i year b. tech. lab notes (1)

7/29/2019 i Year b. Tech. Lab Notes (1)

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EXPERIMENT 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS

2.1 Introduction to Phonetics

Phonetics is a word derieved from the Greek word ,phone = sound/voice. It is the study of sounds and the human voice. It is

concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds as well as those of non-speech sounds, and their production, audition and

perception. As opposed to phonology, this is the study of sound systems and abstract sound units, Phonetics deals with the sounds

themselves rather than the contexts in which they are used in languages. Discussions of meaning (semantics) do not enter at this

level of linguistic analysis.

2.2 Phonetics and its importance

1. Phonetics is the scientific study of the speech sounds of a language. The knowledge of phonetics enables one toacquire a correct pronunciation, to give a true description of the sounds of English, to point out the mistakes in the

pronunciation and to differentiate sounds of English from those of the mother tongue. All pronunciations use the

International Phonetic Alphabets. Many phonetics symbols e.g. /P/, /S/, /K/ sound exactly like the most common

pronunciation of the letter they look like.

2.3 Speech Mechanism

English uses pulmonic egressive air-stream mechanism for the production of speech sounds. The pulmonic air coming from the

lungs is changed into a sound by an organ called Larynx present in the throat. Various organs of speech also participate in the

production and the transmission of different speech sounds. The vocal cords in the throat play a significant role in the production

of speech. The vocal cords have two main functions. They determine the pitch of ones voice and also give voice to our speech

sounds i.e. they determine whether a speech sound is voiced or voiceless.

2.4 The air-stream mechanismFor the production of speech we need an air-stream mechanism. There are three types of air -stream mechanisms.

a) Pulmonic (consisting of the lungs and the respiratory muscles which set the air-stream in motion)b) Glottalic (in which the larynx, with the glottis firmly closed, is moved up or down to initiate the air-stream)c) Velaric (in which the back of the tongue is in firm contact with the soft palate, and it is pushed forward or pulled forward or

pulled back to initiate the air-stream)

. For the sounds of English and most Indian languages, we generally make use of pulmonic egressive air-stream mechanism, i.e.

the air is pushed out of the lungs.

2.5 Organs of Speech

The organs of the human body, which produce speech sounds, are together called organs of speech. The organs of speech can be

studied under three systemsarticulatory, phonatory and respiratory systems.

Articulatory system comprises of pharynx and oral and nasal cavities. The chief articulators in this system are lips, teeth (upper

and lower), hard palate, soft palate/velum, uvula and tongue. Tongue has three parts - tip, blade/front and back. Phonatory system

consists of trachea and larynx. Vocal cords and glottis are situated in the larynx. Respiratory system comprises of lungs and

bronchial tubes.

The vocal cords: The vocal cords are two elastic folds situated in the Adams apple. The opening between the vocal cords is

called the glottis. The air-stream travels upwards from the lungs through the vocal cords. When the vocal cords vibrate, voiced

sounds are produced. Sounds produced without the vibration of the vocal cords are known as voiceless sound.


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The lips: Lips are important part of the articulatory system.

The tongue: Among the organs of speech, the tongue is the chief articulator. The tongue has three parts: the tip, the blade and the

back. Any one of these three may be used in the production of a sound.

The teeth-ridge: The teeth-ridge is situated behind the upper row of teeth. Sounds produced with the tongue touching the teeth-ridge are known as alveolar sounds.

The palate: The palate forms the roof of the mouth. The palate has two parts the hard palate and the soft palate, which is also

called the velum. If you run the tongue along the surface of the roof, you will find the first half of the palate hard and the second

half soft.

ORGANS OF SPEECH

Figure 1.1


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Figure 1.2

Vocal cords wide apart-position for breath and during the production of voiceless sounds.

Figure 1.3

Vocal cords loosely held together and vibrating-position during the production of voiced sounds.


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2.6 Received Pronunciation (R.P.)

R.P. is the pronunciation (English Accent) of Southern England. It is used by Oxford University, B.B.C. and public schools in

England; it is socially adopted by the British people and widely accepted as a standard by rest of the world.

English is not a phonetic language, i.e. the sound of a word is not the combination of the various sounds of the letters constituting

the word. It has been well said that the spelling of a word in English is not a true guide to its pronunciation. The difficulty with

English language is that some letters stand for more than one sound. The letter a for example has different sounds in able, about,

at, after, want, all, any etc. secondly different combinations of letters yield the same sound for example we have same vowel

sound insea, key, field, seize, people etc. thirdly, there are certain letters which are silent in certain words as b in dumb, l in calf; r

in certain etc.

As the spelling of a word in English is not the true guide to its pronunciation, we need the help of other symbols to indicate

pronunciation and such symbols are called Phonetic Symbols, each symbol stands for one sound only. The phonetic symbols

enable us to read accurately the pronunciation of a word in the dictionary such as Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of

English and English Pronouncing Dictionary.

Sounds in English Phonetics

The 44 sounds in English Phonetics are categorized into consonants and vowels. There are 24 consonants and 20 vowels. The 20

vowels are divided into two groups: pure vowels 12 and diphthongs 8. All the vowel sounds are voiced, and some consonants are

voiced and some are voiceless.

Consonants and Vowels

The distinction between consonants and vowels is made in the following manner:

If the air, once out of the glottis, is allowed to pass freely through the resonators, the sound is a vowel; If the air, once out of the glottis, is obstructed, partially or totally, in one or more places, the sound is a consonant.

Before proceeding, it should be noted that the line between vowels and consonants couldnt be clearly drawn; a continuum exists

between the two extremes. There are also intermediate instances, such as the semi-vowels and the frictionless continuants

2.7 Voiced and Voiceless Sounds

A sound is described as voiceless when the vocal cords do not vibrate during its articulation. If the vocal cords do vibrate, the

sound is called voiced. The vocal cords are folds of muscle located at the level of the glottis (in fact, the glottis is nothing other

than the space between the vocal cords). The vocal cords vibrate when they are closed to obstruct the airflow through the glottis;

they vibrate under the pressure of the air being forced through them by the lungs. The voiced/voiceless opposition is mainly useful

for the classification of consonants (voiceless vowels being very rare in the languages of the world).

2.8 Place of Articulation and Manner of Articulation

The distinction between manner of articulation and place of articulation is particularly important for the classification of

consonants.

The manner of articulation is defined by a number of factors:

Whether there is vibration of the vocal cords (voiced vs. voiceless); Whether there is obstruction of the air stream at any point above the glottis (consonant vs. vowel);

Whether the air stream passes through the nasal cavity in addition to the oral cavity (nasal vs. oral); Whether the air stream passes through the middle of the oral cavity or along the side(s) (non-lateral vs. lateral).


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Manner of articulation (Consonants)

Plosive , , , , ,

Affricate ,

Fricative , , , , , , , ,

Nasal , ,

Lateral

Lateral approximant , ,

The place of articulation is the point where the air stream is obstructed. In general, the place of articulation is simply that point on

the palate where the tongue is placed to block the stream of air.

The place of articulation can be any of the following:

The lips (labials and bilabials), The teeth (dentals), The lips and teeth (labio-dentalshere the tongue is not directly involved), The alveolar ridge (that part of the gums behind the upper front teethalveolar articulations), The hard palate (given its large size, one can distinguish between palato-alveolars, palatals and palato-velars), The soft palate (velumvelar articulations), The uvula (uvulars), The pharynx (pharyngeals), The glottis (glottals).

Place of articulation (Consonants)

Bi-labial , , ,

Labiodental ,

Dental ,

Alveolar , , , , ,

Postalveolar

Palato-alveolar , , ,

Palatal

Velar , ,

Glottal

Nasality

The top of the pharynx is like crossroads. The air stream can exit the pharynx either of two ways, depending on the position of the

soft palate:

If the soft palate is lowered, a portion of the air will pass through the nasal cavity (the remainder finding its way throughthe oral cavity);

If the soft palate is raised, access to the nasal cavity is cut off, and the air can only pass through the oral cavity. The sounds produced via the first method are called nasal; those produced the other way, oral.


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Phonemic Symbols:

Vowels:

Long Vowel Sounds:

Vowel Sounds:

Diphthongs:

Consonants:

Voiceless

Voiced

Voiceless

Voiced

Voiced

Description of Consonants and Vowels

1) Consonants

Symbol Description

A voiceless bi-labial plosive consonant

A voiced bi-labial plosive

A voiceless alveolar plosive

A voiced alveolar plosive

A voiceless velar plosive

A voiced velar plosive

A voiceless palato-alveolar affricate

A voiced palato-alveolar affricate

A voiceless labio-dental fricative

A voiced labio-dental fricative

A voiceless dental fricative

A voiced dental fricative

A voiceless alveolar fricative

A voiced alveolar fricative

A voiceless palato-alveolar fricative

A voiced palato-alveolar fricative

A voiced bi-labial nasal

A voiced alveolar nasal

A voiced velar nasal

A voiceless glottal fricative

A voiced alveolar lateral

A voiced post-alveolar lateral approximantA voiced bi-labial lateral approximant

A voiced palatal lateral approximant


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There are twenty-four distinctive consonants in English (RP). These are tabulated below:

Place

MannerBila-

bial

Labio-

dentalDental

Alveolar

Post-

Alveolar

Palato-

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Nasal

Plosive

Africate

Fricative

Lateral

Approxi-

mants

2. Vowels: a) Monophthongs

Symbol Description

A centralized front, half-close, unrounded vowel

A front, close, unrounded vowel

A centralized, back, rounded vowel

A back, close, rounded vowel

A front, unrounded vowel between half-close and half-open

A front, unrounded vowel just below the half-open position

A back, open, rounded vowel

A back, rounded vowel between half-open and half-close

A back, open, unrounded vowel

A central, half-open, unrounded vowel

A central, unrounded vowel between half-close and half-open

A central, unrounded vowel between open and half-open


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Fig. 1.4

Fig. 1.5

Fig. 1.6

b) Diphthongs

Symbol Description

A glide from a front, unrounded vowel just half-close to centralized, front,

unrounded vowel just above half-close.

A glide from a front, open, unrounded vowel to a centralized, front,unrounded vowel just above half-close.

A glide from a back, unrounded vowel between the open and half-open

positions to a front, unrounded vowel just above the half-close position.

A glide from a centralized front unrounded vowel just above half-close to a

central, unrounded vowel between half-close and half-open.

A glide from a front, half-open unrounded vowel to a central, unrounded

vowel between half-close and half-open.

A glide from a centralized, back, rounded vowel just above half-close to a

central, unrounded vowel between half-close and half-open.

A glide from central, unrounded vowel between half-close and half-open to a

centralized, back, rounded vowel just above the half-close position.

A glide from back, open, unrounded position to a centralized, back, roundedvowel just above the half-close position.


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Fig. 1.7

Fig. 1.8

Fig. 1.9


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Exercise I:

All the sounds are given below with the IPA symbols and three examples are provided for each. Students have to transcribe each

word.

1) Consonants

Symbol Initial Middle Final

Provisional Collapse Trap

Believe Abandon Grab

Temporary Resentment Depart

Detail Accident Broad

Common Local Chaotic

Goal Single Bag

Charm Butcher Detach

Joke Major College

Foreign Comfort Cliff

Vulnerable Obvious Native

Thin Synthetic Myth

There Other Breathe

Static Resentment Gracious

Zero Exact Shoes

Ship Exaltation Wish

---- Vision Prestige

Manifest Monumental Transform

Narrow Handsome Alone

---- Singer Thing

Hotel Comprehensive ----

Ladder Tranquility Universal

Ridiculous Sacred ----


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Wonder Sweet ----

University Beauty ----

Exercise II: 2) Vowels: a) Pure Vowels:


Innocent Pitfall Simile

East Teach Key

Oomph Hood You

Ooze Rule Blue

Any Friend ----

At Bat ----

Often Hot ----

Autumn Hall Law

Art Cart Star

Account Compare Bitter

Earn Certain Sir

Up Bus ----

Exercise III: b) Diphthongs:


Aim Great Today

Item Time Cry

Oil Join Enjoy


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Era Beard Cheer

Air Careless Fair

---- Jury Poor

Open Road No

Out Round Row

Exercise V: Distinguishing Sounds

Transcribe the following words and count the number of sounds there in

1. finish ____________2. change ____________3. goal ____________4. fan ____________5. breath ____________6. small ____________7. vision ____________8. nail ____________9. little ____________10. twin ____________

11.bite ____________12. home ____________13.poor ____________14. her ____________15. cool ____________16. hot ____________17. hard ____________18. hit ____________19. heal ____________20. shut ____________


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2.10 General Rules of Pronunciation

Exercise VII: Transcribe examples given below.

1. Pronunciation of Double Consonant Letters:

a) The Double C. The double C is pronounced /k/ in some words and /ks/ in others:

K K Ks

Acclaim Occasion Accede

Occupant Occult Accident

Occur Accumulate Accent

Occupy Accordion Accession

b) Other double consonant letters:

All other double consonant letters are pronounced as single consonant sound.

Abbot Fall Arrest

Ladder Hammer Assist

Sadder Hemming Fuss

Off Penny Mettle

Egg Happen Buzz

2. Occurrence of silent consonant letters:

a) b in the sequence btand mbDebt Comb

Doubt Lamb

Subtle Tomb

Redoubtable Numb

b)Note: b is, however, not silent before twhen occurs in the prefix sub as in

Subtend Subtitle

c) Also, it is not silent in

Number Crumble Tumble Fumble Humble

3. Pronunciation of the letter r


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In RP, the letter r is silent unless it is followed by a vowel. It is silent in the following words, for

example, where no vowel follows it.

Art Car

Airport Occur

Charm Hear

Park Store

Herb Metre

And it is not silent in the following words, for example, where a vowel follows it:

Radio Hearing

Charisma Storing

Carry Meteorology

Occurrence Aristocrat

4. Pronunciation of the Plural Suffix:

The suffixes-s, es,s, swhich perform various functions, have all been labeled here, for convenience,

as the Plural suffix. The Plural suffix is pronounced in three different ways:

A) /IZ/ after the consonants / S, , , , , /

Horses Lasss

Houses Dickenss

Bushes Watches

Garages Judgess

Benches Judges

B) / S / after the consonant /p, t, k, f, /

Taps Chaps

Cats Priests

Books Dicks

Cloths Ruths

Stops Maps

C) /Z/ after other consonants and all vowels:

Boys Goes Mans Toms

Girls Stands Boys Annes

Airlines Shines Boys Hes

Bags Loves Officers Shes


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Leaves Wears Employees Johns

5. Production of the Past Suffix- d/ed:

The label Past Suffix has been used here for the suffix- ed/ d, which turns the regular verbs into their

past and past participle forms. Like the Plural Suffix, this suffix is also pronounced in three different

ways:

1) /id/ after the consonant /t, d/

Hated Headed

Inflated Guarded

Batted Raided

Rated Grounded

2) /t/ after the consonants /p, k, , f, , s/

Heaped Earthed

Looked Passed

Reached Rushed

3) /d/ after all other consonants and all vowels:

Rubbed Hinged

Tagged Prayed

Lived Tried

Praised Sued

Underlined Bowed

The rules of pronunciation are for improving the learners pronunciation of English. The learner should first

learn the pronunciation of double consonant letters, the occurrence of silent consonant letters, the pronunciation

of r, and the plural and past suffixes.

2.11 English Stress

English stress is dependant on origin of words and the rhythmic factors (heavy-light syllables). Words borrowed

from Latin and other donor languages are stressed differently. In the case of Anglo-Saxon words the first

syllable of the root is stressed. For example, in the following words, the stress is in the first syllable, blossom,

body, holy, never, unpack.

Syllable: A unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption, forming whole or part of a word, and usually

having one vowel or diphthong sound optionally surrounded by one or more consonants.

Example: there are two syllables in "water" and three in "inferno".

What are the ways in determining the main stress in English? The steps to be taken in this process are,

1) Remove inflectional suffixes and stress neutral suffixes,

2) If the word has two syllables, stress the first one.


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The following words are examples for this two-step process:

donkey, exit, finger, bonus.

3) If the words are of three syllables or more, determine whether the penultimate (the next to last

syllable in a word) is heavy or light. Following are examples of heavy and light syllables.

Recruitment, entailment, detergent, escapist (heavy)

Average, bungalow, regiment, resolute

4) If the penultimate is heavy, stress it.

A, E, I, O, Uand diphthong are long vowels.

Spacious, spicy, ocean, rejoice are examples for this process.

5) If the penultimate is light, stress the antepenultimate.

As seen in ACtivate, MULtiply, reVItalize, VACcinate.

Main stress falls on the penultimate syllable if it has a long vowel or is closed by a consonant;

otherwise, main stress falls on the antepenultimate (the 3rd syllable of a word counting back

from the end) syllable.

The location of the stress depends on the distribution of heavy syllables, as well as location in the word. So,

English makes distinction between heavy (long vowels, more prominent) and light (short vowels) syllables. Foot

with one heavy syllable is stressed; however a foot with one light syllable is not stressed.

The affixes which change the word stress are various, some examples are -ain (entertain), -ee (refugee,trainee),

-ese(Portugese,Japanese), -ique(unique), -ette(launderette), -esque(picturesque), -ial(proverbial), -ic(climatic),

-ion(perfection), -ive(reflexive), -cal (political), -ity(complexity), -aire(millionaire), -eer(mountaineer), -

ian(Italian), -et(ballet)

On the other hand, there are some other affixes which dont effect the distribution of stress, they are: -able, -age,-al, -ful, -en, -ish, -ish, -like, -less, -ment, -wise, -y, -hood, -ship, -ness, -ing, -our etc.

Exercise VIII: Counting Syllables

Write any 20 words of your choice in the space provided and count and write the number of syllables there in.

Sr. No. Words Number of Syllables

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1213

14


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15

16

17

18

19

20

Exercise IX: Transcribing and accenting words:

Transcribe the following words using IPA symbols and give accent mark:

1. Convince _________ 2. Furor _________

3. Resolve _________ 4. Disintegrate _________

5. Grit _________ 6. Intensity _________

7. Generate _________ 8. Humiliate _________

9. Create _________ 10. Capture _________

11. Proceed _________ 12. Bondage _________13. Introvert _________ 14. Pessimism _________

15. Connoisseur _________ 16. Clincher _________

17. Polyglot _________ 18.Chiropodist _________

19. Lexicographer _________ 20. Anthropologist _________


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EXPERIMENT 2: SITUATIONAL DIALOGUES AND ROLE PLAYS

English like any other language has both spoken and written forms. The spoken form consists of two main

aspects. They are

(i) Conversationdealing with content(ii) Pronunciationdealing with Phonetics and the sound system

Practice Dialogues

Opening an account

Eswari :Excuse me, Id like to open an account with you.

Bank clerk : Welcome MissThis way, Miss Eswari. Please take a seat. I am Mrs. Suguna.

Eswari : Thank you.

Mrs. Suguna : What kind of an account would you like to open, savings / current?

Eswari : Deposit?

Mrs. Suguna : How much money will you be putting in the bank?

Eswari : Well, small deposits and not very frequent, I guess.

Mrs. Suguna : Will you be withdrawing the money frequently, I mean taking money out?

Eswari : I suppose not. My intention is to save money.

Mrs. Suguna : I am glad to hear that. Then Saving Account is most suitable. You will earn 3% interest and

you need Rs. 100/- to open the account.

Eswari : How do I take out- whats the word you said? Yes withdraw?

Mrs. Suguna : Its very simple. Come to us during banking hours, fill in the withdrawal form and submitand within a few minutes you will collect your money.

Eswari : I thought I will be given a cheque book.

Mrs. Suguna : You will get it if you deposit Rs. 500/-

Eswari : Here is Rs. 100/-

Mrs. Suguna : There are certain formalities. Here is card. Fill the particulars. Put your signature in three

places indicated, and get someone who has an account with us to introduce you.

Eswari : Why do I sign?

Mrs. Suguna : We require your signature as specimen, we check against this your signature on the

withdrawal slip to ensure the signature is genuine.

Eswari : Youve been so helpful. Thank you so much, Mrs. Suguna.

Mrs. Suguna : Not at all, Miss. Eswari.

Practice Dialogue

Stranger : Excuse me, young man!

Young man : Yes ?

Stranger : I was wondering if you could help me .

Young man : Sure. If I can.

Stranger: Ive been trying for the last one hour to locate a shop.

Young man : What shop?

Stranger : Oh dear, where did I put the slip now?


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Young man : I could help them if I knew what they sell.

Stranger : Shoes. They sell shoes. VIP shoes.

Young man : Are you walking or going by a car?

Stranger : I have a car but now I am walking.

Young man : You have to walk a mile. Im afraid.

Stranger : A mile?

Young man : Not far perhaps. Now, please go straight on to your left from here until you come to a T-

junction. There you turn right and walk a hundred metres or so

Stranger : uhh

Young man : There you will see on your right a petrol station. There is only one. Two blocks from it you

have the shop.

Stranger : mmm. Thank you, young man. I really took your time.

Young man : Not really!

Exercise 1:

Choose the right expression for each blank

I At the college canteen

A : You look fresh. ___1______ Whats your name?

B : Yes. I m Pradeep.

A : ______2___ , Mech, IV Sem. Im Swaroop

B : Im

A : First Year?

B : ______3___. Lateral entry, ECE. No.

A : I see. ______4___ well meet at lunch. Well

a) Who are you? b) You are a new student? c) Whats your name?

a) Im Swaroop b) Im your senior c) Im Swaroop.

a) Mam, no. b) yes c) No.

a) Well b) Okay c) Naturally

Exercise 2 : At a shop in the afternoon

A : ______1___ where can I find new music albums?

B : Just a moment, sir. Ravi, _______2____

C : ________3___ please. This is the music album section.

A : Thank you young man. (His eyes pass over the albums displayed.) _____4____

C : _______5____ (opens a door, goes in, comes out) Sir, will this do?

A : Oh, this is a gem! ______6_____.

C : Just Rs 1000/- sir.

A : Oh, no, It cant be.

C : ________7_____

A : (impatiently try it).C : We have an attractive gift offer. You may take any item worth Rs 100/- you have a grand son?

A : Yes he is five years old. Cant you give cash discount?


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C : Of course, if you insist. But sir, what is Rs 100/- in cash when compared to joy on your grandsons face ?

A : _____8________, young man. Ill take a mouth organ._____9_____ for sometime now.

1 a) Excuse me b) well

c) hello d) Good morning.

2 a) Receive this gentleman b) take this gentleman

c) Would you attend this gentleman d) Attend to this gentleman

3 a) would you come this way b) come with me

c) join me d) walk with me.

4 a) Would you sell T R Mahalingams ?

b) you have only this useless stuff ?

c) You dont have T R Mahalingam by any chance, do you?

d) What about T R Mahalingam.

5 a) Please hold on sir b) if youll wait for a moment sir

c) Cant you be patient, sir! d) Ill try, sir.

6 a) Name the price b) Whats the price?

c) Say the price d) Whats the price like?

7 a) Please listen to me, sir b) Why dont you listen to me, sir?

c) If you hear me out, sir. d) Please allow me, sir to talk.

8 a) You are very persuasive b) You are very kind

c) You are very smart. d) You arent a bad salesman.

9 a) Hes been asking for one b) Hes wanting it.

c) Hes been asking d) Hes requesting for it

Exercise 3:

Attempt the following exercises according to the situation

I Rewrite the following sentences into questions.

1. We can start now.2. The boys will leave soon.3. They were late yesterday.4. She has finished her work.5. He is very clever.

II What will you say in the following situations?

1. You meet a friend of your age in a bus.2. You meet the senior manager of the office where you work as an executive.3. You take leave of your friends three-year old daughter.4. You meet your best friend at cinema.5. You take leave of the members of an interviewing committee, after your interview is over.

III Imagine you are in the following situations. What will you say to thank or accept thanks?

1. An elderly neighbour gives you lift in his car.2.

A stranger lends you his pen at the post office.

3. You are ill and your best friend brings some fruits and flowers to you.


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IV What will you say in the following situations, in order to apologize or accept apology?

1. You borrowed your friends radio, but dropped it and it is badly damaged2. Your brother lost your pen and said he is sorry.3. A fellow passenger stepped on your toe in the bus and apologizes to you.

V What will you say in the following situations? (Use: must, should, ought to, need, have to, have got to)

1. It is necessary for him to save money for building a new house.2. I want to catch the next bus. So it is necessary for me to leave soon.3. Its a theft. You are obliged to report it to the police.

VI The following suggestions are rude. Turn them into polite suggestions. (Use the clues given in the

bracket.)

1. To a friend: see a doctor (Why.)2. Salesman to a customer: Look at our new TV (You could.) 3. To an old uncle: Sell the house (IfI.)

VII How will you make polite complaints in the following situations?

1. The passenger sitting next to you in a bus is smoking non-stop. The smoke makes you sick.Compliant to the conductor.

2. You are studying for an examination. Your neighbor is playing music loud in the midnight.Complaint to the neighbor.

3. You are a customer at the tea stall. The tea is not good and there is no hygiene. Complain it to thestall owner.

VIII How will you show your surprise in the following situations?

1. A friend tells you over the phone: Listen. Our boss is giving us a party on Sunday2. A newspaper headline: Man dug out alive after seventeen days under a collapsed house.3. A friend tells you: Your short story has won the first prize.

IX Say what you intend to do in the following situations.

1. An old uncle asks you: I hear youre going to build a house. Is this true? 2. A friend asks you: when are you getting married?3. A neighbor asks you: Are you thinking of going abroad?

Exercise 4:

Develop a dialogue between Abdul kalam and Professor Dhawan on the SLV project.

( Wings of Fire, Chap 912 )

Exercise 5:

If you were the prime minister of the country what measure would you take for the development ofrural parts of the country

If you were your best friend how would you convince your parents to permit to go on an excursion.


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EXPERIMENT 3 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

An oral presentation is a form of oral communication with a purpose of sharing the information, ideas etc or to

bring to light new inventions and innovations or results of a study done in particular field or to present to anaudience how to do something. It initiates discussions on a certain issue. It is characterized by formal and

structured presentation of a message using visual aids. Thus oral presentations are purposeful, interactive,

formal and audience oriented. There are several forms of oral presentations such as seminars, workshops,

student presentations, symposia, press conference, product launch, annual general meetings, company profile

meeting, etc. Whatever be the form of presentation an oral presentation seeks to achieve certain objectives.

These objectives may vary from exploring new area of information to introducing a new product by a company.

For a successful presentation there are four essential Ps and they are

1. Planning2. Preparing3. Practicing4. Performing

Planning

A well-planned presentation helps in delivering the message effectively in a limited time. Planning a

presentation involves defining the purpose i.e. to persuade, demonstrate or to explain. Planning also involvesanalyzing the audience, analyzing the occasion and choosing a suitable title, understanding time limit.

Preparing

Preparation for a presentation involves developing a central idea and main points, gathering relevant information

from different sources and planning visual aids. Using appropriate visual aids will increase the effectiveness of

the presentation. They serve as speech notes, give confidence and increase audience interest. The visual aids

used are of two kinds. However visual aids should be used judiciously so that they are relevant and not

distracting.

Organizing the PresentationGood organization of the presentation is essential for effective presentation. The presentation should be wellorganized into three distinct parts i.e. introduction, body and conclusion. The three Ts of putting across the

message in the presentation are

Tell the audience what you are going to tell

Tell it

Tell them what you have told.

Practicing

If good preparation is one main important tool for a good presentation, practicing is another important tool

which help solve many unseen problems like inconvenient arrangement, even use of visual aids. A rehearsal

helps the speaker to gain confidence as well prepare very systematically. It gives an opportunity to review and

revise presentation, besides helps in time management. There are basically three methods of delivery.1) Memorizing method2) Reading method3) Outlining method

Performing

The main problem of a good presentation is to tackle the stage fear and nervousness. These two problems can betackled with good preparation and careful planning. While presenting, the speaker should be alert and use

appropriate non-verbal signals to hold the attention of the audience and quickly refer to any help such as notes

and visual aids if a point is skipped. An awareness of nonverbal behavior will help the speaker to present

effectively and also read the audience response and attention to the presentation. This mode of communication

increases the degree of the perceived psychological closeness between the speaker and audience.

Some major areas of nonverbal behaviors are:

Eye contact Facial expressions Gestures Posture and body orientation Proximity Paralinguistics


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A combination of good content and appropriate body language, avoiding negative thoughts and stress and

speaking slowly will make the presentation better. Finally the presentation should start with confidence and

proceed in an organized manner, supported with good body language and visual aids. During the presentationthe speaker should give complete detailing to every aspect of presentation and be relaxed. The speaker should

also be prepared for questions after the presentation.

Suitable Expressions

To start

Let me start/begin by

I would like to begin with

I deem it appropriate to begin with

To conclude

That brings my presentation to an end.

Thats it for now!

Thats all I have to say on this.

Let me now conclude by

To sum it up

To give examples

For instance

For example

As an illustration

To conclude discussion on a topic

I have looked at

I spoke to you about

Thats all I have to say about To introduce a new topic

Lets now look at

Let me move on to

And the next point is

To respond to questions

Thats a good question!

To answer your question

Can I get back to your question later?

Im glad that youve asked this!

A good example of this is

Topics for presentations

1. Population explosion1. Unemployment2. Generation gap3. The internet4. Indian Culture

5. Western Culture6. Mercy Killing7. Corporal punishment8. Capital punishment


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Exercise 1:

1 Prepare a presentation for the topic Internet and its uses in the following format.(i) Title of the Presentation(ii) Audience(iii) Type of audience: Captive/Voluntary/Interested/Uninterested/Neutral(iv) Audience attitude to you: Positive/Negative/Neutral(v) Purpose

General Purpose

To inform / To persuade/ To entertain

Specific Purpose

At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

(vi) Central Idea_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

(vii) Main Ideas_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

(viii) Supporting material_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

(ix) OrganizationIntroduction

Attention-catching opening line:

Introduce the subject.

Give the audience a reason to listen

Preview your main ideas: Today Id like to

Body

Main idea + Supporting detail

Main idea + Supporting detailMain idea + Supporting detail

Conclusion

Today Ive ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


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EXPERIMENT 4 DESCRIBING OBJECTS / SITUATIONS / PEOPLE

Description

1. The subject of a description can be people and places, objects or processes and mechanisms.2. To write a good description you should know why it is written and who it is written for.3. Because describing something involves recreating your experiences and impressions, it is important that you

perceive accurately the subject of your description before you begin writing.

4. Be as specific as you can and give as many details as possible.5. Avoid using general, vague or abstract words in your descriptions.6. In describing processes and mechanisms, remember to use the passive voice and also follow a sequence that can be

indicated by words such as firstly, secondly, then, next and finally.

Describing peopleAppearance

Straight hair, wavy hair, curly hair, crew-cut, bald, receding hair, beard and moustache, red-haired, ginger-haire, black, grey,

white, auburn hair [red-brown], thin face, round face, with grackles, chubby face, wrinkles, dark skinned, blonde, tanned,

weather bitten, aged, plump, stout, fat, obese, health, slim, slender, a bit overweight, stocky=broad and solid, well-built or

muscular, smart, elegant, well-dressed, scruffy, untidy looking, tired, worn out, good-looking, unattractive, beautiful,

handsome.

Note: the suffixish is useful for describing people tallish, brownish, thirtyish.

Describing peopleCharacter

Intelligent, bright, clever, smart, shrewd, able, gifted, talented, brainy(colloquial)

Lacking ability: stupid, foolish, half-witted, simple, silly, brainless, daft, dumb, dim (the last four are predominantly

colloquial words) clever, cunning, crafty, sly, optimistic, pessimistic, outward looking, inward looking, introvert, extrovert,

practical, sensible, down to earth, relaxed, tensed, sociable, gregarious, quarrelsome, argumentative, cruel, sadistic, easy

going, even tempered, impolite, rude, ill-mannered, discourteous, honest, trustworthy, reliable, sincere, jealous, envious,

determined, obstinate, stubborn, pig-headed, thrifty, economical, miserly, mean, tight-fisted, self-assured, self-important,

arrogant, full of oneself (colloquial), assertive, aggressive, bossy (colloquial), original, peculiar, weird, eccentric, odd, frank,

direct, open, blunt, abrupt, brusque, curt, broad-minded, unprincipled permissive, inquiring, inquisitive nosy (colloquial),

generous, extravagant, innocent, nave, ambitious, pushy (colloquial).

Exercises

1. Write the description of your friend in about 10 lines.2. Write the description of ancient monument you have recently visited in about 10 lines.3.

Write description of Cell Phone and Washing Machine describing its parts and functions in about 10 lines.

4. Describe a busy market place including details such as location, site, layout, sights and sounds in about 10 lines.


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EXPERIMENT 5: GIVING DIRECTIONS

As happens in strange and new places, people get disoriented and may need

help finding their way, so guests may frequently ask you for directions.

There are a multitude of expressions that are used when asking for and giving directions.

Look at the examples below:

Asking for directions

Could you tell me how to get to ( the pool)?

How do I find (StarBucks Coffee Shop)?

Pardon me, I'm lost, how do I get to the (the main lobby)?

Which is the best route to (Phuket Town)?

Could you direct me to (the beach)?

Which way do I go to get to (the hospital)?

Giving directions

Take this passageway Go up/down the steps

On your right/left Turn right/left

Take the elevator It's on the third floorFollow this path Turn right/left at the corridor

Its about 50 meters Go above 3 kilometersCross the street Its on your right/left

Its in the middle of the block Its on the corner

Drive south on 4233 Its next to/ across from/between/in front of

Drive to Jackson street and turn left/right

Prepositions of location used when giving directions

go straight, go to right, left , cross, on your right, on your left, beside

next to, behind, across, from, in front of, on the corner of

(to be very specific NE, SE, NW, SW corners)

Points to Remember (suggestions for giving directions)

Giving street directions is really very easy when you remember

to follow these points. When giving directions you are actuallygiving two sets of instructions.

In the first set- "Go To" - you are telling the listener what street to go to or how far to go.In the second set- "Then"- you are telling the listener what to do when they get there. (turn right/left, go straight,

on the left, etc.)

Giving even very complicated directions is just a repetition of these two basic steps. Another good idea is to

use easily identifiable landmarks; instead of the amount of time to get someplace (time is relative, after all).

Easily identifiable landmarks are street lights, stop signs, parks, tall building standing alone, etc.

Additional Vocabulary

sidewalk footpath no through way (road)pedestrian main road street

avenue boulevard round about

dead end cul de sac pavement

Land marks

art gallery bridge castle temple

cathedral cinema zoo department storemuseum opera post office police station

fire station railway bus station train station

traffic light stop light stop sign T-junction


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Dialogue

Guest: Could you tell me how to get to the Spa?

Staff: Take this passage-way and go down the steps on your right. At thebottom of the steps there is a wooden bridge. Go over the bridge and

turn right. Follow the path until you get to the Spa. Its about 40 meters

from the bridge.

Guest: How do I find the Thai Thai restaurant?

Staff: Just follow the pathway to the left of the reception desk in the Andamanlobby. The walk-way will take you directly to the Thai Thai Restaurant.

Guest: Which way do I go to get to the beach?

Staff: From the Bell Desk in the Andaman Lobby, turn left and follow the path on

the right and go past the pond and up the steps. From there, walk straight

across the beach road, the beach will be right in front of you.

Guest: Pardon me, I'm lost, how do I get to the gym?

Staff: From the main lobby, walk away from the beach and take the first

staircase on your right down. The staircase is next to the portrait center.

The gym is on your right at the bottom of the stairs.

Guest: Which is the best route to the Phuket City?Staff: Get on the road to Patong and drive north on the 4233. At the end of the

beach road in Patong, turn right on the 4029 and drive east. Take the

4029 about 4 kilometers and turn right on the 4020. That road will take

you into Phuket city.

Exercise

1. Give your friend directions to reach your home from the Secunderabad Railway Station. Use as many landmarks as possible

2. Give your brother directions to reach to the pharmacy in your colony and fetch medicine for you.


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EXPERIMENT 6 INFORMATION TRANSFER

Graphic Presentations

Written communication can be supplemented by graphic presentations such as tables, diagrams, charts etc. to present the

message exactly and comprehensibly. Summarized presentation of information in the form of diagrams, tables, charts etc not

only help writers to present the information with certain impact but also aids the reader in clearly understanding it. However

graphic presentation is just supplementary to written text. Graphic presentation alone may not communicate the total message

unless, accompanied by a written text. There are different methods of graphic presentation. The most important among themare as follows

i) Diagrams

ii) Charts

a. Graphb. Bar diagramc. Pie chartd. Tree charte. Flow chart

iii) TablesGenerally the information presented in graphic presentation is statistical data, a comparision or contrast of the data, a

procedure, classification or constituent components of materials, systems etc. Of the above-mentioned graphic presentation

charts and tables are presently discussed.

Tables

Tables are most common and simple form of graphic representations in which data are arranged in rows and columns. They

are commonly used for presenting numerical data relating to significant data and fluctuations in demand and supply over aperiod of time. The columns of a table can be vertically and horizontally aligned, headed with name, data etc. A specimen

table is given below:

Books Received 19951998

During the Year 1995 1996 1997 1998

Purchase 2540 2670 2740 2856

Donations from Public 240 250 210 245

Exchange with other libraries 116 120 142 136

UGC Special Assistance 2400 2600 2800 3100

Total 5296 5640 5892 6337

The above table shows books received from various sources for the college library during the years 1995 to 1998. The

various sources for the books are purchases by the college, donations from the public, exchange from other libraries andUGC special assistance. According to the table the total books procured during the year 1995 were 5296 out of which 2540

were purchased, 240 were obtained from public donations, 116 were obtained in exchange from other libraries and 2400 were

obtained under UGC special assistance. Similarly the books received in the year 1996 were 5640 out of 2670 were bought

from purchase, 250 were obtained from public donations, 120 were obtained from exchange with other libraries and 2600

were obtained from UGC special assistance. The books procured in 1997 were 5892 out of which 2740, 210, 142 and 2800

books were procured from purchase by the college, donations from the public, exchange from other libraries and UGCspecial assistance respectively. The maximum number of books were procured in the year 1998 i.e. 6337 of which 2856 were

purchased, 245 were obtained from public donations, 136 were obtained in exchange from other libraries and 3100 were

obtained under UGC special assistance.

Graphs

For plotting the details of information visually, graphs are used. For instance, if information relating to coal production over a

period of time by Singareni Collieries is to be presented, graph can be used. The following is a model representation.


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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

1991 1992 1992 1994 1995

Fig. 1 Graph 1: The graph shows production of coal over a period of time

Interpretation of GraphThe graph can be interpreted by considering the kind of information that has to be communicated. In the graph given above,

X-axis represents the years of the period under consideration and Y-axis represents the quantum of production of coal. It can

be seen that production peaked in the year 1993, while it was at the lowest during 1991. The fluctuation in production is

represented by the rise and the fall of the graph.

Bar Diagram

Bar diagram is used to present statistical and numerical information and is similar, in function, to a graph. The information,

for example, relating to the production of cars by MUL during the period 1981-1985 may be presented as follows.

0

1

2

3

4

5

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

(inmillions)

Fig.2. Showing the production of cars during the period 1981-1985.

The interpretation of the diagram shows that the production of cars peaked during 1983-84 and slumped during 1984-85.

The Bar diagram can also be used to present the relative quantum of production of TVs, tape recorders and music

systems by M/s BG Electronics Ltd. during the period 1996-1999. A sample diagram is given below.

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1996 1997 1998 1999

Legends: TV Sets Music Systems Tape recorder

Fig. 3. Bar Diagram 2: Production of TVs, Tape recorders, and Music Systems.

From the above diagram it is possible to infer that during the period 1996-1999, the production of tape-recorders has fallen

from around 1 lakh to less than 50,000; the production of music systems was higher than that of TVs during 1997, and theproduction of TVs was highest during 1998.


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Tree Diagram

Sometimes, the information required to be presented may not pertain to minute detail, but must be presented in its

structural/hierarchical relationship. Each detail may also be a branch of the kernel (central) information. The information willbe presented through the hierarchical (rising order) relationship of details at different levels. The anodal (part) relationship

will lead up to the apex (top) or lead down to the sub-branches in a pictorial presentation through a tree diagram. A model

tree diagram is given below. It is also known as

Organizational diagram:

Personalinvestment

Share capitalraising

Funding

Raw material Production

Spending

Finance

Terminalproduction

Semi technical

Management

Direct Distributors

Marketing

HRD

CEO (apex)

Fig. 4. Tree Diagram: 1

The genealogical (family) relationships can also be presented through a tree diagram, as in the following

Nancy Richard

John

(W. Mary)

Jole George

Rupert

W. Grace

Lucy Richard Jr.

Elizabeth

Harboral Robert

King Rechard (W. Ratterine)

Fig. 5. Tree Diagram: 2

From the above diagram it is possible to compute the number of children/grand children King Richard had and the number of

cousins in the family, etc.

Flow Chart

To present the different stages/phases in the process of manufacture/distribution of a product a Flow Chart is sometimes used.A Flow chart does not present statistics, but helps instead in visual presentations of sequential (Stage-wise) activities

involved in the process from the initial stage of input to the final stage ofoutput. The Flow chart is essentially linear and can

be presented either vertically or horizontally. The chart also represents a time sequence or a decision sequence.

Horizontal Presentation

The simplest flow-chart presenting the sequencing of activities horizontally, given below, indicates the steps for opening a

computer.

Fig. 6. Flow Chart 1: (Horizontal)

Waterfall design process flow chart

The steps involved in the process of designing software for the specific requirements of the customer may be presented

through a flow control representing waterfall design, as given below:

Turn on

computer

Insert

disk

Select

icon

Open

document


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Fig. 7. Flow Chart 2: (Waterfall Design)

Vertical Presentation

The stages involved in the manufacture of steel in Beslemen converter can be presented through the following Vertical FlowChart.

Pie Chart

To represent visually the proportional distribution/composition of parts in a whole a pie chart is used. For example, the

composition of air in terms of the proportion of Oxygen, Nitrogen and other gases, can be presented through a Pie chart.

The information regarding the proportion of

staff according to their salary grades may

be presented as follows:

Tilt the furnace

Pour the i iron

Turn on air blast

Tilt back the furnace

Sttut off air blast

Add magnesium and

carbon

Write software requirements

Design the software

Implement the software

Test the software


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Exercise I

The particulars of height and weight of a few students are given below in the form of a table. Read the information and put it

in the form of sentences by way of comparing the students with one another. Use expressions like taller than, not as heavy as etc.

S.No. Name of the student Height (in Cms) Weight (in Kilos)

1. K. Madhav 154 52

2. N. Nalini Kumar 155 54

3. O. Rajesh 162 55

4. R. Madhu 158 565. L. Arun Kumar 161 53

Exercise II

The structure of a family is shown in the form of a tree diagram below. Observe it and present the matter in the form ofsentences.

Aravind

Son

(Ashok)

Son

(varun)

Son

(Bharath)

Son

(vikram)

Married (Sita)

Raju Kiran

Exercise III

The following are the details of the organization of staff in a college. Read and present them in the form of a tree diagram.

The Principal is the head of the college. There are twelve regular lecturers, two part-time lecturers in the teaching staff andfour members in the non-teaching staff. Among the lecturers, two are for languages, five for sciences, four for arts and one

for Physical Education. There is one part-time lecturer for Sericulture and one for Accounting & Taxation.


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EXPERIMENT7. DEBATE

Debate (North American English) or debating (British English) is a formal method of interactive and position

representational argument. Debate is a broader form of argument than logical argument, since it includes persuasion, which

appeals to the emotional responses of an audience, and rules enabling people to discuss and decide on differences, within a

framework defining how they will interact.

Informal debate is a common occurrence, but the quality and depth of a debate improves with knowledge and skill of its

participants as debaters. Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts engage in

debates. The outcome of a debate may be decided by audience vote, by judges, or by some combination of the two. Formal

debates between candidates for elected office, such as the leaders debates and the U.S. presidential election debates, are

common in democracies.

Rule-based competitive debate is often encouraged in high schools and colleges. This is a contest with explicit rules. It may

be presided by one or more judges. Each side seeks to win, by following the rules, and even by using some rules to break

other rules, within limits. Each side is either in favor ("for, 'Aff' "), or opposed to ("against 'Neg' "), a statement (proposition

or Resolution) which if adopted would change something. Some of the rules are broad and must be followed in a general

way. For example, those in favor of the proposition are

required to show the need for it to be adopted as it is written, and yet are allowed to define the scope of the proposition; i.e. they choose what it will mean if adopted.

To further illustrate the importance of rules, those opposed must destroy these arguments, sufficiently to warrant not adopting

the proposition, and are not required to propose any alternative solutions.

Following is the list of phrases and language helpful in expressing opinions, offering explanations and disagreeing.

Opinions, Preferences:

I think..., In my opinion..., I'd like to..., I'd rather..., I'd prefer..., The way I see it..., As far as I'm concerned..., If it were up to

me..., I suppose..., I suspect that..., I'm pretty sure that..., It is fairly certain that..., I'm convinced that..., I honestly feel that, I

strongly believe that..., Without a doubt,...,

Disagreeing:

I don't think that..., Don't you think it would be better..., I don't agree, I'd prefer..., Shouldn't we consider..., But what about...,

I'm afraid I don't agree..., Frankly, I doubt if..., Let's face it, The truth of the matter is..., The problem with your point of view

is that...

Giving Reasons and offering explanations:

To start with, The reason why..., That's why..., For this reason..., That's the reason why..., Many people think....,

Considering..., Allowing for the fact that..., When you consider that...

Sample debate points
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge


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Violence In The Media Needs To Be Regulated

Yes, The Government Needs to Regulate the Media

Violence begets violence. Children copy the violence seen on TV and in films.

It is the responsibility of the government to take corrective measures when a situation becomes dangerous. It seems like there are only violent TV shows anymore. Media glorifies violence and sends the wrong message. By giving so much importance to violence, the media encourages crazy people to be violent in order to get a lot of

attention.

What is more important to the growth of our society: A murder or a good schoolteacher? Who gets more coverage inthe media?

Media is cynical and only worried about making money. The only way things will change is if the governmentintervenes.

Does all this violence improve your life in any way?

No, The Government Should Leave the Media Deregulated

Have you ever heard of the right to 'Free Speech? The Media only reflects what society as a whole does. It is quite obvious that these films are made for entertainment purposes and anyone can tell the difference between a

film and reality.

Governments only make matters worse by introducing bureaucracy - they don't really improve a situation. True change needs to come from within and not be imposed from without. We need to be kept informed about the true nature of the society that we live in. Parents do quite a good job of regulating their own children's behavior. There are already rating systems in place. Wake up. Humanity has always been violent and government regulation is not going to change that.

Topics for debate

1. Should uniforms be banned in educational institutions and workplace?2. Can terrorism be justified?3. Beauty is only skin deep.4. The Olympics are a waste of money.5. Animals should not be kept in cages.6. Computers should replace teachers.7. Television is better than books.8. Should animals be used for scientific experimentation?9. Should you have homework assignments every night?


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EXPERIMENT 8 TELEPHONE SKILLS

1. Understanding Telephone Communication:Unlike face-to-face communication, in Telephone conversation the participants do not see each other. Body language, facial

expressions or gestures are central to direct talk. But these are absent.

a. Advantages and disadvantages of Telephone as a medium of communication.Advantages Disadvantages

Provides us immediate contact Not a total substitute for face-to-face talk.We need not move from our place We have to be brief

Facility to talk to the person any time we like/ that

suits us

Sometimes clarity is missing

Saves us time, energy and money too We have to depend on modulation of the voice

b. Problems and Solutions:Problem Solution

Entirely dependent on the voice Clarity of the voice and voice modulationCant see the other person Compensates for absence of body language

Some people make no distinction between phone talk

and direct talk

Slower and softer talk

Give time to listen and answer

2. a) Preparations before making a phone call:Note down the number and name of the person details concerning the purpose of our call. Specific details about the

message to be conveyed.

The different stages and the appropriate phrases and responses of a telephone call are listed in the table

below.

Useful Phrases

Stage Phrase Response

Opening Good morning!

Hello!This is .

Good morning / Hello!

Whos calling please?Nice to hear from you.

Warming up Id like to speak to .Can I speak to ? Just a minute. Ill put you through.Hold on please.

Im sorry shes not in.

The lines busy. Will you hold?

Giving the message Im phoning about

Could you giver her a message?

Ill give her a message.

Rounding off Thanks for your help.Fine / Great / OK.

Ill look forward to your call.

Thank you for calling.OK / Right / Fine.

Closing Goodbye.

Goodbye for now.

Goodbye.

3. Difficulties involved in telephone communication:a) Completing the table.Problem Request1 Unable to hear. 1 It seems to be a bad line. Can I call you back a

little later?

2 Speaking in a low tone. Unable to hear. 2 I can barely hear you. Can you speak up?

3 A lot of disturbance. 3 All right. Ill call back in ten minutes afterIreach the office.

4 Speaking too fast. 4 Can you say that again?

5 Not clear. 5 Are you saying that?

6 Not able to follow what he is saying. 6 My colleague will speak to you later.


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b) What would you do in each of the situation:i) You cant hear the other person.Ans. I cant hear you well. Shall I call you a little later?

ii) You want him / her to repeat something.Ans. Im sorry. I cant follow you. Can you say that again?

iii) He / She is speaking too fast.Ans. Oh Im sorry. Youre too fast. Can you say that again slowly?

iv) Youre struggling to hear that person.Ans. Mr. Kamal, Im unable to understand anything. Shall I call you later?v) You have had difficulty in understanding the last name of the person.Ans. Wont you repeat the last name of the person please? Im not able to follow.

2. Handling Calls

i. We make personal and official or business calls by phone. We should know the differences in the language, etiquetteand manners while making phone calls for various purposes.

a) Let us see how we answer a personal call at home and a business call at work.Personal call Business call

There is a personal touch.

The tone is friendly.The language is informal.

Reference to persons by name.

No personal touch.

The tone is official.The language is formal/semi formal

Reference to officials mostly by

designation.

ii. When some one answers your call, first you have to identify yourself. That is, say who you are; who you want tospeak to you? What is your relationship with him? What is the purpose of your call?

a) Few expressionsIdentifying who is speaking Saying you want to speak to

This is Asha from Delta Infotech.

Hello! Im Avinash.

Hi! This is Anju here.My name is Anjali.

Can I speak to ?

Kindly put me through to

Can I speak to Sailu?I would like to speak to

b) Answering the calls when the person, the caller wants to speak to is not available:

When the person is Say

In a meeting She/he is in a meeting right now.

Not present Im afraid she/he hasnt come in as yet.

Speaking on the other line Could you hold for a while

Busy and doesnt like to be disturbed He/she is busy with a customer and does not like to be

disturbed.

Busy with her/her work. She/he is teaching now and will be free after 11.

Not present in his/her cabin He/she has just stepped out of his cabin. Could you hold fora moment, please?

3. Leaving a Message

1. Sometimes the person you have called is not available. So it may be necessary to leave a message for him. In thatcase, the message must be clear.

a) Let us see how the message is taken.The following items of information are included in the message:

Message for : Mrs. Nair.Message from : Rakesh Sharma, IBC Ltd.

Ref (Subject) : Overdue Report

Time of Call : 10.40 a.m.Call him on / Contact no. : 9845606060


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Leaving a Message on an Answering Machine

1. Sometimes the person called is not available. At such times, you hear an answering machine answering the phonecall.

The machine asks you to leave the message. You will be saying whatever you want to say to the person. And that is recorded

automatically on the machine.

2. Write your message :Ans: This is Sheryl Singh. Our meeting was scheduled to take place tomorrow at 10 a.m. But Im sorry I could not meetyou since I happen to leave the town on an emergency. I shall call you after my return in a day or two. Im

extremely sorry I could not keep the appointment.

Ans: This is Sandhya Rao, customs Service Executive with ICT, Bangalore. I may required you of your appointment

with Mr. Alok Bhalla, Director, ICT, Bangalore at 11.30 a.m. tomorrow to discuss two important projects.

However Mr. Bhalla will be free only for half an hour. So the discussion will be on one project only. This is for

your information.

4. Making Requests

As in face-to-face talk, in telephone conversation also, it is important that requests are made in an appropriate language

in a face-to-face talk, it is rather difficult to say no to certain requests. But it is easy to say no on phone.

Call First version Second version

1. Polite request obliged between friends Request made in a commanding tone.

2. Request grudgingly accepted. Polite request obliged.

3. Polite requestagreed. Polite refusal to oblige.

Useful Phrases:

Can you call me back after half-an-hour?

Could you delay it by a day?

Send it by post, could you?Do you mind if we postponed it by three days?

Would you mind telling me when its convenient for you?

I was wondering if I could see you tomorrow.Will you give me the recipe for the cake you baked?

5. Asking for and Giving information

On many occasions you will have to give the caller some information on the phone. Sometimes the listener may want to

make a note of the information

Some useful phrases:

Sender Receiver

Starting

ContinuingFinishing

Checking

Ready?

Have you got that?Anything else?

Could you read that back to me?

Would you like to read it back to you?

Go ahead.

Got that.Thats all.

I. Sometimes we have to spell words over the phone and avoid any difficulty in understanding the sound of a particularletter.


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Practice Dialogue

Organization : Is it Mr. Gopal?

Candidate : Speaking. Whos speaking?

Organization : Youve applied for post of a Customer Service Assistant in our organization?

Candidate : Of course Mam?

Organization : Youve to attend an interview at the Viceroy Hotel.

Candidate : May I know the date and time of interview?

Organization : It is at 2 p.m. on 20th

December.Candidate : With pleasure.

Organization : But youve to present your Original Certificates at the time of interview.

Candidate : Is there any dress code, please?

Organization : Nothing special. Its enough you appear in your formal dress.

Candidate : Anything else, Mam?

Organization : No, nothing else.

Candidate : Very many thanks.

Organization : Welcome.

A : Is it Ash TeleMarketing Service?

B : Yes, what can I do for you?A : Could you please provide me information about the Travel Iron? I would like to buy one.

B : There are two varietiesPlasma and Selma.

A : What is the size of each?

B : Plasma is 1.5 cms and Selma 15 cms.A : What are the relative weights of the two?

B : Plasma weighs 500 gms. While Selma 450 gms.

A : Regarding the suitability for ironing clothes

B : Plasma iron is useful for all kinds of clothes, but Selma is useful only for light clothes.

A : Thats right. What time would you take for the delivery?

B : Not more than four days for Selma and one week for Plasma?

A : What about the price?

B : Plasma costs Rs.999/- and the other Fifty rupees less.

A : By the by, what is the mode of payment you accept?B : Its COD.

A : Thanks a lot. Bye.

B : Bye.


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EXPERIMENT 9. JAM SESSIONS

Just a Minute questions or sessions are useful to raise or check spontaneity, creativity and presence

of mind. These can be used as mere games or as a selection tool during job interviews. It helps

predict a persons attitude and approach towards things or concepts.

Few JAM question

1. What according to you is life?2. What is lifes best gift to you?3. Who according to you is most successful person?4. Who is your bitter enemy?5. How would you feel to be a coffee mug?6. What will you do if you come to know that you are going to die next day?7. Who do you admire the most and why?8. What would you do if you become a CM for a day9. What according to you is failure?10.Give me 3 ways to become rich?11.Do you prefer smart work or hard work?12.Do you believe is good luck or decisionmaking?13.Do you believe the present generation is lazy compared to our parents?14.Are computers taking over our life?15.What are the qualities of successful individuals16.What are the skills and values that children learn from their parents?17.What are the major effects of divorce upon a child18.Does a persons name affect his personality?19.Which is the ideal role and why?20.Is it better to be an only child or to have brothers & sisters

Personal topics (Related to you)1. How would your best friend describe you?2. How would you promote world peace?3. Describe the best vacation you ever had?4. If you were to die tomorrow ,what would you do with your last day on this earth5. Biggest disappointment of your life6. The most memorable moment of your life7. Talk about a movie you have seen8. If you would like to be different than what you are, how would you like to be?9. Youve won a free trip. Where would you like to go and why?10.How would you spend a rainy day?Additional Topics for Speaking

1. Impact of science and technology2. The role of communication in todays life3. If I were a millionaire4. Does age really matter in marriage?5. The worst homes are better than the best boarding schools6. The hazards of two wheelers7. TV serials are not a reflection of society8. Love marriage vs. arranged marriage?

i year b. tech. lab notes (1)

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