i. the tense system, afternoon (update slide)

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Western University School of Arts, Humanities, and Languages

Core English II, IChapter I

‘The Tense System’

Lecturer: Ung SreyPeuv

2011-2012

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Auxiliary Verb: “to be”

Be+ V-ing to make continuous verb forms

Positive forms: Sub +am/is/are+ V-ing + obj. → Present ContinuousSub +was/were +V-ing + obj.

→ Past Continuous Sub+ have/has been + V-ing + obj.

→ Present Perfect ContinuousSub + had been+ V-ing + obj.

→ Past Perfect ContinuousSub+ will + be + V-ing + obj.

→Future Continuous

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Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…Negative forms:

Sub+ am not/isn’t /aren’t+ V-ing + obj. → Present Continuous

Sub + wasn’t/weren’t + V-ing + obj. → Past Continuous

Sub + haven’t/hasn’t + been + V-ing + obj.

→ Present Perfect Continuous Sub + hadn’t + been + V-ing + obj.

→ Past Perfect ContinuousSub + won’t +be + V-ing + obj.

→ Future Continuous

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Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…Question forms with short answer:

Am/Is/Are + sub + V-ing + obj?→ Present ContinuousWas/Were + sub + V-ing + obj? → Past ContinuousHave/Has + sub + been + V-ing + obj? → Present Perfect ContinuousHad + sub +been + V-ing + obj? → Past Perfect Continuous Will + sub + be + V-ing + obj? → Future Continuous Yes, sub + auxiliary verb.Answer: No, sub + auxiliary verb + not.

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Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…Question forms with question words:Question word + am/is/are + sub + V-

ing +obj? → Present ContinuousQuestion word + was/were + sub + V-

ing + obj? → Past ContinuousQuestion word + have/has + sub + been

+ V-ing + obj? → Present Perfect ContinuousQuestion word + had + sub +been + V-

ing + obj? → Past Perfect Continuous

Question word + will + sub + be + V-ing + obj? → Future Continuous

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Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…1. You are listening to me. (Present Continuous)2. What was Viboth doing yesterday this time? (Past Continuous)3. Leakhena has been ironing shirts since

1 o’clock. (Present Perfect Continuous)4. Kung Ann felt tired because he had been

working all day. (Past Perfect Continuous)5. We will be having dinner at 8pm. (Future Continuous)

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Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…

To be + V3 (Passive Voice)

Positive forms: Sub + am/is/are + V3 + obj.

→ Present Simple PassiveSub + was/were + V3 + obj.

→ Past Simple PassiveSub + am/is/are + being + V3 + obj.

→ Present Continuous PassiveSub + was/were + being + V3 + obj.

→ Past Continuous Passive

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Sub + have/has + been + V3 + obj.

→ Present Perfect Simple PassiveSub + had + been + V3 + obj.

→ Past Perfect Simple PassiveSub + will + be + V3 + obj.

→ Future Passive

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Negative forms: Sub + am not /isn’t/aren’t + V3

+ obj. → Present Simple Passive

Sub + wasn’t /weren’t + V3 + obj.

→ Past Simple PassiveSub + am not/isn’t/aren’t + being + V3 + obj. → Present Continuous PassiveSub + wasn’t /weren’t + being + V3 + obj. → Past Continuous Passive

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Sub + haven’t/hasn’t + been + V3 + obj.

→ Present Perfect Simple PassiveSub + hadn’t + been + V3 + obj.

→ Past Perfect Simple PassiveSub + won’t + be + V3 + obj.

→ Future Passive

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Question forms with short answer:Am/Is/Are + sub + V3 + obj?

→ Present Simple PassiveWas/Were + sub + V3 + obj?

→ Past Simple PassiveAm/Is/Are + sub + being + V3 + obj?

→ Present Continuous Passive Was/Were + sub + being + V3 + obj?

→ Past Continuous PassiveAnswer Yes, sub + auxiliary verb.

No, sub + auxiliary verb + not.

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Have/Has + sub + been + V3 + obj?

→ Present Perfect Simple PassiveHad + sub + been + V3 + obj?

→ Past Perfect Simple PassiveAnswer Yes, sub + auxiliary verb.

No, sub + auxiliary verb not.

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Question forms with question words:

Question word + am/is/are + sub + V3 + obj? → Present Simple Passive

Question word + was/were + sub + V3 + obj? → Past Simple Passive

Question word + am/is/are + sub + being + V3 + obj? → Present Continuous Passive

Question word + was/were + sub + being + V3 + obj? → Past Continuous Passive

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Question word + have/has + sub + been + V3 + obj? → Present Perfect Simple Passive

Question word + had + sub + been + V3 + obj? → Past Perfect Simple Passive

E.g. 1. Bopha is loved by Dara. 2. Where was the laptop stolen last week? 3. The car has been repaired. 4. Jim didn’t know about the change of plans. He hadn’t been told. 5. The drugs will be destroyed next week.

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Auxiliary Verb: “to do”

Do/does/don’t/doesn’t are used in the forms of negative and question in Present Simple

Negative forms:I/We/You/They + don’t + inf.V (no to) + obj. He/She/It + doesn’t + inf.V (no to) + obj.

Question forms with short answer:Do/Does + sub + inf. V (without to) + obj?Yes, sub + do/does. No, sub + don’t/doesn’t.

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Auxiliary Verb: “to do”…

Question forms with question words:Question word + do/does + sub +

inf.V (no to) + obj?E.g. 1. I don’t go to school today. 2. Thida doesn’t do homework. 3. A: Do you know him? B: No, I don’t. 4. A: Does Nimol come to school today? B: Yes, she does. 5. Where do they stay? 6. Who does Ivhout love?

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Did/didn’t are used in the forms of negative and question in Past Simple

Negative forms:Sub + didn’t + inf.V (no to) + obj.

Question forms with short answer:Did + sub + inf. V (without to) + obj?Yes, sub + did. No, sub + didn’t.Question forms with question words:Question word + did + sub + inf.V (no

to) + obj?

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E.g. 1. Susan didn’t like cold weather. 2. Did Ben go to the beach?

Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.

3. What did you do last night?

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Do/does/did are used to express emphasis when there is no other auxiliary. (It stands before the verb)

(we stress the word when we speak)

Do/does/did = reallyE.g. 1. I do love her. = I really love her. 2. The city does look nice. = The city really looks nice. 3. We did enjoy the party last Sunday. = We really enjoyed the party last Sunday.

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Auxiliary Verb: “to have”Have/has are used with the past

participle (V3) to make Present Perfect Simple.

Positive: I/We/You/They + have + V3 + obj.

He/She/It + has + V3 + obj.Negative: I/We/You/They + haven’t + V3+obj.

He/She/It + hasn’t + V3 + obj.Questions: 1. Have + sub + V3 + obj?

Has + sub + V3 + obj?

Yes, sub + have/has. No, sub + haven’t/hasn’t.

2. Wh-question + have + sub + V3 + obj?

Wh-question + has + sub + V3 + obj.?

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Auxiliary Verb: “to have”…

E.g.1. I’ve forgotten her name. 2. They have been married for 25 years. 3. Karen has been a nurse for 15 years. 4. When has she written biography? 5. Have you ever been to Australia? 6. He has never given me flowers. 7. Kimleang hasn’t done homework since last semester.

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Have/has are used with the past participle (V3) and V-ing to make Present Perfect Continuous.

Positive: Sub+have/has+been+V-ing+obj.Negative: Sub+haven’t/hasn’t+been+V-ing+obj.Questions: 1. Have + sub + been + V-ing + obj?

Has + sub + been + V-ing + obj?

Yes, sub + have/has. No, sub + haven’t/hasn’t.

2. Wh-question+have/has+sub+been+V-ing+obj?

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E.g. 1. He has been playing tennis since he was young. 2. I’m covered in mud because I’ve been gardening. 3. Have you been crying? 4. How long have you been learning to drive? 5. He hasn’t been feeling very well recently. What have you been doing lately?

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Had is used with the past participle (V3) to make Past Perfect Simple.Positive: Sub + had + V3 + obj.

Negative: Sub + hadn’t + V3 + obj.

Questions: 1. Had + sub + V3 + obj?

Yes, sub + had. No, sub + hadn’t.

2. Wh-question + had + sub + V3 + obj?

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E.g. 1. The rain had just stopped. So we decided to go out for a walk. 2. When I got to the party, Peter had gone home. 3. When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my house and had stolen my laptop.

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Had is used with the past participle (V3) and V-ing to make Past Perfect Continuous.

Positive: Sub + had + been + V-ing + obj.Negative: Sub + hadn’t + been + V-ing + obj.Questions:1. Had + sub + been + V-ing +obj?

Yes, sub + had. No, sub + hadn’t.

2. Wh-question had+ sub+been+V-ing+obj?

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E.g. 1. Vicky felt tired because he had been working all day. 2. When the company went bankrupt, it had been losing money for months. 3. A young man was struck by lightning while he had been standing under a tree.

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Have Vs Have gotHave (Present) Have got

(Present)Forms

Sub+have/has …Sub + don’t/doesn’t have …Do/Does+ sub + have…? Yes, sub do/does.

No, Sub don’t/doesn’t.

Wh-question + do/does + sub + have…? ‘ve/’s =

have/has

FormsSub+have got/hasgot …Sub + haven’t got/hasn’t got…Have/Has+ sub +got …?

Yes, sub + have/has.

No, sub + haven’t/hasn’t.

Wh-question + have/has +sub + got…?

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Have Vs Have got…Have = have got but have got is more

informal (to express present possession)

E.g. 1. We have three cats. = We have got three cats. 2. Do you have Have you got any brothers or sisters?Have for actions (can be simple and

Continuous)E.g. 1. Mark has lunch near his office. 2. I have a shower every morning.Have

breakfast/lunch/dinner/snack/supper

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Have Vs Have got…Have a swim/a walk/a rest/ a holiday/ a

party/ a good time etc.Have a bath/a shower/ a washHave a babyHave a chat/have a conversation/have

lessonWith action verb have we cannot use got

and we cannot use short form.E.g. 1. Mark has got lunch near his office. 2. I’ve a shower every morning.Compare: I have a bath every morning.

=I take a bath every morning. (Action) I’ve got a bath. =There is a bath in my house (Possession)

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Have Vs Have got…Have to = have got to for present

obligationE.g. Do you have to Have you got to go now?Have not have got are used in all

other tensesE.g. 1. I had my first car when I was nineteen. 2. She’s had this car for two years. 3. I’ll have a strawberry ice-cream please. 4. I’d had three cars by the time I was 20. 5. I’d like to have a dog.

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Have Vs Have got… 6. He loves having a sports car.Have got is generally more

informal. It is used more in spoken English than in written English. However, they are often interchangeable. Have with do/does forms is more common in American English.

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Other auxiliary verbsTag questions

E.g. These shoes are nice, aren’t they? He doesn’t like music, does he? You love music, don’t you? She was going home, wasn’t she? They didn’t arrived late, did they? You’ve met Harry, haven’t you? She hasn’t done the job, has she? You’ll be at home tomorrow, won’t you? They’ll be going on Sunday, won’t they? You can swim, can’t you?

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Modal Auxiliary VerbsCan/could/may/might/will/would/shall/should/ must/ ought to/need are auxiliary verb because they help other verbs. They are different from auxiliary verbs (be, do, have) because they have their own meaning. E.g. You must come quickly! She needn’t do housework. She’s got a

maid. I didn’t need to go, so I didn’t go. Bill isn’t in his office so he might be seeing Mr. Bell.

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Main verbs “be, do, have”‘Be, do, have’ can be main verbs

or full verbs with their own meaning

E.g. Sopheak is very handsome. We weren’t at school last Monday. I did homework last night. Chanthou doesn’t do housework. I had 2 cars and one motorbike when I was 18 years old. She has 4 brothers. I don’t have any closed friends. Have you had enough to eat?

i. the tense system, afternoon (update slide)

Business

past continuous sub

present continuous sub

past perfect continuous

present perfect continuous

present continuous passive

past simple passive

present simple passive

auxiliary verb