i ,,.,i - shodhganga : a reservoir of indian theses @...
TRANSCRIPT
1 t 9 CH~TBR. A
80 PIA~oqx. DERIVAtiONAL - JPRHA;IO!.
§..l,. QtM rala-
1'he morphological qstem or Qondi 1s more
similar to that or Telugu than other Dravidian languages.
Gondi language spoken in M.P.has been considerably
innuenced by the administrative and prestige language i.e.
Hindi and its surrounding dialects. Gondi dialect of
Betul is more innuenced by Marathi as compared to the
Gondi dialects of BaJ.aghat and Mandla. For this reason,
the present day Gondi or Betul, Bal.aghat and Mandla h
an admixture of Hindi end Marath1. fbe percP.ntage of
basic vocabulal'f of Gond1 is decreasing fast. 'Dl.e result
is, whenever a Gond does not find a word in Gondi, he
immediately borrows a Hindi or Marathi word and adds
Clondi elements making it a Gond1 word. lhe following
examples show this trend.
Qhart No.rlt,
Meaning. I Hindi I Gondi I Gond1 suffix.
Crocodile. I 1'1llagar. .... ,,.,I •al
I True, sacas SaCOI • Ol
I I I
\\brds borrowed from Hindi are given in the
comparative wrd list of the three dialects in the end.
meta· • JQQABQLAIX Alp 'fii'J:
Lexical words are olaalified acoording to the
order of the segmental phone .. • of Gondi Language given in
the inventory in the chapter two ot phonology. rollowing
abbreviations are used in the lexical items.
(1) N • Noun (2) N.M. = Non-.asouline (3) Ad • Adjective
(4) A.v. =Adverb (5) P = Pronoun,CC)H =Hindi word vtttten in
roman transcription. (7) c.: c<rniu-nd/071 C,~.l ;· • · ,. · " · f_IIA~r!<lo: s-q.. , ·, : '
·-------------------------------------------~-·--------------------------:.No. Gondi of Balaghat.
Gondi of Betul
Gondi ot Mandla
Grammatical feature
Meaninc.
·------------------------------------------------------------------------·•
•
•
•
•
•
•
I .. • • •
indradhanus
1 du:a:ki: . igu:ma~a:
ima:
id
inde:ke:
ico:r
1: ~a:
1: ta :1
uska:l
uja:la:
uta:r h ud ay
...1.. indragule:l indragule:l
idu:a&kil . igu:m~ra:
ima:
id
inga:
ico:r
i:ta: •
i:ta:l
uskall
ve:rei: •
il
viruu:lda "·
viru:mara:
ima:
id
inde:ke: or ir:ie: ke:
ico:r
i:ta: •
i:ta:l
uslta:l
ujaya:r~s
'h j islat ;
diyasr
rainbow
N.N.M, Mahualeat
N .N.M. · Mlibua tree
P. You (Sg)
P .N.N, thiiJ
A.V. now
· Ad. this much ~
N.l'.M; brick
A1,V. like this
light
slope
H.Dimak
Darlnt;tgp at bp•-
A noun 1n Gond1 is that which is o~~pable ot
taking case suttixes. 1'he7 are class1t1e4 into the
following t,.pes1
I Verb Base. Adjective
Base.
~f/lllt1- ,,
Noun Base,
L Basic.
The above chart shows that there are t\110
types of noun (l) Derived, which has taken at least
12()
one derivational affix (2) Basic, which 1s withGut any
derivational affix. Nouns can be derived from verb bases,
adjective bases, adverb bases and noun bases by adding
their respective noun :fo:rming su:t'f'ixes.
0.2.1:- Nouns deriyed tmm yerb basess-
In Gondi, a noun is deriVed from the verb stan
by the addition of noun f'oming suffix I • vas des I end
I .. vasles I 'agent'. I .. vasdes I 1s added to the speech •
fo:rms of Balaghat and Mandla dialects, I• vaale: I is
added to the speech fo:nns of Betul dialect. '~then this
noun fo:rming suffix is added to the verb stem, certain
changes take place in the verb stem. :&Ues governing the
change are given in detail in the fif't!l: chapter of
Mo rpho-phonemt-ts,
Following e::amples show the derived nouns
tll)m the verb base b:y the a441 tlon or 1- vaa 4e 1 I an4 • I• vaslet I
(a) kiyas (to) do ---t ki:yesvas4et • 1 doer'
~b) sunjat . (to) sleep_, sunjesvas4es 'one 1d1o sleeps'
(c) joka: (to) kill -7 jokesvasdet 'killer' • (d) tandaa (to) letoutry tandea vat de a 1Letouter•
• • • • •
II-GmuP• (a) kiya: (to) do__, kiYasnvaalel 1doer'
(b) na:maa (to) sleep-7 naamasnvaales 1one who sleeps'
(c) jokat ( to)kill ~ jokasnva:let 'killer•
(d) tanda: (to) letout-t taJldaanvaalea 11etouter• • • •
In the first gxoup of above examples, it can
be seen that the /- aa I of the stem changes into
1- e: / 9 whereas in the second group i.e. in Betul
dialect, the verb stem which takes the suffix /• vat lea/,
a /n/ is added to the stem.
A few verb stems which contain a nasal
consonant followed by its hom-organic stop consonant
change their stop into the respective nasal consonant
phonetically when the suf'f'ix /-vaades/ is added. This •
double nasal has to be written as /n/, Following
exsnples show this trend.
1 2 ?
Amup.III
(a) tindaa (to) eat __, t11MI't'al qAI 'eater'
(b) pundaa (to) know-7 punea't'al~81 'Jmowr'
(o) unda1 • (to) drlnk-7 unea't'aade1 'd1'1nker' •
(d) hand a I (to) go ----7 henel't'aa del 'goe:r' • (e) mandaa (to) li't'e~ menea't'aa~• 1 rel14ent'
Nouns fo:tmed by the addition or /•Val del/ are •
1n free variation phonetically w1 th their co rreaponding
unsuffixed roms with the double nasal in the Balaghat
dialect of Gond1. The following 8X811lples show the same.
9rouu-IY (a) tine:vacgec ,.., tines 'eater'
(b) hane s vas de: ,.J hanes 'goer'
(c) pune:va:~el ,.J punea 1knower•
(d) unesvasdet , ,..> une.c 1 eater'
(e) tanecva1 de: r> tanes 1letoutel" •
(f) mane avaa ~e: rJ mane: 'dweller'
Qondi npuns derived tmm adiagtiye ha•aa••
A noun in Gondi is derived from the adjective
base by suffixing /• pana: 1- 1 - ness ' noun i'onning
suffix. 1hese nouns do not undergo any change in their
stem form after the addition or :noun fo1'11l1ng sur.n.x.
Following examples show th1sl•
. .
(a)
(b)
sa: do a
oako:t ...-
'simple' ___,. saadospanal
'good'-7 cakoa~anas
'simpleness
'goodness•
12~
( o) kariy.J. 1blaok' --7 Jr.U'lyalp.naa 1blaokDeas1
(d) cu~r '1111611'--7 auf,lzopanaa I 1111aJJ.ness I
(e) paras •
'big' ___, paraspan.aa • 1b1Snus•
(f) raraa I ;young I ---7 rayaapanaa 1 70utb'
(g) pivro 1 1 yellow' ---t plvroapanaa 1 yellolllfteas'
<•> hivroa 'green'-? h1vroapanaa 'greenness•
(i) mingul 1 sweet' --7 m1nguJ.panaa 1 sweetness•
(j) vataal 'dry' --7 vaa taalpana 'dryness.
The examples noted aboVe represent the speeoh
fol'llls or Bal.aghat and Mandla dialeets. In BetuJ. dialeot,
adjectival nouns are fol'lllet by the addition of /•pan/
to the adjective base and not /•panas/. Both these ro:ms,
it may be pointed out, are tsed in Hindi as in /baepan/ ·
and /bacpana:/ childhood.
6.2,3a- !Qndi nrums !lerived trom npun basesa-
l'b.ere are some other classes or derived nouns
in Gondi which are fol'llled :from the noUD bases by the
addition of noun i'ol'llling sui'i'i:x: /•panaa/ which changes a common noun into an abstract noun.
kale a
1 child' -----7 ch. avalpanat
'thief' --t kaletpana
maanvaal 'man' --7 maanvaclpanaa
1 childhood1
1 thett1
'manliness•
g;a:;;:gation of noun stems tqgors21pg tp th•
In Gond1, noun stems can be classified
according to the gender suf'f'1x., l'b.ey take in the following
waya
(1)
(2)
(3)
14 ,_
Mas0Ul1ne noUJaa ending ill a •aaGU11ne 111tt1x.
Famininelleuterl 1.•. Ko~a1oullne nouns ending in • tem Dine/Neuter sutf1z or non4aloul1ne IUttiz.
Nouns belong1Dg to both the ca4ers 1. •• Masculine and non4as0Ul1ne.
6,2.5.a- Dprlyatiye •Wp• tgr Meaqu1lMI•
In Gond1, we have following derivational
suffixes for masculine.
I*' asl.., - l"" • oa.,. ea"' 9J I
1- a:l I occurs in the following nouns with
consonant ending stems all of' which denote a male person
or animal or bird.
~· kum-a:l 1potmaker1
ba:nd-a:l 'pig' •
dh. imad-a:l 'fi she 1!11 an' . .. mudiy .. aal
• •rather-1n•la.w1
masnav•a:l 'man'
tu: r.-aal 1boy' . ra: ndav-a:l • lwJ:Ibwer'
ug"- a~a:l • a nacked man 1
vart-a:l ' a male guest'
gid"- •atl ' a male eagle'
mu:nJ-a:l ' monkey (red) 1
bUk-a:l 1 monkey (blaCk)'
mirg-asl 1 ant1lope1
kasv-all
gug"- U•&ll
ke1kr-aal •
neavr-aal
ko•4k.1y-aal
1 orov' 'oWl' 1onb•
l2c;
1- l/ ooours in the following nouns with vowel
ending stems most of 'Which are borrowed trom Hindi.
.L.l• bokrasl 1 goat' • th. alva:-1 landless tal'lller • gad"- aa-1 an ass
daada:-1 father.
pagla1-l mad man
boadal•l he buft'aloe
sipi:•l tailor.
panc}.as •l priest.
b"- tulis-l bal'bar • • k"- aatia•l blacksmith,.
gavlit•l milkman.
kaska:-1 father's younger-brother.
rl8V~tU•l bridegroom.
candas-l moon.
/-os/ occurs with the following nouns. Here
again the stem ends in a consonant.
~. tasd-o&
ak-ol
miyad-oa
grandfather.
mother• s father.
husband.
) /-e &/ oct'!llrs v1 tlb the tolloving aoun•t
.L.lo
1~1 occurs with the aouns used in the
vooat1ve oase,
6.2.61-
.!la.S.o
pandat •
bh. aal1&
priest.
barbar.
L;a:~£!1i!it~~~~~!i%Wup'
t- as rJ
/-a:r/ ooaurs \!lith the following nouns • •
miy-a:;r
sarand-aar .
sister •
daughter.
sister-in-law.
/•aar/ oocurs with the following nouns which
are used only in the speech :t'ol'llls of Mandla dialect ot
Gond1,
sesl-atr
savan~·a&r
""
sister.
daugliilr.
s1 ster-in-law.
j .. 1&/ occurs with the following nouns,
'
12" re•!:-1• abe &Dat.
taal-1a '
oow. tua r-ia girl. • . maa:r-1a vlte.
daahar-1a mother. ' •
banial.-11 Issuless 'lt)Bian.,
adm-11 she-butt aloe. •
1-aa/ ooaurs with the tollowing nouns,
L.&o grand mother.
ya:y-a: mother.
6.2.7a- ffouns belonging to MiP gmdersa-
I .. -1: .. -aa I
I ·il I ooours w:l. th the following nounst 1
---
!tt.&· p1g(male/f'em&le)
l•a:/ ooours w:l.th the following nouns,
.!.a.i.· I koad-aal • horse/mare •
~·-In Clondi, there are basic nouns which do not
contain any :fonnal suffixes. The gender ot these nouns
is Uxieally decided which 1s only non-masouJ.ine.
3.
Following exsnpl.es show the basic nouns.
varb •
vadu: r •
house.
air.
blllllboo •
4, nit oil.
5, nesl field.
6, na• gar. ploulb.
7. kan eye.
8, kasl leg,
9. pungasr nower.
10, masosr nose.
11. kavis ear.
12. pal. tooth.
13. vanjar tongue.
14, to dis . mouth,
§.&.1.- l21lli!:lt;i.gD llX s;nmnr.unsun,s-
In Gondi, nouns are alSO del"ived by the
method of compounding, 1'his consists either or adjeet1Ve
and noun or verb and noun o:r noun and noun as shown
belowa-
1.
2.
a.
s.
1, Adjective + Noun • Noun,
2, Verb + Noun • Noun,
3, Noun + Noun
E1pma1es of nouns fmm adjegtiye + Nguna•
para: + pesn :: •
cud11r + pean :: '
pa:aspem
cu9Urpean
puana•l +:man • pumaslZI) an
junasl + ban~a== junaslb&r)!tl-1
sartaal + dikal"is• sartasldika~s
great god.
small godt
new house.
old shirt.
tom eloth,
\
'
12{'.
l;gmpl•• qt RAHP' f'mp DD + lpppa-
1. kautaal + yeu• • kaastaal:v• bot water.
2. m1rtaal +year • m1rtaalyear epr1nkle4 water.
a. p1rtaal + mara• • plrtaalma~ai g~tlllUp
plant.
4. pan~ataal + markaa • pan~ataal.markaa ripe mango.
5. nortaal + arkaa • nortaalal'kaa a washed pot.
6, poangataal +year • po angataclyear tlown water,
In the above examples, it can be seen that the
verb base is a past perfect partiCiple of its respective
verb form, they are illustrated as belowa-
1. /haa sta:l/ 'past pel"feot participle of /kal saana1/
or /kat s1:naa/ to heat.
2. I mirta:l/ past present participle of /miraanaa/
'to be sprung up.'
3, I pirtail I past perfect participle of /piratnasl
1 to grow out',
4, I panstata:l/ past perfect participle of lpandaanaa/
to ripe,
s. I nortall I past perfect participle of I noraana1 I
'to wash• •
a. I pomgataal I past perfect parthiple o:t I poangaanaal
to now.
EXI!!!)ples Qf nouns fmm loun + lgun•
l. baarti¥11 + k"- oalia • baartionk~oal.1a • delive17 :room.
talas + tosrta • talaatoa~a
a. mal"kal + maras • ma:rkaamaraa
~·•- Derivation gf A43tgt1yaa-
A ldnc! or cl17 used to wash the heac!.
menll) tree.
A plaoe,_ 'lilere a slaugnter 1s made tor a saoritioe.
In Gondi, adjectives can be c!eri vee! from
noun and verb bases.
6. 5.1. ,_ Deriyat1gn or Ad3 eqtiya tmm Ibun,t-
Adjectives can be derived from the noun base
by the addition of t~ suffixes viza /• 11 and /-ria/
Examples are as followsa-
1. kariyaa
2. kamkaa
3. go:ta: •
black colour + l
yellow colour + 1
stone + l"il
• kariyasl black.
= kamkaal yellow.
• go:~·~~~ rocky.
6.5.2a- Derivation of ad3egt1ve tmm yezhJ•
In Gondi, adjectives are also derived rrom
the verb base. The derivation of adjective f:mm the verb
base is not frequent.
.2...&· ka1saa
na:nda
(to) wa:rm + tall • kasstatl hot.
(to) wet + taal • naandattul wet.
There are some other Classes of verbs which contain
phonetically double consonants in their base toms 'lilich
become single and the t1nal /a/ of the stem is dropped
betore the adjective toftllnc mmz 1- tall/.
Following exanplee abow the a••• (1) noraa (to)wash + •tall • DOrt&ll olean.
(2) mira, (to) sprinkle + ta1l • mirtaal sprinkling.
(3) vat as (to)dry + tall • vata1l dried.
(4) kava a (to)laugh + taal • kavta1l laughing.
Another class of verba which contain /• nd/ in
their base changes its cluster into the respective
voiceless consonants,
.L..fl:, handaa
mandai
tindaa
(to)go + ta&l
(to)live + taal
(to)eat + ta&l
• hataal
• mata&l
• titaal
gone( F)
remained( F)
eaten( F)
The verb forms which contain /•7/ in their base
form lose i'YI before the adjectiVe fo:nning sutfiz /•ta•ll•
.i!..t..&• sa: y (to)die + tarl • sa&taal dead,
§...§.r• Deriyation of AdyeNI•
In Gond1, the derivation of adverb is very rare.
The following one instance will show that an adverb can
be derived from the noun base by the addition of adVerb
f'o rming suffix /.. ay/,
din 'day' + aY • dinay daily •.
Bepgtetive formation iQ Qon4il•
In Gondi, repetitive fol'lllation is f'ol'llled tl'qm
(1) Adjective (2) Verb (3) NounJ.
13" o.z.1.a- Rep•ttt1y• lb••MnP tp eAJtgtiyna-
h1V1'01 h1V1'01
taajoa taajoa
6.7.21• Bapetetiyt tq!!•tigp (19' JIEb••· In <londi 1 repetet1ves are tolllled. t-. verba
These repetetives generally denote the continuation ot
an action taking place. They also denote some tuture
action to be done.
~·
6.7.3:
at m.1u a1 mas • •
tina& tinat
while weeping.
while eating.
Rapetetive fo lJl1&t1on f'mm Noun• -
Repetetive fo:anations are el.so made trom the
adverb bases. Following examples will show the same.
1, mur mur A be.d smell.
2. kad kad A noise due to , . breaking of 'I«>Od.
3. k"- at k"- at A noi sa dUe to the . • knocking of dool' •
4. nur nur A noise due to the filling of water.,
s. gat gat A no1 se dUe to the . . drinking or water •
••••
QHAPDR z 13"-
IBFLKQ!IOI
7.1) Cleeetaqetigp O( pmap •te• I•
In Oondi, noun 1teu are di'fided into two olau81
(1) Nouns ending in vowell (2) RoUJll ending in oon~onant1.
Aa was made clear in the 1eotion of phonolog~ 1hort vowtl1
do not occur in the final position of a word, hence olasaiti
oation is baAed on long vowels onlY, This classification
has been made with a view that stems with ditterent endings
might be inflected differently,
7.2) Nguns onding 3n yqyelg 1-
Most of the nouns which end in vowels are di-syllabic.
Tri-syllabic nouns in this position have lesser frequency of
occurrence than the di-syllabic ones,
For 1) s-
E.g. mari:
tusri: •
ne:li:
Fgr u: :-
ba:ru:
Karu: "?
For e: I•
E.g. no:ne:
pate:
nule:
pite: •
son
firl
~ield
~ound
Hungry
A: ope
~n.t
lltoaqu1to
bird
pw pi
E.g. taadoa
ka lkoa
gaatoa •
sea nos
Fgr '' ·-E.g. mus rea
' chave1
paya:
ko:nda:
muda:
pe 1 ~a:
'rand Ia ther
frand 'Mother
Cooked rice
Old wcman
cow
child
oalf
Bullock
ring
song
7.3) Nquna ending in ggnggnenta t•
13~
Aspirated consonants do not oceur in the final
position in Gondi. Hence, the classification is based on the
unaspirated consonants only. Following examples will show
the same.
For pt
kulup
roap
Fgr b;
kutumb •
For mt
ha:tum
For t:
rapat
took
plant
H.kabila
111arket
.. .. _
13~ fqr 4 I
pad "ten
Fpr n 1-
kan lye
d4•bhan Big needle
For t ·-ima: t 1ou (pl)
•
For d 1-
ne:nd "today •
Fgr c ·-mac d6ew
Fgr j ,_ • me:ni l!gg
tiriaj lfail •
For k ·-lak far away
For g :-
na:lung !our
For s .... tarPIS .Snake . mars an axe
kis . fire
For h 1-
guh to seize
doh to bind
Fqr r ·-
lgr 1 ·-Pgr y ·-Far y 1-
For r I
year
van jar
neal
udhay
na:v
pur •
se:laar
field
~ite ant
1teme
fnseot
sister
7 .4) Deolena1on of ngun• tg number z-
13~
Gondi, like other Dravidian languages, has two
numbers (l) Singular (2) plural.
C.G.Trench in his book "Gr8llllllar of Gondi"( l)Vol,.l
page No.35 says "The plural endings are -k, -hk, -sk, -ng and
-r. Very few hard and fast rules can be laid down for the ·•
formation of the plural, and alternative forms abound. The
original plural endings were probably only two viza -k for
Neuter and -r for masculine. The terminations •hkt -sk- and
-ng are mere variations of the first named"•
C.F. Moss in his book ~An Introduction to the
'Grammar of Gondi 11 (2) says that "there are two numbers in
Gondi i.e. singular and plural. The nomiaative plural is
formed in a variety of ways but the majority of words conform:
---------------------------------------------------------------1. Trench.C.G. "Grammar of Gondi" Volume I, 2. Moss. C.F, "An Introduction to the Graamar of Gondi".
13'
(1) Keasm,U• DAM• 1 With a 11en11Dal oo~nt. !be
teralnal consonant 1a usuall7 /•la/ so. tSaea /-ra/. Tboae
ending with /al/or/all/add/olrf• those en41nc with /oil/lose
the lut syllable and add /-allol~/, those ending with /ral/
change the ending to /r/.
(2) With • tumiMl vQDl I With a terainal 'lOvell !hose
ending with /-ia/, /-us/ or /-e1/ slllply add t /-r/, those •
ending with /-at/ add /-loar/, •
(3) Ftm/Niuter nmm11 With terminal consonant, these uauall7
add /kas/ some times with an euphonic /saa/ or /has/ conJoined,
Both e.G. Trench and c.r. Moss haYe taken gender as
the base for the declension or noun, The suffixes mentioned
by' ~Trench need systematic study to find out whether so
many suffixes ;really exist in Oondi, 'fhe following analysis
will give a clear pictu;re about the formation of noun plural
1n Gondi and its suffixes.
Gondi has no aurtix to indicate singular JlUIIIber, but
there are in ally~o-called suffixes to denote the ptural1t7
of' the noun (five as per the previous scholar and one aore
round by me), These are as follows •-
l. -k 4. .. ... -ng
2. -hlt s. -oar •
3. -sk 6, -r •
The above mentioned plural suffixes can be divided
into two classes according to the gender of the stems.
1, Kpp-pptm!l2pa ptp•e teke I •kt -ht1 •lkt •ftl
2. leemaJfpt •1;e•• 1;eJre I• -oar, -r • •
Our analysis in ~. tollovin& pa~ ahowa the
dewcription or each plural auttlx with ita aorphellic Talue
and it is also observed that it is not neceasary to consider
so many plural auttixes, For this, it is necessary to
consider certain alternations in the stem. By do1ng so there
will be only tour allomorphs viz, /•ng/ and /•k/1 coming
after non-masculine stems and /-oar/ and /•r/ coming after • •
masculine stems,
7,4.1)1 I
/·k .. -ng"" -o:~"" -r "" . 7,4.1 )a- Plural suffix /-kfa- This occurs (1) attar nouna
which end in a consonant (2) Few nouns which end in /il/,
All the nouns which take /•k/ belong to the neuter gender,
Following examples attest the plural suffix /•k/ after the
consonant ending stems. C !iA!lT .NO. 17
-----------------------------------------·---------------------· s.No. Singular Plural Meaning
----------------------------------------------------------------1. pal pal-:k teoth
2. pa:l pal-k Milk --3. pa1t
• naat-k - . kids of goat
4. pe:n pe:n-k god
s. pir pir-k rain
6. bhi:t bhi:t-k • wall
7. mal mal-k peacock
s. maso1r maso•r-k nose
g. me and • meand-k
• fencing
10. tara as tara•s-k snake • •
---------------------------------------------------------------
13"
----------------------------------------------------------------s.No. Singular Plural Mea niDI
----------------------------------------------------------------11. talaav talaav-k lake
12. datbhan daabhan-k big needle
13. din din-k day
14, dhuand d~and-k stol'll
15. nedum na•'.dum-k between • '
16. natutr natuar-k blood
17, na:gar na:gar-k plough
18. ne:v niuv-k name
19, tt~ till s tata:s-k Nilkantha Bird .. . .. . 20. kal kal-k wine
21. kar kar-k · small bamboo
22. kan kan-k eye
23. ka:l katl•k leg
24. kulup ltulup-k look
25. gil dha 1 !' gi:dha:r-k voulture •
26. ge:ndu:r · ge:ndutr•k earth worm
27. sa dan sa dan-k ceiling .. , 28. savo:r savo:r-k salt
• . 29. se:r se :r-k
• plough
30, ro:p ro:p-k 'plant
31. van jar vanjar-k tongue
32. hat tum ha:tum-k lllllrket •
Some nouns whioh end in the long vowel /-i:/
preceeded by /r,l,v/ show the plural suffix /-k/, These
stems also take /-ng/ end this sho,•s free variation between
/-k/ end /-ng/, Following examples show the aamet
''
ClUB% !!PI. /t
----------------------------------------------------------------s.No. S1ncular Plural OB plural Meaning
----------------------------------------------------------------1. pur it purk OR puris-ng insect
2. maril mar-k • maris-ng Bon
a. saris a ar-k " 11ris-ng fload
4. Ita vi: kav-k • kavia-ng tlar
5. ali: al-k " alilo-ng Wiouae
---------------------------------------------------------------The above examples oan be interpreted as follows •
(1) Noun stems ending in the long vowel /-it/ preoeeded by
/r,l,v/ Lose their final vowel before the plural auftix /-k/.
But that vowel is retained when /-ng/ 1s added.· Before the
plural suffix /-k/, /mAri:/, /saria/, /purit/, /alis/ 1 /keVil/
have stem variants /mar-/, /sar-I, /pur-/, /al-/ 1 /kav-/
respectively. These variants are bound.
From the above examples which end /i=/ and are
preceeded by /r,l,v/ it becomes clear to repeat it, that
/-k/ alternates with /-ng/. Free nouns like /maria/1/sari;/ -C -""
etc. choose /-ng/ whereas bound variants like /aar:'.-/1 /sar .. ;,
/pur-/, /kav-/ choose the plural suffix /-k/ • Thus the stem
has variants /(e:,) 1/GV{GjVG-/ before suffix /•ng/ and/-k/
respectively •
PlurAl suffix/-hk/ of 'l'renqh 1- This occurs
after nouns which end in a consonant and belong to Neuter
nouns and after a few nouns which end in a Yowel.
Following examples attest the plural auttix /-hk/.
CHAftT JQ,t!
--------------------------------------------------------------s,.No. Singular Plural Meaning, • -----~------------------------------------~------------------1.
2.
3.
4.
5,
6,
7.
a.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
17.
18.
19.
20.
pel\ur
pea tum • po1daar
• pungaar
miy111r
donguar
cudur •
na:gar
na:r
kaysa:r
kor
ko:r
sarpum
sata:r • •
se:la:r . vadu:r
•
ha:~um
u:tum . ye:r
ro:n
padu-hk
paatu-hk • potdaa-bk
• pungea-bk
miyuhk
donguahk
cuduhk •
na:gahk
na:hk
kaysalbk
kohk
ko:hk
sarpuhk
s!lta:hk •
se:lathk
vadu:hk
ha:~uhk
u:tuhk . ye:hk
ro:hk
intestine
she goat
aother-ln-law
f'lower
daughter
f'orast
small
plough
village
broom
hen
horn
shoe
sickle
sister
ba.mboo
market
camel
water
house.
The above examples can be interpreted as follows :-
1. The final consonant of the noun stem becomes zero
before the plural suffix /-hk/.
2. It can be stated that the above nouns do not take
theplural suf't1x /-hk/ at all, but take the plural suffix /-k/
only. Tbe aincular noun ateaa tben taldq the plural
1uffix /-k/ have alternati .. at .. varianta with the final /h/
replacing the tinal consonant. P'ollowing exaaple1 1how
the same.
CHART NO • .2c:>
------------------------------------------------------------A B Plural suffix
------------------------------------------------------------natr 7 ne:h before -k
kor 7 koh " -k
roan 7 ro:h " -k
vadu:r 7Veduah " -k
serpum 7 serpuh It -k
------------------------------------------------------------Stems belonging to 1 A"1 group are f'ree nouns, whereas
stem variants or 'B' group are bound. Some of' the nouns ..
whioh end in /-r/ take the plural suffix /-k/ directly as
as well as /-k/ causing a change in the stem•
E.g. 1) na 1 ga"f' ---~ na: ger-k ,.., ne: gahk
2) ha:.tum ha:tum-k,., ha:tuhk •
3. Some noun stems ending in long vowels like /as,e:,os/
take the plural suf'fix/-k/ (-hk according to Trenoh) as well
as /-ng/. Following examples will show the salle•
CH@T NQ,.:'ll
---------
1. raya: raya:hk ..., rayemg young girl 2. nulupe1 nulupe:hk {'OJ nulupe:ng evening 3. ma:rez ma :re zhk "' ma:re:ng feather . • •. 4. se:noz se:nothk ,v semozng old women
---------------------------------------------------------------
'l'he interpretation of abo•• uaaplea 1a that the
examples of 'A' group haYe atea Yarianta like/rayath-/ 1
/nulupeah-/1 ; .. areah-/1 before the plural auftix /•k/ (aa •
ahown in B group) and are bound. Pree nouna like /r~yaa/ 1
/maarea/ etc. take the auffix /•ng/ as ahovn in 'c' Group, •
as they end in a vowel,. Before a4d1ng /·k/ to a a tam, a
consonant, i.e. /h/ is attached 1n the final position of
the stem,
7 .4.3) 1 Plural anffix/-ak/ ot Trtnoht- This plural suffix
occurs after the variants ot the stem which end in /nj/ and
den~te neuter objects. Following examples attest their suffix.
CHART NO.:Z'-
----------------w-••-••••••-••-••••••••••••---••••••••••••• Singular Plural Meaning
-----------------------------------------------------------l.
2.
3.
po:nj
maro:nj
me:nj
-narvanj
pouk
maro:sk
me:sk
narvask
A pullet
bark
An egg
worn~
------------------------------------------------------·----Noun stems which end in /-nj/ and take /-sk/
plural suffix lose their final consonants /-nj/ then the
stem variants of the above nouns would be /pot-/, /maros-/,
/me:-/, /narva:-/, to which /-sk/ plural is suffixed, The
above examples also take /•k/ suffix in their plural
formation keeping the /-nj/ of the stem intact. Hence
/-sk/ and /-k/ are in alternation as follows 1
QHW xp. :r~
---------------------------------------------------------------s.No. Singular Singubr Plural Plural Meaning
---------------------------------------------------------------1. meanj
2. poanj
3. maroanj ,.v
4. narvanj ""
11818
polS
.. anj-k ~ aeaak
poanj-k ~ poask
maroiB maro1 nj-k "" marouk
narvas narvanj-k ,.v narveak
an egg
a pullet
'bark'
WOrlD
-~-------------------------------------------------------------Noun stems, which end in palatal oonaonants /•j/
and are preoeeded by the homorganic nasal, have tree stem
variants ending in /-s/. In other words, singular forms
ending in /-nj/ as well as /-s/ take the suffix /-k/ and
not /-sk/,
From the above alternations, it becomes clear
that the plural suffix /•sk/ is not a real suffix, the suffix
* still remains as /-k/,
C,G, Trench in his book "Grammar of Gond111 does
not give the alterna.tive forms of the above examples. As a
matter of fact, his book is mainly based on Betul dialect
or Gondi, but the alternative forms like /mets/, /pots/, etc.
are equally in use in the Balaghat dialect of Gondi,
7.4,4t Pluralgyffix /-ng/1- This plural suffix occurs
after nouns ending in long vowels like /ilt ea, oa, a:/
denoting the neuter objects.
Following examples attest the plural suffixi-ng/.
14~ cuw l!o. elf
---------------------------------------------------------------s.No. Singular tlural Mea niDI
-------------·-------------------------------------------------lo pate a pate1-111 an ant
2. panel penea-ng fro&
3. pareakil pare lltia-ng • bona
4. pa 1 ~81 pa1 tar-ng song • 5. pi tea pi te1-ng bird • " 6. marmia marmi:-ng lllarriage
• •
7. marks a markat-ng llalliO
8, mico: micoa-ng scorpion
9. muds: mudaa-ng ring
10. muaraa musraa-ng cow • •
11. tala: tala:•ng head
12. to:ria to:ria-ng clay • •
13. dikaria dika~ia-ng cloth •
14. nari: . . naJ;i:-ng waist
15. nu:k&a nutkal-ng rice
16. m111e: nu:le1-ng 110squito
17. katiyu katiyaa-ng wood • •
18. korvil korvi:-ng check
19. ko:nda: kocnda:-ng bullock
20. ga: to 1 ga:toa-ng cooked rice • •
2],. goats a go:ta:-ng smalls tone • •
22. ja: ri 1 ja1r1a-ng grass • •
23. cutia cuti:-ng hair • •
24. se:ria sa:ri:-ng H,Roti • •
25. sivali: s1val1:-ng lip
26. raca: raca:-ng yard
-----------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------·--------------------s.No. Sincular Plural Mea Ding
---------------------------------------------------------------• 27. rayaa. rayaa-ng young girl
28. roapaa roapaa-ng plant
29. v1as1a via sia-ng honey bee
30. yea~ia yet~lt•ng abe goat
31. a:kia aakiang lear
32. alia alia-ng mouse
---------------------------------------------------------------7.5)z- Masmaline atema taking tbt tpllqwipg plyral autfit
/-oar ~~ -r/ • •
7.5.1)1- /-o:r/ occrurs with nouns that end in the masculine •
derivational suffix /-1/ or /-r/ and denote the male kinship
term and few male animals, Following examples ·will show
the same,
--------------------------------------------------------------Singular Plural Meaning
----------------------------------------------·---------------1. vartul varta: lO:r a male guest
•
2. tuara:l tu:raaloar boy • . • a. kumra:l kumraal-o:r a kumra Gond
•
4. pa ana:l pa:na:l-oar •
priest
5. arja:l arja:l-oar a llear • • •
6. liala:l li:la:l-o:r sabhur •
----------------------------------.----~----------------------7.s.2t a- /-r/ occurs with nouns that are masculine ending . ~
in /il , u1 , e 1 , a 1 I and belong to different caatea and
male kinship relation •
•
QHtRt 10. ll' s:x~:-··st~~;;·---------iJ~-;i·-----------:M;;~;;----------
---------------------------------------------------------------1. ltunbiJ kunblt•l' • kunb1 •
Jrapaacil • ldapaoi Gond 2. trapa t ai•·r
3. dhUl'Voll d~VOt•l' Dhurva Oond •
4. dacTUJ daavuar father •
--------------------------------------------------------------/-~/is used to denote plurality of masculine nouns in the
vocat:l.ve case.
ohava: -n-is
chava: -n-is -t •
o Boy
o Boys
There is no need to treat two different morphe•es
!or plural denoting masculine and Non-masculine, vtzz t-oarJ
and t-ng J respectively, as has been done by Dr.P.s.subrahmanyam
in his book "Descriptive Grammar of Gondi"(l)page No.33-14.
Because the status of a noun as to its gender is already
decided before the addition or plural sutttx. · In other wordst
a stem, either basic or derived, clearly indicates to which
gender it belongs. The distributionof these suffixes is
decidedly complementary as no single stem takes both the
types of suffixes showing contrast in any way. The meaning
to these suffixes can be given 'plural', and not 'Masculine
plural • and 'Non-masculine plural'. In these nouns the
inflectional catagory is 'number' only whereas 'gender• is
• derivational catagory.
7.6) Oblique Formation •-
In Oondi, Masculine and Non-aasciuline singular
----------------------------------------------------------------1. Bubrahmanyaa. P.s. " A Descriptive Graamar of Gondi" Annaaali Un1Yers1ty, Annaaa11 Nagar, !aail Nadu,India 1988.
·~~ and plural nouna take obliqUe atea toraat1Ye betore beinc
innected for aaae or bef'OI'• the ·addition ot P••t poll tiona.
All theae allomorphj are aorpholoitioally conditioned. In one
or two casu free 't'ariation between /-t-/ and /-'1-/ 1a round,
E.g. /pulis-t-un/ ,..~ /pulis-'1-n/ to the ticer. The following
illust~ation will show the all~rp~ and morpheae• ot
the oblique formation.
I <> -t "' -t"' -d ~ -n ,; -~-I •
7.6.1):- /-t-/ It occurs after non-masculine nouns which
end in a vowel or a consonant.
E.g. ali: -t - un
puli:-t - un )
puli:-fl - n ~
to the mouse or for the mouse
to the tiger
7.6.2):- /-t-/ It occurs after non-masculine nouns which • end in a vowel or consonant.
aga: -t-a: 1 •
iga:-t-a:l •
from there
from here
na: r-t-e: ---!>.na: te: in the v:Ulage . ~ . 7.6.3):- /-d-/ It occurs after non-masculine nouns which
end in /y,r,l/.
sar-d-e:
from the hand
in the road
in the leg
7.6.4): /-n-/ It occurs after masculine and non-masculine
nouns which end in a vowel.
maris-n-.S ka I ka I •n..,S
to the child
to the kaka
7 .6.5) 1-'J-1 It oooura at\el' non-utcrul1ne nount oncU.nc
1n a oontonant /-k!, the plural .. rur, and a YOWOle
tara 1 a-t-.S-un to the anaku (Accusative plural) •
al-k-.r-un to the mice ( " • pulia-.S-n r-J (puli: -t-un) to the tiger
7.7a- Daglenelgn pf ngpp tp If'' I•
C.G.Trench in his book "Graamar of Gond1"(l) page
No.37-38 says that 'Nouns may•be aaid to have five oases.
(l) Nominative (?) Accusative (3) Genitive (4) Locative
)
(5) Local or temporal ablative. The dative has the aame form
as the accusative and the instrumental as locative. The
instrumental is found only in nouns that are real neuter
instruments, the locative an~ local ablative are also uaod
as a rule only of place of nouns and the like and not of
persons. When lacking there place is supplied by post I .. -
positions in which Gondi is particularly riCh. Nouns have i:•
also a formative or oblique form~whiah post positions are
attached." Let us examine this.
7,7.11- a) Nominetiye 1- This case is mainly used as a
subject of the sentence. It has no suffix, e.g. tu&fa:l
mariarsa: hands: to: 1 "The boy goes to school.
Case suffixes for Accusative/Dative,Instrumental/
Locative, Ablative, Genitive are added after the stem
formative i.e. oblique suffix. In vocative also /i:/ suffix
occurs after an oblique marker. (The other vocative case
markers/vo:j andf71o:j are prefixes wh:loh do not :require &ll7
oblique marker.
-----------·---------------------------------------------------1. Trench• e.G, "Grammar ot Gondi•, Vol.l.
);}(l
b) Aoqpeetiye •n1 pattp ·•· !bb ••• h ueecl tor tbe
41reot objeot of' a vandtin Yerb. !be aorpbeae and
alloaorpha of' Accusative and Datln ••• are •• f'ollowa •-
/ -n "'-un/
/-n/ It oocurs after vowel•. The aorpheaic zero, of'
course, after the vowel does not disturb this cond1 tion.
e.g. tu1 ra: -Ill -n , to the boy
/-un/ It oocurs art.er consonants, (or after a zero
preceeded by consonant)
e.g. ro:-t-un
ro:h-k-111-un
to the house
to the houses
c) Jn~tn1mentel end lggatiye a-
'.!!his case is used to denote the instrument with
which the work is done and to denote the location. The
following are the morpheme and allomorphs of Instnaental
and locative case.
{-e•J /-e:-..(sec)/
1-e:/- It occurs after the oblique marker, like all the
other case suffixes.
e.g. I. kay-t~e:
ne:li:-t-e:
II tu:ra•-n-sel •
with the hand (Instrumental)
in the field (locative)
by the boy
/se:/ is not u1ed for locative. It ia borrowed from Hindi
which is also used in a:~~'li#..).It is always preo,eded by
/-n/ oblique stem formative.
1 5 f D) fil • ttu 1 - 'l'b18 oate 4eao'-• the Mard.DC or tepa:ra tlon
or dittanoe. 'fbe al101101'pb1 and IIOZ'IIbeM of' Ablat1Ye are
follows 1
t·a•l1
I -all/
e.g. maraa-t-a1l troa the tree •
ro: t-all from the houte
ro1h-k-n-a1l troa the houtet
E) Qenitiye 1- The following are morpheme and allomorphs
of genitive case in masculine and non-masculine formations.
[-oal J genitive masculine
i.e. /-oa/ genitive + /-1/ 'masculine,
e.g. bhadu:-n-orl or (M) the Bhaddu (M)
canda: -n-o: -1 of (M) the moon (n.m.)
[·I!.'I•J genitive Non-masculine
i.e. /-~/ genitive + /-As/ 'non-masculine'
e.g. ramalis-n-~-at
bhadus-n-vi-a:
of' (n.m.)
of (n.m.) Bhaddu (m)
QonclJldpn 1- f /-ol/""/-1/f/J 'genitive'
Both the allomorphs oan be added to ~e masculine
as well as non-masculine stmes, where /.at/ .can precede only
the masculine suffix and 1-i/ can nrecede·only non-masculine
suffix. The plural morpheme is added to the morphome of fo
genitive case after the gender suffix.
The following chert illustrate' the sallle.
CJIJBT 10. ,tJ
---------------------------------------------------------------------Name ot Base Obli- Geni ti Te Gender Plural Example lleaninc stem qua sutrix. ..rkar
---------------------------------------------------------------------Masculine bhadul -n •01 ~ . -r bhaduanoar or (M) <FII
• • Bhaddu
Non- ramsl11 -n -- -··· -ng remalianasng or (N.M.)Ut masculine Ramali
MascuUne bhadua -n -- -·· -ng bhadusnaang or (N.M. > Bhaddu
Non- ramalia -n -01 -~ -r ramalilnocr or (M) Masculine • • Ramali
-------------------------------------------------------------------( *) I --/is for masculine gender, an allomorph or ,-l
( >~<) / -a:/is for non-masculine gender.
F) Vocative case 1- This case is used to refer the person in
action. The following are the morpheme • and allomorphs or the
vocative case.
[-ro:J
Vocative ease has one suffix /-is/ which is used in
the singular number when a plural form or vocative is required.
Allomorph of plural morpheme { -ngJ , i.e. 1-~1 is added to the
vocative marker. This /it/ is used only be tore the plural
morpheme in plural formation;
e.g. o child (Singular) h c ava:-n-i:-t o children(plural)
•
Another suffix tor vocative is /-ro:/ which comes
after the plural allomorph /-k/ or [-ngj morpheme in plural
formation. thus /-ia/ and /-ro1/ are morphologically conditioned
~nJ are grouped as alloaorphs or one morpheae or vocative case.
1 ~ " J•
!hil suttb: h •44•4 on17 to tho•• •'-•• vb1oh 4eno'- w .. t. beings an1 peraon1tied ob3ects.
vo1 tu1 ra1l ) •
~ o boy rot tu1 real •
The following chart shows the 4aclendonal endings
of Go~di includjng vocative.
CHART NO I :z.g
------------------------------------------------------------s.No. Case Su1'f1x
------------------------------------------------------------lo Nominative -2. Accusative/Dative -n, -un
a. Instrumental/Locative -e• (!se:)
4. Ablative -a:l
5. Genitive (Mas) -o:
Genitive (Non-mas) ~
6, Vocative -i I 1 -ro: 1 -vo1
----------·----------------------·--·-------------------------~ -se: is borrowed from Hindi an1 is used only for
instrumental case.
The abovechart indicates that Gondi has only six
cases in the real sense, There is no case suffix tor
nominative. Accusative and Dative have similiar suffixes.
Instrumental and Locative have same suffixes. The oblative
has a suffix of its own. Genitive suffixes are distributed
according to the gen1er of nouns, i.e. one for 1118.sculine
and another for non-masculine. The plural markers are ad.-ted
to these suffixes. Vocative is also in11cated by a suffix
and takes a plural marker.
Following nouns show the declension 1n all cases
-~ . 1 J-both tor liqularlpluralo Por eDJIPll tbe DOD ... IGU11ne
noun /ro1n/ 1houae 1 h oon~cated in all oa••• both tor
dngular and plural below 1
roan 1non-usou11ne etem'
CHART NO • .11
---·---------------------------------------------------------S.No. Case Singular Plural Meaning.
-------------------------------------------------------------1. Nominative roan roah-k houee/houses
2. Accusative/ roi t-un roah·k·-'·un to the houee/ Dative. houses
3. Instrument- ro1-t-e1 rolh·k-n-ea with the house al Locative houses • in the
house/liouaes
4. Ablative roa-t-a11 ro:h·k·n-aal f'rom the house/houses
5. Genitive ro:-t-o:-1 rorh-k-n-oa-1 or (Sg) (pl) the house/
ro:-t-95-al ro 1 h-k-n-sd-a 1 houses.
ro: -t-ot .J-r ro•h-k-n•o•-16-r • •
ro:-t-91-aa-ng rolh·k-n·t!S-a: -ng
---------------------------------------------------·-----------The above declensional forms show thatthere is
no case suffix for nominative. The final consonant of /rotn/
becomes zero in singular in all cases except nominative
and /•h/ in plural before the oblique stem formation.
Accuse ti ve and De tive suf't'ix is I -un/, the i.ns trumental and
locative suffix is /-e:/, Ablative sin~tlar suffix is /-a:l/.
Genitive masculine and non-masculine are expressed by
bimorphemic /-o:l/ and /-at/ respectively. Genitive
masculine and non-masculine plural t'ol'llls are tr1-morphemie
/-o;r/ and /-a1ng/ respectively. In /-oal/ the masculine • --· gender is expressed by /•1/, in 1-o•rl the plurality
is expressed by/-r/. In non-maacul1ne singular /-a:/ •
lJO:: i t1elt denotes non--saul.iMIIe In /-at ng/ the plura11 tr 1s expressed by /-nc/ sutttz. One •ight, thus, easily
establish /-oa! tor cenitiva (with .. souline 4ariYative
suffix i.e. I l/ or /-~/ in lingular and plural respectively
And /-~/for genitive (with non-masculine deriative suttix,
i.e./as/ in both the numbers).
The formation of oa1e aaong nouns is in suoh a
waY that a noun first takes a plural suffix if any then
the oblique before the oase suffixes are added then the
gender suffix and number suffixes are added in Genitive.
The following relative order can be presented both tor
singular and plural.
( 1) Base + Oblique + case suffix • singular case form
(?) Base + Plural + Oblique + case • plural case form suffix suffix
However in Genitive, Gender and number suffixes are further
ac1ded.
The 1maseu.line stem /tu~raal/1 boy•is conjugated in • •
all cases below:-
tu:ra:l • •
1 Boy ' (Masculine stem)
CHART no. 3o
-------------------------------••••-••••-~-~--·--••w---•••--•••-s.No. Case Singular Plural Meaning
---------------------------------------------·~---------·-------1. Nomina
tive.
2. Aocusa~ tive/ Dative
tu:ra:l • •
tu:ra:-1!1-n . .
3. Instrumen-tu:ra:-~~t-e: tal/Loca- · • tive.
4. Ablative tuara:-n-all . .
tu:rul-k • •
tu 1 ra: l·k-,S-un . .
tuararl-k-n-es . .
tuara1l-k-n•a:l • •
boy/boys
to the boy/ boys
by the boy/ boys, in the boy/boy
from the bo:yl/bo:ys.
l.i" ------------------------------------------------------··· ··------s.No. ~·· Singular PlUJ'Il Meaninc
-------------------------------------------------------------------s. Genitive tuara:-n-otl tu•r••l-k-n-oa-1 Ot (Sg) (Pl) ' ' bo7 •• tuarea-n...S-aa • • ~ua~al-k-n-~-a1
tuaraal-n-o:.t-r • • • tuaraal-k-n-oa.,-r
• • •
tuara:l-n·.,-aa-ng • • tuaraal-k-n-.,-aa-ng . .
6. Vocative vo:tu:raa voatuara•l-k o bo:r/b07• . • • . roatuaraa roa-tu:rul-k . • • •
'
-------------------·-------------------------------------------------7,8)a Post-pgsitions •- In the previous aection the bound •
forms for showing these cases were di1oussed. Now in this 1ection
the tree forms have been dealt which are u1ed to express the
above oases in Gondi. fhe following post positions are tound
in Gondi.
1. sir beneath
2. hina:l "for"
3. paro: "up'
4. kaeu:l or karu:m 'Hear' h
_,..,..,,,
5. le:k a: 'Like that'
6, me:ng. 'full'
7. ro:pa: 'inside'
8, mune: infront
q. pija: behind
E.g.
l. mara: "tree" mara:-t-sir Beneath the tree • •
2. pal tooth pal-t-hine al for a tooth
3. puliya: Bridge puliye:-t-paro: on the bridge
4. pa: kha: Bank pa:kha•-t-ka~ll Near the bank
5. pate& Ant pate: -t-le 1 khat like the ant
6. din Day din-11-•e and whole <lay
7. ro:n House roa -t-roz paa inside houte
a. taalia • oov 1:aal1 a -t-enmea • •
1 . "' CJ
in tront ot the oov.
h k aandia Branoh ~aan41a•t-pij aa bebind the blllloh
?.9) 1 Pmngups in Qopti , ...
Gondi language has tolloving prououns.
(1) personal (2) Demonstrative (3) Interrogative
(4) Indefinite (5) Relative (6) Benexive (7) Inclusive
and exclusive pronouns.
? .9.1) 1- Persona1 pmnopps s- These pronouns are olass1-
f'ied into three sub-groups according to the person and
into two according to number. · The f'irst and second
person pronouns, both singular and plural, are identical
in tonn tor all genders. But 1n the third person there
is a special fonn denoting masCUline gender referring to
both tor singular and plural. Another tom 1n the third
person pronoun denotes feminine and neuter both in
singUlar and plural. Variations in f'oms are f'ound 1n
the personal pronouns as :follows 1-
CHART N0.3[
Nom:tnetiye :
~----------------------------------------·----------------Ist person Sg. nana: "' ana: I
Ist person Pl. mama:¥"' mamoa t ..~ emat t We • r ,. 2nd person Sing.,. 1m a: You
-Ular 2nd person Pl. imast You
•
----------~-------------------------------------------------From the above chart, it 1s quite evident that
1-~1 is tor plurality (an already established allomorph
or plum 110rph111De in the cteaorlption ot 'fOOatiTo). 1'be
intem&l vowel /a/ whioh 1s IIOI'phlllllio.Uy {a J can be
l - ., J .
taken tor t1rst person end the TO,.l /1/ Wioh 1 s morph(lllj,
oally[1 J tor the second per10n, Die at• tor t1rst
person singular is /n •••••• na1/, The stan lor t1rat
person plural is /m •• •• ••• maa/"' /m ••• mo./~ /maa/"'
/mo s/. The stem tor second person singular is I •• ,maa/,
(Earlier scholars consider /n/ to be tor singular and
/m/ for plural. The stan tor aecond per10n plural 1s
also I .... ,mas/. The stem tor third person masCUline is
/v, ••• /. The stem for third person non-4!1asoul1ne is /tJ~.
The other suffixes for third person torms are as follows I•
/-oa/ snd /-a:/ are for third person, that is these t10
are allomorphs of' third person morpheme .f-osj • These
allomorphs are conditioned by the masculine and teminine
stems respectively,
Just as in f'irst and second persons, we have the
inflection for third person tol'llls in the catogory of
number. For plurality /r/ and /rk/ are found in variation • •
and are added to masculine stem, /v/ is anotner plural.
allomorph added to the non-masculine stem.
For thbd person masculine stem /r/ and /11 can be
taken for singular and for non-maseuline stems /•d/ can
be taken for it.
It has become Olear that in the personal pronouns
in the first and second person there is no formal distinc
tion of gender. Gender distinots.On takes places onlY in
the third person singular and plural.
nativ
e.
Masculine N
onmasculine
Masc~fn:• Nonm
asculine.
I n
an
a:/
na:k
un
/ n
a:v
o:r/
na:v
a: na:vo:~/
na:v
a:ng
an
a: n
a:k
na:~:l
na:~:~k
We
mama:~/
ma:kun
ma:v
o:r/
ma:v
a: m
a:vo
:r/ aa:v
a:ng
am
a:t/
ma:v
o:l
ma:v
o:rk
amo:~
•
You(sg)
ima:
ni:k
un
/ n
i:vo
:r/ n
i:va:
ni:v
o::r/
ni:v
a:ng
n
i:k
ni:v
o:l
ni:v
o:rk
•ou
.(pl)
ima: t
mi:kun
mi:v
o:r/
mi:v
a: m
i:vo
:r/ lliav
a:ng
m
i:vo
:l m
i:vo
ark
. -H
e v
o:r/
vo
:n
vo
:no
:r/ v
o:n
a: v
o:n
o::r/
vo
sna:n
c v
o:l
vo
:no
: 1 v
o:n
o:rk
•
Sh
e/it
ad ad
e:n
/ ad
e:n
o:r/1
ad
e:n
a:/
ad
e:n
o:r/
ade:n
a:nc/
ta:n
ta
:no
:l/r ta
:na:
ade:n
o::rk
/ ta:n
a:n
c
ta:n
o:r:t
fhey
(M
) v
o:r/
vo
:rkW
i/ vo:no:~
vo
:rkii8
: ~:rk:DO:r/ vo:iJD
18•G
vo
:rk
vo
:run
-.o:rlr:no:rlr:
· ~ey
(F /N
) av
(lO
l)
. ..
. -
avkun av
kn
o:r
avkna: av
kn
o:r/
a~:uc
a'fkno:r:t
- C:..l :>
1he third ptrSOD aaaOUl.ine p~noun ahova
variation, whioh oan be 4eaer1be4 u between lateral
and trill sounds.
E.g. 3rd person dngu].ar 1 /vo1l/"' /vo1r/ •He'
/vo sl/ rom is uaed in the Betul dialect and /voa r/ toDD
is used 1n the Bal.aghat and Mendla dialects.
There are two forms tor the third person plural
E.g. /vosr/ _..) /vosrk/ 'They' /'voar/ tom is uaed in , . . Betul and Balaghat dialects. /vos rk/ tom is uaed in
• Balaghat and Mandla dialects. The s1111e is applied in
the sentence as follows •-
vosr handastoar • •
) )
vo : rk handa: to : rk ~ • •
They go
The above chart gives the classification of
personal pronouns into dii'f'el'Elnt oases w1 th a formal dis"'
tinction oi' gender in genitive case, Thus if a person.
whether male or female about his or her male child he or
she has to use /natvo: r/, and if the child is female, both
of them will use /na:va:/ • Thus the gender distinction
in the first and second person pronouns 1n the genitive
case is restricted to the object indicated whether male
or tamale and not to the indicator. This is shown 1n the
following examples.
' E.g. 1. year natvoar mari; aandur
"He 1 s my son (Man/ 'WOman can rater to his/her son)
" '-"~ 2. ae id naavaamiyaar atnd' ·~ •
She is my daughter (Man/111)111an can dauchter)
reter to h1 s /her
18f !he ••• rule 1e ~ppUoeble 1lo all 1enit1Ye to:aaa
ot all 1endera ad n'1.116eN.
Wl th :regard to the obliQUe to a a of the personal.
pronouns, they are like 1en1t1ve tol'lla ot non4aaCN11ne
gender, But there are to:naal. Yarlationa 1n the t1rat and
second person pronouns 1n the a1ll1Ular and plural 6reahovn
below 1-
I id na:va: roan mandai Th1 s 1 s my house
id naa roan mandaa 1'h1 s is my house
II id masva: roan mandai This is my house
id ma: roan mandai This 1s my hous•
III id ni:vas roan mandat This is your (Sg)houae
id nit roan mandat This is rour( s~ g) house
tv 1d mi1Va1 roan mandeu Th1s is your(~l)bouse
id mia rom mandai Th1a is rour(Pl)housa
Thus /na:vaa/.-v /naa/, /ma1va:/,., /maa/ t /n1sva:/...-/n1a~t
,and /mi:va;/ ,v /m1:/ are found in nr!ation.
The inflection of personal pronouns f'or cU.tteJ'ent;
eases 1s done in the following manner.
No,l A;qusotiye/Datiye :-
stem + person +number +oblique + ease
v + -o1 + -r + -k + -un •
Mas. Stem IUrd Plu- Obli- Accusative/ person ral que Dative , • them (M)
number
lo.2. O.!!lt&n•-Stea + per.- +. o'llqq + O&le + aeD4e:r
' + ... Mu.stea Illrd
periOD
lo.as QtnitiJ!I•
Stem + person
n
(NH)Stea
+ -a•
Iat person
+ -ll
obliqu
+ obl1que
+ -v
oblique
7.9.21- Demonstrative pronouns•· ·
+ -ot + .-/1.
Oenitlft ··--Ma1011l.lne line •Bb
+ oa•e + cender + DUabe:r
·~ + -·· +-nc
• (our (IM)
ceni- non• plural Uve aascu•
11ne
These pronouns function like third person or
personal pronouns with a distinction among proxilllate (this)
and distant (that). /it/ (Non-aascullne), /rea/ (masculine)
are tor pro:rlmityi /a/ Non•masouUne and /vot/ (aascu.l.ine)
tor distance. These pronouns are intlected with the help
or number, oblique, ease suttixes. The gender or the obJect
possessed 1s 1nd1eated blf the aaaculine genitive i.e. [-o•J and non•masculine ·genitive { •a•J t whereas the gender of
the possesser is denoted by a stem itself. The above chart
shows different forms or Demonstrative pronouns 1n different
cases.
When the demonstrative pronouns are used ad3ect1vely
to quality a noun the nominative case 1s always used.
id tuu•is • •
iv kotndasmmg
handasta
dubalosng
!his girl goes
asndu:ng "!bese balloolts are 11h1nc"
Uti t:IJ.X
Ia T
his
id
ide:n
/ N
.M.
te:n
These
iv
ive:n
/ N
.M.
ive:n
un
g/
ive:h
ku
n
Th
is y
e:r/
ye:n
(M
) y
e:l
These
ye:r
ye:rk
un
(M
) •
Th
at ad
ad
e:n
/ (N
M)
ta:n
Those
av
avkun (N
M)
-Th
at v
o:r/
vo
:n
(M)
vo
:l
Those
vo
:r/ vo::rkun/
(M)
vo::rk vo::run
• •
!!a a gul;l.IJa Ng:riJDaacnl1w=.
ide:n
o:r/1
ide:n
a:/
te:n
o:r/1
te
:na
:
ive:n
o:r/
ive:n
a: iv
e:n
o:l
ye:n
o:r/
ye:n
a:
ye:n
o:l
ye:rk
no
:r/ ye:~kna:
ye::rk
no
:l
ade:n
o:r/1
ade:n
a: ta
:no
:r/1
ave:h
kn
o:r/1
ave:h
kn
a:
vo
:no
ar/ vo:naa
vo
:no
tl
vo
:no
::r v
o:rk
na:
. •
• ••
~ ....
Ma:~cul2Da
ide:n
o:r/
te :n
o:r·
ive:n
o:r .
ye:no:~
ye:~kno:!'
ade:n
o:r •
ave:h
kn
o:r
vo
:no
:r/ v
o:n
o:rk
• -
vo::rknoa:r/ v
o:rlm
o:rk
• •:161111. N
gn•aagnl1DG
. id
e:n
a:n
g/
te:n
a:n
g.
ive:n
aanc
ye:n
a:nc
yea!'kna:nc
adeanaanc
av
e:hlm
a:n
g
VO
IDalllC
ToarJm
a:nc •
- ~ .. . ,
1 c ,
!he addition ot 1-e•l to tbe 4-.onstntin pronouns
1nd1oates 1mportpoe ot the o'bJeot 1nd1oahd.
E.g. yeal voalea aanclul. i'h1 s is that Tery ••e man
7.93) a- Interrogative pronouns •-
These pronouns are to1'llled by the add1 tion ot /'bl
to tbe third person pronouns ot eaoh gender and number and
are inflected in exactly the same way.
E.g.
l. boll vankiatoal Who is speaking
2. imaa bosnoar mariaand1: Whose son are you
3. id bo:na: roan a:nd Whose house is th1 s
4. 1m a a boan jayaatoald.a Whom (M) are :you beating
s. vo:l baden~;· jiyastoal Whom (F) he is beating
Thus /bo 1 r/, /bo:noar/, /boanaa/, /boan/, /badean/
are some of the innected forms of interrogative pronouns
in Gond1.
An example of the components of one of the intarmgative
pronouns is given as follows :-
'b
Inte:rrogative
+ 01
+ IIIJIII person
+n
+oblique
+ --o: + r • bo :no 1 r C.. en i ti..:re
+(masculine+ Singular number Gender)
In the case of interrogative pronouns tol'llled out ot
personal pronouns by prefixing /b/. !he in1 tial /V/ 1t
there is one ot the personal pronouns 41 'becomes zero
as follows a-
vosnoar 7 b + vosnoar 7 boanoar
16~
'l'hese protouns aN foi!Md b1 the eldltion ot
/ea/ or /ad to the 1Dte~1ative p~DOuns, Pollovinl •
examples will show the ••e. Singular a bade a vaartaa 'some one (P/M) 1a ooming
Plural a bavea vaartaang 1 some ( F/N) are ooming
Singular boa rea vaayatoa r some one 1 s coming ,•
plural bo 1 rea •
vaayatoar •
some men are ooming
719,5) I &llat3.J:e ;gmnsnm:~ a- 'l'hese pronouns are like
interrogative pronouns, they are not 001111110n in use.
E, g. bo: r ka:m ldya:tosr, voarea tindaltoar
He Wbo works eats.
7,9,6)1 ijefiexiye pronouns a• These pronouns are found oll1Y
in nominative and genitive oases in the third person. They
are as follows 1-
CHART NO· 31.f
BEFIJilXIVE PBON()UNS
---------------~----·-------------------~-------------------Pronouns Nominative Sin,guhr Genitive · · Masculine F/M
Pl.ural Masculine
----------~----------"--------------------------------------Himself ta:na:
Themselvev tama:~
tan-v-o: r/1 tan-v-a: tanvoa:
tan-v-o:r/ tan-v-o: i'k
•
tan-v-a:ng tsnoa ;-
------------------------- -----------····-------------.-----Examples a-
1.
vo:r •
a. ad
tanaa
t1111a1 t • tan a a
tindaa to • r
tindaatoar
tindaataa
He eats himself'
1'hey eat themselves
She eats herself'
lJ~
... av tanaa 1d.llda1 ta1ns 1'hey ( f/lf) eatt th•sel'Yea
5. TOll' tanvo1r tu1 ra1D tatur • Re brought his bo:r. 6, VOl I' tanvo1rkun pun de a to 1 r They (M) know their
• • • perllfta
7. ad tanvo1r tulr&ID tatul She broulbt her bo:r -s. av tanva1ng baateans klyaataang 'l'hey (F/If) do thei.
o...n talks
9, vo1r tanva1
lD, voar tanvaang
or
k1 ta1:b i raa to 1 r He keep • h1S bolil~
kita1bk iraatoar •
vosrk tanva:ng kitaabk irastoark • •
'!'hey (M) keep their books
7.9. 7) 1 Inglusiye and EXQ1ua1u :gtpoouns I•
/aplo:/ is used as inclusive pronoun, 'l'his is another
form of the first person plural pronoun, 41 whioh is used
when the person who is speaking and also persons addresse4 to
in his speech are included.
/ama:y is an exclusive plural, which includes the
person who is speaking and not the party to whom he is
add:re ssing.
Examples , ..
For Inclusive prt>noun.
For Exelusivea prt>noun.
basket baa j aa r daskaz t •
" When shall we go to the Bazaar.
(The person addressed to and the person speaking are included)
nine: amaat baajaar hataam •
"We went to the Bazzar yesterdaY
(addressed to some one who did not go)
(4) 14 puaa • ann 1 This 1s a b1S bouse'
(5) 1d oudur maru • • mandai
'Th1 s 1s a 1111al.l tree,
E''Dnles qf a43tqtiyt• acn•ip,s 'in mpbar c4 gtp4or aqgo isu,ng to the MUDs-
tua rasl . .... cakost aadmia banermaatul •
'Boy has become· a good man',
tuaraalk ' '
cakos tk • aadmiark •
baneamaatur •
1 Boys . have become good man 1 ,
16"'
In the above examples, the adjective I cakoat I •
has a plural fonn I cakoat-k I tor plurality, •
id tus r1: cokoa mandas '
'This girl is good'
iv tua rishk '
ooko 1 ng mandamg.
'These girls are good.
In the above examples, the adjective /ookot/
has a plural fonn /ooko:ng/ for plurality. The adjective
/coko1t/ has /•t/ for masCUline, The adjective /pa~sr/ ' . . big (mas) has /para:/ as its non-masculine fonn. fb.e
• stem morpheme has two fonns, viz /paro:/"" /parae/. /•r/
is for masculine.
?.l0.2s• Classification of ad:Jegtinsa•
According to the :t"unction, the adjectives are
classified as follows:-
(1) Adjectives of quality (2) Adjectives of quantity.
(3) .Adjectives of number.
7.lO.a(l>a- M1tqtine of ARelitz•-1
,, {\ 0 ·'
'l'hese a4,1eot1vea cme1'1ll7 qua111)' the nouns.
These are d1Y14ed again into tllt)(a) £43ect1Yea of
colour (b) Adjectives ot condition.
(a) Ad1aqtiye• q( A01gprs-
These adjectives generally qua11f'1 the colour
of the object described, e.g.
kariyal.
pandk.aris •
kamkasl
id kariyal.
•• •• •• •• •• ••
tarat s mandaa •
1blaak1
'white'
1yellow1
1 Th1s is a black oobral
iv pasn~"- aritbk pungaahk mandaang
'These are white nowersl
id mi* Ul • rangata• manda;
'This pa1'1'1ot is of gree colour•.
(b) Adieotiyes of MnditioQI•
These adjectives show the condition of the
noun e.g.,
d.,_ aangaal •• • :fall'
t"- e:gaal • •• • short'
vatoar •• 'thin'
coko: •• 1 good'
mingul •• 1 sweet'
ka: stu •• 'bot•
juno a •• 1old1
7.l00 aa- A41tqt1yta pt cpamtitya-
.Ia.&·
1d
vale•
ku1 tal me and • •
1muoh1
'handful'
d"- 01 daa te1 val.e•nc paneang mandaang • • 'There are many t"rogs in this river'.
ad ku1 taa me and markatng siya1 taa • •
tcihe gives handf'ul of mangoes•.
z.m,a.ss- M3ect1yes 9r nmnber1 ...
(a) Num,er!!!lsa-
Gondi has numerals upto ten. 'l'here is a
l ., n ( "
word for twenty and another for one hundred. These are
cardinal numerical adjectives.
The first numeral has gender distinction as
to masculine and non-masaul.ine are used alike in both
the genders.
MesgUJ.iv.
undi1 1one 1 varul/val'UJ. •
Npn:masculine as Y!lJ as Maagu11ne.
rand •
muand
tw
three
I 1 7.
na•lUDC ton
SQ'Uiftl ts.ve
S&ll'Uiftg llix
781~ seven
annUl eight
unmaa nine
pad ten
viaaaa twenty
nusr hundred
In the non-«~~ascuJ.ine numerals fl'Om four to
seven the suffix /ung I occqrs, This is related to the
plural suffix /-ng/ of the non .. :truman nouns.
c. s, Sttbralln!!OYam in his book ' A Desol'iptiwe
Grammar of Gondi 1 , bas mentioned numerals up to seven
only as prevalent in the adilabad dialect of Gondi, But
in the Gondi dialects of BetUl, Balaghat and Mandla"
Dravidian numerals are round upto ten and liONS are
available for twenty and hundred.
Variations are a1 so found for the above
in some parts of Balaghat. and Mandl a dialects. They
add /- t"- os/ suffix to numerical base as t'ollowsa-'
unt"-o: one •
rant"-_os t'WO •
mu:nt"- os three •
naalunt"- oa , tov etc.
?.tg.aa4a- Qrd'nfl••-All oNinata ln Oondl are bol'l'Ove~ tzom Rlndl
with a chanse of final /at/lnto/oa/ cd the 1n•ertlon
of lei 1s made ln the lnd aa.d thU'd OOniiOnmt(*loh 1•
dropped ln Hindi).
(1) pahalos
(2) dus sait>s
(3) tis sart>J
nrat
aeoond
third
7.10.2;§,. Qpmparatiye d•sreaa-
This is fol'llled by using the noun in the ablative ~
case for the thing compared. With,and nominat~the thing
compared •
.LB.• bn.. adu: sadusnJ.ea/sea cakoat mendon• , ... ' Bhadu.' is better than Saddu'
nasvaa jaa~: ade:nas jasristasl cokoamandaa •
'My grass 1 s better than her grass•.
Z.1Q.2.6a- §urperlatiye de'ret•-ye: re: parcu r aandur . .
1 He is the biggest•
id jaari: •
sabset cokos atnd
1This grass is the best grass•.
The sense of supel"lative degree is conveyed
by the sentence meaning 1He is the only big man' in the
first exemple. In the second exanple. the Hindi 'WOrd
/sebsea/ is used to repress the supel"lat1ve. No
infiection is made for the adjective.
l 7 .,
Hindi. As already noted abow, the bello ad~ectifts in
Gond1 are Yery tew. Their deficiency in tultillted by the
borrowed adjectiYes. They are as rollowe a-
E.g. bUl'OI bad
bhadol ugly
sa COl true
para: •
big
These borrowed a1jectives function like basic
adjectives.
7.11): Analysis of Verbs 1-
The verb structure or Gondi like other Drav:idian
languages is strictly agglutinative in nature. The particles
which express the ideas or tense, mood, transition,
intransition, causation and negation together with the
pronominal fragments by which person, number and gender
are expressed are agglutinated to the root.
Gondi verbs are those which take or capable of
taking tense-mood-marker plus pronominal ending. The
pronominal endings denote two categories in verba. They
denote (l) person (including gender in third person )
(2) Number. For example 1
han- da:t -oana1 I go
Here /han/ is the root and /•o:na:/ is a
pronominal ending denoting tirst person singular. Present
indefinite tenae is indicated b7 /daat/. '
l 7 , Biahop CAldvell(l) 1&71 "0ond1 ,_rb1 po•••••
110re ooapllcated 171tea ot oon,1ugat1onal tor ......... .
Gondi hal all the aoods, ten1e1 and participles ot fulu and
in addition some ot its own, It hal an inceptive 110od. Its
imperfect branches into two di1tant ten1es an iapertect
properly so called (I was going) and a past indefinite
(I went). It has also a desiderative form ot the indicative,
that is, a etense which when preceeded b7 the future is a
subjunctive but which when standing alone implies a wish"•
C,G,Trench(~'ys "Sir George Grierson in his survey
remarks that 'the elaborate conjugation of Gondi is an
illusion" •••• , ••• , share with Bishop Caldwell the illusion
that the verbal system to quote that divine is "peculiarly
elaborate and complete. He will note that the Gondi verb
possesses three numbers (1) Singular (:'.) Plural (3) inclusive
plural and separate forms for the present, future, the
perfect, praeteri te, the pluperfect and the imperfect tenses.
It has, besides, a conditional ten~e or mood, and an
imperative,· a prohibitive, an infinitive, a supine, a present
participle in three or four forms, a participle signifying
ability and a part participle both active and passive" •••••••
To crown all, every verb undergoes a starting transformation
if preceeded by the negative particle. The negative
accordingly, being superfluous, is often entirely dispensed
with, Thus, to anticipate, 1hendartoanis 1 means 'thou art
going' but 'thou art not going' is 'hanvia 1 and if the Gondi
prefixes 'helle:', i.e. 'not' it is only because he pleases,
not because he must. ••••••• Verb has a root and a plethora
---------------------------------------------------------------1. Bishop Calwell : A Comparative sra .. ar of South DraVidian languages.
2. Trench, C,G, Grammer of Gond1, Volume I, Page ll - 12.
l 7 !' ot participles, and that the ~rlous tenses are .. rely
Tarious particioles with pronoalnal suttls.s added, thus -
I- going-am", I about - to - go- am'
(c) C.F. Moss says~ 1~It is Tery obvious that Terbal
endings are each closely related to the pronouna to which
they reter, and they may endeed be taken as pronOidnal
terminations, making the use ot the pronouns un-necessary
in conjuction with the verbs. !bus"anaa vasittosnas" and
"va sis to: na 1" both equally clearly aean "I am coming" and no
confusion could arise from the oalssion ot the pronoun, it
is, in fact, very commonly omitted in speech."
7.11.1):- Cltssifigat1on gf yerb fntg 4itforept gleason:-
A verb in Gond1 can be classified into following
t)rpes :-
(a)
I Ending in vowel
(b)
Mono-syllabic
(c)
I Active.
I Simple
Passive
Verb stem
Ending in consonant
Verb stam
Di-syllabic Tri-syllabic
Verb Stem
I Intensive
I I 1 Inceptive De- poten
s1dera ti ve -t1al
I I permi- obli ssive gator
-----------------------------------------------------------------· 1. Moss, C.F. "An Introduction to the Oraamar of Gondi
language' page 28.
(d)
I Ending in
-taanal
Verb Intini tiYe
Ending in
-daanal
lnding in
-aanaa'IL ianaa
(1) Verb atom1 ending in • yqyel 1
Bnding in
·Y•• nat
Most of the verbs in Gondi end in vowels. When
the infinitive marker is dropped, what is lett is the root,
(a) Exempleg gt verbs epding in JQytla a-
1.
2.
3,
4,
5.
6.
(b)
l.
2,
3,
4,
vali:-taanaa "to wander' val11
jo:di:-tasna: "to run away: jo:gia •
sia-ya:na: "to give" sia
vo: -yea na: 'to carry' VOl
hpn-da:na: "to go' han
hu:r-a:na: "to see 1 hu:r • -
hu:r-i:na: ,
Verb atems opding in a consgnap;t :
Follo,.ring
guh-ta:na:
ra: g-a:na:
or
ye:n-da:na:
te:d-a:na: ~
te:d-i:nas
verbs end in a consonant,
"to seize'--~ guh
1 to descend '---7
1 to dance"--~ ye:n
"to rise up __ _, tead
(~) With reter•nge to ayllabig •truoture t
"wander"
'run away'
1 give 1
carry
'go'
"see"
'seize'
1 descend'
'dance'
'rise'
In &ondi verb following types of syllabic structure
are found,
1. cv B,g 11:- to lift
2. c:v II ···- to 41•
3. (. v.c " euh- to 1d1e
-4. eve II 18th- to joke
5, vc " un- to c!1'1nlt
6, ·VC " Ull• to lmear
7. C.V(LIJ " kilil- to cry
s. c veil " joad1a- to run
On the basis of the above types a Gondi verb
structure can be classified into two classes, (1) Mono
syllabic (P) Di-syllabic
(3) With referenge to its neture I•
17?
A G~ndi verb is divide4 into simple and compound
accordingto its nature, A simple verb is composed of a
single root plus infinitive-imperative suffix or tense
suffix and a pronominal suffix.
han-da: t-o anal "1 go11
A compound verb consists of more than one root plus other
endings,
(a) Following are the examples of simple verb 1-
l. guh-taana: "to seize"
2. soadi:-ta:na: "to enter" •
3. vit-a:na: "to run"
4. dis-a1na1 "to appear"
s. vo:-ya:na: "to take"
6. ke:-yaanas "to call"
7. han•da:naa "to go"
8, tin-daana: "to eat"
11" (b) Cowpmmt1 urb •- A OOilpOUD1 ftrb oonab~a ot •on than
one root plua imperative or iDfini tive endiqa or \enae and
pronominal endings. Generally .-ona the aa.pound verba one
ot the oo•ponent roots ia ot bol'l'owed one troa Hindi language,
These verba oan be deaoribed aa borrowed verba, 'fheae are
tormed by the addition ot the paat participial torm ot the
verb to the tollow1ng simple verb,
Following are the examplea ot compound verba •-
1. pa~he a mas ya• na 1 "to read"
2. oho1~e1 kiyaanat "to leave"
3, badhe: ma :yas nas to go torward. •
4. kales kiya:nas to cry aloud
s. bane: kiya:naa to prepare
6, din ara:na1 to become evening
7. din pas is ta:na: to become morning
8, ha:re1 ma :ya :naa to be defeated
9. likhe: kiya:na: to write
10. kho:de: kiyasnal to dig
(c) Apart from the above, there are some other compound
verbs in Gondi in which both of the components are from Gondi
itself. These compound verbs can be called as original
compound verbs.
Following are the examples of the above type s-
1. parisil handa:na: "to tly up"
2. varisis handa:naa to get frightened or
vare 1 la 1 ga: ne 1 -do-
3. joke: kiyasnas to k111
4, a: sis uyasna: to become
s. vaoia manda :nas to be tull
6. n1hao1a aiyaanaa to drop
7. vaaaia handaanea to OOIM up
a. oilea .. ayaane• to V7 aloud
9. malaia vaayaanaa to 0011e back
10. tinjil yeataanea to eat away
ll. joksia vaataanea • to kill
12. handaa siyaanea to let go aut.
(d) Class1f1gat1on ot simple yerba I•
Simple verbs are olassitled into two types
(1) Active (?) passive.
l 7 (I
e.G. Trench sa}t>"Gondi has no paasive, and the Gcnd
resorts to ingenious shifts to express or avoid it. It he
uses a Gondi verb, he cannot express it at all. Thus, desiring
to ask if the field has been fenced, he will say 1neadun
w~luhto:r 1 l Have they fenced the field. His language, like
Hindi', abounds in intransitive verbs which largely obviate
the need of passive. Failing wireR such a word, however, he
takes an intransitive verbal root from Hindi 1 puts it into a
'formative' and adds his own auxiliary 'ma1a:na:" to be. Thus
ko·-lda:ng kate:-ma: taang = The kodon has been cut. Ro:n bane•·
maial = The house will be built. But he would simply be
unable to express, literally the words and the or~er was given"
he would say 11he gave the order" •
The remarks of C,G,trench regarding passive voice
hold good partially. The reason is that apart from the
addition of /maaya:na:/ 'to be', some other auxiliaries are
also used to make the passive sense 'in Gondi. For examples,
/handa:na:/ 'to go' and /tindaanaa/ to eact. The passive form
---------------------------------------------------------------1. trench, c.a. "Grammer of GoncU" Page No.,26.
b an indir.ot vay ot .. ld.nc a atataMnt in vh1oh aub3eot lRO
and ob3eot are uaed in the .. ._rae poaitiona and the Terb
1a chanced aooordincly v1 tb "lard to 1ender, peraon and
number, and /-t/, i.e, paat tenae in1ioator ia ad~ed to the
verb root before other markera.
Following examplea will ahow active and paaaiTe
forms.
Fgr Singular 1-
1) Active 1
passive:
For PlurAl 1-
2) Active :
passive :
3) Active 1
passive 1
4) Active 1
passive 1
5) Active '
passive a
"Bhaddu has written a letter"
undi: ~ithiz bhadu1se: likhe1ma1t •
'A letter has been written by Bhaddu,
BhaddU has written letters.
ci~hi:ng bhadu1se: likhe:ma:tung
"Letters, have been written by Bhaddu.
kalu: na:kun hu:!tul
ana:
Kallu has ~ seen me
kalu&n dis silhata:n (hun; is· resPl4Ql.t by - dilsi:} ·
bi:la:l pa:l unji1ye:t
Tlje cat 1rank up the milk
pa:l bi:la:lse: une1ma1t
The milk was drunk by the cate,
ra.1m na:kun jitul
Raila has beaten me•
anal ra:mta:l ma&r t1ta1n
I have been beaten by Rams.
8) Active 1
pauivel
7) Active 1
passive:
ana1 und1t pul11 bu1rta1n • I aav OM t1pr
undi1pulli1 na1kun d11s1ehat
One t1cer vas seen by me.
bhadu1 dikari1ng ye1tul •
Bhaddu purchased the clothes.
dikari:ng bhaduue1 ye1ne1maz tung •
Clothes were purchaaed by Bhaddu.
In the above seven examplea (1) likDe1maat1
(2) likhe:mastung (3) di:sia hata1n (4) unesma1t
1.~ f
( 5) ma :r tits :n, ( 6) dia sis hat (7) yea ne IDia 1 tung 1 indicate
the passive sense. The first 1 aecond, fourth and seventh
examples are formed with the auxiliary root /-maa/ or
' ma:yasna:, the third and sixth words show the use or /-ha/
or handa:na', and the fifth word has /-ti/ or 1 tindnsnaa 1 •
Sometimes /-sa/ or /si:/ is added to the auxiliary
root before /-t/1
Active bi:la:l pa:l unjityeat
The cat drank up the milk
passive : pa:l bi:laalsea unesmalsat
The milk was drunk by the cat.
It is evident that /-ma1sat/ of this example is in
free variation with /-ma:t/ of the third example given above. '
The a verb form /likhi:tul/ (he) has written has the
passive form /11khe:kiasi:tul/ has been written. It seems
that here the ca~~ative form /-sua/ is helping the auxiliary
in the formation of the passive vo1oe.
> ~ n .l )
C,P. Noaa(l) IQ'I "pa•dYe 'YOioe cloea not e:dat
in Gondi, but ita place h Yen larael7 taken 'by the
plentitul aeuter paaaive Yer'ba,.,,,,,. Hindi apeakers who
have learned aome Oondi and not being aware that the true
paasive voice does not exist in this language, have
attempted to form a passiYe voice after the •ame pattern
as in Hindi, producing such expreasions as saar11 tinjil
heta:', which is intended to mean "the bread has been eaten"
but which actually means (if any thing)"she, having eaten
the bread, has gone,
The meaning of 'sa:ristinjis hatat 1 given by c.r • •
Moss as correct but that is actually not an example of passive
formation, The passive form of the above example, together
with its aetlve form, will be as f'otlows a-
Active : ad sp:ri:tinj1: hatal • She ate the breed
s~. ai: aoe: nse: tine: ma 1 t • The bread was eaten by her,
There are two types of compound verbs.
(1) In which both the components are from Gondi e.g, parisi~ handa:nn: ' to fly'
(f'·) In which one of the component roots is borrowed from Hindi,
E.g. cho:de; kiya:na: 1 to leave t •
C,F, Moss classifies the compound verbs or both
the groups in Gondi into following types 1
' ---------------------------------------------------------------~* 1. Moss. C, F. 'An Introduction to the Gra11111ar 1 Gondi · language (Page 8~)
• .J n .l ,) ;
(1) IntendYe coapound (P) lnoept1ft OOIIPOUDd (3) Dea1derat1Ye
OOIIpoun:t (4) potential o•JIOUild (IS) peftdaalYe oa.pound
(6) obligatory oa.poun~.
For the aalte of oonvenience the above types of
C.F. Moaa have been adopted.
1) Inten•iye Cgmpgund 1- Theae compounds are forme~ by
the conjunctive participles ot the matn verb plus varioua
forms of auxiliary verbs. The verb• which are oaamonly
uaed as eux111nry are as follows •-
(a) hen :la : na : to go
(b) siya:naa to give
( 0) ye 1 ta anal to take
(d) va:ya:na: to eome
These auxiliaries when added to the main verb, they
modify the meaning of the main vei·b or they give their own
meaning to that of the main verb.
E:gmplea :-
(1) For Bgtul Diolegt 1-
vo:no:l mari: S!1 :si! hatul
His son has died.
(2) Fg;t Ba;Lagta~ lllalegt ,_
:Shad1u 1 s 'bullock eame baek.
(3) lnr...Earsi DisJleet ot Mandla :
Hamali: na: maa te t pari t si a he t •
'Ramal1's parrot flew away.
2) Ineeptiy• gompound 1- This compound is formed by the
addition ot the paat or perf••' ten••• ot 1/latlatnat/
to the ujn Terb. When it 11 added to the uin Terb the
auxiliary lo••• ita la1t two ayllable• 1/gaanaa/ and addl
the pronolllinal endings.
lppplea 1-
(1) Fpr Jotul Di•legt 1-
voan huars1akun malua Tarialaatul •
Having seen hia mullu beoame afraid.
(2) Fgr Belaghat pieleqt a-
tu:raaloar nakal1: pulian hutrsitkun kavi:laatur .... . . . Boys laughed after seeing artificial tiger.
(3) For Parsi Dfglegt pf Mandl• s-
ad pite: sika:ri:n huarsiaknn kilista:laat • •
That birdhaving seen the hunter cried.
3) P,siderptiye ggmppund •- This is tor .. a by adding the
various tenses of/asya:nal/ to be ~ to the short form of the
root, of the present tense. Thea main verb may be simple or
compound.
Example :-
For Botpl Dialtgt :-
votl madarsal handaa aaytoal
He wants to go to school.
Fgr Balaghat Dialegt a-
vosr dongu:rea handa: aaytotr ,
He wants to go to forest.
Fgr ftarai Dial pgt gt Mepdl e 1-
ana: netliatet handel aaytoana I want to go to the field.
4) Pgtept1el ppmmd •- !hla la toned b7 a4d1nl the nr1oua
tenaaa of the auxilbr:r of /paruDet/ to the .. 1n wrb,
lpmplen I•
Fgr IJetul pieleqt I•
kapea und1a punga1rtaal duaaroavaria cokoa ~ar1aa1thantaa
Bird flys baautltul17 froa one flower to another.
For Bale met Die] ogt 1-
ku1s variat leakba1 par1aia hat •
Antilope ran or flew like air.
Fgr Bar•i Dielegt gf Mandlel-
ma1tea a:smacntes cokoa perisit handa1ta1 •
The narriot flies nicely in the sky.
5) Permissiye ggmpm1pd 1- This is formed for the Indicativa
mood, both positive and negative, the various tenses of
/siyacna:/ are added to the short form of the supine.
For Batyl Dialect 1-
E.g. voal madarsa:tea ve1n hale: padhea se:voal •
He does not allow him to read in the school.
Fpr Balaghat dia1tgt :-
voir dongu:de na:ro1n hal handas seavoar •
He does not allow me to go in the forest.
For P-~ia dialegt :-
viasi:ng ramalitun aga: hal handa: seavoang
Honeybees do not allow the Ramoli to go there.
6) ObHntory AAmpgupd ·- It is fOl'lled b7 1he addition or
Hindi -/hoanaa//caahiyea/
For Be11ul dialect 1-
iqal kala Jd.1a1DalboiDOI
low work sboul4 lie 4oMo
For Ba1aghat 4ia1tqt •-
lngal TOll' agal handaUa&t hoiDOI
low he should ro there.
For Mandla dialect •-
ingaa naak:un saco1 vankaiDal bo1no1
Now I have to tell the truth.
(4) With reference to its 1n41finitive ep41nga-
C,F, Moss(l) says "It seems to the present writer that
the verbs may be d:l.vided into five groups, each having a
distinctive type of infinitive, and certain peoularties of
conJugation. Sample verbs from each type are given below 1
1. dohtunat
2. hutra:naa • 3, handatnal
4. vaaya:nat
to bind
to see
to go
to come
to do
The first two groups include by for the greatest maJority ot
the verbs in the language 1 the last three betng very small
and exclusive groups•.
c.F. Moss thus admits that last three form very slllall
groups. Secondly1 the third fora also possess /-a1na1/, the
fourth and last take /ya:na:/. When the verb forms are
conjugated IJWl1 changes take place in the stems, in the
-----------------------------------------------------------------1. Moss, C.F. 1 An Introduction to the Ora-tr or Betul. Gondi1 1
Page 27-38.
pron0111nal endings and 1nt1nlt1w en41111•• 'fbe1e abanaa• will
be d11cribed in detail in the seot1on of' tense and aood.
The following intini th'e aarbr1 haYe been round 1n tbe
Gondi of' the three district, by the pre1ent worker.
-ta:naa da:naa
Gondi Verb
81Dal 4 iln&l
-yaanaa
The lists of' infinitiYes which take these suffixes
are given below according to the sutf'ixes they take.
(1) Following yerbs take - tn•na• 1nfinitiye :-
Eg. gUh- ta:na: to seize
doh-ta:na: to bind
veh-ta:na: to show
roh+ta:na: to send
valia-ta:nal to wonder
vari:-ta:na: to fear
kari: -ta:naa to learn
jo: di: -ta: na: to run away •
The infinitive /-ta:na:/ is added only to those
stems which end in /h/ or /1:/.
(2) Follaving Je~ba take -de;pa! int2p2t~ye t-
E,g. han-da:na:
tin-da:na:
ye: n-da 1na 1
pun-da :na:
to go
to eat
to dance
to know
Intinitive/-da:naa/ is added only to those stems
which end in /-n/.
(3) lgllqyipr yerhe Seke lb• lptlpltiJI 1-••n••l /iapea/
vank-aa na • ,.J vank-11 na 1
hu1r-aane1 ,.J hu•r-11na1
dis-aena1 ,..; dis-1tna1
narm-a 1 na 1 ,.J narm-i1 na 1
to apeak
to •••
to appear
to eleep
The infinitive /-iana1/ mainly ooours inthe Balaghat
dialect of Gondi. These alloaorpha of the infinitive
morpheme occur after the stems ending in cons:nanta other
than /-h/ and /-n/.
(4) The following verbs take the infinitive /-Yalnaa/
va:-ya:naa to come
sa:-ya1na: to die
vo:-ya:na• to take away
ra-ya1na1 to descend
ki-ra:na: to do
si-ya:nac to give
From the above examples, it appears that the
infinitive /-ya:na:/ is added to the stems ending in all vowels
short of long except /1:/.
The following chart 1n11ca.tes about the complementary
distribution of' the 1nf1nit1veendings.
9JfB'l NO, J7
----------------------------------------------------------------After /h/ and /VI
After In/
After re .. s.n- After TOVela 1111 oouonants. other tluln /S.a/
---------------------------~--------------------------------------tea nas X X X
-de: nas X X X
-a 1 nas "- X X X -isna
-ya:nal X X X
---------------------------------------------------------------7 .11. ~) 1 Cauae tiya ggnatruqtiqn &p Opnd;l a-
In Gondi, there are both transitive and intrasitive
verbs inherently. A transitive (•cum causative ) verb is also
derived from intransitive by the addition of suffixes. Inherent
transitive verbs can be converted into causative (-cum
transitives) by the addition of causative forming suffixes.
E.g. /narma:na:/ to sleep is an intransitive infinitive form.
/hu:ra:nal/ to see (used in the Betul and Mandla dialects . .
and /-hu:ri:na:/ used in Balaghat dialect of Gondi) are •
inherently transitive.
E.g. /ueu:hta:na:/ is e derived (-cum causative) from the
intransitive infinitive verb /uda:na:/ to ' sit.
E.g. /hu:!S'llts:na: I 1s a derived causative ( .. cum transitive)
from the inherent transitive infinitive jhuaraanas/ to see • •
Now, to keep the distinction between transitive and
causative, for convenience sake, we will call the inherently
transitives as "Tranaitives 1 and the deriYed transitive
l 9 f) oua oauaat1Ye as 'oauaatiYe•.
!he oauaat1Ya marker• aJ"e aa tollowa •-
(1) /-•ub'
•r••na•
garsaanaa
(2) /-gn!h/ a-
uda: na:
(3) /-su:/ :-
E.g. kave:na:
(4) /-h/ :-
unda: na:
(5) /-urs/ :-
E.g. joka:na:
'to wep'
'to ply'
'to sit'
'to laugh'
1 to drink'
'to kill'
__ .., arsuahtaanaa
1 to oauae to weep
garsa:hta ana 1
'to oause to play
ucushta:naa
to cause to s1 t
--t'l kavsuahtacna:
to cause to laught.
-~) u:hta:na1
to cause to drink
) jokus staanas
to cause to kill.
1 9 1
(6) ,_,, ,_
E.g. li~ea kiyaanaa 'to write' ~li~ea kiaataanaa
to oauae to write,
(7) /-huci•/ ,_ /SUI/
E.g. pari•taanar
pari I tarnal
(8) /-cii/N /-su/r
E.g. rohta1nas
rohta:nal
( 9) /-hat/
E.g.
"' /suh
tinda:na 1
tinda:nal
"to fly"---l) peruhuoiya 1 na 1
to oauae to fly.
"to tly"~ pareakisu1taane1
to cause to tly
'to send --7 rocllsiyunaa
1 to send,__~?
to eat. --..4 - 4)
to eat-~~
to cause to send
rohsu: taana1
to cause to. send
tihata: na1
to cause to eat.
tisUJ h tuna 1
to cause to eat,
~To fixed rules can be formed for the distribution of
above .s,tt(f~~. e.G. Trench<n lole says that 'It is hopeless to
try to reduce the causals to rule and line." The only thing which
can be properly established is that the causative marker in Gondi
has a phoneme /s/, a vowel /-u:/ and consonant phoneme/hi
with many types ot ehanges including elision, palatalization
and metathesis etc. ________________________________________________ _. _____________ _
1. Trench, e.G, "Grammer of Betul Gond1 11 Page 24,
19 ~ z.u.a, .. rusE NfD MOQp.
Teneea are tolllecl bT the addition or tenee
markers and pronominAl endinga to the root ot the vel'b.
During this process tew changee take place betwen the·
base and the tense markers and pronominal endings. These
are described in their reapective tense tomations. Tense
formation is described in the order of the infinitive
endings given earlier.
INFLECTED FU.!jMSa
7.11.3.1•· nest tenses-
1- t/ It occurs after ell verbs which end in
consonants except retroflex consonants,
.i!.a.B.· tin-t-am --7 ti .. t - asn
han - t - am -7 ha - t - am
doh - t - am
guh .. t - a:n
I ate ..
I went.
I bound.
I seized.
1- t/ It occurs after all verbs which end in retroflex •
consonants,
.§.a,&. un - ~ - aan --7 u-~-acn I drank.
1 t - t - a:n ----7 1 - t - a:n I touched. • •
Pronominal endings for the past tense are
given below:
Qber\ •• ~t ..-person sincuJ.ar. plural.
Ist • aan • aam or • Olm
2nd • -u • la~
3rd (M) •ul or- ur - ur • 3rd (non-mas) • Ul or~ - ung
7.11. 31 21- Immediate past or prasant perfegt tMMI-
This tense also takes {_ •tJ as tense marker.
In the past tense, the tense marker occurs before the
pronominal endings /- asn/, etc, whereas in the immediate
past tense, the tense marker occurs before /-oanaa/ 9 etc,
guh - t .. osna:
doh - t - os naa
I haVe seized,
I haVe bound.
Pronominal endingsfor the immediate past tense are as
fOllOWS I
Chart Nos J1
Person Singular, Plural•
Ist -o :na: -oaraam or -ouoam • •
2nd ..Pmi& -ot~lt
3rd(M) -o:l or-oar -oar •
3rd(non-mas) .. a: •atng
z.u.a.a. 2'11i oent1jp=z'1 ••••·
' /-nd/ It occurs with all verbs Wlich end in I• ha I
and 1- at I before 1- atn I etc,pl'Onominal endings,
.~.&· guha - nd - a an I was seizing.
doh a - nd- asn I was binding,
vas - nd - aan I was coming,
1- d/ It oecurs with all verbs which end in nasal
In!,
..Iii....,&. han- d - aan I was going.
tin - d - a1n I was eating,
The pronominal endings of past continuous
tens0 are as followss-
Chart No.4-".
Person Singular, Plural,
Ist - asn • a1m or • OIID
2nd - il .. ilt •
3rd (M) - ul or -ur -ur •
3rd (Non-mas) -II - ung,
7.11.3.4&• Present indefinite fDd oont;1magus tepsea-
[_-dart j I"' ·da:t " - taat"' - yart pd - yt"' -itt I •
19!
I• dattl It occurs Y.l.th all 1'el'bs vbioh end in /-D/
and before the p~nom1Da1 endia.ga /-oln&a/ t etc,
han - daat - oanaa
tin - da1t - oanaa
I 10 or I • .,inc. I eat •r I • eating,
1- ta1t/ It occurs with all hl'ba which end in /-b/.
guh - tast - o1naa
doh - ta1 t - oanaa
I seize or I 1111 seizing,
I bind or I 1111 binding,
I• ya1t/ It oc~JUrs with vel'b stems ending in /• 1/
ki - yas t - o mac
si - ya:t - oanaa
I do or I 1111 doing,
I give or I an giving.
I• yt/ It occurs with verb stems ending in /•al/
vaa-yt-o :nas
vo 1 -yt-o 1 naa
I come or I 1111 coming,
I take or I 8111 taking,
/-ict/ It occurs with the verb stems that end ill' other
consonants,
I see or I am seeing. hu:r- i1t • o:nas ,
ta:k - i:t - o:na& I walk or I em walking,
The p~nominal endings for the present
indefinite and conct:t~~ tense are as follows:•
9haq No, II/ •
Person. Singular, Plural.
Ist -osnaa -PI!&Im or -osr:m
2nd -o&nia -o&riftt . . 8rd (M) ..cal or·-oar -ci:r • ,, 3rd (Non-Mas) .... >il; - asng,
i .I ·" •••
In the 1bmat1o.ra ot tbe present 1n4et1D1te lAd
oontinuous tense 1 t 1s to be noted that the tense mal'ker
mostly includes part ot the 1""n1t1ve ill the bea1DD1nc,
.L.&o -daa' -tal' -Tal' •7 and -1• ot
-daanaa, -taanaa, •yoaanaa, -ianaa ("" aanaa)
respectively-.
7.11.3.51- Future indefipita tiQ3II•
L·daak J IN -daak "" -de.an ()d -dasr .,. •taan ., .. yaan .., -y'k fY -aak ""
- k.., -yn,.. -n ()d -yaar.,., yaa ()d •raak /)# -esk/
/-da:k/ It occurs with all verbs which end in /•n/ in
first and second persons,
.§.&.lito tin .. daak - aa I will eat •
hen-daa k •a: I will go
tin - da1k - is you ( sg) will eat.
hen- da:k - it you ( sg) will go.
1- dasn/ It occurs with all verbs which end in /•n/ in
the third person only in ,the Betul dialect with the
pronominal ending I -ul./,
tin - daan - Ul
han-da:n•Ul
He will eat.
He will go.
1-daarl It occurs with the verb stems which end in
1-n/ in the third person in the BaJ.aghat and
Mandla dialects with the pronominal ending 1-IJI.
tin - daa r- II han-daar-11
~will eat.
She v.lll 10•
/-taan/ It occurs with ~e vezt, stems vbioh end in
1-b/ in the third person with the veBs which belonc to
/-taanaa/ group,
.I.a.&· guh - taan - uJ.
doh - taan -ul
He will seize,
He v.lll bind,
/-yasn/ It occurs with the verb stems whioh end in vowels
in the third person with the verbs which belong to /•7a&naa/
group,
.L.i.·
/-Yk/
vaa - yam •ul
si - ya:n - ul
ki - ya:n - uJ.
He will come,
He will do.
He will do,
It occurs with verbs that end in /•aa/
in the first and second persons. These verbs belong to
/-ya:na:/ group,
e. g. vaa - yk- as I will come,
vaa .. yk - oam we will oome.
va: - yk - il you( sg) will come,
vaa - yk - iat • you(pl) will come,
1-afkl It occurs with verbs that end in /•r/ in the
first and second persons,
huar - a:k - aa •
ar - aak - as ~
I will see,
I will weep.
1-kl It ooaurs w1 tb the Yelbs vt'd.ob 1114 in /-b/ .n4
/•it/ 1D the n.rst and seoond per.,ns,
veh-k•al
taakit - k -at
I will smv.
I will walk.
It occurs w1 tb yel'bs which end in 'Vl)wels 1D
the third person in the Balaghat and M.ndla dialects,
vat - yn - ua r
vas - yn • Ulf
vas - yn - ung
He will come.
They will come.
They (Non-mas)will come.
l•n/ It occurs with verbs which end in /it/ in the
third person in the Betul dialect with the pronominal
ending /-ul/,
ta:k:t.:-n-ul He will walk,
/•Yat r/ or /-ye:/ It occurs with the verb stems wb:t.oh
end in /•at/ in the third person ( Non-masculine )singular
in Balaghet and Mandla dialects,
e...z.. vaa .. ya:r .. ~ She I 1 t will come,
/•Ya:/ It occurs with the verb stems which end in
/-a:/ in the third person non-masculine plural.
.lb.&• 'lbey (Non-mas)will come •
/-ya:k/ or /-e:k/ It occurs with the verb stems which
end in /1/ 1n the first and second persons.
~. si - Yatk •81
ki -Yaak-as
I will give.
I will ao.
/-eak/ It occurs with the vel'b /11Yaaua/ to g1Ye 111
tho Balaghat dlal.eot only.
ai - yaak -•• _, a - eak - as I ~ll give,
In the formation of' the fUture indet1n1te tense
it is to be noted that the tense marker mostly inCludes
part of the in.tinitive in the beginning,
-daa, -tas, •Yas, -Y, and -a• of -daanaa,
-tamas - yamas, -isnaa (.otaanaa) respectively,
If we deduct the infinitive part f':rom the
future tense markers the following toms ,C1l'UJ 1-Mt tor
future.
The p:ronomine~ endings of the future tense are
as f'ollowss-
Chart No.I!'-
Person, Singular. Plural.
Ist •a• •asm or -osm
2nd -ia •itt . .
3rd (M) -ul or -ur -ur -3rd (NM) ..,$ -ung ,J -ng.
f.l1.4. ,_ Imperativea ..
In Gondi, imperative has onl7 t\0 folllls i.e.
second person singular and plural, Verbs belonging to the
2.10 group ot /•tatnat/ ond /•aanaa/ S.nt1n1tS.ve• tol'lll their
imperatives by the addits.on or /•al/ to the singular end
/-aa t/ to the plural, Which is nothing but /•at/ tor '
imperative and I•Y tor plural number, Verbs which take
the infinitive ending /•yaanaa/ take the imperative
suffixes by the addition o:f' /-fA/ to the singular and /-mfj/
to the plural which oonsiets ot imperative marker /-m/
and plural number marker /•V, Verbs belonging to the '
group of /-daa nas / infinitive take I -41, However the plural
number marker/-~ I is added a:f'ter /-4/ in the imperative
plural,
{a:j I "" •as "' ..m "" ~ I
/•a:/ It occurs with the verbs belonging to /•tama:/
and /-a:nu/ or /-ianaa/group,
Singular,
guh-as (•ta:naa)
hu:r -aa(-ama: or " -ima: in
Balaghat dialect),
Chart No • .l/3
Plural.
hu: r-a: -t ..-_, . •
Meaning.
seize,
see •
1-ml It occurs with verbs belonging to /-yatnat/
group,
Ch'rt Np,J,-Lf Singular, PlunJ.. Meaning, kis..m ( •yasnaa ) do
vo:-m (-ya:nas) take away,
2 () f
1-/J/ It occurs with Yel'ba beloncinc to /•daanaa/
group.
,... Chtrt lq,tl~
Singular. Plural. Meaning
tin .. ~ (•daanal) tin-.d-~ eat,
han-~ (-damas) han-/It • go,
7.11.5!. Imperative nagntivaa-
/-m/ It occurs with the verbs that belong to/-tamaah
j-dama:f and/-a:nas/1nf1n1 t1ve groupS.
s...,&. guh - m - as (-ta:naa)
han - m - a: .(-daanas)
hu: r- m - aa ( .. amaa) •
Do not seize.
Do not go,
Do not see •
In the above examples /...m/ is tor negative
and /-as/ is for imperative, For making plural /•¥ is
added after /-as/ imperative marker. /m/ also occurs
with verbs belonging to /-ya:na:/ group,
~· kis - m - as
kis - m - as~
Donotdo(sg.)
Do not do (pl.)
In the imperative rona verbs belonging to
I· yasnat I group take /-m/ allomorph of imperative
l'lOrpheme [ -aaJ , vbel'eU 1n the imperative llel&t1Ve
/-aa/ allomorph or {-•• j ls added 11114 /-'14/ allmol'ph
of {-t~~ J imperative necatlve morpheme preoeeda the
imperatiVe mal'kar,
7.11.81 PlQbibitiyea-
'l'his has t'«< t'ol'llls like imperative, i, e. seoond
person singular and plural,
{ -v J I 64 -v/
/-v/ It occurs after stems ending in consonants,
Singular. Plural, Meaning,
ar-v-aa ar-v-aat ShoUld not weep, • • •
suk:-v-aa suk:·v-a:t Should not wash, •
ye:t-v-aa ye:t-v-aat •
ShoUld not take.
7.11.6& NegatiVe&-
In Gondi, negatives are fo:tmed by the addition
of negative forming suffix.
1-ro:/ It occurs before person mal'kers other than those
or the second person. :rbis satnx is mainly used with the
verbs belonging to /•Yaanaa/group.
singular•
plUral. I
VU~I-D
va•-ro,..
. •\ ., ... , 1 do not oome.
We do not oome.
/-yv/ It occurs beto:re tbe seoond pencm pronominal
ending. This suffix is used v.lth the verba beJ.onginc to
/-yaana1/g:mup.
/-ol/
singular a
plurals
vaa-JV-il
VRI•JV•il\
You( sg) do not oome.
You(pl) do not oome.
It occurs before the pronominal endings of' the
first and third t:JE!rsons. Th1s suf'tix is used with the verba
belonging to(- damaa/,fta#Dalj and J-aanaa/ group.-.
Qhart lfo,(f7 e. g.
Group. Person. rom. Meaning,
-da:na: I· han-oa-n I do not so. group.
-da:na: III· · han-ot .. r He does not go. group.
Cbat:t &.~."''
.. taanaa I guh-o:-n I do not seize. group.
-tamat III guh-o:•r He does not seize. group,
-a:na1 I .. huar-os-n I do not see. group.
-a ana: III .. husr-o:-r He does not see. group. •
'0 .~
/-vi It occur• bttoN tht p~al end1Jac• or
the second praon, It oooiU'a with the ver'bs beloncinl to
/-daanaa~ /-taana&j, f-aan&I{I~~>Upa.
Chart Iii• tit e.g.
Group, Person Fo:tm Meaninso
-daanaa 2nd 1'1.-v-1& You(sg)<b not SO• group,
-ta&nal 2nd guh-v-i& You(sg)<b not seize, group,
-aanaJ 2nd hu•r-v-1• You(sg)do not see, group. •
In the present perfect negative, the negative
markers are like that of present indefinite negative
allomorphs, their distribution end conditioning are also
like that of present indefinite negative but the pro
nominal endings are different for the present perfect
negative. 'r.he pronominal endings tor the present
indefinite negative and present p,erf'eot negative are
given below respect1ve11.
Person,
Ist
2nd
3rd (M)
3rd (liM)
P:rppomiqal e,ndixags of t4e Presen\ ;l,pdefinite QMative:-
Chart I(o, so
Singular. Plural,
-n -m
-i• -iat •
•l or-r -r • r '
..If -ng
Person.
Ist
2nd
3rd (M)
3rd (NM)
Pmnom1ng1 en4tpsa g( thp pgent ptJ1tqt P'r•tiu1-
Singular. PlUral.
-net -met
-ianel -1•1jea
-le .for-rea -rea •
-yea -nge,
In the past and tuture tenses, the negative is
formed by the addition of independent negative i.e. /hilea/
before the conjugated forms used in the Betul dialect.
ana: hatam I did not go.
anas handac kat I will not go •
This /hila:/ has other variants like /hill and
/hal/ in Balaghat and Mandla dialects respectively.
In the present and perfect tenses also this
negative /hiles/ is used optionallY together with the
negative suffixes given above.
~· For BaJ.aghat d1a1egya•
Bn.. adu1 madarsaa !lJJ. banosr
i3haddu does not go to School.
P'pr Betul dialect:•
Ramalis baza:r llllJt.s va:ytal Ramali does not come to Bazzar.
~r Mandla dblegtr-a agaa .bal. bandaa taa -
she does not 10 there. 7.11.7•- Con4ttt9nal •-
[ -re•J /-ye 1"" -ea b' -'1" "' -v/
/-yes/1 It occur• with the verb atems that en~ in vowela in
first and aecond persons,
e.g. Val -yes -naa 'It I were to come'
/-es/, It ocours with the verb atems that en~ in consonants
in first and second persona,
e.g. guh -e: -nas 'If I were to seize'
/-yv/1 It occurs with the verb stems that end in vowels
in third person only,
e.g.
1-v/,
e.g.
va:-yv-asr
va1-yv-a1ng
1 It she/it were to come 1
'If they were to come'
It occurs with the verb stems that end in consonants
in the third person non-mascUline singular,
guh-v-a:l 1 If he were to seize'
7.31.8: Prpngmine1 suffixes:-
7.11.8.1. First peragr4ingu1er :-
e.g.
[-o:na:J
I -o 1 na: "" -a: n"" -n "" -ne 1 "' -a 1 «- -na 1 I
/-o:nal/ It occurs with the verb stems after the
immediate past tense or present perfect tense morpheme
[ -t] and present indefinite or oontinous tense -
morpheme (-da:tj ,
guh-t-oana: 'I have seized'
han-daat-otna: 1 I go or I am going'
/-esn/1 It ocours with the verb stems after the past indefinite
and continous tense morpheme t·~) and after the past
e.g.
/-n/ 1
e.g.
/-a; I,
e.g.
oont1nou• ten.. morpheM [ -nd J t ha-t-a an 11 vent
t1-t-un '1 ate'
guh.lt t-a: n '1 seized'
vaa-nd-atn '1 VII oollinc'
han-d-aan '1 ,.. goinc'
tin-1-atn I was edinc'
It ooours with the verb 1tem1 after the negative
marker /-oa/ in the present 1ndet1n1te tense,
va:-yoa-nea 'I have not come'
It occurs with the verb stems atter the tuture
indefinite tense morpheme [•daskJ,
vas-yk-a: 'I will come'
si-ya:k-a: 1 I will give'
taskis-k-aa • I will walk'·
1-na:!, It occurs with the verb stems after the cond1tional
tense markers /-ye:/ and /-ea/1
e.g .• vaa-ye:-na:
gul'l:•e:-nal
7.11.8.21 First pfttspn plural 1-
{-oq.•o:mJ
'If I were to come1
'If I were to seize.
/-o:rosm ... -:ro:m ... -o:m .. -m., -me:/
/-o:ro:m/1 It occurs with the verb stems after the immediate
past tense or present per!ect tense morpheme [-tJ and
after the present indefinite and oontinous tense
e.g.
morpheme {-da:tJ ,
gub-t-oaro am
han-da:t-oa~:m
'We have seized'
'We go or we are going'
The abo'le aorpheae h .. a Yarlant /-oa;. ... / whiah h
used in the Betul dialect of Gond1 1a in ' ... free Yariatlon vlth
/-oarosm/1 ,
e.g.
/-oam/1
e.g.
1-ml,
e.g.
guh-t-osraaa •
1 We have seised1
guh-t-oarosm 'We have seized'
It occurs with the Yerb atems after the past oontinoua
tense morpheme f -ndJ and after the future indefin1 te
tense morpheme [-dalkJ ' guha-nd-oam 'We were seizing'
han-1-o1m 'We were going'
han-da:k-olm 'We will go'
va:-yk-o:m 'We will go'
It occurs with the verb stems after the negative
marker /-o:/ in the present indefinite tense,
va: -yo: -m 1 We do not come'
/-me:/ It occurs with the verb stems after the negative
marker /-01/ in the immediate past or present perfect
tense,
e.g. va:-yoi-IJel 'We have not come'
7.11.8.31- First person plural (Inglns1vels-
f-a:~J /-a:t/ •
/a:t/ 1 It occurs after the future indefinite tense morpheme
e.g.
{-dalkJ, ki: -k-a: t
' daa-k-a1 t
•
We will do (InclUsive)
We will go
7.11.8.41 Soggnd pereqn etnm','£ a-
[-oani•J
/-osnia"' -i• ~ .; .. -ianea,. -nil/
/-oania/, It occurs with the verb stems attar the 1mme1iate
past tense or present perfect tense morpheme {-tJ and
after the present indefinite and continous tense
morpheme {-de: t J 1
e.g. guh-t-o:ni:
han-da:t-o:n1•
guh-ta: t-o a nia
You (Sg.) have seized
You (Sig) go or you (Sg)are going
You (Sg) seize or you (Sg) are seizing
/-1:/, It occurs with the verb stems after the past indefinite
tense morpheme [-tJ and after the past continous tense
morpheme [-nd J , and after the future indefinite ten!le
morpheme cdal k] '
e.g. guh-t-1: You (Sg) seized
ha-t-i: You (Sg) went
guhd-nd-1: You (Sg) were seizing
va:nd-1: You (Sg) were coming.
han-da:k-i: You (Sg) will go
va:yk-i: You (Sg) will come
/-;/, It occurs with the verb stems after the imperative
markers /-a:/, /-m/ and after the prohibitive marker
/-v/,
e.g. veh-a: .; tell
hu:r-a:-j • see I
ki:-m-j do
si:-m-11 give
ar-v-··~
yea t-v-at~
ahould not veep
abould not take
/-itnet/ Itooaura viththe verb atema attar the necative .. rker
/-v/1 in the immediate paat or present perteot tense,
e.g. va:-yv-itnet you (Sg) do not come
/-nit/, It occurs with the verb atems attar the conditional
markers /-yet/ and /-et/1
e.g. vat-yet-nit
guh-e:nit
It you (Sg) were to come
It you (Sg) were to seize.
7.11.8.5:- Seggnd persgn plural 1-
{:-otrit tJ
/-o:ri:t.., -Yi:t ~ -it tea "" -itt~>< -t/ . . . .. . , ,
/-o:ri:~/ 1 It occurs with the verb stems after the immediate
e.g.
past or present perfect tense morpheme { -t} and after the
present inderini te and continous tense morpheme (:-dat t J , guh-t-o:ritt , . You (pl) have seized
<ioh-t-oq·i: ~ You (pl) have bound
han-dl.{:t-otfit~ You (pl) go or you (pl) are going
guh-ta:t-o:ri:t You (pl) seize or you (pl) are • seizing.
1-ri:t/, It occurs with the verb stems after the conditional
marker /-ye:/ and /-et/1
e.g. va:yet-!'it ~
guh-e:-ri: t , . If you (pl) were to come
If you (pl) were to seize.
/-it~e:/, It occurs with the verb stems attar the negative
markers /-yv/ and /-v/ in the immediate past or present
e.g. tense. va:-yv-itte • han-v-ia te 1 •
You (pl) do not come You (pl) do not go
1-11~1, It ocaura with the verb atems after the p .. t
e.g.
1-tl •
e.g.
indefinite tense aorpbeme {-tJ an~ after pa1t oontinoua
tense morpheme ~ -lld] and after the tuture 1ndet1n1 te
tense morpheme {-da1kj ,
guh-t-il t • ha-t-i:t
•
va:-n1-il~
han-da:k-i:~
si .. Yalk-i: ~
It occurs w1 th
markers I -a: I,
marker /-v/,
var-a:-t • •
vank-a:-t • ki: -m-t
•
vo:-m-t •
tin-111-~
un-111-~
ar-v-a:-t • •
suk-v-a:~
You (pl) seized
You (pl) went
You (pl) were ooming
You (pl) will
You (pl) will
the verb stems after
1-ml, /~/ and after
come
tell
do
take away
eat
drink
go
give
the
the
should not weep
should not wesh
imperative
prohibitive
7.11.8.6:- Third nersonw masqultne singular ·-
/-o:r/
e.g.
i-o:rJ
1-o:r .. -o: 1 .. -ur, -ul .. -et I' o. -ealw -r"' -1.., -re:., -lea/
It occurs with the verb stems in the Balaghat and
Mannla dialects of Gondi after the immediate past or
present perfect tense morpheme {-tJ and after the
present indefinite and continous tense morpheme [-da:tj ,
guh-t-o:r he has seized
doh-t-o:r he has bound
/oil/
e.g.
/-ur/
e.g.
/-ul/
e.g.
han-del t-o1r
guh-ta1t-o1r
be coea or he 1a goinc
be aeizea or he ia ae1zinc
It oocura with the Terb ateas in Betul dialect or
Gondi after the iaediate Pll.t or pr .. ent perfect tenae
morpheme [-tj and after the preaent indefinite and
continoua tense morpheme [·deltJ ,
guh-t-ocl
doh-t-oal
han-da•t-o•+
guh-ta1t-o1l
he has seized
he has bound
he goea or he is goinc
he seizes or he is going
It occurs with the verb stems in the Balaghat and r
Mandla dialects of Gondi after the past indefinite tense
morpheme i-tJ and past continous tense morpheme {-ndJ
and after the future indefinite tense morpheme ~da:kj ,
guh-t-ur
doh-t-ur
guhe-nd-ur
va:-ni-ur
han-da:n-ur
guh-ta:n-ur
he seized
he bound
he was seizing
he was coming
he will go
he wil.l seize,
It occurs with the verb stems in the Betul dialect
after the past indefinite tense morpheme [-tj and
after the past continous tense morpheme {.-ndj and
after the future indefinite tense morpheme t -daakj ,
guh-t-ul he seized
doh-t-ul he bound
guha-nd-ul he was seizing
va:-nd-ul he was coming
han-daln-ul he will go
&Uh-taan-ul be vi11 aeiae
/-ea"ll It occurs with the Yerb ateas in Belelhat and
MantUa dialects athr the oon4it1onal marker /-7/1
vaa -y-ear it they wre to ooae
/-eal/ It occurs with the Yerb ateas in the Betul dialect
after the conditional aarker /-y/1
e.g. vaa-y-eal it he were to come
1-r/ It occurs with the verb atems in Balaghat and Mandla
dialects after the present indefinite negative marker
l-oa/ anrt conditional markers /-ea/ and /-yea/,
e.g. va:-yo:-r
va:-yea-r
guh-e:-r
he does not come
it he were to come
it he were to seize
/-1/ It occurs with the verb stems in the Betul dialect
after the present indefinite negative marker: /-oa/
and aftdr the conditional markers /•yea/ and/-e:/, ·
e.g. va:-yosl
guh-e:-1
he does not come
if he were to come
if he were to seize
I-re :I It occurs with the verb stems in the Balagha t and
Mandla dialects after the immediate past or present
perfect tense negative marker 1-o:/,
e.g. va 1-yoa-re: he does not come
/-le:/ It occurs with the verb stems in the Betul dialect
after the immediate past or present perfect negative
marker /-os/ 1
e.g. va:-yoa-lea he does not come
7.11.8.71• 'fhfrt1 pfE!QD eegplta plngl 1-
{-o•r J 1-o•r .. -o•rk ... -ur,. -re•, -:1
1-o•rl It occurs with the Yerb stems after the illlmediate
e.g.
past or present perfect tense morpheme [-tJ and after
the present indefinite and continous tense aorpheme
[-daatJ in all three dialects of Gondi,
guh-t-oar
doh-t-oar
han-da:t-oar
guh-ta 1 t-o1 r
They (M) have seized
'they (M) have bound
They (M) go or they (M) are go1n
'they (M) seize or they (M) are seizing
/-oark/ It occurs with the verb stems in the Balaghat dialect •
e.g.
e.g.
of Gondi after the immediate past or present perfect
tense morpheme [-tJ and after the present indefinite
and cont1nous tense morpheme [·da:tJ
guh-t-o:rk •
doh-t-o:rk •
han-da:t-o:rk . '
guh-ta: t-o:rk
'they (M) have seized
They (M) have bound
They (M) go or they (M) are going
They (M) seize, or they (K) are seizing
It occurs with the verb stems after the past
indefinite morpheme ~tJ and after the past continous
tense morpheme [-ndJ and after the future tense
morpheme [-da:kJ ,
ti-t-ur They (M) ate
he-t-ur They (M) went
va:-nd-ur They (K)were coming •
han-d-ur They {M) were going •
/-rea/ •
e.g.
han-daan-~
va:-yarn-ur
!bey (II) will IO
!bey (II) will 00111e,
It occurs with the Yerb steu after the necatiTe
~~arker /-oa/ in the illmediate past or present
tense,
vaa-yo•-rea ~They (M) have not come
1-rl It occurs with the verb atems after the preaent
indefinite negative marker /-or/ and after the
conditional markera /-yea/ and /-ea/,
e.g. vaa-yoa-r •
fhey (M) do not come
vaa-yea-r •
it they were to come
gu-hea-:r if he were to aeize
7.11.8.8:- Third peragn ngn-masgnline tingular I•
/-a:/
e.g.
/-u:/ I
e.g.
/-a:"' -u:"' -rJ"' -ye:,. -a:r,. -all/
It occurs with the verb stems after the immediate
past or present perfect tense morpheme {-tJ and after '·
present indefinite and continous tense morpheme
[-da: tJ ,
guh-t-a:
han-da: t-a:
guh-ta:t-a:
She/it has seized
She/1 t comes or she/it is CD m1ng
She/it seizes or she/it is seizing
It occUrs with the verb stems after the past
indefinite tense morpheme [-tJ • This is 1l&ed mainly
in Betul dialect, in Balaghat and Mandla dialects
1-rJ/ is used,
ha-t-u•
ti-t-ua
She/it went
She/it ate
/41
'
e.g.
1-ye:/
e.g.
/-a:r/
e.g.
/-a:l/
1
kis-t-u
guh-t-ua
8be/1t 414
8be/1t seised
It occurs with the ._rb stems atter the past
indet'ini te tense •o:rpheae( -t j ~ and atter tha
21ft
past continous tense aorpheme i·ndJ and atte:r the
tuture indefinite tense morpheme {-daakJ and atter
the negative marker /-ot/ in the present inletinite
end continous tense. /-~/ occurs mainly in, Balaghat
and Mandla dialects,
ha-t-Ill' She/it went
guh-t-¢' She/it seized
va:-nd-f/1 She/it was coming
tin-d-!11 She/it was eating,
d'oh-ta: l-111' She/1 t will bind
han-da:r-!11 She /1 t will go
vaa-yo:-f/1 She/it does not come
han-o:-!11 She/it does not go
It occurs with the verb stems after the negative
marker /-o: I ln the immediate past or present
perfect tense,
va: -yot -ye: She/it has not come
It·~curs with the verb stems after the conditional
morphem~ /-ye:/, This is used in Balaghat and
Mandla dialects, '
va:yv-a:r "'-:
guh-v-a:r
' ( if she/it were to come
if· she/it were to seize.
It occurs with the verb stems after the conditional
morpheme /-ye:/. This is used only in the Betul cti.Jed.
e.g. vaayv-aal
guh-v-aal
it ahe/1 t were to ooM
it aha/it were to aeize
:tt?
7.11.8.91• !bir4 perepp npp=p•ema11pt plprel I•
1-aa ng/
e.g.
/-ung/
e.g.
/-ng/
e.g.
£-aa ng J /-aa ng 61 -ung .. -ng" -ngea/
It ocaurs with the verb stems attar the ~ediate
past or present pert'eot morpheme 1-t j and at'ter the
present indefinite and oontlnous tense morpheme
t -daa t J and after the oondi tionsl tense morpheme [-ye ~
guh-t-aang
han-da: t-a 1 ng
guh-ta:t-a:ng
guh-v-atng
va :oyv-a: ng
They (N.M.) have seized
They (N.M) go or they (N.M) are going
They (N.M) seize or they (NoM.) are seizing
if they (N.M) were to seize
it' they (N.M) were to come
It occurs with the verb stems after the past
indefinite tense morpheme [-tj and after the past
continous tense morpheme [•ndj and after the future
indefinite tense morpheme i•datkJ
ha-t-ung They (N.M.) went
tin-d-ung They (N.M.) were eating
han•daan-ung They (N.M.) will go
va:-yaan-ung They (N,M.) will come
It occurs with the verb stems after the negative
11arker /-ot/ in the present indefinite or continous
tense,
vat-yot-ng They (N.M.) do not come
/-ngea/ ~~~
It oocura with the Yerb ateaa attar the ne&ative
urker /-oa/ in the iaMcliate put or preaent perteot
tenae,
vaa-yoa-ngea !bey (N.M.) have not ooae
7.11.8.101- SAMPLE PARADIQM8
One aample verb haa been aeleo\ecl from the tollovilll
infinitive groupa and is conjugated in the different tenses in
the order given below 1
(a: -taana1 (2) -da1na1 (3) -aanaa (4) -yaanaa ,.. irnaa
The following verbs are selected tor each infinitive noted above.
( 1)
(2)
guh-taanaz
han-da:naa
(3) huzr-aznaz/
hu•r-ianaz
(4) va:-ya:naa
to seize
to go
to come
Forms are given according to the following arrangement.
C!IABD No,p-
------------------------------------------------------------------person Singular Plural
--------------------------------------------------------------·---Ist person
2nd person
3rd person(M)
3rd person (Non-Mas)
-----------------------------------------------------------------I. PAST TEN§E :-
I. guh-t-aan
guh-t-1• guh-t-ul/r
guh-t--'-u•
guh-t-aam/-oam
guh-t-1rt • guh-t-ur • guh-t-ung
II.
III.
IV.
he-t-atn
ha-t-11
ha-t-ul/•r
ha•t-111/•UI
hutr-t-atn •
huar-t-1t •
hut r-t..- ul/-r •
huar-t-0/-ua •
vaa-t-aan
va:-t-it
va 1 - t-ul/ -r
vaa-t-131'/-ua
ba-t-aaa/-oaa
ba·t-11t •
ha·t~
ha-t-ung
hutr-t-aam/-cua •
hutr-t-1at . . . hut r-~\1: l'
hutr-t-ung •
va:-t-aam/-otm
vaa-t-1tt • va•-t-ur •
vaa-t-ung
II. IMMEDIATE PAST TENSE/oraPRESENT PERFECT tENSE
I.
II.
;III. .,
IV.
guh-t-o:na:
guh-t-otnit
guh-t-otl/-r
guh .. t-a:
ha-t-oana:
ha-t-om1:
ha-t-o:l/-r
ha-t-a:
hu:r-t-oana:
hu:r-t-oania •
hu:r-t-otl/r •
huar-t-at '
va a-t-oa naa
vaa-t-ot ni:
va:-t-otl/r
vat-t-at
guh-t-o:~aam
guh-t-o•r1:t
guh-t-ot;
guh-t-a:ng
ha-t-o:ralm •
ha-t-o:r1rt
ha-t-otr
ha-t-a:ng
hu:r-t-otra:m • •
hu:r-t-orr1at . . hu1r-t-otr
•
hua~-t-amg
vu-t-o:ratm •
va :-t-otri: t • • va:-t-oar
•
vat-t-a1ng
~2(1
III. J¢ COlftliOUB Dlf§E .. I. 1\lha-n<i-aln IUhtl•nd-ala
guha-nd-11 IUhtl•nd-11~
guha-nd-ul/-r auha-nd-ur
guha-nd~/-ul 1\lha-nd-ung
II. han-d-arn han•d•BIID
han-d-11 han-d-11~
han-d-ul/-r han-d-ur •
han-rl.-!11/-ua han-d-ung
III. husra-nd-ean huara-ntt-aam • •
huara-nrl.-ir huara-n1•1at • .
hu: ra-n1-ul/-r huara-n<i-ur •
hu:ra-n1-!lf/-u• • huara-nd-ung •
IV. vas-nri-a:n va:-nd-alm
vas-nri-1: va1-nd-ilt •
va:-nd-ul/-r vaa-nd-ur •
vas-nd-tzl/-ul va:-nd-ung
IV. PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE/ 1 ... PRE8ENT CONTINOUS
I. guh-ta: t-ot na: guh-ta 1 t-oara :m •
guh-ta1 t-osni: guh-tal t .. oaril t . . guh-taa t-oal/-r guh-ta 1 t-o a;-
guh-ta:t-a: guh-talt-alng
II. han-de 1 t-o: nat han-dat t-o:~aam
han-da: t-o: nil ban-da: t-osrilt • •
han-da:t-o:l/-r han-de: t-oq.•
han-da: t-a 1 han-da 1 t-81 ng
III. husr-i:t-osnaa hu1r-11t-o1raam • • .
hutr-iat-otnia huar-11 t-osris t • • •
huar-ilt-orl/-r hu:r-1: t•otr • •
huar-itt-aa hut !•11 t-aang •
IV.
Yll -1t-os nil
Yal -1t-ot 1/ -r
Yll•rt-at
Yat -rt-oa ~··• ft •-rt-otr11 t • •
v. FjJTQRE IIP§FINID 'UNSE I-
I.
II.
III.
IV.
guh-k-11
guh-k-11
guh-te 1 n-ul/-r
guh-t-e:l/-r
han-da 1 k-a 1 han-da:k-11 hen-datn-ul/-r
han-d-atl/-r
hulr-i•k-e: •
hu:r-itk-11 •
hu:r-a:n-u1/-r
hu:r-16-all ,
va.:-yk-a:
vas-yk·1•
va 1 -yn-u1/r
va :-y-a: 1
guh-k-0111
guh-k-11~
guh-tasn-ur ,
guh .. ta 1 n-ung
han~da 1 k-o 111 han-daa k-11 t han~d" 1 n-ur '
• han-da 1 n .. ung
hutr-i1k-o1m •
husr-1ak-1:t . . huar-a:n-ur
• •
hutr-a•n-ung •
va•-yk-olm
va: -yk-it t •
va: -yn-u:r vas-yn-ung
VI. NEGUIVETEN§E I .. PREsJNT INWINIU
I.
II.
guh-o:-n
guh-v-ii
guh-o•-1/r
guh•os-tJ
han-o1-n
han-v-is
han-ol-1/r
han-os-~
han-o:-m
han-v-11t •
han-oa-r ,
han-oa-ng
III.
IV.
husr-oa-n •
husr-v-11 •
husr-os-1/r •
husr-oa4 •
vas-yot-n
vas-yv-is
va 1 -pol-l/ -r
vas-yos-fl
but r-ot-a • bUII'•T•ilt • •
butr-o•-r • • hutr-os-ng
•· Tat;v-ot-a
vary-v-is t •
vaay-os-r •
va t;v-os-ng
VII • PRE3ENT PI5RlECT NEG4TID 1 ..
I.
II.
III.
IV.
guh-o:-nes
guh-v-isnes
guh-os-les/-res
guh-os-yes
han-o:-ne:
han-v-1: ne:
han-oa-le: /-re:
han-o:-ye;
husr-oa-nea •
guh-o 1 -me 1
guh-v-11te1 •
guh-oa-ngel
han-oa-mea
han-v-ia tea •
han-os-rea •
han-os-nget
husr-oa-mea . husr-v-isne:/ilye: husr-v-iste1
• • •
hu:r-o:-les/-re: hu:r-os-res • • •
va:-yos-ne: va:y-oa-me:
va:-yv-isne: vasy-v-il~es
va:-yot-let/-re vaay-oa-~el
vaa-yol-yes vaay-o:-nge
VIII. IMPERATIVE s-
I.
II
III
IV
guh-a:-91
han-11 - II
hu:r-a&-11 •
guh-aa-~
han-e -~
huar-aa-t
var-a:-t •
IX. PRQHIBltiD 1
I. guh-v-aa-4
II hen-v .. 4a-4
III huar-v-aa-~
IV. va a -yv-aa..;
x. wQH12UI2l!aL n&lialli • -
I.
II.
III.
IV.
guh-ea-nea
guh-ea-nia
guh-ea-1/r
guh-v-aal
han-e:-naa
han-ea-ni:
han-ea.-1/r
han-v-aal
hurr-ea-nat •
huar-ea-ni: . hu: r-e: -1/r
•
hu:r-v-atl . vaa-ye: -na:
Vaa-yea-nia
va :-ye: -1/r
va 1 -yv-a al/r
ruh-v-aa-t • han-v-a•-' • huar-v-aa-t • . vaa-yv-aa-~
gub-ea-roam •
gub-ea-r ' .
guh-v-aang
han-ea..oroam •
han-ea-r1a t • •
han-v-alng
hu:r-ea-rorm •
huar-ea-riat . ,- ,
hu:r-e:-r . -huar-v-aang
•
va: -yea -roam •
va: -yea-ria t - . vat-yv-a:ng
7.H.9.:- UNINELECTED FORMS I•
7.11.9.11· Past adyerbial partigiplel•
/-cia/
e.g.
[-siaj
I o. -sit ~>' -cia,. -jia/
It occurs a1!ter the verb stems ending in /a/1/u/h/,
ta-cia-kun
u-cia-kun nih-c1r-kun
Having brought
Having sit HaVing kept
/-jil/ It oocura atter tbe nrb ateu endiac in /•nl,
/-sil/
e.g.
han-jis-kun
tin-jil -kun
un-jis-kun
Hanr~~ gone
Hn1DC eaten
Having tirunk
It occur• else where.
vas-sh-kun
mal-sis-kun
paris-sis-kun
Having COlli
Having returned
Having tlovn.
All the participles are often followed by the
olitic/-kun/ as given in the above examples. However, in the
Balaghat dialect /ta-cis/ and /ta-cil-kun/ are found in tree
veri a tion. In Betul and Mandla dialect. these participles are
followed by the clitic/-kun/.
7 .11. J.2:- INFINITIVE 1
In Gondi, the following infinitive allomorphs
are used which can be represented morphemically as 1
[ -ta:naG
ALLOMORPH CH4RT N0$"3
-----------------------------------------------------------------1 2 3 4
------------------------------------------------------------------taanal
-ta:n
-ta1
-da:nu or
-gatna•
-da:n or -da1n . -da: or -daa •
-ya:na:
-yarn
-ya:
-a1na1
-a an or
-itn
-at or -1:
------------------------------------------------------------------1. /-taanaa/ It occurs with the verb stems ending in /-h/
and /-ia/1
e.g. cuh-tal n&l
karia-taanaa
'to aeiae'
1 to learn'
2. /-dAinaa/ It occurs with the Yerb stems endinc in /-n/,
e.g. han-da1na1
tin-daanaa
'to co'
'to eat'
/-~aanaa/ It occurs only with one verb (UJ;l] 1drink1• Thla
is in free variation with [uri), e.g. un~e1na1 1 to drink'
3. /-ya:naa/ It occurs with the verb stems ending in all vowels
except /-1:/,
e.g. va: -yea na 1
ki:ye ana t
vo:-yasna:
ke:-yatna:
1 to come 1
1 to do'
1 to takeaway
1 to call'
4. /-a:na:/ It occurs with the verb stems ending in all the or
/i:nas/ consonants except /•h/ and /•n/. This form /-a.1na1/
is used in Betul and Mandla dialects. Whereas 1n the Balaghat
dialect /-lana:/ is used.
e.g. hu:r-a:na:..; hu&r-ianat . ' 1 to see'
vank-a•naa ~ vank-i&na: 1 to tell'
The final vowel of all the above noteC. :l.n:f'ini tive
forms, which are of (C) VCV canonical shape, is dropped before -the instrumental and oblative marker /-se:/, and the final OV 1s
dropped before aocufative, dative and locative marker /-le&/.
--The examples of each' of them are given below according to the
groupwise order given in the chart.
. -
6. /-tatn/
6. /-tat/
7. /-r\aan/
s. /-daan/ •
/-dat/
10. /-daa/ •
11. /-yean/
12. /-yat/
13. /-aln/ or
/-i:n/
14. /•at/
/-is/
..,.
e.g.
ruh-ila•n-••• doh-taan-.ea
guh-tat-let
doh-tat-let
e.g. han-darn-set
e.g •
e.g.
e.g •
e.g.
e.g.
tin-daan-aet
un-daan-••• •
han-dat-lea
tin-da:-let
un-dP.t-let •
si-yasn-sel
ki-yaan-sea
si-yas-lea
ki-yaa-let
e.g. hu:r-aan-set
e.g. hu:r-isn-set •
e.g. huar-a: -let •
hu:r-is-les •
by/for aeiziDI
by /for bind1q
to/tor/in seizing
to/for/in binding
by /tor going
by/for eating
by /for drinking
to/for /in going
to/for/ in going
to/for/in drinking
by/for giving
by /for doing
to/for/in giving
to/for/in doing
by /for seeing
by /for seeing
to/for/in seeing
to/for/in seeing,
7.11.13:- Dtglensign of infinit£ye 1-
Infinitives are declined to case as follows,
(the reference to this has already come in the preceeding section),,
1. guh-tasnas
nominative/
Genitive
Acc/Dat/Loc.
lnstt/Abl
guh-tatnaa
guh-tas-le:
guh-tasn-set
'to seize'
1. han-des na 1 •to co•
Nomina t1 ve/ Genitin
Aoc/Dat/Loo.
Instt/Abl.
han-dasnaa
han-das-let
han-dasn-181
3. si-yatnas I to liv81
Nomine ti ve/
Genitive
Acc/Dat/Loc
lnstt/Abl
4.
Nominative/
Genitive
Aco/Dat/Loo
lnstt/Abl.
si-yasnas
si-yaslet
si-yaan-sel
husrasnaa or 'to huar-1•na•
husr-a•na• or
husr-i•na• •
hu:r-aa-lea • or hutr-1t-1ea •
husr-asn-sel •
7 ,12. CLITICS :
see'
In Gondi, olitics are divided into two t.rP••• 1. Free clitics 2. bound cl1t1o$.
7.12.1•- Ft•e glitlcs •-
a)
e.g. inges, anaa madarasar hantoanat
Yes, I go to school.
b) 'also or and'
ramaH 1 ani a kamali 1 unde 1 aga 1 ha tung •
'ramali and kamali also vent there.
•• fa nit J 'and' e.g. bhadul anil !'alhlit -···ue·
1Bhadu and Ra .. li oaM \o lohOOlo
., •• tur •
d. 1equal'
e.g. iat natvat barotbarit hales k17eatoan11
You oannot do equal 'o ae.
e. ·-· e.g. anal roan hile1 vasTotn
'I do not come to ~e houae1
f • [me 1 n<;~.j • full t
e.g. vosl kus~at me1n~ gathk siyaatoal
'H~ gives handfUl of wheat'
g. fghatyisngJ 1 l1b~ e.g. vosl bhagavasn ghaiTilng ditsittotl
"He looks like God. 1
h. fvarisj or
1upto'
{lfatkJ
e.g. anal jatrast varis hantosnas
'I go upto fair
I. [yas j 'or•
e.g. ana: ya 1 imat 11 or you'
7.12.21- Bgund clitiqs 1-
A. [-··3 clitic or emphasis
e.g. bo:r-es (Balaghat,Mandla) Some bo~v(M.Sg,)
bo:l-es (Betul dialect) Some body(M.Sg.)
bot r-et (Balaghat,Betul, somebody (M.Pl) • Mandla)
bad-et ( Balagha t, Be tul, some one(N.M.Sg) Mandla)
bav-es (Balaghat, Mandla)
Betul, some one(N.M.Pl)
B.
e.g.
c.
e.g.
D.
e.g.
E.
£-taalj
1-taal
a6otaal
baa-tell
olitlo or qualitr
like that 'nl•
like tbh tnl• of what type
Clitio ot particular day
/-til, -ria "" -d,. ~I • • •
hanea-tia ' ,
manes-~il
nas-ris •
ne sna: -ria •
nes-d • nines-4
L-cosrJ
Singular
i-cosr
ll•COir
ba1-cosr
f-kunJ
day before yesterday
day after tomorrow
tomorrow
nov-a-days
today
yesterday
Clitic or quantity
Plural
1-co&ng
a-cotng
ba-co1ng
Meaning
this mueh
that much
how much
clitie of perfect participle
In Balagha t and Mandla dialects the occurrence of
/-kun/ is optional whereas in Betul dialect it is essential,
r.
hanj11 or hanjitkun
tinji: or tinji:kun
va1s11 or vatsiakun
laving gone (after)
having eaten {after)
having come (after)
c11t1c or place
here
a-gaa
be1-gar
there
where
o.
e.g.
H.
e.g.
I.
e.g.
i-•ke•J oU tlo of tS...
/-aket"" -ngaa I
1-ngat
a-aket then
ba-sket vhen
1- (proximate), a- (diatant), ba-(1nterrogat1ve)
{-hinaalJ clitic or aanner
tern-hinaal 'for his aake'
nat-hina rl for my sake •
{-hunJ clitic or similarity .,
it hun 'like this
ar-hun like that
ba1-hun like what
--
' J (I " .
-------------------------------.----------------------------------------s.No. Oondl ot Bale ghat.
Oond1 ot letul
Gond1 ot laDdla
ar .... tlcal llean1Dio feature.
------------------------------------------------------------------------14. un11a
15. Ullllal
16. utsav
17. ujP-IID81 toar
18. ujeamaa ta 1
19. ughay
20. upadri:
22. uteri 1 ya:
24. unge:
25. uli:
26. u:si: or usva:si:
~7. u: tum
!8. u:sa1
~g. u: n
10. u: nclb: .
1.
2. h
angad uana•
undil
unma1 Ulllllll
Ad.N.M.i one
Ad.N .M. nine
tiva&r tihalr N.N.M. festival
marmiangva11ea aarmi&a&si&toar N.M. . -marm11nga•ta1 marmlaaasi&ta N.N.M. •
talkn:na& talka&nal v. upadria or upadri& A.d. k"o• to1 • ughara1l or ugh:roa Ad.-M nango1
chi:t or utariaya1 N.N.M. 01 dn:i I
uthalo1 uthalo& Ad
unde: under A.V.
uli: gondalia N.N.M.
married male
married tamale
reooYerr
naUihtY"
necked
Shallow
also
onion.
' '
siros nar or sir a ana 1
N.N.M.' pillow
u:1jum or 01~
u:sa a
u:n
u:ncoa
a
ye.arkiy;:naa ~oalia ·
u:n1:
puar
utnco.a ·.
' '
. ,aapreakiyalnaa koatha( . '
. '
N .rt.M. - . camel· ' ; . ' . ~ ' ·~ ''
• Alii·. • up
kitchen room
bath-room
-----------------------------------------------------------------·------s.No. Gond1 ot Bela chat.
Gond1 ot letul
Gon41 ot llutU.a
Clra111D8t1oal feature.
Haan1DI
------------------------------------------------------------------------33. arl11ni1
34. angel cha 1
35. a tel ve 1 del • •
36. arand11n11 •
37. alia
38. ardho1narka1
39. ·~kil
40. adil
41. adki1taa •
43. aya:
44. akor
45. angel
46. armul
47. nana:
48.
so. aplo:
51. aga1
52. ani1or unde:
)3.
i4.
ada:m • h .
ag an
•
alii• ta1n11
l'llllall
a tal nva1le1 •
arandi1n11 •
·~11
adi:
saro: tal
para tbo1 t or para:vids . . a:ji:
ta:do:ba:bal
koariyaal
armul
anal
ad
sika: til •
aploa ta:
agal
ani : or unde:
a~:m
paand
•
arai1n11
, ... Jl •• atmiharin
arandiania •
alia
adhoanarkal
arlda
adil
saruatu
anga~ar •
da:dil
ako1
koariyaal
armul
nana1 or nan
ad
andhiyalr
aploa or apno•
aga:
an11
R.N.M.
N.M.
P.
c
H.Alli oil
Handkerchief
oook
a kind ot oil •
rat
mid-night
teve
sun light
nut cutter
thumb
grand-ilOther
mother's rather.
younger. brother's wite.
eight.
I·
she/it
darkness
o~selves
and
H. ada
a month in Hindu calende.
---------------------------------------------------------------------s, No, Gondi ot Balaghat,
Oondi ot Betul
Clondi ot llan41a
Or.-.tS.oal feature.
lleaninc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
55, aangia
56, BlfSOI or aq.•aa1
~. aldol
58, a:kia
59, a:gyaal
61. 81 v
62, alto:
64, e:la1
65, a:li:
56, a :he: va: to 1 r
57, pir
58, pijhe :ra:
59, pirpihu:
70, pi~e:
71. pisto:r
72, pivro:
73, pija 1
74, pindia •
75, pinj
76, p1an1:
aangia
adarak or atlal
II
aakil
phu:kiiViiSil
co1l11
naynaa
&Ida I
aakil
kal na I Vii s1 I
H, Oo11
Mirror
glncer
lear
big honey bee
Half seer
murla:bi1ma:- aav ria
H, <
ma:mi:
a:laa
aalis
sun dar
pir
pa: jarat
pirpiho:
p11fe:
pisto:l
piVJ'OI
pijaa
pindil •
to:l
p1an1a
maamia N,N,M, maternal uncle
a:lal N, N,M,
half
handsome
beautiful a:lit N.N,M,
a:heava:toar N,M, hand.aome
pir
p'ijhe:ra:
pirDihu:
oite: •
pisto:r
hivro1
p;tjaa
pin~il
bakalaa
piania
N.N.M, rain
N,N,M, stream
N,N,M, H,Chatak bird.
N ,N ,M, b11"d
N,M, alive
N,N,M, Yellow
Ad,N,M, back side
N,Ji,M, flour
N,N,M, cold
~J;;
------------------------------------------------------------------------s.No. Gond1 ot Gondi ot Oon41 ot Or.-.tioel Meaning. Balaghat. Betul llandla taature.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------77. pisng pisng piing N,N,M, H, Mala
78. pul pul1yas pu11yaa N,N,M, bridge
79. putl1t putrit putrS.s or N,N,M, (
an3Ur
80, pus pus pus N,N,M, name of-.,,,.in Hindu
calender,
81, pu:r or pur or purit vi asia or N,N,M, insect pur is or pur1: or kiaru
kitkal
82, pul11 or puliyasl
pul1s puliyal N,N,M, tiger
83. punuva: punos punot N,N,M. full moon day
84, punga:r punga:r pungatr N,N,M, flower
85, putraz ptara tosla: , N,N,M, locality
86, pu1ro1 pu:ro: pun.•ot Ad,N,M, complete
87. pu:si:r-tall ba:d-tet baa d-te1 Ad,N,M, Afterwords
88, pe:nbhi:ra: pecnbhicra: or madhiyac N,N,M, H, Devki• • h . ' madiya. pemj o:pa~i:
89, pe:pis pel pi: pezpiJ N, ?
90, pOI~Aril postari: pot~aril H1Piadak1 •
91. po:~a:r. po:ra:r potyatr N,N,M. Mother-in-. , law
92. po:kro: po:lq'all poskrot N,N,I!I, hole .. . ··--.,
93. poslka: poslka: potlkat N,N.M, ~lowze) 94. parchi: or ohapari: par chi& N,N.,M. open room
ohapari1
95. pan~a: panda: or panda I N.M. priest gun!ya: or • pa:na• or bolllna :1
96. padi:nat pudianaa podi•na• N,N,M, H, pudina
-----------------------------------------------------------------------S,Ro, Oondi of 0ond1 of Gon41 of Qr .... t1cal lleanlq, Balaghat. Betul Man41a feature.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------97.
98,
99,
para as h pat aal ,
payal
100, pa ga 1 or paya1
101, panel
102, padia
103, pal
104, patea
105, padk1: '
106, pa:re:ka:
107, patla:1 '
108, pandarva1dia '
109, pahar
110, pa~il
111. pangat
112. palak
113, paroasia or seija:ri:
114, pad
115, pahaloa
116, patalo:
117, pangata:l h 118, pand aria
• 119. paro:
120, pa:t or na:l11 •
121, paataa ,
peru a
ra:paar •
payaa
padaa or payat
pane a
pedit
pal
pate:
bataa
hadia . patla:l
' pandarvaar
Pahar
pa~j:
pa:rigat or jeavna:r
palak or pa:tn11
paroui: •
pad
pahaloa
patalo:
pandata:1 •
h parnd aria '
paro1
na:l1a or da: nd . paa ta: or silii./lo tria pat tea '
•
para II
pathatl •
PaJat
pa~a• or P•r•• pane a
padit
pal
patet
par kit
hadit •
bhotyil
pendarvaahit
pahar
pat1a •
pangat
m1ndit
parotsit . .
pad
pahalor
patalot
pandatazl •
pandhar1• ,
paroa
nasarit
pattat or lotc)ha: or sulot taa
N,M,
N,N,M,
N,N,M,
N,N.M,
Ad,N,M,
H,tuaba
pleateta.
cal!
calf
troc
female pig
tooth
ant
louse
bone
H, Patel
fortnight
H, prahara
slate
invitation
ne1ghbourer
ten
firtt
thin
ripe:
white
up
H, note
H, Silpathar
------------------------------------------------------------------------S,No, Gondi ot Gondi or GonU or Clra-.tlcel Neanlq Balaghat. Betul llaa41a teature.
----------------------------------~------------------------------------122, pe:yal
123. petverea •
124, pa 1 vasil
125, pa11n1a
126, pall
127, pa:r1: •
128, pa i ~i:
129, pa:ri•
130, paar1Yatr I •
131, phi tkavdi: . ,
132, p~dara:
h . 133, p e: ~a1
135,
136,
137, bijana•
138, bija:
139, bijalia or bi:c
puyal or pa:yeri:
•
paavas1a or aa~e 1r
pe1lni1
pall
pal ria •
pa :ti: •
paaria
paariyaar
h p 1tkar1: •
pa:yel
phaa Yara• /or h •
p aahara1
baakia or 11taar
• paalnia
paal . pearl a
saleat . .
.. ,M,
H, payal
dokle
ghee
milk
bride's tather or bridegroom' father.
alate
· ola1f,J
bride's rather's wite.
H, phitkari
H, Ribbonma by o1oth
phe: 1ja: or phe1~1 N.N.M, turban pegari: ,
phali:nia or pha11:ni: N,N,M, g»oundnut 5.<:t s;ng a : ni: oil
po1thara: beasaa or pa:s H, pasa
para 1 para 1 Ad.N,M, big ,
vijea
bijal11
b -bijanaa
vijaa
bi;!alic
fen
·seed
lighting
--------------------------------.. ·----·-··-----------·------------------s.No. Oondi ot Oondi ot O.Ddi ot an-ttoal llean1nc. Ba1aghat. Betul Mandl& teawe.
--------------------------------------------------- ---------------------140. b1sm11al
141. bita1
142. bira 1 dari•
143. bi1r11
144, billa 11
145, buro1
146. bendaval
147, be:haral
148.
149,
bokara :1
bo: da 1 ga:raa •
150. bo:malia
151.
152,
153,
154.
155.
156.
157.
bo:re1
bo:r
bo:daal
badaga: •
bandi: •
batk1: '
batil
158. bad
159, bade:
160. bantalil
161. ba~ra1
162. bal!?ar
163. basala:
164. badali:
biamila1 or doke1
hatlan~tkal or biraairatl
H. Luar4
bita~r b1111S ur11b11tal B.balht.
ja1 tva 1le1
bi1r11
bi11a1l
buro1
korkna 1 kho1l11
ta1hka 1
bokarall
bo: da1 ga1~a:
mod
bol1el
bo:l
bo:da:l
bargaJor kubril
•
ban~i:f or se:ndo: bo~k:i:
bati:
bad
bade:
banjali: or banje:1a•
bate1na: or ba~aana: or va~elna:
vakur •
basu11a1
bada111
kabillal ·N.M. relation.
bilrit N.M.M. eal"ld.DI
kntiya• N.N.M, oat
burot M.N.M, bad
kortald~1ungal N.N.M. hen1a hut
bahetraa -· bo1kraal
boldaagatraa
!pOdia • bo1re1
boer
bandi: •
ba~kia
bati:
bad
bade I
bahalal or pe:4.g11
ba~raa
ltasualaa
badal or baa dar
H. baheda
goat
but:'t:'a1o oar1
N,N,M. H, nabhi
N,M,
N.N.M,
aomeone
who
He bu1't:'a1o
a tick
shirt
H. Kator1
what
N,N,M, who
N.N.M, some one
N.N.M. H, banJh woman,
H. bakhar /
H,baau1i
olou;.
~JO
-----------------------------~------------------------------------------S.No. Gond1 o! Gond1or 0on41 o! Clralllll&tloal MeaD1Dio Balaghat. Betul lan41a tea~e.
------------------------------------------------------------------------· 1Ei5.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
banvat
badk?aak
baco&ng
baco•r
basket or bapotr
bahara:l
badhayitpitel • •
dongu 1 ra 1 k11 •
bad0aak
baco&ng
bacotr
bahara•l
va:re&pite& or va:re:kotatl . .
doft1Ual'atk11 •
bao:ba1k
bacoanc
baooar
bapoar
b~tra&l badhayit pi te& . .
Ad.M.
N.R.M.
172. ba:l~i: pohara1 baaltit or dot1 N.N.M. •
173. ba&rtilnkholli: ba:rti:nkhot 111
manjol~·· or haru&garut a:ya&yaara: kot that
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
ba:ra:ng •
bat to: •
ba:ri:
ba:ndatl •
baari: •
ba:ta&l
ba:haro:
-ba:raang or batit
ba1 ~ot/or sane:
•
ba:ra:ng
sea1acr sa.nea
murkit or ba:rt: or •
basril or ta:ri& lurkat or
· 1urt1:
ba:nda:lpadia •
baa~il
ba:taa1
baaharoa
bheadara: or bi1rbangi1
ba: ndaalpadit •
baq.•ia
baataal
ba:haro&
bhe•ras or ~e:ria
bhaa jaras
N.N.M.
N.M.
Av.
Av.
toreat tire
where
bow .. 117
how •117'
when
dear
H.Kathpodva
bucket
delivery room·
Sister's husband.
earning
male pig
why
ho1(
outside.
nll
H. bhind1
.... ------------------------------·-----·------------------------------------S.No. Goncli o! Gondi o! Gondl ot Os-auats.oal lleaD1Dio
Balaghat. Batul llan41a teatun.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------· 184. bhados
185. bhaskis
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204,
tiha:r
tids '
ti:tur
ti:r
tumri:mara: . . te:ndava:l
to:;-1•
to:l
to:;-a:
to:ri:ni: •
to :ri: •
to:rka: •
to:ya:mara:
tala tv
ta0ata:
tala:
tarjani:
•
~ado a
arm~amehes bares hit •
na:yis or nasvus n&IVil
bha:p or ukur ukarnas
t -tiva:r
t1f11 s
usti:
ti:r
tumri:mara: . . ci: ta:l
to:;-i:
to:l
to:ra: • toq•i:ni: or cimni:ni: or ci:ri:nis . to:ri: ... . totka: • •
ta1a:v
ta~atas
tala I
kadUJ •
tihaar
naJ.lle •/ or noJ.ll
ti:tur
ti:r
tumri:mara:
ci:ta:l
to:ri:
to:l
to:dar
toarilni:
to:ris
turaya: or 1-o: dka1
tosya :mara:
tala•v
tat(lata:
Ad.R.M. bad
N,M. oattle ••tar •
N.N.M, 1pear
N.M. barbar
N .N ,M. WI fl.,.._ or •team
N.N.M.
N,N,M,
N.N,M.
N,N,M.
test;lval
nail
H. titur
arrow
H. tumdi tree
Leopard
clay
leather
H. toda
ker!)sineoil
soil
H, turay
H. dumar tree
lake
black board
head
H. tarjani
-------------------------------------------------------------------------S.No, Gond1 ot Gond1 or Clon4i ot Gr .... Uoa1 MeaD1DCo Balaghat, Betu1 lla1141a feature
--------------------------------------------------------------------------206, tarm11
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214,
215.
216,
217.
.
tangmar1a
tara:s •
tangm1ya:~
takal1:
tarasjus
ta:mbo:
ta:do:
ta: r1:mara 1 . . ta:ra:
218. din
219. du1no:
220, dua saro:
221. dehari:
222. doke:la: •
223, doha1o:
224. dora:naa
225. do:rtoar
226. do:puria I
P~lungia or kal11
tangoaraar . .
tangmar1a
tara as •
tangmiyaar •
taka11:
tara a jus or ta agar1:
•
ta:mboa
ta:do: ba:ba: or asja:
ta:r1:mara: or sindi:mafaa
aukum or tasraa
din
du:saros
dehari:
doke: • dohalo:
doraanas
dosrtoa1
dhuapaarit •
birlaa or kal11
akoa
tara as
naat1a
doang1a
tat(larit
tasmboa
bat bas
ta:ri• mara a
turaya1
~aka&
din
dutnol
du:saro:
dehari:
dokea •
gandal
lateaaataa •
H.H.M. apart
H0 I,M, vite'aelder dater
N,M,
N.N.M,
H.
H. jetl.
a.on1 a son
anaka
son11 daughter
H, takali
H, taraju
copper
rather
H, tar1 tree
s.tar
clot
N.N.M. day or sun
Ad,N.M, double
Ad.N,M. second
N,N,M, thresold
N.N,M, H, girgit
Ad,B,M. dirty
V.N.M. ttrenesa
Ll.M. tired
N.R.M. afternoon
------------------------------------------------------------------------S.No. Gondi o! Gondi o! Gon41 o! Orallllllltioal MeaniDI• Balaghat. Betul llaDdl.a feature
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
228. da1hari1 •
229. da1di1 '
231. de : da 11
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
d~nga: dhuroa
dhusa1
dhurka:ri:
d~:nd
237. dhaniya: or dhariya:
•
238. dha:va:
239. dhermi:
240.
241.
242.
243,
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
•
tikalil '
timki: • ti: las • ti:dhi: ' .
tunda:m •
tuari: I
tu:ra:l •
todi: •
tongudot •
datbuan
da:hea:ria or ava:ria or ava:l or yaa
daaria • da:daa • •
da:daal
dhuva:
dhurla:
dbusa:
dhurka:ri:
dbu:nd d~:ka:
•
dhaniya:
dha:vaa
dharmi: -tik1i: • timki: • teckaria • • tidi:
•
or
tunda:m or be:ndaa
•
tu:ria •
todit •
tongudo: •
t
'bat ban
datJ'il or dar haria
da:dil '
daadat1
d~va: b~abrat
kamraa
ga:ria •
garesl
ti:kas
~imkil
tetkari: •
pha:phea
be:ndat or be a rat
tu:ril
tutrat
to<lit
tongudo: \
R.R.M. bil needle
R.R.M. 110ther
N.N.M. 'beard
N.N.M. H. jabada
N.M. !ather
IIIIOke
du,t
blanket
cart driver
storm
H. thali
distance
shaddow
H. bindi
H. timki
hillock
B. tiddi
A wood used close the door,
girl
boy
beak, mouth
knee
---------------------------------------------------------------~~----s.No. Gondi of Gondi of GoD41 of Oraaatioal lleaD1DC Bal11ghat. Betul llal14la feature.
------------------------------------------------------------------------249. tatas s
• •
250. tavadia . . 251. ta: tas • •
252. ~a1l11 or mu:ra:
253. ta:dvaa
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
• •
~ongu:r
do:ng1: • do:de: . . doanga: •
dankat •
da: g.1: or da:ri:
da: thra: . . .
dhoskoadyaal • • dhe:k11
~aves/ or kaa na 11 taves , tavadia • •
ta Ita I • •
ta:lia
ta:dvas •
badga: •
dongusr •
do:ngi: •
doangi: •
dank •
dasdi:
koala:
ditllll'al •
nar
jhi:l/or jhiar
dhoakwl •
d
tavat •
1;ava~11 or 41yat
taatat • •
taalis or taaria , . tasdvaa
donguar •
~oangia
~aga:n
~ocngi:
dank • daarit •
lilundaa •
narvaa
R.R.H. H. Nilkantha bird
N.R.M. H. tava ude of claY
N.N.M. oov
Ad.N.M. solid
N .M. landless
N.N.M.
N.N,M.
N.N.M.
N.N.M•
N.N.~.
N.N.M,
farmer.
forest
H. dond
H, tahani
boat
olav
pulse
sprout
fisherman
river
H. nasal
~ 4. ------------------------------------------------------------------------S,No, Gondi or Gondi or lon41 or ar .... ucal JlealliDI
Balaghat. Betul. llaD41a feature.
------------------------------------------------------------------------g
269, cim~al cim~al oaaia taa • N,R,M, B, oh1aata
270. cimnia cimnia or oiania N,N.M, lamp d:IIVBI
271. cilam cilum oil WI N,N.M, H, child
272. cingea ria tirangaa • angara• N.N,M, a park
273. cikhle: cikhalea oikhala• N,N,M. 11114
274. ci:veal Oil Vall OiiV&Cl N,M. chicken
275. cuti: cuti: attic N,N,M, hair • , •
276. cudur cudur cudur Ad.N,M, amall ' . •
277. cuari: pa:tli: kokna~or N,N.;M, banglu • • banva iyac (metal)
278. cu:rea cue :rae • eucre• N.N,M, H. k:ada
279. cu:nec cu:naa ouanaa N,N,M. lime
280, coalne: pya tnt • ooalnaa N0 N,M, pyant
281. cabu:tara: cabuatara: cabuataraa N,N,M, H, cabutara
282. caru: carua or oarua N,N,M, H. lota • loita:
283, cedar oadar or cadar N,N,M, H, oadar d~saa
•.
284. cataayia •
oata:yi: katia
or sarkil N,N,M, mat
285. capal va:hana: tariyaa N,N,M, oapal ..---286. caka: oaks: cakat N,N,M, H,Chakka
287. cande:l canda:l candat N,N,M, 11000
288. cakotr cakotr cakaval N,N,M, H. catak bird
289. culni: chatlni: or calnia N,N,M, H, caln1 chaanit
'
}, '
~p:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------s.No. Gondi or Oondi or 0eD41 ot -.-.U.aal leaii!DI• Balachat. Betul •D41a taatuft
------------------------------------------------------------------------
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
chilkaa h
c itaamara•
295. cheanaa
296. chaparia
297. chaparia/or parchia
298. cha:ya:
299. cha :ya: /or sa:vali:
300. cha: taa
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
jug
jurba:na:
juna:l
jedi: •
joke:va:de: •
jata:
javari: •, \
jatra
jarua
ja:ria '
111ara: ta: toal • litaamaraa
•
pal
~1•1; or phar1k1a
• chuaraa or mayja
cheanaa
chaparia
chapari:
jug
jariaba:naa
juna 11
sill'
joka:nvaale
jataa or panchaki:
javarir , jataraa
joank
jaaria '
cha11:l1
ohiiaauraa
ohe•na•
ohapara•
parchia
jug
dead
junaal
jar
jokaanvasrea
jata•/ or cakiyaa
navna•
me:laa
joank
jaaria
llark
'e•al'ft4 tree
110aent
H. oc!hani
knite
oow dune
thatch
open rooa
Chest
N.N.M. H. yuga
N.N.M. punishment
Ad.N.M. old
N.N.M. Jd.Ue• roo·
N.H. killer
N.N.M. hand 11111
~.~.M. rice
N.N.M. fair
N.N.M. H. jonk
N.N.M. graaa
-----------------------------------------------------------------------s.No. Gond1 ot Gon<!l ot Gon41 ot Clrauatloal Jlean1Dio Balaghat Betul MaDjlla teatuH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------311.
312.
h ja1ng a1
ja1 ~a1
314. jhUI thO I ,
315. jhakan
316 • jhanga:
317. jhatrb ,
318. k111p
319. kisa:n
320. kis
321. kiriya:
322. kise:ni:
ja:nghaafor poatar1a
ja1 ~·· jh
jh1r1yal or do a brat •
angst
l(lurkud
kilip
kirse:n
kis
ima:n
k1rsatnia
jaata• •
k111p
k1satn
kis
I.R.M. lteem, s.ae
Ad.N.M. uaed
N.N.M. ehirt
N.N.M. H. Jhad1
N .M. farmer
323. kitra:mako:ra: kape: . .
k1riya:
katstkaari1
kape: bird
324. ki:c
325. kulup
326.
327.
328.
329.
330.
331.
332.
333.
kupa:r
kuilla:l
ku1um
kutumb •
kuva:ra:l
kuva:rit
kusaay
kuataamend • •
buro: kilO
kulup or ta:lu talola: or tatraa N.N.M. iook
kunja:n
kuma:1 or kumatr
kulum
kutumb •
kuvuratl
kuvalril
Jltusa:y
kul taamend ' .
kulum
kutumb •
kuva:raa
kuvaaria
kusaay
ku: taanr1t
Ad.
bra1d
pot maker
H. kabila
uDma.rrled boy
uuarried girl
secret
handtul
---------------------------------------------------------------~JL? ______ S,No. Gond1 ot Gondi ot lontU. of G:r.-Uoal •wna. Balaghat. htul MaNila tea tun.
--------------------------------------------~---------------------------334. kuiCOI kuiCOI ..... 11. N,J,M • B, Maus1
335. kuala• kula• kuala a N,J,M, hip
336, keavat keavat 4h1111aJ' J,M. boatman
337. kesraa kearea kesra• N,N,M, bannana •
338, keakaraal ye1~11 kakaral N,N,M, H, l:eka4a
339, kohkal kohka• kohkal N.N,M, H, tendu leat
340. kor1v1: korvia korvis N,N,M, chalk
341. kondaa kosndaa koan~l N,N,M, en-brow •
342. kohangi: tuhania tohania N.N,M, H, tuhani
343, kos4ka• ko:~kaa saar N,N,M, cattle room
344, koapni: langoatj: gajia or B,N,M, Lion-cloth • langoatis
• 345, koande: ga: da 1 koandeagesdat
• kosndaagat~l N,N,M, bullock cart
346. koanda: ko;nda:for koanda 1 N,N.M, bullock do:bas •
347. ko:<;ta: kos~a: kos~a• N,N,M, horse
348. kosve: ko:ve: la:lmuhal N,N,M, red monkey bandaraal
349. ko:yalll kosyal/ or ko:yal1s N,N,M. cultoo ko:ve:
350. kollhiyaal lfe:ka;ois ko&liya:lf or N,N,M, fox phe:ke:ris ?
~ ?,LI'?. .
351. ko: cyka: kortkl'll saar N,N.M. cattle room ,--~
,
352. ko:dh gale:macya:ra: k:abralroag N,N,M, leprosy •
353, ko:diyaar ko:diyasr kocriyaar N,N.M, daughter-in· • • law
354, k:archelia k:aea:ku~ karohulis N,N,H. H, karohu11
355. kaysa:r k:aysaar k:aysasr N,N,M. bro011
356. k:atharia bosndari: or kathari: N,N.M. H. gosdaris
3&7. kardosnas kardosnas kardOI1'81 N,N,M, H.l:arguni
~4l
------------------------------------------------------------------------S,No, Oond1 or Oond1 or OoD41 or ~Uoal llean1DI Balaghat Batul llan41a · feature.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------358, ka~aa karaa
• lrar4ea lf,lf.ll. f1el4 359, karvatJor oheania/or obeanla lf,lf.ll, oov dune
oheania gutaa
360, kalllthal lcam~haaf or kaaatn N.lf.M, bow • guleal
361. kal kal tal N,N,M, vlne
362. kathe:r ka~haal 1,~11, N,N.M, katahal • ka ar
363. kar kar kare:hal N,N,M. Tecetable aade rroa amall baaboo
364. kapsa: kapaa a kapeaa N,N,M. cotton
365, kalil kalil kalit N,N,M. bark ot' the tree
366. kaga:r kaga•r • lcagatr N,N.M, bank
367. kabu:tar kabu:tar or kabuatar N,N,M, H, kabutar po:na:r
368. kale: kale: kalvaa N,M, thier
369. kaci: kacit kaoia N,N.M, iron
kabl • •
370. kab~a: kabt N,N,M .• H, ubi
371. kavi: kavi: kavit N,II.,M, ear
372. kan kan kan N,N,M, eye.
373. kapaar kapaar kopatr N,N,M, fore~head
374. kay kay kay N.II,M,; hand
375. karu:m(or karu:mJor kan4UJDfor A.d. near kacu:m kacu:l jo:rea
376. kalganda: kalgan~a: daruvahal N,M. drinker •
377. karua karu: karu: (M) M. hungry
378. kaja:ko:r kajaalf.o:r kaja:koar N.N,M, quarrelsome
379. kameaket kame:ke: r or came:kea
kame:ke: A.d,M, peacet'ul
380. sa:hkia sat}lkia sa:hkit N,N,M, H, ukhal
24P ----------------------------------------------------···--·-·
............. s.No. Oondl of Gondi of GoD41 ot Gr.-.Uoal leaDlq
Balalhat Betul. JlaD41a feature
-----------------------------------------------------------------------381. kasndi• dhesld.l ~heakil ll,lf,M, R, dhekl • • 382. kaltul katusl ka~ll I,N.M, .. t • •
383. kaljar ka 1 jal la¥1111 I,II,M. B. Jrajal
384. kas sis ja 1 taa ka 1 si1 kohare r lcuJiral N,.,K. eueuaber •
385, kalvasl kalvaal kasvaal N,N,K, or ow
386, kaaaor mirnoag.arl kachuvaal N.N,M, n. 387. kall karl kasl N,N,M, lee··
388, kasyis bacia OiiV&Il N,N,M, H. ka7l
389, ka:ko: ka lkOI kalkOI N,N,M, H• nani
390, kaskas ka1ka1 ke:kaa N,M, H, oaoa
391. ka1k!s kalkil kalk:l.t N,N,M, H• oaoi
392. ka:kus karkas aavsas N,N,M, H, aauaa
393, ka:ska:l ka•ata1l ka1sta1l N,N,M, hot
394, ka1m1: kumis kauait .Ad. uaatul
1(1
395, tAtlo: khulos k~OI Al. open
396. ~d-ta: ~d-taa lAtd-taa .,. .... !> personal
397. IAt:nt1: lAtantit IAtan~i: hanger . . • 398. 0oslos 0o: l gaharoz Ad, deep
399, 0oa0ali: 0auis J(laasit N,N,M~ H. khas:1
400. 0oapadia khospadil or ko:thar N,N.M, hut •
cho:ndfs ,
401. 0o•bra•ni: 0oabrasnir J(lo t paru ni 1 N,N,M, oooonutoil '
402. 0aslir varoes dokel ~
N,N,M, H, cilhar:S:
403. 0asnda: thasndav or dagasl N,N,M, branch darr • •
404. 0ast1s vudes lo1ha1r N,M, blaok8111 th . 405. 0a 1 nda 1 talva1r ~aldaa lf.lf.M, nord
"<l6. J(la•car khatcarJor ohakara• N.N.M. H. chakad1 ohakaraa
---------------------------------------------·····--------·····~~Q_ ___ s.lo. Gondl of Oondi ot lon41 ot ..._U.oal lea lilac Balachat. Betul KaD41a feature
------------------------------------------------------------------------~. .fast ~faa t/or '~faa t or ....... MDUI'e
aarasp1s 1arasp11
408. ~as lea ~asvalas tar1s '"· Mlov
409. ~adul· ~a4u• oask ....... ohalt •
410. ~a car ~a car J(laoar N.R.M. qle
411. ~at!1k kuuyis kaaasyll N.M. butcher •
I
412. gilat;s. gila• s gilazs N.N.M. slut
413. gilat gila~{or gila~ N.N.M. H, gilat • jarma
414. gisdhall gi: de:l giadhazl N.N.M 1 aagle
415. gi: dha:r sikriyaz aalsariyas N.N.M. voulture • ;--'~-:::-
416. gupha: macndos guphas N.N.M. eow!J 417. gu.ndis kasendil kasend11 N.N.M. aetal pot
• • • 418. gtl.usaranadka: rahis re:hia N.N.M. H. aathan1
•
419. gughava:1 gughavasl gughavall N.N.M. owl '
420. gu:ija=fr gu:~a:f or guzral N.N.M. •• Our gu:ra gu:ra:
421. • nodva:s k1cval N.N.M. H. kenouva gesndusr •
422. ge:ndava:1 ti:kur barayal N.N.M. H. baraya
423. go:ta: tongil tong! I N.N.M. atone • • •
424. go:danas go:de:kiya:nal godisna: N.N.M. H. Godana or kohkta:
425. go:1a: · ghesras .gos1aa N.N,M. H~ ghera
426. got ti: 0ara:k kakosr11 N.N.M. siDall atones • . •
427. go:m gotm t1rtiris N1 NoMill H~ karlkhajur
428. goinda: go1nda1l ge:ndat N.N.M. H~ Gendre tree
429. gadhul gadha:l gadha:l N.N.M. anara _..>.--· --.
430. guadil kamal11 kamal11 N.N.M. tb1ok • blanket
'If II :,
---------------------------------------------------------······ _______ ,
s.Jo. Ooncli of Oondi of Goll41 of ..... ~ .. 1 ....... lalachat Betul .. D41a t .. ~ •
----------- ----------------------------------------.. ·-------·-------~ 4311 &aroaa 'Qb:yfor c~-::Jor J.I.M. -It • kana a
432. cavalia &aTalit cna11t R.R.M. 1111Jataa
433. gat rat gaaraa gaaraa N.N.M. aortar • •
484. gaar gaar caar N,R.M. hatlato:ra
4315. gaa~oa gaa toa &alto~ or N.N.M. rioe • ka ea at
436. IBIY'ki I· ga:,-kit bare a dit • N.M. oattleman
437. gat ret nil guli: ni: gulianit N.N.M. Gul.U. oil
..L 438. gho1rpar uru:m likno 1 doke a N.N.M. LiZard • •
439. /oangs t gudunge: chotngal N,N,M. 11hroat '
440. /oago:tia . . murgaa murgaal N,N.M. hen
441. /o:dia mehada:j or gho:riajor N,N.M, b:l.g pot . . goq.•i: mehada:
442.· ghan hatho:ri& hathoaris N.N.M. H. ha.thora • . .
443. ghame:lat ghame:lat tasalaa or N.N.M, H.· tasala ohitTat
444. gha:naz ghunaa ghaanaa N.N.M. o». ldll
-L
445. sipta s1 I pi: si:pit N.N.M. R, sip
446. sirkum jukaam saradia N.N.M. cold
447. sivalia sivalia sivalia N.·N.M, lips
448. suptia sup~i: su~ki: N.N.M, oane •
449. su:jia SUY' suji: N.N.M. thread
45o. suatnaa co:lna 1 suttnaa N.N.M. troussera
451. N.N.M. .,
191 til sea tia seat!: w1nnow (
412. seandutr seanduar eind~ll' N.N.M. H. aindhur
463. sea rna a saruataa .~oatas N.N.M. H. aarota ',~' .·
~~~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------a,Jo. Gon41 ot Gondi ot GoD41 ot an-u.oal ... , .... Balacbat. letul Ka1141a t•••··
------------------------------------------------------------------·-····· <IN. setrklt yea~1anpehea bueabs.a ..... r.tt1aan
lOa')
4158. seangaahor gavaarpbalia CUTaa:rphal1t lf.lf.M, 11DUD4 nut ...... guvurp alia vaayjaaseangaa
4156. sear tat 1•'!11 j or sear N,R.M. 11. See:r sear
4157. 181Val seavaaseavaa aeavat N, salute
458. sealaar sealaar sealaar N,N,M. ail tier , • 4159, ae:riyaad , seariya:r , aeariyaa~ N,N.M, R. jetbanl
460. ae:ja:re: paroasia •
paro&sia N,M, nelghboUJ"er ,
461. sodal saydatl sudot11 t 1 or N1 N1 M, H. oulha sudetl1a
462. sono1 sono: sonot N,N,M. gold
463. so:ra: so:ra: sotratf or N1 N,M, sull pot korvia
464. SOin&ll' suruur sunaar N,M, Ooldslll\b
465. soan~ so:nd or sundi: SUtW! N.,x.M, bunk , • 466, sa dan sa4an/or Ohatnit N.N.M, eeU1n.g
• sarasrant or sarlan
467. sa;ru {or thus nit h N.H.M, pillar or 'utniYal sara a fuanit
468. sankalit for sarkal saakul/ or N,H.M, H1 Sakal kundi: kun41*t or •
kun~:
469. sagadlt slrgharia ghoarslt N,N.M. B,. Slghad1 • ,
470. satran.gia satrangis aatrang1t N1 N,.M, oerpet
471. sansis sans1a aansia N1lf.Mo B., Sandaa1
472. sandu:k sanduakjor pet tit N._N.,M, box pet~it •
473. sqatpit sara a ph •
tara apia N.N.M, lllllllll'8
474. sarpumfor sarpumjor aarput ••• .M. shoe IIOtCel sarpul
~-· t) •
------------------------------------------------------------·····--------· s.Bo. Gon41 of Gondi of GoD41 of Glo.-aUoal ••"'"' Balaghat. Betul. lflln41a t ••••• -------------------------------------------------------------------------· 475. 11ta1r sataar eatur w.w.M. tiokle • • • 478. SI'YOIJ'/Or SI'YOif/Or II Til" w.w.x. lalt
saver savar '
477. sari a sari1 sari• R.N.M. :road
478. sal jam ga 1 tgo 1 bhi1 ga ta 1 goa bhi 1 N.N.M. gat gobb1 • • or h aakitgoab 11
479. lama1r sama1rjor 1amaar N.N.M. H. dhani7a samaar
480. savar save1r gaad N0 N.M. £WII
481. sakat·rea sakatre• sakalre't N.N.M. IIOl"ning • •
482. samundar samundar sam.undar N0 N.M. .... 483. sa via khalnd SaVil N.N.M. neeh
484. sane I sane a sane a N.N.M. son-in-law
485. saranda:r sarand~:r sarandaar N. H. nctnad . • 486. sangia sanganotl sttnchia N.M. fr:Lend.
487. sa,-u:ng S87Uing sa,-u:nc .Ad,N.M. t:Lve
488. sa:hki: saahkit sa:hkia N.N.M. H. Ukbal
489. satbar sabal sat bur N.N.M. »eU H.1abal
490. sa:ris saar1s sasrit N.N.M. roti • • bh·~··
• 491. sa:paa supai /or N.N.M. -H.bhata
bhattas , 492. sa: cat sa: caa/ or saacal N.N.M. akel ton
dha1 ca: •
493. sasvalis dharmi: cha:,-aa N .. N.M. shadow • •
494. sa:ngos klll COl sa:ngoa N"'N.M. Ho
495. sa: rung saarung sa a rung Ad.N.M. six
h
496. h:lvroa/or hrritloafor harialoaj or M.N.M. sreen harialol 111101 hari,-al
497. bane: d17a 1 haneatil hanea41n Ado day before • yestel'dq
----------------------------------------------···-----------··· ... ----· s,Ro, Gond1 ot Ill• Chat,
Gon41 ot Betul
--------------------------------------------------------------------------498, haar
aoo. mbit
501, airgat1
502, mit~a ,
1503, micot
S04, midOI
505, miyaar •
506, mingul/or miathol
• 607. mitn
808, mi:vaa
509, mi:voar
·510, niavat·
511 •. Dllldal
512.
513, mur1ya:d
514, aurmanjo:
615, Dlllthiamend • •
516, DIUDel
517 o DIUIDd
hatr/« poatit
bat.1ur
midi
ltuds • mit~.
•
•
micoa
m1ayadoa /or muyadoa;or setnaa1/or roanvaale 1
miyatr •
minungata:l
mian
mi:va.t
mi:voar
niava:
Dllldaa or oha1at
praotli or ••• ths. haat ,
111111
mirgaal
maa'llea or • aavaa
miCOI
se:naall or muyador
miyur
miningataa
mitn
mirvat
miiVOil'
nit vat
muctria
naange:ra:gocia muthiyat • •
bavaasi:r
mirmatnjoa
Dlllfiamen~ munea
Dllltnd
baviataa
minkoa
n thilmend , . llUDel
11111nd
518, muanjat1/or bandoratl or kotvea bukaal
bandaraa1 or karmuha al
a, ld.a1
N,N,K, ~lope
N,N,K, llaftot
N,N,K, aoorp1on
N,M, hua'band
N,N,M, daughter
Ad,N,M, tweet
N,N.,M, filfh
N,N..M.. youra
N,M, youra
N,N,K, yours (Sg)
N,N,K.. ring
H, Halki IIIUnt
N.N.M, H,bavastr
N,N,K, tbe tlt
Ad,N., handful
.A.d. In front or or ·t1rat,
three
N,N.M, black monkey
------------------------------------------------------..-------- ···------a.Jo. Oon41 ot Oon41 ot loa41 ot .,._Uoal Meentna. lalachat. htul laDG.a teatlun
--------------------------------------------------··----------------- ......•.. 119. 11111la1
110. aangal
111. aohataal
122. moga~alf or magur
11111111 IIUiral
toar11 toari1 •• cudurphuald.ataa vilaS.• Villi I
magur magara'Y or aogaral
813. moat1aj1araa moat1ab1amaar1a moat1tj1ar1a
moat •
1110 a·m
626. mal
829. maria
sao. manghat
538. mara: •
toal
m1yaan
mal
maloll
mat4ha*Jor mandhoa
mari:
kelaay1a
mara: •
moat • 11101111
manjuar or mal
Ifarat
madbavaa •
maria
loutaJ or kalaayil
marahat1a •
mara:
531. lllal'kazmaraa or marka:mara• or marka:marat murmaraz' murmara:'
534, mataa ,
635. mandis •
636, maso:r
837. ma.Jaduar
6l().
Ml.
mara1;haa
mass tar 1 or -.•saab
ll&lphil
aaa~iyaa •
teakaria •
mandia •
11188011'
baniya:r
bunkar
guruaji:
11181p11
cuaria •
mataa •
masoar
baniha:l
pan~aa
11aastar · •
I.R .H. lie aull
I.R.H. Be .aaca R.R.H. small boner
'bee
N.N.M, hare
N.N.M, g, aaoan
N.M. son
N.N.M, w:Lat
tree
~· tree
N.; N .M • mtillu1ila1n
N•N•M~ market
N.N.M,. nose
N.N.M. H• bunkar
N.:X. tea01ler
v. excuse
~all
----------------------------------------~-------------... ------···"··"·---·---· s.Jo. Oon41 ot Oon41 ot GoncU. ot a..-Uoal 1tantn1. lalagbat. htul llan41a tea-..
----------------------------------------------------------------········· MI. aatng1n
6&3, maa taa/or maay1a
maat1a I
ma 1 mudlya al •
647, muv
848, nines
649. n1rag1J
&ao. nirund
ISJ., nia
552, nirlo:
ssa. nirrel
654. aulupe 1
555. nu1le:
656, nutl
557. nu:r
558. ne:vara1l
&69. ne :nq /1- nL'<f
sea. nell
561. nosresJor no1ne1
562, nom11
563, nay
164, naris •
maangin
mas1i1•
tara• muriyal • maayisJor se ano17 or ro1nvaale1
IDa IV
Dine:
mirgia
sa:hkuroa
nil
111101
ni:res •
n
mUupet/or dinha:ret
nusle1
nu:l
nutr
nervaraal or mungus
ne snd" 7l~'c1 · •
nealH
nosnel/ or sutalis or carast •
loanis
naris •
nara
aaat11 •
masv
nine a
mirgia arasnaa
sakror
nit
111101
nis:rea
lulupel
lulel
su:t
nuar
navrat
ne:l1t or lellia
jaaris •
navnaa
1l87
naria
N,R,Ifo DUI'Ie
N,N.M. · saall Jell
H. 8abrkan
H. big aala
Ad, yesterdaY
M, H, mirg1
N.N.M. H•eakara
N.N.M. oil
Ad.N.M. blue
last year
N.N.M. mosquito
N,N.;M. thread
Ad,N ,M, hundred
N.N.M. H.,nevala
today N .N .M • field
dog
waist.
---------------------------------------------------------- ···-·-· ---t S,Ro. Gon41 ot lalalhat.
Clondi ot le\ul
loD4S. ot Manella
fhaats.oel lealliDI•. teatuzte.
------------------------------------------------------------------------· sea. nathans.a
816o Da~UII
817.
1168.
670,
571,
5'a2.
573.
574.
575.
578,
navoa/or puana:l
nadiJ • nalgujat
nasa 1
natuar
naa ngtara: s •
nat ria • ' naaMataal
nat lung
na:gar or na:getr
na:grayasl
SBo. letri:maraa • •
581. lambo1
582. lak
583, na:li:l or pa:t I
• 584, la:ndagya:l
•
585. rearut •
686. roan
587. roap
narka•
naliamaraa •
!'lllVoa I or phuana:l
nania
nalguja 1/ or baasuri:
nas
natu:r
na tng~a:ra: s/ or kariyaltaraas ,.. . natris
natndata:l
naalung
nasge:r or sear
na:gariyaal
le India mara 1 • • lamboa
lak
naa11:for daand
la 1 ndagya :1 •
kosraa ga •6/aa •
roan
rosp
1
avraamarat
puanaal
kama1
baasuri
naset
natuar
naaril
naandatul
las lung
na:gar
nagariya:
ja uaunmarac
lamboa
lak
nasar1a
:ren•aa •
koaraa gada a • • roan
cud'Ul'!Dara a ..
J,R,K, a., ua\h
lie tween
N,N.M,
N.N.M.
v. Ad.N.M,
N,N.M.
Ad,
Ad,
H, AYala tree
new
veins
blood.
cobra
tomorrow
wet
tour
plough
plougher.
;ona away
H, nali
~. 1Jhe41ga
N • N .M. tenga
N,N.M. house.
N.N.M, plant
,;;., ------------------------------------------------------------------·------s.No. Gondl ot Gondl of' .._.U.oal ••Dlzll• Bela&hat~ letul t ••••• -------------------------------------····------ ·---------···------------· 1'1081 raoa 1 raoa• M, fhnt nr4
589. rand ranc) ran4 Ad.N.M. '" •
690. rayu rayaa rayaa N, tdult
691. rapoa rapoa roapal Av. lnalda
&92. raandea ra1n4avea • rundea N,N.M, widow • 593. ra:ndavaal rundavaal raandavul N0M0 vldOWl' • I •
&94. raanj11 vadurbhiaria vadurbhiari N,N,M, hea~ ot bu oo
y
&95. Vitsil vi asia Vilsil N,N.M. tl,-
596. via sat ViiSfll viasaa M.N.M. twenty
597. vo:r voal votr N,M. ~· 598. var11 varia varU N,N.M. air • • 599. vaduar vadu:r vaduar N.N,M. bamboo . . 600. vanjar vanje:r vanjearjor N,N,M. tongue
vanjar
601. varu:r varual ~ v~<rut varuar N,M, ~ne man
602. vale: vale a vales Ad. sut:f'icient, good
603, va:ri:to:r vari:yeal varitto:r N,M, teared 11811lall
604. vari: ta: variye: vari: tac N,N.M, al&ae teared woman
605, varo:rea varo:lel varoarea N,M, ~one
606, vare: vare: vare• N,N,M. tear
607·. va:hkulll vehkulll a1hkulll N,N,M, K. kukadi
608, va:ru: reatia reatia N,N,M, H'. ret
609. vaari: va1~i~or veara&/or N.N.M., te~· • veara: baa ria
' •
------------------------------------------------------------------------· S,Jio, Gond1 ot Gond1 ot Clcm41 ot fhoaamat1oal lleardDI Balaghat. Betul llan41a teatun.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
610. year
611. yearung
612. yesnaa
year
yearung
yeanaa
y
aar
yea rung
yeanaa
N,B.M. water
.A.d,l'f.M, aeftn
N.M. H.
------------------------------------------------------------------------·
Only the above noted lexical items are included in
theAppendix out of the fourteen hundred lex1oalitems collected
previously. Most of the words which were borrowed from Hindi into
Gondi vi thout any formal change are not included. Borrowed word•
with certain formal changes (i.e. with the adtlit1onal of Gondi
elements) are included in the list. A good number or the lexical
items, not included above, can be seen as examples given in chapter
seven under different infinitive headings. As has been stated in
the Introduction that Gondi of Balaghat has been taken as base,
hence it is given in the first column and then the Betul and
Mandla dialects in the second and third columns,
~80
8,2 Over a dosen saaple text• wre ooUee'-d ln aU
the three dialects, out or vhioh one text bas 'been andr .. d
in the three versions and given in 1roup 'A', Another
unanalyzed tel(t has been given in the three versions in
group 'B' with one f'ree translation ror them,
BALAGHAT DIALECT
1. madarsaataa karuaa
aadarsas-t-~-at karutm
school-Oblique-Geniti•l-N.M, near
tala tv
talatv
lake
marker suffix suffix
matas
ma-t-as
be-past-3rd person ten N,M, Sg, -se pro.sur.
There was a lake near the school.
2, talaavtea valeang panetng
pane~
f'rog-pl
talatv-t-ea vale~
lake-obl,-Loc. many-pl marker sur sur. sur,
undia
undil
one (N.M,)
aandun&
ma-nd-ung
be-past-3rd person cont JIM pl.
pro.sut
Many f'rogs were living in the lake,
3, ad
a-d
dist-sg(N,M.) tent
madarsu taa
aadarsat-t..,-al
school-obl-gen.-N.M. marker sur. sur.
p13aa
p13a•
behind ( pos t-positlon)
4,
Yal'UIJ' tuanal MDilV • . Yal'UI•r tuar-aal ........
•
one - M bo7 - II be-past-3rt person But. sur. Cont-K.sc.
pro.aut.
A bo7 was 11Y1ng behind that school.
VOil' dinar talaavtaa karUtataal •
v-oa-r d1n-a7 tala a T-t-tl·a• lr.a1'1laa-tatl . .
s t-3rd-Sg. day-adv lake-obl-gen-N.M, near-oU.tic · (M) -person sut mar-sut,
hanaakea paneanunc
han-aa-kea panea-n-u-ng
go-imp-adv. frog-obl-aeo-pl
ker
par-sur. ticiple sur.
mar-sut -sut. ker
Jiandur
Jia-nd-ur
beat-past-31'4 person
cont-M,Sg, pro.sut.
While going by the side of the lake he used to
beat the frogs daily,
5, vo:noar sabrot sangialk
v-os-n-oa -r sab-roa sangia-1-k
.st-3rd-obl-Gen-Sg all-elitic of • triend-M-pl
(M) -per.,.mar-sur emphasis sur. son-ker
eapo:ti:ng , Jitsilkun kavandur • capostis-ng jis-sia-kun kava-nd-ur
clap - pl beat-past-bound laugh-past-3rd person aur. adve-clitic · oont-M.Pl,
rbial pro.aur. part ici-ple.
All his friends used to laugh b7 napping their hands.
t, ~traalotl' lfu. ata4u anla • • •
~. ••·114--~ anll tuar-aal-oar •
baPP7' be-paa\-31'4 per .. n aD4: . '
paneanc
panea-ng
trog-pl. sur.
para a •
par-a a •
ver7-N.M.
oont-II.Pl. " pi'O•&Ufo
aorrow-Adj sur.
(Oont) ..
III&DilUng •..
...n.cl..ung " .
be-~at-3r~ person oont-N,.a,Pl,
pro, aut •• p,. Boys became happy and frogs became ver,y unb&PP7•
7. panerng tuaraalkunset •
p1saanat
panea-ng
trog- pl sur
tuar-a•l-k~-un-aet pia-at -n-at
save-part-obl-ren •
bor-M-pl-obl-dat-tnst suf-suf-mar-sut-suf
ker ot •mar-1t1ve the -ker
badet upa17
ba-d-el upaay
Int-N.M,-Adj plan ere-sg. -sur. oga-tive
SOICelmaltung
1nt1-n1t1-ve marker
so a eet -mac -t-unc think-be -past-3rd person
tense-N,M,Pl, pro-aut.
Frogs thought some plan to save (themselves)
from the boys.
a. ave:hk:no'r
a-v-eah-k-n-ot~-r
d1st-pl-st-pl-obl-gen-M-Sg ant -sur-tor-suf-mar-sut
(:N.-mat- ker K.) ive
tanvoar
ta-n-v-oa-r
he-obl-gen-Sg. mar-1 ti·(M) ker-ve
.. ftlil
sanaia
friend
aiooat
a1ooa-t
SOOJ'l)1on-obl mar Jeer
Iran a a
tan•• Deal' (post podt1an)
bate
ba-t-a
10-P&It-31'4 $lOll teue-11. •
pro. r. Their head went near his friend acorpion.
9, voar micoatun
111co1-t-um
scor-obl-Dat, p1on-mar-Suf',
tanYa I
10.
11,
v-o1-r
st.-31'd -sg. person
le•iJhaal
haal
position
ker
lta-n-Y-.1-aa
he-obl-Pl.-Gen-N.H, 1181'-sut-su.t-sut ·· ker
keancuahtur
kean-cuah-t-ur
narr-caus-past-3rd person ate -at1 -ten -M. Sg.
ve -se -pro,Sufo
He narrated his position to the scorpion,
micos
m1cos
scorpion
madad
madad
help
it- 1ana1 n1avaa
i-t- anal n-i:·v~•at
say-past Ist St-2nd-obl-Oen•St per-mar-case- N.M,) tense person
ki:ka: '
k1a-k-aa
do-Futu-Ist Jerson re -sg, pro.suf, tense-sur,
son-ker-sut. sur
Scorpion said - I I shall help you'
dussroa diyaa tuaraaloar
du:sroa diya: tuar-aal-o1r
next day boy- M-SUf
Pl Sut
12.
ralaaTtaa
talaaT-t~-aa
lake-obl-Geni-81, mar-t1Te-(N,M,) ker
••••r•• kalaar-ea
• baDk-looa
tiTe aur,
natu • ftl•\ooQI'
•
Next lo:y bo:ys came to the· bank of the lake,
VOl I' tuaraal paDSIDIUll • •• v-aa-r tuar-aal panea-n-u-nc
•
st.-3rd-sc bo:y- M, tros-abl-Aoo-Pl mar-sut-sut
13.
per- sur. son ker
jiyaalea tongil tahtur •
;11-:ya: -lea tong1a • tah-t-ur
be a t-part-Da t. stone 11tt-past-3rd person of -sur. tense• M, Sig. the pro,sut, 1nf1-niti-ve
That boY listed the stone to beat the frogs. ·
micoa tongi:t •
micoa tongia•t •
scorpion stone -Obl, marker
uci:mata:
u-cia -ma-t-a a
s1t-past-be-past-3rd person adve- ten- N,M. Sg, rbial se pro.sur. parti ciple
khaavalaa h
1C aavalat
below (post position)
The scorpion was s1 tt1ng below the stone,
284
~85
14, ad pal'Ot
pan a a-d ~·r-a•-n~-a·
diat-Sg boT~ ... Obl-O.Di-Sg. ant -(N. SUt-mar-tiTe-(M.)
dank • dank •
sting
M.) ker
matreakiat
maa res-kia-t-4
bite-do-paat-3rd person tense-N.M. Sg,
pro.sur.
It bit on the hand or the boy.
on (poat pod \ion)
15. tusraal noasitkun , . atrislastur
tuar-aal noasi•-kun . , boy- M pinch-past-bound
sur. adver-clitio bial -parti-ciple
,
a:rit-laa-t-ur ,.
weep-begin-past-3rd person tense- M. Sg,
pro. sur.
The boy (having been) hurt started -weeping,.
16. sab
sab
tu1raalo1r . . , ~,~-aal-osr
boy -M. -Pl. sur-sur.
cile1ma1 tur ,
17.
all cry -be-past-3rd person tense- M. I Pl.
p:ro.suf., All the boys started crying.
bade: jisva:tun sateakiyaanas
ba-d-e: jia vas-t-un satet-ki-yaanat
Int-sg.-Adj soul-obl-Dat, harra-do-Intini-err-(N. -Suf. ive •• - -tive oga- M.) sur. marker
tive
cokot hal aayot
cokos hal at-yot-4
good no be-nega-3rd person tiTe-lloKo Sg. sut. -pro. aut.
'the result or harrassing soubod7 is not good.
phal
phal
resul\
BI!UL DIALIQZ
1. udar .. ataa
udarsaa-t~-aa
lehool-obl.-gen1-R.M. mar -tive-SUt. ker -sur.
kaaaal
kaaaal
2.
3.
tala tv
talaav
lake
aataa
ma-t-aa
be-past -3rd person tense-N,M. Sg. aut. pro.sur.
There was a lake near the school.
talaavtea valeang paneang
talaa v-t-e1 valea-ng pane a-na
lake -Obl. -Lo o. many- Pl. trog-Pl. mar -Sur. aur. aur. ker
Many trogs were living in the lake.
ad madarsaa taa p!jal
a•d madarsaa-t-11-at pijal
sohool-Obl.-Gen-N.M. behind
aandung
aa-nd-ung
be-paat-3rd oon•-per
•'IOn .N.M.Pl -pro.suf'
dist-Sg. ant -(N.M.) mar -aur-aur. (post position)
ker
varual tuaraal mandul •
varua-1 tuar-aal ma-nd-ul • one - M. boy- M. be-paat-3rd person
aur. sur. cont-M. Sg. tt...-al pro.suf'.
A boy was living behind that school.
4.
"d? YOI1 dinar tal.aanaa kacnla'-•1 • Y-o•-1 Cn-q tala1Y-t•lf.41 kacnll--11 • st.-ard-sg. (M)-per-
4&7-AdYe lake.Ob1-Gen1-I.M. Mal'-olltio
son
nahalkel
han-aa-kea
go-Imp.- Adv. part- sur. ic1 -ple -sur.
auf. tiYe-Sat
panea.mmc
pane •-n-u-nc
trog-Obl-ACO-P1. sur-sur
jilndul
j1a-n4-ul
beat-past-3rd person oont-M. Sg.
-pro,sut.
While going by the side of the lake he used to beat
the frogs daily.
s.
6.
voanoar sabroa sang1alk
v-os-n-os-r sab-roa sanci•-1-k
St.-3rd .. Obl .. Gen -Sg, (M)-per -mar -Sur
all-oU. tic of friend- M -Pl.
son -ker
capo• tisng
capo: tis-ng
Clap - Pl. sur.
emphasis
jiasislru.n
jii•Sil•k\m
kavandur
kava-nd-ur
sur.
beat-past-bound laugh-Jast-3rd person adve-clitic cont-M. Sg. rbial pro.sut. part-icip• le
All his friends used to laugh by clapping their hands.
tuarulosr l(lus aandur ani a • . , ~s
• tuar-aal-osr aa-nd-w; anit
I • boy- M - Pl. happy be-pas~3r.d r•rson and
sur-sur cont-!«.,P. (conj) pro.sut.
P&MIJll
panea-ng
frog-Pl. sur
para• • par-a a •
Yery-N.M.
jil
du~-11 sorrow A4~. au.
• bl-pas\-art parson
oon\-JI.K. Pl. pro • .ut.
Boys became happr and frogs· became ~PP7. t
tu•raalkuruaea • • plsaanaa 7. paneang
pane•-nc
frog- Pl.
tu:~-aal-k-un-sea pis-aa-n-aa
save-part -obl-genl-Sur bor- M.- Pl.-Dat.-Inst. sur-sur -aur.-sur. ot - -tift
Int1n-
bade a
ba-d-ea
upaar
upa11
Inter:..N .M. -Adj plan nga -Sg. -Suf' tive
1t1ve
SOIOelldltunc
SOl C81•kil -t-ung
think-do-pdt -3rd. person tense-HoM• Pl.
pro,sut.
Frogs thought some plan to save (themselves) from
the boys.
a. ave:hkno:r Jiraal tanvocr
a-v-e:h-k-n-o:~-r makbtya& ta-n-v..o ... r
he-obl-Pl.-Gen-Sg dist-Pl.-St.-Pl-Obl.-Gen-M•Sg head ant -Sut-f'or-SUf'-mar-Suf' SUf'·iti .. (M)
ve (N.-mat- ker M. )-ive
sang it micoat kacutl hatul
sangi: micoa-t kacutl ha-t-ul
friend scorpion-Obl near so•t••t -3rd person -mar (post ense-M. Sg. -ker position) pro.sut.
Their head went near his friend aoorpion.
9. VO&l micoatsea
v-oc-1 micoa-t-sea
stem-3rd-Sg scorp-Obl. -Dat. per- ion -mar -Suf'. son ker
tan vat
ta-n-v_. •• ,
he-obl.Pl.-Geni-N.M. aar-sut-t1Ye-sut. ker sut
10.
hall
position
be te I Jd.7& I tul
bat-e1-k1-7a1•\-ul
talk-put -do-P:U"t ot-pa~t -3M per1on parti- -inftnl ·-te111e..X. sc. o1ple 111Te PJ'Oeaut. ·
He narrated hi1 po11t1on to the 1oorpion. "
lliOOI it - ' anu D1ava1
m1ooa 1-t I anal D•ii·T-tf•aa
scorpion say-past I I stem-2nd -obl-Gen •• ss. tense per -mar-SU.t-(N.M.)
son ·1ter
mad ad Jd: kilkal
madad kia-k-aa •
help do-future-1st person 1
tenae -sg. sut. pro. aut.
Scorpion said 11 shall help you'.
llo dUI&l'OI
du: sroa
diya:
diya:
day
tutraaloar • • •
tuar-aal-o:r
12.
next
tala:vtaa
tala• v-t-!11-aa
lake-obl-gen1-$g. mar-tive-(N.M.) ker
. . boy .. M ... Pl.
sur- sur
kaga•r••
kaga:r-et '
bank-locative sur
vaatur •
vaa-t-ur #
come-peat -3rd person tense-M. Pl. sut -pro.suf.
Next day boys C8llle to the bank of the lake.
voal tu:raal . . pane• !l11DC
v-oa-1 tuar-aal . , pane I oooD-U•DI
st.-3rd -sg. boy .. M. trog-Obl • -ACC .. Pl. per aut mar -su.t - sut son ker
J1yulea \011111 \abtlul
J1 - yaa-lea tong11 till - t -111 • beat- ~art ot stone lf!t- est- 31'4 person
nt1n1- nse 11. sc. t1ve. pro. ·nr.
' . . ' That boy lifted the stone to '.hat the t1'oga,
• t,haalvaa 13. m1coa tongil t
• micoa tongil• t t,haalvaa ,
stone - obl below scorpion marker ( post-poai t1on)
ucia mataa
u - ci:- ma - t - al
sit- past- be adv. participle
- past - 3rd person tense N.H. Sg.
pro. sur.
The Scorpion was sitting below the stone.
14, ad tu:ra:na: kayt . '
a - d tu:r - a:- n - rJ,f.- a: kay •
M- hand-- t
obl
paroa
paroa
on
~70
dis t-Sg boy - obl-Gen.-Sg ant (N.M~) sur ma- sur. (M) (post position)
~nk ji:siasilt t
rk-er
dank ji: - sis- si:- - t - rJ
sting bite - pastadv. participle
give - past -tense sur.
It bit on the hand of the boy.
15. tu:ra:l no:si:kun • •
3rd person N,M. Sg pro. !!Uf,
tu:r-a:l no:- si:- kun .. t - u1
boy - M. pinch-past-bound sur. adv. clitic
participle
weep - begin • past -. tense
sur.
The boy (having been) hurt started weeping,
3rd. M. pro.
per so: Sg. sur.
16.
17.
~1! ..b ~UiflllOI! o11ea .. atur .. aab tuar - aal - oar o1lea -... -t -ur • • • • all boy - M. - Pl ory -be -c·t _ 3J'4. Jeraon
aut - aut nae M. 1. aut. pro. aut.
All the boys started crying.
bade a jiavaa tun satealdyaanaa
ba - d - ea jiavaa- t - un sate•- k1 - yaanaa
Int- Sg- Adj. erro-(N. sur. ga- M.) tive
soul-obl-Dat- harrass-do- Infinitive result. ive marker. sur.
coko: hal a:yo:
cokoa hal - a: - yoa- ~
good no be - Negative - 3rd. parson sutrix N.M. Sg.
pro. sur.
The result of harrassing somebodY is not good.
--
Mt!JI,A QULIQZ (p41I DltQP'l
lo aadarsaataa kaoual un411
madarsaa-t-~-a1 kaoutl undll
school -obl Ge- N.M. near one mar- nl- sur (ReM.) ker tive
IUf
talaav mataa
talaav ma-teaa
lake be-tas 3r4 person '
tense M.M. sutf' Sg
pro. sur.
There was a lake near the school.
2. tala:v ..,te:
talas V ~t-ea
vale:ng
vale:-ng
panesng man dung
panea-ng ma-nd-ung
lake- obl- Locative marker-sur.
many- pl iuf'
f'rog -pl . be-pa-3rd pe: sur st sol
sont H. pl M.
pro su
Many frogs were 11 ving in the lake
3. ad
a - d
madarsa: taa
madarsa:-t - •
dist-Sg school -olb - Gen ant (N.M.) marker suf'
varu: r
varu:-r
one - M suf'
tu:raal • • tuar- a:l • boy - M
sur
- 81
p1ja:
pljac
behind
{
N.M. suf (post position)
~~andur
~~a-nd - ur be-past - · 3rd
cont M. pro.
person Sg aut.
A boy vas living behind that school.
"· YOU'
Y-oa- r
st-3rcl (M) per-
Sg
son
hanaakea
dinay
din- a7
day- Ad.Y aut.
paneanung
talaaYtaa ka011~ )&•1 tala• .,_ t - ~ - •• kaGill -fJf(l lake- obl -Gen-B .K. oli t1o
..rker euf'.
jiandUl'
~71 I
han-aa -ke: panes - n - u -go-Impf.Adv trog -obl - Aco-
nc Jia - nd pl beat - pelt euf' cont
- Ul' - 3rd per•on
M. Be. pro. eut.
parti-sut marker-sur-oible sur.
While going by the side Of the lake he U88d to beat the froll
daily.
s. voanoar sa bros sangialk
v- o&- n - o: - r sab-ro sangi: - l - k
st. 3rd obl - Geni, Sg all-clitio or friend - M - Pl (M) per- marker sur. emphasis sur
son
capo: ti~ng jiasi&kun
capo:ti:- ng jia- sis •
clap - pl beat- past - bound sur adver- eli tic
bial parti-ciple
kavandur
kava • nd - ur
laught• past .. 3rd person eont. M. pl.
pro.. sur.
All his friends used to laugh by clapping their hands.
All his friends used to laugh by clapping their hands,
6, tua ra:lo:r 0us aandur ani a .. , ' ....
tu:r-a:l -orr k~s al-nd - 'Ill' ani a • .,
boy -M -Pl happy be-past- 3rd person and sur sur. eont M, Pl. (coni)
pro. sur.
panea Ill para•
panea-ng para-at
i'rog - pl very-N.M.
sur
clulfta
clulf I l
aorrov-A43
aut
.. -n4 .....
be • past • Lll'd perHD
oont R,M. Pl
pro. aut.
Boys became happy and frogs beoame unhappy,
7. paneang tu1 ra alkun.sea • • bacealdyaalea
panea-ng tu:r-aal - k - un - sea baces- k1 - yaa- ~ - lea
frog -pl boy -Msur
pl -Dat - Inst- protru ect
do• part oble- Daor de- mar- tiT!! 1nf'in1 · ker
suf'-suf - sur- sur. t1ve.
undis
undi:
one
(N.M.}
tari:ka:
tari1kas
plan
SOICelldltung
soace:-k1t .. t .. ung.
think- do ·-past - 3rd person
tense N.M. Pl.
pro. sur.
Frogs thought some plan to save (themselves) trom the boys,
s. ave:hkno:r tanvo:l"
a - v - e:h - k - n -oe-~-r mu~iyas ta• n -v -o1 - r
dist- pl - St. - Pl. -Obl-Gen M-Sg ant -sur -for- -sur.-mark-suf.
head he•obl-pl -Gen. - Sg itive
ma- er tive.
mar)l.. sur (M) er
sangi: mico:t kacual hatur
sangi: micot•t kacu:l ha- t - ur
friend seorp- obl near · go-pa111t .. 3rd person ion (post• tense M, sc. position)
pro. .sur.
Their head vent near his friend aoorp1on.
9. voar
" - oa -r
st.- 3rd-Sg
person
heal
heal
position
lliooa taea
aiCOI -t • 88 ta- n - " - ~ -.. Scorp- obl - Inat. he- obl - Pl - Ganl• ion aut •rk- aut t1 Ta
B.M sur.
er sut
keancuahtur
kean - cuah • t
narrate - causative - past tense
- ur
- 3rd person
M. Sg.
Pro. aut.
He narrated his position to the scorption.
10.
11.
mico: it - 'anaa n1avaa
micoa i -t - ana a n -Scorp<liion say-past- Ist Stem-
ten- per-se son
madad ki:ka&
madad ki: - k
help do - Future -tense sur
it
2nd per-son auf
- at
.. v - 81
- obl- -Gen1- .. Sg mark- tive er case (N.M.
sur.
Ist person
Sg • pro. sur.
Scorpion said 'I shall help you'.
du: sros diya: tutraalotr ' . duasros diyat tuar - all - oar
next day boy ·M - Pl
sur suf'
talal ?tal kaga1re1 • V&IW •
talaav - t - ~ - a1 kagaar - e1 Vat - t - v
lake- obl- Gen1-S8 bank -mark-t1ve (R. er M.)
loo. 8Uf
ooae .p .. t - •c1 per.on
teMe M, Pl.
pro. sur.
Next clay boys oame to the bank ot the tree.
12. VOir tuara• • •
v -01 - r tuar -
st.-3rd - Sg boy -person
jiya:le tong is •
ji- ya: - le: tong1:
beat-part - Da- stone of the tive. Infinitive
81
M
sur.
That boy lifted the stone to beat
13. micoa tongiat • m1co: tongi: - t
• scorpion stone- obl
marker
uoia ma1ta1
u - ci :- ma - t
sit- past - be - past Adv. tense
part1-c1ple
The scorpion was sitting below the
the
pane1nung
pane: - n -i'rog -obl -
marker-
tahatur
taha - t
u -nc Ace .. pl,
sur - sur
- ur
lif't - past - 3rd person tense
--
frogs.
tfuvlas h .
k aavle:
below
M. Sg
pro. sur
(post posi t1on)
as
3rd person N.M. Sg.
pro. sur.
stone.
14. ad
a-4
41st-sl ant -( •
M.)
~nk •
~ank
sting
tuaraaaaa ka7\ • tuar-aa-n~-aa tar·• • bor-M •• Ob1-GeD1-It· han<l..Obl.
But-aar-t1ve- M) IIUllill' ker
j1a ala aS. a ta
j1a-a1a-a1a-t__,
b1te-paat-g1ve-past-3rd person adve- tense-N.M. Sg. rb1a1 sur.-pro.sur. part-1c1p-le
:L t bit on the hand or the bor.
15. tturas nouiakun aarialaa tur . .,
16. sab
sab
all
noa-si:·kun
pinch-past-bound adve-cl:l.tic rb1al sur
•
The boy (having been) hunt started weeping.
tusrasloar cile uaaa tur • • tuar-aal-oar cilea-maa-t-ur
• •
boy-M. -Pl. sur-sur
cry-be-past-3rd rerson tense-H. P ..
pro.sut.
All the boys started or;:ing.
17. badel jisvartun satesklyaanaa
jiavaa-t-un satet·ki-ratnaa
soul-obl-Dat1-harrass-do•Intin1
ba-d-ea
Inte-Sg. -Adj • rrog-(N.-sur. ati- M.). ve
ve -tive sur. marker
pan a
PaN I
Oil (post pos1Uoll)
oolroa
oolroa
good
hal
hal
DO
bane a
baM I
beOOM
••ro• ••-roa4
bedeca-31'4 per10n u,_.B.M. sc. IJilf. -pro. aut
The result or harraadng soMbod1 h DOt good
(or does not become good).
B.2.B)
II. The the.. ot this text is troa Linruist1o SUrYey ot
India: VolUIIe IV, Mtinda and DraYidlan laD~Uaces. !he \ext CiYen
by Grierson does not belong to a~ ot the dlstttiats under rq
1tudy. Henoe ma~ marked ditterenoes are obserYed between
Grierson's text and the texts of mine.
BALAIHAT DIALECT
undia dongusre: undis pulis aandt ad tanvas go1daatea . . na:mund. undil diyaa undil alit goa del t roapal so1diasia • hat. ad puli:t paroa tarisia hat. pulil teaoit hat.
puliatun ris va:t. adu: aliatun panja:t roapal dabel
kiuiasict. alia it • ci:r - oilr -cik. naak ohoadea •
kisim. anal bapo:reabhi: ni:vaa madad ki1ka1 ali:taa •
ma ndi: ke:noitkun puli: kavsi:si&t ani1 it 'anal
~ongu:rto:r raajaal a:nda:n, imaa ou~ursoa alia natvaa
baara:ng ka&mne: vaayki& han • ni:kun ohotdea kisiyalto:na:
•
jot4i:siaa han. nean~ anal
phe:r bapoaresbhi& i:hun •
mani: k1ama: 1 ali: pasilsi: hat. undi: diyas adea
~ongu:rte: varu:r sikaari: va1tur. voar pulistun bayaan
laayk ba:gur •
tane: ki:tuy. puli:
ad ghabare1 ma:siakun maasi:hat.
ad ba: CUfte I ' joar ·· · joartatl
maaya:latt. pulista: leang ke:noiakun alia vast. adUI
tanva: pataloang
pulit baagurta:l •
palkne:
c~~e•
basgurtun katarea • ma:silkun · basharoa
•
kiuiuiat.
vast ani:
~ongu:re• jo1~1as11 hat. ades cu~rsoa alfi ne:n~
puli:ta: ka:mtea va:t.
~80
P&QL plt!JlC'l
undia doncuarea undi• pulil • • rahel ... t. ad \allY~ I IOidalt
roapal
VIlli I
nauaa11 aata1. unc11a 41711 und11 alS.a 101cla11l roapaa
hat. ad pull• t paro• tariada bat. pulil tadl bat.
puliatun riavaat • ad alian pan~aat ro1pa1 dabe1k11111111t.
alia it - aiar oiar, naak ohoadel k1a1a. ana• ba~•J••bhia •, n1avaa madad kiakaa. alittaa utnd11 kaancitkun pul11
kavsiasiat an1t it - anaa danguartoar raajaal hayaan, iut • •
cudursoa alia naava• baaraang kasmatea vaaykit ? han • •
joldiasit vital, neand ena1 niakun choadet kiaiyaatoanat • • • bapoarea bhia iahun mania kiamaa. alit pasitsit hat •
•
undh diya1 a del donguarte: varul sikal'fil vutul. TOll • • •
puliatun phase:kiyaalea ba1gur .. · ta:nea kiatul. pulit ad
..
baagurtea phase a musi: hat, ad lhabarea 11818itkun. jon• joar • taal kilia tea lu t, pulia ta: le&ng keanciakun alia Vat to
ad tanvaa pataloang palknes baagurtun katarea ·kisiat • •
pulia batg~taal c~~e: .matsi:kun ba1haro• vaat anil
dongu;rea • • joadi•sia hat, ade& cudarsit alia nelnd puliataa
• • •
ka:mte• va: t,
MANDLA DI4EQT (P4RSI DIAI.lljQT)
undir danguarea undi: pulia mandul, ad tanvaa gorda at •
roapaa ne: mund, undia alia goa del t rot pal ao1 ditsil hat. •
ad puli:t paro: tari:sil hat. pulit teacia hat. puliatun
gusa: va:t, adua aliatun panja:t ro:pal debet kitsiasitt.
alia it - oiar oiar cik, naak chot~eakisim, anaa baposr.~•bhit
ni:va: madad kiakAJ, aliata: matmdir ketnci~n puli
kavsiasiat ani: it 1ana1 dangua; ~to:r rasjaal a:ndaan,
ima 1 cudursoa . joa diasil han.
•
alia natVal
neand ana: •
baaraang ka:anea vaaykir. han I
n1tkun chot~et k1s1yaa toana1 1
,g, phe•r bapo•r•• iahun .. nil ~ ... , ali• paaiaaia he\.
un41a 417•• Ide• dancuarte• 't'arua1' aiabaril 't'aatur. 't'Oar • puliatun pha1111 1d.7aale ba•IUI' \anea1d.atur. pulia a4 . ,.!
baacurte Ph•••• aaa.S.a ;_hat. ad ~abaraa. •••llkun 3oar
josr ta:l k1li1te1 laat. puliatat leiDI ~anoiskun alii
qat. adul tenval pataloang palJmea baagu(tun·tatl'e1 1d.siat. " pulia baagurtaal o~teamaasiakun baaharo• vaat ani dongudes ,
josd,iasia hat. adea cudursoa alii neand pulUta• kaamtel vaat, ( . fr•• trepalatinp (gr th• tbt!• Jlreign••
There was a tiger in the jungle. He was sleeping 1n his
cave. One day a mouae came inside the oaYe. It climbed upon the
tiger. Tiger got up trom his sleep. Tiger became angry. He
caught the mouse in his paw. Mouse said • air oir oik.make me
tree. At any time I shall do some help to you. Tiger hearing
the words of the mouse laughed and said 1I am a king Qf the
jungle, you are being a small mouse what help you can do for m~
go run away.' To-day I will leave you and never do like this
again.• Mouse went away. One day in the same ju~gle a hunter
ca.me. He had prepared a net to oa tch the tiger • Tiger fell
inside the net. Being afraid the tiger started roaring. Having hE
the voice of the tiger the mouse came and it broke out the net by
its sharp teeth. Tiger came out of lhe net and ran away in the
jungle. The same mouse came to the use of the tiger.'
llfDlCIIe tntex la.l.
'fhe tollovtq lh\ sbova the sra\»ols ue4 b •• thesis, 'l'he I,P,.A,aJabola baft 'been aclopted for 4eDOUal aegmental phonea•• ,of Oon41 la~l••
' . .
S,No. SJabol
3, •
7.
s.
11. t
13,
t .
, l)e .. ription.
High tl'ont ~OWl&td votllllo
Lower-high tl'ont unJOu••d YOWl, ..
Higher-mid front unraun~4 ~1,
Lower-mid front unrounde4 vowel, ., Mean-mil C~Ufti'OlUlded vowel,
Lov central unrounded vowel,
voiceless bilabiAl atop, \f·
Voiceless aspirated bilabial atop,
voiced bilabial stop, ,.
Voiced aspirated bilabial stop,
Voiceless dental stop,
Voiceless aspirated dentel stop,
Voiced dental atop, ,, ,,
Voiced aspirata-t dentel stop,
Voiceless retroflex stop,
Voiceless aspirated retroflex stop.
Voiced retronez stop,
Voiced aspirated retroflex stop,
s.Bo.
19.
20.
21.
23.
26. 'i!i7. 21.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
35.
36.
:J?.
as.
40.
41.
S7abol.
0
m
n
n •
'T'j
1
r
r •
v
[ J I I
DeaGI'lpW.ODe
Voloe1eaa palatal aftrloat..
Vo1oe1e .. aapil'at.d palatal af't'J'ioat..
·-Vo1oe4 palatal attriode.
Vo1oe4 aap1rate4 palatal att'J'ioate.
Voioeltsa velar stop•
Voioeleas aspirated velar-atop.
Voiced velar atop.
Voioedaaptrated velar stop. Voiceless dental groove ap1rant. Voioeleas glottal aptrant,
Voiced bilabial nasale
Voiced dental nasal.
Voiced retrofle• nasal. p~
i d. ,, - l vo oe, 11f& ..._ . --!.: nasa •
Voiced velar nasal.
Voiced alveolPr lateral.
Voioed dental trill.
Voiced retroflex tlaPe
Voice·'!. bilabial seal consonant.
Voiced palatal aem1 consonant.
For phonetic transeriptll.on.
For pbonea:! c transeriptlon.
For length ot vowels •
'61
s.wo. SJabol. IS;aaripa.;:
42 ,.J rree v11r1euoa.
43 @.- Ccmaount.
44, y fevel.
41.5, v \llen used ov.r vonl denotea ' ahort vowel.
46, • Equal •
47. Whe:n used over a oonaonant denotes sligbtlf iull'eleeaad variety or oonaona:nt.
48, vl Voioeleaa,
49, vd Vol ad.
so. H Mlen wr1 tten be tore a word 1enotes that the word 1s tram Hindi lAnguage,
51, M Mauullne, .·
52, N,M. Non4aaculine. ;
53, Sg, Singular.
54, Pl, Plural.
55, Imp, Imperative.
Pi•OODn4 eptpt gr Ann'' ltp•= • t
the o n41 1ancua1e baa no noolld•ct aelpt ot .. • 1 -
ita ovn •. It 11 V2'6ttlen either in .,_.,.nalaJ'l e ._n aeip'-
llunll Mengal Singh llaaraa· prepancl a aar1pt tor lonc11 vbttb
vaa publbhel\ 1n 1951 by hll ••• A photo OOP1 ot lt 11
eppen4ed herewith.
This copy of' the Gon4i aeipt val oolleoW 4111'11'11
the field checking of Gond1 dialect in the hlalbat dlltrlot ...
troa Shri c. s. Amudgare who 11 the .. in intonent tor Balalhat
dialect.
This script does not ahcnr any rea•blanoe to ~
scripts of other Dravidian language• like !aallt Mala7elaa, ' -'
Telugu and Kannada.
JNDEX -3
JWORT BIBLIO(IIUPIX ••
This short bibliography is co~ined to the
books on Gondi in particular. However<tf'ev other books are aleo'
included which deal w,!H.Oravidian languages in 1eneral including
Gondi.
1. Grierson,G.A.
" Lingustic Survey of India11 Votume «Y " Munda and Dravidian languaces • ., ·
2. Russell. R.v. and Hiralal. ·
" Tribes and castes of' aentral provinces of India•, Volume Ill. '- '
. '
3. Kitabell.A.B.
•A CJrdmar ot Ha\Jira OoDIIU• (a• INba "' tbe Bbon horn or Dandald. HacU.raa ot la1'-l' State) Jaldalpur, 1942. . •
.t. Lind. A.A. •
"A llaDUal ot Mad1ya" HukU llbaten Phaa, Kedalaon, 1913. ·~
a. Chenevix !ranch c.a.
"Gr8llllllar of Gondi' (aa apoken in Betul diatriot •t the Central provinces of India, 101. I and ll)
6.; Moss. C.F,
"An Introduction to the Ora~r of Gon41 lanruage' 1950.
7. Burrow.T and Emeneau
"Dravidian Etymological Dictionary"
s. Felbus. Rev.
"Gondi English Dictionary and SW&yaa Gondi 'Shiklhak•, Govt. Press, Nagpur, 1925, Reprinted by the !ribal Research Institute, Chhindwara.
9• Caldwel. R.
"A Comparative Gralllllar of the Drav14ian or South Dravidian family or languages.
10. Burrow and Bhattachaya s
"A Comparative vocabulary of Gondi dialects" 1910,
11. patwardhan, Rev.s.B.
"First Gond1 Manual" 1935
12. sidd heswara Verma 1
"Indo-Aryan Stamp on Gondi"
Indian Linguistics,Vol. 12, 1952.53, pages 182-188
13. w.Ha1;; 1
"A Comparative vocabulary ot Gondi and Ko1a1111 Languages" J.A.S.B., Vol,. 66, 1897, paces 185-19L
1•> James Dawson 1
"0ond1 words and pbrseae• J.A.s.a. Vel. 39, 1170, , .... 101-118.
11) Bh. 1Cr:ishnaaurtb1.
•te1ugu verbal )asia"
"A CoJ11parat1Te and De .. r1pUTe Stjdy" u.c.P.L.24 Berke1:v a·ftll. Lo• ADca1a. !be University of Ca11tornia.P.
16) Subrahllanyam, P.s. "A Descriptive Grammar of Gondi" Annaaa1ai Un1Tera1t:v,_~nnaaa1ainagar, famil Nadu, India, 1\JCJS• ·
17) s. ~~sh 11 Phonology Abuj M.at}iya" . published in the Tribal Reeeerah Institute Bulletin, :Bhopal, 1966•
18) Mehrotra. R.C.
" ~ 111~t11~ f..~·~'' ?tlf,6fvll
Depa~tment of Linguistics, Ra.v:ishankar Univerl:i't7t Raipur, M,P. ·
19)
published by the Tribal Researeh Institu-~ Obhindwara, M.P. · .
20) Census~ Mandla district Handbook, 1951 ~ne-.
21) Census, Mandla district, Hand book, 1961 C:.nsus
22} s. Veens:
"A Descriptive analysis of Madiya dialect" 1965 • •
' ; tl
tfo ~ftmlfl'~ ~ ~qf\l(q U1f~'{1 V•'l 111(1;:
q;q ltit"i
snfl:lf 'lfll't~- -T-708 -r~-arrrl'li' ~.L 4:3 ll''ltlla~ p ll"'~l~ -/]cba~ R:zndt:~;ra'?fl' ~r'l''li'~jSl:V" czl2d 2))(?")'-
0 . .,.
. '