major tectonic systems operating during the past 200 My
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# 18 42.7 MaMiddle Eocene
Drake Passage Indian Pacific connection
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#13 35.5 MaEarly Oligocene
Drake Passage Indian Pacific connection
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#6, 20.5 MaEarly Miocene
Drake Passage Indian Pacific connection
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Drake Passage Indian Pacific connection
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Formation of Circum-Antarctic Current >> isolation of Antarctica >> formation of ice sheet
circum-Antarctic Current
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Formation of North Atlantic Deep water(thermo-haline convection system)
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Formation of continental passive margins
continental shelf
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continental passive margins
thinned continental crust
Sedimentation on subsiding continental shelf
oceanic crust
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I. Fragmentation of the Gondwana super-continent Creation of new Oceans
• Atlantic• Indian• circum-Antarctic• formation of passive margins
Closing of Tethys Ocean: • complex Mediterranean – Middle East interactions• major continental collisions in central Asia• Australian-SE Asian collisions
Major tectonic systems operating during the past 200 My
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Complex intra-continental Mediterranean-central Asian
“plate boundary”
Indonesian (Sunda-Banda) island arc
Earthquake depth 0-33 km 33-70 70-300 300-700
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Topography for previous slide: note complex topography of Mediterranean-central Asian “plate boundary”.
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India moving northwards
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Himalayan evolution
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Indention of India into Asia
The named dashed and dotted lines represent boundaries between terranes successively accreted to Asia. The accretion increases in age to the north:Indus Tsangbo, 40 MaBanggong,160 MaJinsha, 200 MaKunlun, 255 MaTienshan, late Paleozoic
The indentation has moved these sutures northwards
The dotted areas show the regions of shearing that accomodated the northward indentation of India
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Tibetan plateau models
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Region of theTibetan Plateau
Ignore white rectangle. The blue line shows the approximate location of the section shown in the third slide after this one.
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A recently published geological cross section
See the section line (blue line) on the map shown in the third preceding slide. From Yin, A. and T.M. Harrison, 2000, Geologic Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., v.28, 211-280.
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Central Asian active
tectonics
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II. Pacific System East Pacific Rise (EPR) moving towards the Americas and away from Asia Hot spot tracksRimmed by subduction zones
• Western Pacific• Subducting old oceanic lithosphere• Formation of back-arc basins and island arcs
•Eastern Pacific• Subducting young oceanic lithosphere• Andean type mountain building• Collision and accretion of exotic terranes• Collision of EPR with North America
Major tectonic systems operating during the past 200 My
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Eas
t Pac
ific
Ris
e
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II. Pacific System East Pacific Rise (EPR) moving towards the Americas and away from Asia Hot spot tracksRimmed by subduction zones
• Western Pacific• Subducting old oceanic lithosphere• Formation of back-arc basins and island arcs
•Eastern Pacific• Subducting young oceanic lithosphere• Andean type mountain building• Collision and accretion of exotic terranes• Collision of EPR with North America
Major tectonic systems operating during the past 200 My
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Northwestern Pacific Subduction zones: seismicity
Izu-Bonin-Marianas island arc
Aleutian Island arc
Ryukyu island arc
Kurile-Kamchatka island arc
N. Honshu subduction zone
Earthquake depth 0-33 km 33-70 70-300 300-700
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Northwestern Pacific Subduction zones: bathymetry
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New Zealand
New Britain Island arc
Vanuatu island arc Tonga
island arc
Kermadec island arc
Southwestern Pacific Subduction zones:
seismicity
Earthquake depth 0-33 km 33-70 70-300 300-700
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Southwestern Pacific Subduction zones:
bathymetry
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II. Pacific System East Pacific Rise (EPR) moving towards the Americas and away from Asia Hot spot tracksRimmed by subduction zones
• Western Pacific• Subducting old oceanic lithosphere• Formation of back-arc basins and island arcs
•Eastern Pacific• Subducting young oceanic lithosphere• Andean type mountain building• Collision and accretion of exotic terranes• Collision of EPR with North America
Major tectonic systems operating during the past 200 My
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II. Pacific System East Pacific Rise (EPR) moving towards the Americas and away from Asia Rimmed by subduction zones
• Western Pacific• Subducting old oceanic lithosphere• Formation of back-arc basins and island arcs
• Eastern Pacific• Subducting young oceanic lithosphere• Andean type mountain building• Collision and accretion of exotic terranes• Collision of EPR with North America
Hot spot tracks
Major tectonic systems operating during the past 200 My
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Eastern Pacific
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Nazca Plate8 cm/yr
South American Plate
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South America Plate
Central Andes cross section
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II. Pacific System East Pacific Rise (EPR) moving towards the Americas and away from Asia Rimmed by subduction zones
• Western Pacific• Subducting old oceanic lithosphere• Formation of back-arc basins and island arcs
• Hot spot tracks•Eastern Pacific
• Subducting young oceanic lithosphere• Andean type mountain building• Collision and accretion of exotic terranes• Collision of EPR with North America
Major tectonic systems operating during the past 200 My
Continued in western_usa.ppt