i. introduction protein synthesis a. a. history. a. a. fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of...

I. Introductio n Protein Synthesis A. History

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I. Introduction

Protein Synthesis

A. History

a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules

b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins as all having the same formula

c. F. Sanger – sequenced insulin

d. T. Svedberg – proposed that proteins had conformation

e. Armour Hot Dog Co. – purified pure bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A

1. Protein Structure

Page 3: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

a. J. von Liebig – started physiological chemistryb. E. Buchner – started Bio-chemistryc. W. Rontgen – discovered value of x-rays, led to X-ray crystallography

d. L. Pauling – discovered H-bonding in proteine. G. Beadle & E. Tatum – relationship of gene to protein

2. From Gene to Protein

Page 4: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

B. The Code

Page 5: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

1. Central Dogmaa. DNA RNA Protein

(Product)

Figure 17.3

Page 6: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

2. Triplet Code

Figure 17.4

Page 7: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

3. Code Dictionary Figure

17.5

a. Special Codes

Page 8: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

II. TranscriptionA.

DefinitionB. Process

Page 9: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

1. Overview

Figure 17.7

Page 10: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

1. Overview & Players

Figure 17.7

Page 11: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

2. Initiation == transcription factors, attach, unwind, & orient RNA polymerase

Figure 10.13Figure 17.8

Page 12: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

3. Elongation == RNA polymerase reads and lays down bases

Page 13: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

4. Termination == factors recognize and release the RNA polymerase

Page 14: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

5. Modification == pre-mRNA to mRNA

Figure 17.10

Page 15: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

5. Modification == pre-mRNA to mRNA

Figure 17.11

Page 16: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

5. Modification == pre-mRNA to mRNA

Figure 17.12

Page 17: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

III. TranslationA.

DefinitionB. Process

Page 18: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

1. Overview & Players

Figure 17.13

Page 19: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

Figure 17.14

tRNA

Page 20: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

Figure 17.15

Page 21: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

Figure 17.16

rRNA & mRNA

Page 22: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

2. Initiation

Figure 17.17

Page 23: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

3. Elongation

Figure 17.18

Page 24: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

Figure 17.5

Page 25: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

4. Terminatio

Figure 17.19

Figure 17.20

Page 26: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

5. Modification

Figure 17.21

Page 27: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

IV. Gene ExpressionA.

StrategiesB. Organelles

Page 28: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be used by the cell? Ribosome

What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be put into vacuoles for shipping or retention?

Ribosomes, rER, and Golgi!

1. Intracellular

2. Extracellular

Page 29: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

VI. MutationsA.

DefinitionB. Point

Page 30: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

1. Base Pair Substitutions

Figure 17.23

Page 31: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

2. Frame Shift

Figure 17.25

Page 32: I. Introduction Protein Synthesis A. A. History. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins

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protein slide

code slide

process slide

trna slide

history slide

point slide

bases slide

extracellular slide