i nternational g reen w all c onference - 4-5 th september 2014 - the green wall centre,...
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Green Facades – How does plant choice affect wall cooling and wall
insulation?
Ross CameronUniversity of Sheffield, UKJane Taylor, Martin Emmett
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
The Context
• UK Victorian / Edwardian building stock• Brick dominated• Difficult to ‘retrofit’• Domestic properties – owned or rented• Replicated real houses???• ‘Down-sized’ – replicated ‘mini-buildings’ and
walls• Controlled environment studies
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
3 Experimental protocols
• ‘Mini-city’ – cuboids• ‘Stand-alone’ wall sections • Controlled environment cabinets
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Designing the ‘mini-city’!
• 20 Brick cuboids • 10 vegetated• 10 blank• Water tank in centre
– Winter studies
• Temp sensors 5cm from cuboid wall surface (and behind vegetation)
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
How do weather scenarios affect temperature profiles of air next to cuboids? (Mean data - Southern aspect)
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
How do cooling profiles vary with diurnal cycle?
• Wall system• Prunus v wet pot v blank
wall• Temp sensors for
air adjacent to wall
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Mean hourly air temperature for walls flanked by Prunus (South = Δ; North = ), ▲ Pot+media (South = □; North = ) or blank ■ Control walls (South = ○; North = ●). Data restricted to days with ≥ 5 h irradiance > 120 Wm2, August to September 2009. Bars = LSD (P = 0.05) blocked by
date. Residual d.f. = 30 each time. Ambient temperature – dashed line.
Prunus south aspect
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Wall surface temperatures
At discrete times thermal images showed a 10oC difference between vegetated walls and blanks• E.g.Wall behind foliage = 24.0oC, Control wall = 33.9oC Pot+media wall = 33.2oC; LSD = 0.81 (P = 0.05) d.f. = 12.
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
What are the implications to the cavity space within a wall?
• Phaseolus vulgaris
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Air temp – at wall exterior
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Cavity Air temp.
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
What types of plant are best at cooling?
Wall ShrubsClimbers
‘Functional’ plants
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Fuchsia
Stachys
Jasminum
Hedera
Prunus
Lonicera
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Controlled environment studies• Vegetated v non-vegetated walls• Warming programme with heater (300 W) within cabinet• Air and wall surface temperatures• Some programme runs with normal plants and some with leaves
covered with poly (1-acetyloxiethylene) to block stomata - inhibited 96-98% of normal ET (shade temps)
• Some runs with wet media only (evaporation)• Plant / pot temps stabilised at 18oC before placement in cabinets• Wall temps stabilised at 26.5oC and monitored change as plants
introduced. • Plants etc. weighed before and after to determine water loss
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Attained temp and water loss data for
• a = transpiring plant and media, • b = non-transpiring plant and media • c = media alone. • This allowed calculation of the cooling effect on the wall (oC) due to total cooling of
– planted trough – plant evapo-transpiration – shade and – media evaporation
• Plants destructively harvested and data for:– leaf number, total leaf biomass (dry weight), mean leaf dry weight, mean specific leaf
area, mean leaf thickness (individual leaf areas/leaf biomass) and total stem biomass (dry weight).
• Wall leaf area index (WLAI) was calculated as a ratio of total leaf area compared to exposed wall area and used to estimate the density of the foliage covering the wall.
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Temp. reduction on wall surface
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Temp reduction – per unit of leaf area
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Summer Cooling - Conclusions
• Vegetation can cool the air around a wall by 3-5oC in UK context
• Wall surfaces as much as 10oC different• Reduces cavity temp by 5oC in mid afternoon• Different plant species have different cooling properties
– Extent of cover – Depth of foliage – Some better at Shading– Some better at ETp cooling
• Water supply important in ensuring optimum performance• Green facades appear a viable retrofit option - UK
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Shrubs and Climbers Their role in thermal performance of built
structures in winter
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
What about reducing energy consumption in winter
– brick mini-building again?
• Replicated ‘mini-buildings’ with heated water tank within brick enclosure
• Water tank - Temp maintained at 16oC throughout• Energy use monitored over 2 consecutive winters
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Fig. 1. Energy use in Control (Blank) and Vegetated (Hedera) cuboids, during winter scenarios. Part-cover = foliage covering approx. 80%, and Full-cover = foliage covering 100% of cuboid. Bars = LSD values, df=79.
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Results
• Mean winter energy reduction = 38%– varied between 17% and 45% saving per week,
based on weather scenarios.• At 03.00 and 09.00 am cuboid wall
temperatures behind plants significantly warmer than ambient (mean 3.6oC)– not the case for blank walls.
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
How does species choice affect Winter insulation?
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Replicated ‘Cavity’ Walls
• ‘Dense’ Prunus v ‘Open’ Cotoneaster franchetti v Control (Blank)
• Late winter data• Wall surface and cavity temperatures
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Fig. 4. Cold, Non-Snow scenarios. Mean air temperature recorded at wall exterior (blue) or in wall cavity (shaded), as affected by species. Bars = LSD values Left = comparisons for exterior temperature, df=154 and Right = comparisons for cavity temperatures, df=107.
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Results
• Both the Prunus and Cotoneaster warmed the walls at night - Interior and Exterior
• Denser Prunus was more effective at warming the exterior.
• During sunny periods, however, plants particularly the Prunus inhibited solar gain to the wall.
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Winter - Conclusions
• Plants can insulate walls and improve temperatures / energy conservation in winter.
• The benefits are greatest under colder / more adverse weather conditions.
• Overall - – Plant species choice needs more consideration when
recommending wall screening plants.– Replicated ‘artificial’ buildings provided a high degree of statistical
robustness – need to scale up.
Thanks to Horticultural Trades Association, UK. for funding this research.
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Questions ?
INTERNATIONAL GREEN WALL CONFERENCE - 4-5th September 2014 - The Green Wall Centre, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK