i innddiiaann aarrttiiffaaccttss ooff tthhee ... · -7-cccooolllddd sssppprrriiinnngggsss...
TRANSCRIPT
IINNDDIIAANN AARRTTIIFFAACCTTSS
OOFF TTHHEE CCOOLLUUMMBBIIAA RRIIVVEERR
PPRRIIEESSTT RRAAPPIIDDSS
TTOO TTHHEE
CCOOLLUUMMBBIIAA RRIIVVEERR GGOORRGGEE
IIIDDDEEENNNTTTIIIFFFIIICCCAAATTTIIIOOONNNGGGUUUIIIDDDEEE
VVVOOOLLLUUUMMMEEE 111
DDDaaavvviiiddd HHHeeeaaattthhh
Copyright 2003All rights reserved. This publication may only be reproduced forpersonal and educational use.
-2-
SSSCCCOOOPPPEEE
This document is used to define projectile point typologies common to theColumbia Plateau, covering the region from Priest Rapids to the Columbia Gorge.When employed, recognition of a specified typology is understood as definewithin the body of this document.
This document does not intend to cover, describe or define all typologies foundwithin the region. This document will present several recognized typologies fromthe region. In several cases, a typology may extend beyond the ColumbiaPlateau region.
Definitions are based upon research and records derived from consultation with;and information obtained from collectors and authorities. They are subject torevision as further experience and investigation may show is necessary ordesirable.
This document is authorized for distribution in an electronic format throughselected organizations. This document is free for personal and educational use.
RRREEECCCOOOGGGNNNIIITTTIIIOOONNN
A special thanks for contributions given to:
Ben Stermer - Technical ContributionsBill Jackson - Technical ContributionsJoel Castanza - ImagesMark Berreth - Images, Technical ContributionsRandy McNeice - ImagesRodney Michel - Images, Technical ContributionsTony Hardie - Images
-3-
TTTAAABBBLLLEEE OOOFFF CCCOOONNNTTTEEENNNTTTSSS
SEQUENCE OF PROJECTILE POINTS 4
TYPOLOGIES
CASCADE 5
COLD SPRINGS 7
COLUMBIA PLATEAU 8
MULE EAR (KNIFE) 11
DESERT SERIES 14
HELL'S CANYON 15
KLICKITAT DAGGER 17
LIND COULEE 18
PLATEAU PENTAGONAL 20
QUILOMENE BAR 22
RABBIT ISLAND 24
SNAKE RIVER 26
SPEDIS 27
WALLULA 29
WAHMUZA 31
PIONEERING COLLECTORSOF THE NORTHWEST 32
LITERATURE ON THECOLUMBIA PLATEAU REGION 34
-4-
SSSEEEQQQUUUEEENNNCCCEEE OOOFFF PPPRRROOOJJJEEECCCTTTIIILLLEEE PPPOOOIIINNNTTTSSSPRESENT
HISTORIC PHASE
400 BPHELL'S
CANYONWALLULA COL.
PLATEAUKLIKATAT
DESERT
CLASSIC PHASE
700 BP HELL'SCANYON
WALLULA COL.PLATEAU
MULE EAR PLATEAUPENT.
Wahmuza DESERT
DEVLOPMENTALPHASE
1,600 BP HELL'SCANYON
WALLULA SNAKERIVER
Wahmuza
TRANSITIONALPHASE
2,300 BP SNAKERIVER
QUILOMENE
LATE ARCHAICPHASE
3,500 BP RABBIT IS.SNAKERIVER
CASCADE QUILOMENE
MIDDLE ARCHAICPHASE
5,500 BP COLDSPRINGS
RABBIT IS. CASCADE QUILOMENE
EARLY ARCHAICPHASE
8,000 BP COLDSPRINGS SPEDIS CASCADE QUILOMENE
PALEO PHASE
12,000 BP -10,00 BP LINDCOULEE
SPEDIS
-5-
CCCAAASSSCCCAAADDDEEEEEEAAARRRLLLYYY AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE TTTOOO LLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 888000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 333555000000 BBBPPP
CCCAAASSSCCCAAADDDEEECascade Type (A) is a common variant ofthe classic Cascade projectile point. It is abroad, often thick lanceolate point with arounded to pointed base. Flaking patternsare variable to mixed, although collateraland transverse flaking is present. Serratedmargins are common, but not nearly asfrequent as on the Cascade Type (C) variant.Cross-sections are usually biconvex orplanoconvex, but trapezoidal cross-sectionsare common, and diamond cross-sectionsalso occur.
Cascade Type (B) - is a slender lanceolatepoint with a slightly concave base. It is thinwith a regular outline and cross-section,which creates a delicate appearance. Flakingpatterns are variable to mixed. Serratedmargins occur, and cross-sections areplanoconvex, biconvex and trapezoidal.
Cascade Type (C) - is a slender lanceolatepoint with a markedly contracting basalmargin. Flaking patterns are generallyvariable, although tending toward mixed.Fine collateral flaking does occur. Serratedmargins are common. Cross-sections areprimarily biconvex, but the Cascade Type(C) specimens show markedly higherfrequencies of diamond and trapezoidalcross-sections than Cascade Type (A) andType (B) variants.
Also Referred to: Cascade Leaf
Defined by: Butler (1961 Old Cordilleran Culture of the Pacific Northwest).
Type Sites:Indian Well (Butler 1961)Weis Rockshelter (Butler 1962)Marmes Rockshelter - 45FR50(Rice 1969, 1972)
.
-6-
CCCAAASSSCCCAAADDDEEECCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 888000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 333555000000 BBBPPP
PETRAFIED WOODCOLUMBIA RIVER
OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA RIVER
CHALCEDONYBERRETH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYROOSEVELT, WA
BASALTCOLUMBIA RIVER
BASALTCOLUMBIA RIVER
CHALCEDONYWA
JASPERWA
JASPER"DR STEWART"
-7-
CCCOOOLLLDDD SSSPPPRRRIIINNNGGGSSSCCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 777000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000000 BBBPPP
CCCOOOLLLDDD SSSPPPRRRIIINNNGGGSSSThe Cold Springs Side-notched point iscommonly found with Cascade type variants.It is a large to medium sized point with deepto shallow lateral notches. Outline andproportions differ markedly, as doestreatment of the basal margins. Contractinglateral basal margins produce a decidedlylanceolate outline, while straight lateralmargins may indicate creation on atriangular blank. Cold Spring Side-notchedpoints will generally have notches placedhigher on the lateral margins and are neverbasally notched. Flaking pattern is usuallyvariable, though mixed and collateral flakingdo occur. Cross-sections are predominantlybiconvex, though specimens withplanoconvex and trapezoidal cross-sectionsare found.
Identified by: J. Shiner (1961 The McNary Reservoir)Redefined by: B. Butler (1962 Contributions to the Prehistory of theColumbia Plateau)
Type Sites:Cold Springs (Shiner 1961)Weis Rockshelter (Butler 1962)
JASPERCOLUMBIA
RIVER
BROWN BASALTBERRETH
COLLECTION
BASALTBERRETH
COLLECTION
BASALTBERRETH
COLLECTION
OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER"PIPKIN"
-8-
CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUUCCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 222000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111555000 BBBPPP
CCCooollluuummmbbbiiiaaa PPPlllaaattteeeaaauuuColumbia Plateau Type (A) - Are delicate,elongate triangular forms with sharplypointed, downward projecting barbs, andsmall, narrow expanding stems. Type Avariant examples are long and narrow, withgenerally straight to very slightly concavelateral blade margins. Squared barbs occur,but are not massive in proportion to pointsize. Flaking patterns are primarily mixed,but may include variable and uniform.Cross-sections are biconvex and veryregular. These points are most common inthe lower Columbia River drainage.
Columbia Plateau Type (B) - Are very similarto Type A variants, except for more openbasal notches, a lack of squared barbs, andconcave lateral blade margins.
Columbia Plateau Type (C) - Are similar toboth Type A and Type B variants. These aresmall, delicate triangular forms withdistinctive basal notches and barbs. Theytend to be smaller and squatter than A andB forms, have open basal notches, andbarbs that expand laterally rather thanprojecting downward. Lateral blade marginsare variable, but tend to straight. Flakingpatterns are predominantly variable,although examples of uniform and mixedoccur. Cross-sections are biconvex, althoughplanoconvex is represented.Also Referred to: Columbia Stemmed
Described: H.Osborne, R. Crabtree, A. Bryan (1952 Arch. Investigations inthe Chief Joseph Reservoir)
Type Sites:Sunset Creek Site - 45KT28 (Nelson 1969);Wanapum Dam (Greengo 1982).
Plateaus found in the CascadeLocks area, between Hood Riverand Portland, usually have amore rounded base.
-9-
CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUUCCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 777000000 BBBPPP tttooo 222000000 BBBPPP
CHALCEDONYBERRETH
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR
(BIFURCATED)MCNEICE
COLLECTION
TRANSLUCENTCHALCEDONY
(SINGLE BARB)MCNEICE
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYCOLUMBIA
RIVERMCNEICE
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYMCNEICE
COLLECTION
JASPERCOLUMBIA
RIVERMCNEICE
COLLECTION
AGATEPASCO, WA
JASPERBERRETH
COLLECTION
JASPERPLYMOUTH, WA"CARMICHAEL"
AGATEPASCO, WA
(BIFURCATED)
CHALCEDONYMCNEICE
COLLECTION
AGATECOLUMBIA
RIVER
JASPERKENNEWICK, WA
"TYRRELL"
AGATEWA
"COWELS"
AGATEPRIEST RAPIDS,
WA(BIFURCATED)
AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYBERRETH
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYBERRETH
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR
BROWN BASALTPERFORMCOLUMBIA
RIVER
CHALCEDONYSINGLE BARB(BIFURCATED)
JASPER/AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
AGATEBERRETH
(BIFURCATED)
-10-
CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUUCCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 777000000 BBBPPP tttooo 222000000 BBBPPP
CHALCEDONYALDERDALE, WA
"WERNEX"
AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
JASPERMCNEICE
COLLECTION
JASPERCOLUMBIA
RIVER
JASPERBERRETH
COLLECTION
JASPERBERRETH
COLLECTION(BIFURCATED)
JASPERBERRETH
COLLECTION(BIFURCATED)
CHALCEDONYBERRETH
COLLECTION(BIFURCATED)
JASPERBERRETH
COLLECTION
GOLDEN AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
JASPERBERRETH
COLLECTION(BIFURCATED)
PURPLE/WHITEAGATE
BERRETHCOLLECTION
TRANSLUCENTCHALCEDONY
MCNEICECOLLECTION
JASPERMCNEICE
COLLECTION
TRANSLUCENTCHALCEDONY
MCNEICECOLLECTION
CARNELIANAGATE
MCNEICECOLLECTION
JASPERCOLUMBIA
RIVER
JASPERMCNEICE
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYMCNEICE
COLLECTION
AGATEMCNEICE
COLLECTION
CARNELIANAGATE
COLUMBIARIVER
AGATEMCNEICE
COLLECTION
JASPERCOLUMBIA
RIVER
AGATEMCNEICE
COLLECTION
-11-
MMMUUULLLEEE EEEAAARRR (((KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE)))CCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 777000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000 BBBPPP
MMMuuullleee EEEaaarrr KKKnnniiifffeeeA small to medium size triangularknife form, with straight to convexblade margins. Basal margin isconcave to V-Shaped. Basalcorners are pointed to rounded. Flaking patterns are variable, buttend toward regular. A cross-section is usually biconvex.
Also Referred to: Columbia Mule Ear
Described: H.Osborne, R. Crabtree, A. Bryan (1961The Sheep Island Site and the Mid-ColumbianValley)
Type Sites:Sheep Island Site (Osborne, Crabtree, Bryan)
The Mule Ear Knife is locallynamed for the shape it takes afterrepeated resharpening. This bladetype is attributed to the UmatillaTribe.
-12-
MMMUUULLLEEE EEEAAARRR (((KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE)))CCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 777000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000 BBBPPP
JASPERPASCO, WA
JASPERBERRETH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYPASCO, WA
JASPERTHE DALLES, OR
CHALCEDONYWAKEMAP MOUND
MCNEICE COLLECTION"CYRIL DAVIS"
CHALCEDONYWAKEMAP MOUND
MCNEICE COLLECTION"CYRIL DAVIS"
CHALCEDONYWAKEMAP MOUND
MCNEICE COLLECTION"CYRIL DAVIS"
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER
MCNEICE COLLECTION
JASPER"DR STEWART"
HEATH COLLECTION
JASPERBIGGS JUNC., OR
HEATH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYBERRETH COLLECTION
JASPERBIGGS JUNC., OR
HEATH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYWAKEMAP MOUND
MCNEICE COLLECTION"CYRIL DAVIS"
JASPER"DR STEWART"
CHALCEDONYCOLUMBIA RIVER
-13-
MMMUUULLLEEE EEEAAARRR (((KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE)))CCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 777000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000 BBBPPP
OPALIZED WOODDALLES, OR
"DR STEWART"HEATH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYCOLUMBIA RIVER
CHALCEDONYCOLUMBIA RIVER
"STEWART"
CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR
"LES PARKER"HEATH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR
"LES PARKER"HEATH COLLECTION
PETRIFIED WOODDALLES, OR
"LES PARKER"HEATH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR
"LES PARKER"HEATH COLLECTION
JASPER"DR STEWART"
HEATH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYJOHN DAY, OR"JIM GAINS"
HEATH COLLECTION
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER"DR STEWART"
CHALCEDONYWAKEMAP MOUND
MCNEICE COLLECTION"CYRIL DAVIS"
CHALCEDONYWAKEMAP MOUND
MCNEICE COLLECTION"CYRIL DAVIS"
-14-
DDDEEESSSEEERRRTTT SSSEEERRRIIIEEESSSCCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 111555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 000 BBBPPP
DDDeeessseeerrrttt GGGeeennneeerrraaalll /// SSSiiieeerrrrrraaaA small side-notched triangular point andgenerally have the notches placed lower on thelateral margins. Basal treatment on these formsis variable, with markedly convex, concave andnotched bases, and straight to contractinglateral basal margins. These are small, delicatepoints, usually highly symmetrical, and oftenexhibiting a characteristic winged appearance.Flaking pattern is variable. Serrated blademargins occur. Cross-sections are almostentirely biconvex.General sub-type designated by: (Baumhoff and Byrne 1959)
Also Referred to: Plateau Side-notched Desert Side-notched Columbia Side-notched
FROM THE DR. STEWART COLL.FORMER HARDIE / MICHEL
DESERT DELTAAGATE
DALLES, OR
DESERTGENERALBASALT
PASCO, WA
DESERT DELTACHALCEDONY
OR
DESERT SIERRACHALCEDONY
COLUMBIARIVER
DESERT SIERRAOBSIDIAN
HOOD RIVER, OR
DESERT DELTACHALCEDONY
COLUMBIARIVER
DESERT DELTAOBSIDIAN
OR
DESERTGENERALBASALT
PASCO, WA
DESERT SIERRAOBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
DESERT DELTAJAPSER
OR
DESERT SIERRAOBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
DESERTGENERALBASALT
DESERTGENERALJASPER
DESERT SIERRAOBSIDIAN
HOOD RIVER, OR
DESERT SIERRAOBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
DESERT SIERRAOBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
DESERTGENERALOBSIDIAN
"DR. STEWART"
DESERTGENERALJASPER
"DR. STEWART"
-15-
HHHEEELLLLLL'''SSS CCCAAANNNYYYOOONNNDDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 111222000000 BBBPPP TTTOOO 222000000 BBBPPP
HHHeeellllll'''sss CCCaaannnyyyooonnnHell's Canyon Basal-Notched - A small tomedium-size dart point with deep basal notches,angling diagonally upward to create amoderately expanded stem. The blade has atriangular, thin and carefully flaked form. Blademargins range from recurved to slightlyincurvate, straight or excurvate. Notches arenarrow and parallel-sided. The Barbs tend to bebroad, rectangular in outline, terminating inrounded or squared ends. Flaking patterns arevariable, but tend toward regular to mixed.Cross-sections are usually biconvex.
Hell's Canyon Corner-Notched - A small dartpoint with an overall ovate form. The Bladeregion is triangular with straight to excurvatemargins; shoulders are barbed and are typicallyrounded. The Stem is typically short andslightly to prominently expanded. Basalmargins are straight to convex. The expandedstem has rounded basal corners. Flakingpatterns are variable, but tend toward regular tomixed. Cross-sections are usually biconvex.
Defined by W. Cladwell, O. Mallory (1967)
-16-
HHHEEELLLLLL'''SSS CCCAAANNNYYYOOONNNDDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 111222000000 BBBPPP TTTOOO 222000000 BBBPPP
JASPER/AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
JASPERDALLES,OR
JASPERBERRETH
COLLECTION
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER
AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER
BROWN BASALTPERFORMBERRETH
COLLECTION
JASPERBERRETH
COLLECTION
OPALIZED WOODCOLUMBIA RIVER
JASPERSAUVIES ISLANDMERRYBELL SITE,
MU-9
-17-
KKKLLLIIICCCKKKIIITTTAAATTT DDDAAAGGGGGGEEERRRHHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 333000000 BBBPPP tttooo 222000000 BBBPPP
KKKllliiiccckkkiiitttaaattt DDDaaaggggggeeerrrA small well-made arrow point with along, narrow blade and straight, convexor recurved blade margins. Shortlateral tangs at the juncture of the bladeand shoulder are common. Mostexamples exhibit a diamond-shapedstem. Notches are broad and shallow.Also Referred to: Klickitat
Locally Named by Regional Collectors
Region:Lower Columbia River from the Cowlitz River to theYakima River in Washington.
MOON AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
CARNELIANAGATE
MCNEICECOLLECTION
PETRAFIEDWOOD
DALLES, OR
JASPER JASPERPLYMOUTH IS.,
WA"CARMICHAEL"
JASPERALDERDALE, WA
"ADAMS"
MOON AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
CHERT CHERT CHALCEDONYWAKEMAPMOUND
MCNEICECOLLECTION
"CYRIL DAVIS"
AGATECOLUMBIA
RIVER"STEWART"
-18-
LLLIIINNNDDD CCCOOOUUULLLEEEEEEPPPAAALLLEEEOOO --- 111000,,,555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 999,,,000000000 BBBPPP
LLLIIINNNDDD CCCOOOUUULLLEEEEEELind Coulee Type (A) - A well made,medium sized, leaf shape-stemmedlanceolate with weak roundedshoulders, tapered stem and a convexbase. Basal grinding may be present.Flaking patterns are variable to mixed,although collateral and transverseflaking is present. It is thin and cross-sections are biconvex.
Lind Coulee Type (B) - A well made,medium sized, leaf shape-stemmedlanceolate with sharp lateral shoulders,tapered stem and a convex base. Basalgrinding may be present. Flakingpatterns are variable to mixed, althoughcollateral and transverse flaking ispresent. It is thin and cross-sectionsare biconvex.
Lind Coulee Type (C) - A well made,medium sized, leaf shape-stemmedlanceolate with weak to sharp lateralshoulders, parallel-sided stem and aconvex base. Basal grinding may bepresent. Flaking patterns are variable tomixed, although collateral andtransverse flaking is present. It is thinand cross-sections are biconvex.
Identified & Described by: R. Daugherty (1956 Archaeology of theLind Coulee Site, Washington. Proceeding of the AmericanPhilosophical Society)
Type Sites:Lind Coulee (Daugherty 1956)
-19-
LLLIIINNNDDD CCCOOOUUULLLEEEEEEPPPAAALLLEEEOOO --- 111000,,,555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 999,,,000000000 BBBPPP
TYPE AAGATE
LIND COULEE SITE, WA - WSU
TYPE CAGATE
LIND COULEE SITE, WA - WSU
TYPE BBASALT
LIND COULEE SITE, WA - WSU
TYPE AAGATE
BERRETH COLLECTION
TYPE BJASPER
DALLES, OR
-20-
CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA RRRIIIVVVEEERRR PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUU PPPEEENNNTTTAAAGGGOOONNNAAALLL KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE(((AAAKKKAAA --- WWWAAASSSCCCOOO KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE)))
CCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 444000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000 BBBPPP
PPPlllaaattteeeaaauuu PPPeeennntttaaagggooonnnaaalllA small to medium size, five-sidedtriangular knife with straight toconvex blade margins. The basalmargin is straight to slightlyconvex. Flaking patterns arevariable, but tend toward regular.Cross-sections are usuallybiconvex.Also Referred to: Wasco Knife
Described: H.Osborne, R. Crabtree, A. Bryan (1961The Sheep Island Site and the Mid-ColumbianValley)
Type Sites:Sheep Island Site (Osborne, Crabtree, Bryan)
Extremely Large Plateau Pentagonal4" Made of BasaltBerreth Collection
G10 Agate Plateau PentagonalBerreth Collection
-21-
CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA RRRIIIVVVEEERRR PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUU PPPEEENNNTTTAAAGGGOOONNNAAALLL KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE(((AAAKKKAAA --- WWWAAASSSCCCOOO KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE)))
CCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 444000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000 BBBPPP
CHALCEDONYPASCO, WA
JASPERPASCO, WA
AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER
CHALCEDONYWAKEMAP MOUND
MCNEICE COLLECTION"CYRIL DAVIS"
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER
AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER
JASPER"DR STEWART"
JASPER"DR STEWART"
JASPERBERRETH COLLECTION
OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA RIVER
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER
BIGGS JASPERBERRETH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYWAKEMAP MOUND
MCNEICE COLLECTION"CYRIL DAVIS"
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER
-22-
QQQUUUIIILLLOOOMMMEEENNNEEE BBBAAARRRLLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC TTTOOO TTTRRRAAANNNSSSIIITTTIIIOOONNNAAALLL PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 222555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111555000000 BBBPPP
QQQuuuiiilllooommmeeennneee BBBaaarrrQuilomene Bar Corner Notched - Are abig, heavy point, with straight to slightlyconvex lateral blade margins, deep andbroad corner notches, and markedlyexpanding thick stems. Flaking patternsare variable, but tend toward regular.Margins are not serrated. Cross-sectionsare characteristically biconvex, but maybe trapezoidal or irregular.
Quilomene Bar Basal Notched Type (A) -Are thick and heavy, with convex tostraight blade margins that terminate inthick, squared barbs that extend down tothe base of the expanding stem. Flakingpatterns tend to be variable, althoughmixed and uniform flaking will occur.Cross-sections will tend to be regularlybiconvex.
Quilomene Bar Basal Notched Type (B) -Are comparable to Quilomene Bar BasalNotched Type (A), although smaller inoverall size and less square with shorterbarbs. Lohse (1985:353) demonstratedthat B forms are statistically distinct fromA-forms, but these points could beinterpreted as variants within the normalproduction sequence of Quilomene BarBasal-notched points. Flaking patternsare primarily variable, although uniformflaking occurs. Cross-sections arebiconvex. Temporal range is identical tothat defined for Quilomene Bar Basal-notched A.Identified: C. Nelson (1969 Sunset Creek Site)
Type Sites:Marmes Rockshelter - 45FR50 (Rice 1969, 1972);Sunset Creek Site - 45KT28 (Nelson 1969);Wanapum Dam (Greengo 1982)
-23-
QQQUUUIIILLLOOOMMMEEENNNEEE BBBAAARRRLLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC TTTOOO TTTRRRAAANNNSSSIIITTTIIIOOONNNAAALLL PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 222555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111555000000 BBBPPP
PETRAFIED WOODVANTAGE, WA
CASTANZA COLLECTION
AGATEBIGGS JUNC., OR
HEATH COLLECTION
AGATEBIGGS JUNC., OR
AGATEBERRETH COLLECTION
PETRAFIEDWOODBIGGS JUNC., OR
AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER
AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER
AGATEBERRETH COLLECTION
-24-
RRRAAABBBBBBIIITTT IIISSSLLLAAANNNDDDMMMIIIDDDDDDLLLEEE TTTOOO LLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC --- 444000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 222000000000 BBBPPP
RRRaaabbbbbbiiittt IIIssslllaaannndddRabbit Island Type (A) - is common to theColumbia Plateau c.4000 B.P. It is a distinctive,nicely made, thin triangular form with squareshoulders and well-defined straight to contractingstems. Biconvex cross-sections predominate.Serrated margins are characteristic.Identified: Daugherty (1952 Arch. Investigations in O'Sullivan Reservoir)Identified: R. Crabtree (1957 Two Burial Sites in Central WA)Described: E. Swanson (1962 Emergence of Plateau Culture)Described: C. Nelson (1969 Sunset Creek Site)
Rabbit Island Type (B) - is a smaller and moredelicate version of the Rabbit Island Type (A)point type. It consistently occurs in later culturalcontexts than type A. It is a small triangular pointwith square shoulders, straight to slightlyincurvate lateral blade margins, and sharplycontracting stems. Short lateral tangs at thejuncture of the blade and shoulder are common.Blade margins often are serrated. Flakingpatterns are irregular. Cross-sections arebiconvex.E. Lohse (1985 Rufus Woods Lake Projectile Point Chronology)
Type sites:Shalkop site (Swanson 1962;Sunset Creek Site - 45KT28(Nelson 1969);Wanapum Dam (Greengo 1982)
-25-
RRRAAABBBBBBIIITTT IIISSSLLLAAANNNDDDMMMIIIDDDDDDLLLEEE TTTOOO LLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC --- 444000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 222000000000 BBBPPP
JASPERDALLES, OR
JASPERDALLES, OR
JASPERDALLES, OR
JASPERBIGGS JUNC., OR
CHALCEDONYHARDIE
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYHARDIE
COLLECTION
JASPERSUNDALE, WA"CARMICHAEL"
JASPERALDERDALE, WA
(VARIANT)
BASALTPASCO,WA
JASPERCOLUMBIA
RIVER"BORDEN"
CHALCEDONYFRANKLIN CO,
WA
JASPERCOLUMBIA
RIVERBERRETH
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYBERRETH COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYBERRETH COLLECTION
AGATE"DR STEWART"
JASPER"DR STEWART"
-26-
SSSNNNAAAKKKEEE RRRIIIVVVEEERRRLLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC TTTOOO DDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL PPPHHHAAASSSEEE--- 222,,,555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111,,,000000000 BBBPPP
SSSNNNAAAKKKEEE RRRIIIVVVEEERRRA small to medium size point, withstraight to slightly convex lateralblade margins. Blade marginsoften are serrated. The basalmargin is straight to slightlyconvex to auriculate. Flakingpatterns are variable, but tendtoward regular. Cross-sections areusually biconvex.Defined by: Layton (1970)
Type sites:Various
BROWN BASALTCOLUMBIA RIVER
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER"DR STEWART"
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER"DR STEWART"
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER
JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER
JASPERBIGGS JUNCTION
JASPERBIGGS JUNCTION
HEATH COLLECTION
JASPERBERRETH COLLECTION
AGATE - "DR STEWART"
-27-
SSSPPPEEEDDDIIISSSLLLAAATTTEEE PPPAAALLLEEEOOO TTTOOO EEEAAARRRLLLYYY AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC --- 111000,,,000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 888000000000 BBBPPP
SSSpppeeedddiiisssA small to medium size, thin,narrow, lanceolate point with acontracting basal area. Base canbe concave or convex. Someexamples have grinding on thestem margins, some on marginsand the base, others not at all.Form may vary from a ratherFolsomoid form to a nearlyHumboldt configuration, althoughmost are rather small, rarelyexceeding 1.5 inches.
Type is likely named for a petroglyph found here inthe Northwest referred to as a Spedis owl. It is asimple, heart-shape figure with fringed wings, sticklegs and dots for eyes.
-28-
SSSPPPEEEDDDIIISSSLLLAAATTTEEE PPPAAALLLEEEOOO TTTOOO EEEAAARRRLLLYYY AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC --- 111000,,,000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 888000000000 BBBPPP
CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR
CHALCEDONYCOLUMBIA RIVER
"JASPER"COLUMBIA RIVER
CHALCEDONYPASCO, WA
JASPER"DR STEWART"
"JASPER"COLUMBIA RIVER
CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR
CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR
CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR
-29-
WWWAAALLLLLLUUULLLAAADDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 222000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111555000000 BBBPPP
WWWaaalllllluuulllaaaAre small, delicate triangular formswith essentially straight blade margins,wide and low corner notches, long andstraight lateral stem margins, andstraight to slightly convex basalmargins. Flaking patterns are variable.Cross-sections tend to be biconvex.Also Referred to: Wallula Rectangular-Stemmed
Described: H.Osborne, R. Crabtree, A. Bryan (1952 Arch.Investigations in the Chief Joseph Reservoir)
Defined: J. Shiner (1961 The McNary Reservoir: A Study inPlateau Arch.)
Type Sites:Sunset Creek Site - 45KT28 (Nelson 1969);Wanapum Dam (Greengo 1982)
-30-
WWWAAALLLLLLUUULLLAAADDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 222000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111555000000 BBBPPP
OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
JASPERCOLUMBIA
RIVER
PET. WOODCOLUMBIA
RIVER
AGATEDALLES, OR
MCNEICE COLL
CHALCEDONYBENTON CO.
MCNEICE COLL"COWELS"
JASPERMCNEICE COLL
"BORDEN"
MOSS AGATECOLUMBIA
RIVER
OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
OBSIDIANOR
JASPERALDERDALE, WA
JASPERHARDIE
COLLECTION
JASPERWA
OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA
RIVER
MOSS AGATEDALLES, OR
CHALCEDONYBERRETH
COLLECTION
AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYMCNEICE
COLLECTION
AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
AGATEBERRETH
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYBERRETH
COLLECTION
CHALCEDONYBERRETH
COLLECTION
-31-
WWWAAAHHHMMMUUUZZZAAADDDEEEVVVLLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL PPPHHHAAASSSEEE TTTOOO CCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 111,,,666000000 BBBPPP tttooo 777000000 BBBPPP
WWWaaahhhmmmuuuzzzaaaA medium size, lanceolate formwith straight to recurved blademargins. The contracting basalmargin is straight to pointed.Grinding along basal margins iscommon. Flaking pattern isusually variable, though mixedcan occur. Cross-sections areusually biconvex.Identified by: J Richard N. Holmer (1986)Defined by: George Frison (1991 Prehistoric Hunters of theHigh Plains)
Type SiteWahmuza Site, ID (Holmer, 1986)
CHALCEDONYCOLUMBIA RIVER
"PIPKIN"
CHALCEDONYCOLUMBIA RIVER
"PIPKIN"
-32-
PPPIIIOOONNNEEEEEERRRIIINNNGGG CCCOOOLLLLLLEEECCCTTTOOORRRSSS OOOFFF TTTHHHEEE NNNOOORRRTTTHHHWWWEEESSSTTT
DDDRRR... RRROOOBBBEEERRRTTT EEE... SSSTTTEEEWWWAAARRRTTTDr. Robert E. Stewart of Goldendale, WA collected NativeAmerican artifacts along the Lower Columbia River in thelate 1800s. His collection grew to become one of thelargest relic and curio assemblages of primitive Indian lifeever collected in the Northwest. A portion of thecollection was displayed in the 1905 Lewis and ClarkExposition in Portland, Oregon.
As early as 1905, brother Warren Stewart began offeringthe huge collection up for sale to various institutions.The University of Washington purchased nearly 20,000assorted pieces from the. Today, much of this purchaseresides at the Burke Museum (Accession 40), whichincludes many stone and bone-tools, as well as historicmetals and trade beads.
A large portion of the Stewart collection remained instorage until 2001 when it was sold via McMillan BrothersAuction Company.
DDDRRR... RRROOOBBBEEERRRTTT EEE... SSSTTTEEEWWWAAARRRTTT
Gene FavellSource: Favell Museum
GGGEEENNNEEE FFFAAAVVVEEELLLLLLGene Favell grew up in Lakeview, OR duringthe great depression. Later, he would go on toserve in the US Navy during World War II.After the war, he relocated to Klamath Fall, OR,where he married. Soon after, his interest inNative American artifacts grew. He spentweekends with his family searching for artifactsin Central OR.
Gene made connections with other collectors inthe area. He purchased and traded with thelikes of Ernest Cowles, Frank Wilke and CharlesMitchell, Guy Gilbert and Jay Perry forColumbia River artifacts.
In 1972 the Favell Museum was opened, wheretoday much of the Favell collection may beseen. In 2002 a small portion of the Favellcollection was sold to generate funds for themuseum.
-33-
PPPIIIOOONNNEEEEEERRRIIINNNGGG CCCOOOLLLLLLEEECCCTTTOOORRRSSS OOOFFF TTTHHHEEE NNNOOORRRTTTHHHWWWEEESSSTTTEEEMMMOOORRRYYY SSSTTTRRROOONNNGGG
Emory Strong was a founding member of the OregonArchaeological Society (OAS), an author and amateurarchaeologist. He was an engineer by vocation with apassion for archaeology. Many archaeologists consider hiswork in site investigations and reporting, emphasizingproper care and recording techniques as his greatestcontributions.
In 1988, during the Gorge Commission, a Mrs. HazelUmtuch requested that the Emory Strong collection ofartifacts to be returned to the Indians (Her ancestors).To date, the collection is still housed in The ColumbiaGorge Interpretive Center located in Stevenson, WA.
Emory StrongSource: The Columbia Gorge Interpretive Center
A FEW FRAMES FROM THEPERRY COLLECTION
Source: East Benton County Historical Museum
JJJaaayyy PPPeeerrrrrryyy
Jay Perry lived in Kennewick, WA and served as countycommissioner for a time. He was one of the pioneers inamateur archaeology of the Columbia basin. Jay Perryspent his life lifetime amassing a collection of the finestGem Points and tools. He hunted and traded widely withcollectors and Native Americans for stone artifacts andtools. He was known to trade a large number of points oreven pay a considerable sum for a single prize piece thathe particularly desired.
Parts of the Jay Perry collection are housed at the Museumof Native American Cultures in Spokane, WA and the GeneFavell Museum in Klamath Falls, OR. However, the largeportion of the collection was displayed for a time at theSacagawea State Park in Pasco, WA but has since beenrelocated and is now displayed for public viewing at theEast Benton County Historical Museum in Kennewick, WA.
-34-
LLLIIITTTEEERRRAAATTTUUURRREEE OOONNN TTTHHHEEE CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUU RRREEEGGGIIIOOONNNBrowman, and D. A. Munsell 1969 Columbia Plateau Prehistory: Cultural Development and Impinging Influences, American Antiquity
Butler, B. R 1965 Perspectives on the Prehistory of the Lower Columbia Valley.
Cain, H. T. 1950 Petroglyphs of Central Washington. University of Washington Press
Campbell J. M 1950 Report of an Archaeological Survey Priest Rapids Reservoir State of Washington. Submitted to Mr. Douglas Osborne.
Campbell, S.K. 1984 Research Design for the Chief Joseph Dam Cultural Resources Project.
Chatters, J. C. 1986 The Wells Reservoir Archaeological Project: Vol. 1: Summary of Findings. Central Washington Archaeological Survey.
Chatters, J. C. 1992 "A History of Cultural Resources Management Activity at the U. S. Departments of Energy's Hanford Site, Washington."
Chatters, J. C. 1995 Bison Procurement in the Far West: A 2,100-Year-Old Kill Site on the Columbia Plateau.
Cleveland, G., B. Cochran, J.Giniger, and H. Hammatt.
1976 Archaeological Reconnaissance on the Mid Columbia and Lower Snake River Reservoirs for the Walla Walla District Army Corps ofEngineers.
Cowles, E. 1959 Hunting Artifacts, Screenings, the Oregon Archaeological Society
Cressman, L. S. InCollaboration with D. L. Cole,W. A. Davis, T. M. Newman,and D. J. Scheans.
1960 Cultural Sequences at the Dalles, Oregon: A Contribution to Pacific Northwest Prehistory.
Daugherty, Richard D. 1956 Archaeology of the Lind Coulee Site, Washington.
Den Beste K., and L. DenBeste.
1974 Background and History of the Vernita Site (45BN157).
Drucker, P. 1948 Appraisal of the Archaeological Resources of the McNary Reservoir, Oregon and Washington. Columbia Basin Project. River BasinSurveys.
Dumond, D. E., and R. Minor. 1983 Archaeology inthe John Day Reservoir: The Wildcat Canyon Site, 45GM9.
Galm J. R., F. D. Hartmannand R. A. Masten.
1985 An Archaeological Overview of the Mid-Columbia Study Unit, Benton, Franklin, Klickitat, and Walla Walla Counties, Washington.
Gibson, Eric C. 1984 A Report of Archaeological Investigations at the Two Rivers Site (45BN14), at the Confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers.
Greengo, R. E. 1986 Prehistory of the Priest Rapids - Wanapum Region Columbia River, Washington.
Heizer, R.F. and T.R. Hester 1978 Great Basin projectile points: forms and chronology.
Hester, T.R. 1973 Chronological ordering of Great Basin prehistory.
Irwin, Anne M. & Ula Moody 1973 The Lind Coulee Site (45GR97): 1973 Field Season
Irwin, Anne M. & Ula Moody 1974 The Lind Coulee Site (45GR97): 1974 Field Season
Jenkins, Dennis L. & ThomasJ. Connolly.
1994 Archaeological Excavations at the Paquet Gulch Bridge Site: A Pithouse Village in the Deschutes River Basin, SouthwesternColumbia Plateau, Oregon.
Keyser, J. D. 1992 Indian Rock Art of the Columbia Plateau.
Krieger H. W. 1927 Prehistoric Inhabitants of the Columbia River Valley.
-35-
LLLIIITTTEEERRRAAATTTUUURRREEE OOONNN TTTHHHEEE CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUU RRREEEGGGIIIOOONNNKrieger, H. W. 1928 "A Prehistoric Pit House Village Site at Wahluke, Grant County, Washington."
Lee, W. T. 1955 "An Archaeological Survey of the Columbia Basin Project in Grant County, Washington."
Leonhardy, F. C. and D. G.Rice.
1970 "A Proposed Cultural Typology for the Lower Snake River Region, Southeastern Washington."
Leonhardy, F.C. 1970 Artifact assemblages and archaeological units at Granite Point Locality (45WT41) Southeastern Washington.
Lohse, E.S. 1984 Archaeological investigations at Site 45-OK-il, Chief Joseph Dam Reservoir, Washington.
Lynch, A. J. 1976 An Archaeological Test of an Aboriginal Burial Site Near Richland, Washington.
Mierendorf, R. R. 1983 Stratigraphy at the Miller Site, 45FR5, A Prehistoric Village on Strawberry Island. R.F. Schalk editor. In The 1978 and 1979Excavations at Strawberry Island in the McNary Reservoir.
Nelson, C. M. 1969 The Sunset Creek Site (45-KT-28) and its Place in Plateau Prehistory.
Osborne, H. D. 1949 The Archaeological Investigations Of Two Sites In The McNary Reservoir, Washington.
Osborne, H. D. 1957 Excavations In The McNary Reservoir Near Umatilla, Oregon.
Osborne, H. D., and J. L.Shiner.
1950 River Basin Surveys-State College of Washington Archeological Excavations in the Lower McNary Reservoir, Oregon, 1949.
Osborne, H. D., and J. L.Shiner.
1951 The 1950 Excavations in Two McNary Sites, Washington and Oregon.
Osborne, H.D., R. Crabtree,and A. Bryan
1952 Archaeological investigations in the Chief Joseph Reservoir.
Osborne, Douglas, Alan Bryan& Robert H. Crabtree.
1961 The Sheep Island Site [45 BN 55] and the Mid-Columbia Valley.
Rice, D.G. 1969 Marmes Rockshelter Archaeological Site [WA-FR-50].
Schalk, R. F. 1983 The 1978 and 1979 Excavations at Strawberry Island in the McNary Reservoir.
Shiner, J. L. 1951 The Excavations at Site 35-UM-5 in the McNary Reservoir, Oregon.
Shiner, J. L. 1953 Excavations at Site 35-WS-5 on the Columbia River, Oregon.
Shiner, J. L. 1961 The McNary Reservoir: A Study in Plateau Archaeology.
Smith, H.I. 1905 An Archaeological Expedition to the Columbia Valley.
Smith, W. C. 1977 Archaeological Explorations in the Columbia Basin a Report on the Mesa Project 1973 - 1975.
Strong, E. 1959 Stone Age on the Columbia River.
Strong, Schenck & Steward 1930 Archaeology of the Dalles-Deschutes RegionSwanson, E. H. 1962 The Emergence of Plateau Culture.
Thoms, A.V., S. J. Bobalik, K.Dohm, R. R. Metzger, and D.Olson, S. R. Samuels.
1983 Archaeological Investigations in Upper McNary Reservoir: 1981-1982.