NPS Form i ~ s m Bdl)

r r n r r r \ - -.p,fi - , . - - C i .. . . : ::. . . ~ I:,2

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

E x ? , i2 /2 / , .&, j f . ~ . , ~ .

For NPS use only ' . ' . ' T A -

National Register of Historic Places received - . - I Inventory-Nomination Form date entered __ g See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms I - - J - r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Type ail entrles-complete applicable secttons

1. Name hlotorlc

Hasker & I.;arcuse Factory ( ~ L C 127-299)

and/or common American Can Comuany -

2. Location Street il number 2401-2413 Venable S t r ee t &!!.not for publication

Richmond U%icini ty of city, town

state Virginia

code 5 1 county ( I n City) code 760

3. Classification Category Ownership Status Present Use - district -public .'occupied , agriculture

Y - museum

'i n - building(s) 5 private - unoccupied _. commercial - park -structure -both -work in progress - educational - private residence - site lic Acquisition .Accessible - entertainment - religious - object 1w in process LA yes: restricted -government - scientlflc

???being considered - yes: unrestricted - industrial - transportation

4. Owner of Property, A

Urn# . Hman Meyers, S. Sydney Meyers, name Douglas 0. Tic ::a-tees . rn

street 6 number 1203 E. Main St. (27219) 211 S. Ililton St. (27226)

city, town Richmond JI,bvicinity of state IJirpinia

5. Location of Legal Description

courthouse, registry Of deed* Otc. Richmond City Hall

street & number 900 East Broad S t ree t

city, town Richmond state Virginia

6. Representation in Existing Surveys

title Church H i l l Survey has this property been determined eligible? -yes &no

September 1977 date

X - federal - state - county - local

deposltory for survey records Virginia His tor ic Landmarks Commission --+. Richmond state Virginia

city, town

Condition Cl?eck one Check one - excellent I., .. - deteriorated A- unaltered -- original site '. good - ruins , altered -moved date dh - fair - unexposed

Describe the present and original (if known) physical appearance

The Iiasker ?: l~larcusc Tcotory i s a 4-to 5-story br ick masonry bui ld ing constructed betueen 1893 anci about 1915 i n t h e Union Xi11 sec t ion of the Ci ty of Richmond, :'ir:inia. S i tua ted on a c i t y block a.t t h e crestern ecige of Union H i l l , a r e s i d e n t i a l sec t ion of modest, 19th-century dwellings of d is t inguished a r c h i t e c t u r a l s t y l i n g developed betileen about 1850 and 1885, t h e f ac to ry con t ras t s irith neighboring s t r u c t u r e s i n use, o v e r a l l character , and sca le . It was b u i l t t o house the Easkcr & !!arcuse 1:anufacturing Company, manufacturers of prb.tecl, polychronatic tin boxes and t i n t ags ( l a b e l s ) f o r ?lugs of chelring tobacco. The fac to ry has a d i s t i n c t i n d u s t r i a l character , t y p i c a l of the l a t e 19th century, cnaractorizcd by t k e exterior, running-bond -3ricki;ork, the ;ieavy as sing of the s t ruc tu re , and the rhythnic 5a t tern ing of t h e segmental-arci~eci, six-over-six, double-hung !rood sash !.:inciows u i t h rough-faced stone sills. The i n t e g r i t y of mater ia ls , ::orkmansh2p, se t t ing , locat ion , m d f e e l i n g of the a i l d i n g i s i n t a c t . ' lh i le a degree of i n t e g r i t y of a s soc ia t ion has been l o s t due t o the removal of t h e nzchinery in 1951, the s t ruc tu re i t s e l f s u f f i c i e n t l y conveys the a s soc ia t ive values. Tne e x t e r i o r r e t a i n s a l l of i t s o r i g i n a l f e a t u r e s with t h e exception of some replacement and r e p o i ~ t i n g of the brickrrork along t h e uppermost s t o r y of the Venable S t r e e t e l eva t ion towarcis ?ink S?meet and some br icking in of o r i g i n a l \.rincioi! openhgs.

Yne long, continuous fccado of t h e bui ld ing fac ing on Venable Ot ree t i s ac tua l ly compriseci of ? a r t of the o r i g i n a l , L-plan f a c t o r y b u i l t i n 1393, a second sec t ion b u i l t about l ?CC, md a t h i r u sec t ion constructeci betrreen 1912 and 1915. The l a s t cci6ition, !rith i t s long a x i s along Russel l S t r s e t , fo rns a pcx-$enclicular r!ing t o the continuous wall along Venable S t ree t . .4 courtyard e x i s t s in what iras o r i g i n a l l y t h e ba.cl: s ide of t h e f ac to ry between t h e 1893 !ring and the 1912-15 addit ion. ,\ second a rca i n t h e corner of t h e "L" of t h e o r i g i n a l por t ion of t h e f a c t o r y uao o r i g i n a l l y m open a r e a but i s now f i l l e d . . i n with two subs id iary wings, one and two s t o r i e s , a t t h e corner of t h e l o t a t P ink end Burton crtreets.

The construct ion of t h e f a c t o r y i s heavy timber colucrns end beams, \rooden j o i s t s and f looring, end load-bearing masonry. I n the o r i g i n a l i ~ o r t i o n of t h e fac tory , the colunms are asymmetrically arranged to accomodate the long-since removed, conplex p r i n t i n g machinery. A s i g n i f i c a n t f e a t u r e i s t h e shnllo\r-stepped parapets a t t h e roof l tnes of the two 5-story por t ions of t h e Venable S t r e e t elevation. These a l s o appear a t t h e ends o f t h e \rings. The simple, two-course br ick cornice p r o j e c t s only s l i g h t l y .

( see Continuation Sheet #2)

8. Significance

Period rea as of Significance-Check and justify below - prehistoric - archeology-prehistoric - community planning - landscape architecture- religion - 1000-1499 - archeology-historic - conservation - law science - 1500-1599 -agriculture - economics literature - sculpture - 1600-1699 - architecture -education military - social1 - 1700-1799 - art - engineering - music humanitarian - 1800-1899 - commerce - exploration~settlement - philosophy -theater .. -IL 1900- - communications -L industry - politicsigovernment - transportation

-invention other (specify)

specific date* 1693-1 91 5 Builder~Architect Udmorm

Statement of Significance (in one paragraph)

JTBT2!ZI:T C' :Ji(;;TI?IC.",'TCZ

The ::asker & liarcuse Factory i s s i g n i f i c a n t uncier Cr i t e r ion I! i n i n d u s t r i a l h i s t o r y f o r i t s assoc ia t ion !:it11 tne e a r b j cievelopment of the process f o r manufacturing polychronatic, printeci tobacco tins. Chipped nationwide, t h e Haslcer 2 Fiarcuse 1:anufacturing Companyls tobacco t i n s \:ere 2 p r i r a r y means of adver- t i s i n g and carket ing the prociucts 02 t h e ne!rly consoliriateu, l a r g e tobacco companies formed i n Richmond during t h e 1530s. i n t e g r a l t 3 t h i s manufacturing s rocess \]as the development t ipplicat ion of t h e technoiogy of t in-pr in t ing processes trhich r e s u l t e d in the invention and widespread use of o f f s e t l i tho - graphy. As a major proaucer of tobacco shipeing prociucts along t h e e a s t coast, the Iiasker C 1.larcuse Factory uniquely r q r e s e n t s the theme of the nascent consumer product packaging indust ry a s t h e huge tobacco conglomerates developed marketing techniques based on t h e i d e n t i f i c e t i o n of a brana name with the conpnnyls product. In addi t ion , the Hasker & &:arcuse Hznufacturing Company i s important a s one of t h e e a r l i e s t t in -c r in t ing establishments i n the country t o use o f f s e t l i thography t o p r i n t colored t a g s f o r plugs of chewing tobacco and polychromatic, decorated t i n boxes f o r che~ving and smoking tobacco. A s such, i t i s s i g n i f i c a n t in t h e n i s t o r i c a l development of the paper p r i n t i n g indust ry because the o f f s e t l i t l ~ c g m p h y process--invented originall; . f o r tin-printing- became t h e ;;rimary process used throughout t h e paper p r in t ing inciustry.

The ijasker E lhrcuse 7actory vas constructed i n 1893 t o house the Hasker d 1,iarcuse k;anufacturing Company, fomed in 1Z91 a s a stock cornpony soon a f t e r Charles H. liaslier entered i n t o a par tnership Jonas !.;arcuse and h i s sons. A prominent Union H i l l c i t i z e n , Iiasker was born a Londoner in 1331, immigrated t o the United S t a t e s brhile i n h i s teens, and joined the U.S. Iiavy. %ring the C i v i l liar, however, he served i n the Confederate liavy on t h e CSS Virginia (the Kerrimac) and was credi ted with saving t h e sh ip during i t s epochal b a t t l e a t Hampton Roads. Folloving h i s recupera t ion a t the end of t h e rrar from an in ju ry sustained during torpedo boat experiments, Iiasker began h i s i n d u s t r i a l career. In the lZ70s he s t a r t e d an e n t e r p r i s e f o r t h e manufacture of small paper boxes, succeeded in the business, and then so ld it t o a i.lajor I!. . Rand01~h.l

(see Continuation Sheet #2)

9. Maior Bibliosra~hical References --

See C o n t i n u a t i o n Sheet ; : - ' I .

10. Geographical Data Acreage of nomlnated property --pro Quadrangle name Richmond. V a . UMT Reference8

Am [ 2 b t 6 1 6 C [ > l l L ~ ; l 5 i 7 l 7 1 n i r ] Zone Easting Northing

Quadrangle scale 1 : 2&. 000

Zone Easting Northlng .

DGJ u u E J U F W L - l - L d U GW II(III u n w LULL! u Verbal boundary description and justification ( s e e Continuat ion Sheet )

The proper ty i s conur isea o l t h e e n t i r e c i t y block bounded on t h e n o r t h by the southern curb edge of ';enable .< t r ee t , on t h e e a s t by t h e ves t e rn curb edge of Russel l S t r e e t , on t h e south by t he co r the rn curb e d ~ e of 3ur tcn ; t ree t .md on

List al l states and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries :!/A

Sbte code county code

state code county code

11. Form Prepared By namehltle Zmna Jme Saxe

organization 2 i s t o r i c Preserva t ion Consultant date February 1933

street & number 771 L ~ h , ~ ~ ~ ~ i , ~ ~ telephone 7 0 ? / ~ 7 2 ? h f 7 ... - ,

city or town .4~2.!Id3.le state 11: ?pi n w r ~ 3

12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification ..- The evaluated algnlanco of this property wlthln the state Is:

-national ..x. state - local

As the designated State Hlstorlc Presewetlon Officer for the Natlonal Hlstorlc Preaewatlon Act of 1966 (Publlc b w 89- 665). 1 hereby nominate this property for lnclusi tional Register and cefilW that it has been evllusted accordlng to the crlterla and procedures set fo

State Hlatorlc Preaewatlon Onlwr signature /I

NPS Form lC-SQ0.a OMB h. !014-W18 Odn Ex.. 10-31-IY

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form

.;SijifiR lLkRCUSZ FACTORY, itichmon d ( c i t y ) , !a.

Cont~nuat~on sheet : 1 Item number $10

. 'AJOR 3IX,ICC-?,J~FIC1L R7F!?fZ!lC:S 99 - Advertisement: The Tobacco Leaf, Zol. 37, i!o. 1 (Jan. 17, i9OO), p. 67. - Zrome, i:arren C. Cf f se t Li tho~ronhx. i:ew Pork: ::ational Lithographer

Fublishing Company, 1927.

ttCharles ii. ??asker, Death Yesterday i:orning of t h i s :.'ell-known Citizen." The RichnonfiDispatch, J u l y 9, 1898. -

gavis, .llec. Packaee and P r i n t : Ilevelocment of Ccntainer m d Label .- 3csiG. . . ~ I T L O T ~ : Clcrkson ;.. - o t t e r , ;r.c., 1967.

:lorzn, Janes, ed. ;-'rintb.< i n the 29th Centuq , >. Fenrose .tnthology. I!ew Pork: East ings IIouse i u b l i s h e r s , 1974.

I.;orrison, Lxkeu, ed. ?he Ci ty on the James: Richmond, : ' i r~ i? ia . Richmond: G. li. ingelhara t , 1893.

Richmond Ci ty Direc tor ies , 1890-1920.

Robert, Joseph C. The Story of Tobacco 2 America. Chapel I i i l l : University of T:.C. press, 1 9 4 9 , 1 9 6 7 .

Sanford, James K. A Centur~ Commerce: iE67-1967. .%chmond: Chamber of Commerce ,d

Scott, Xary ::ingfield. Cld Richmond i!eighborhoccis. liichmond, Virginia, i950.

Strauss, Victor, ed. T& L i t h o g r a ~ h e r s -: 4 Con7endium of 1,ithogranh:~. iiew York: ilaltwin Publishing Company, 1956.

"Union H i l l ' s Fr iendly Xeighbors Reach [mother ; ; i l e s t ~ n e . ~ ~ The Richmond News-Leader, !,:arch 4, 1952.

':!erner, Carl. ,I Textbook 2 Tobacco. New York: The Tobacco Leaf Publishing Company, 1909.

. Tobe.ccoland. New York: The Tobacco Leaf Publishing Company, 1922.

10. VERB& BOUl!D.\RY DYSCRI?TION: the west by t h e eas te rn curb edge of Pink St ree t , with dimensions or* approximately 276 f e e t by 1& f e e t ,

BOUISDILRY JUSTI-~"IGTIOI.1: The bounds have been d r a m to coincide w i t h t h e above-described block, which i s p rec i se ly t h e same as t h e limits of t h e proper ty ugon completion of t h e bui ld ing circa 1915 and inc ludes no add i t iona l acreage.

NPS Form 1uKm.a OM8 NO 1-4-me -1 EX. 10-31-dl

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form

a W i R & IIJ~RCUSCFACTORY, fichnond ( c i t y ) , :a. Continuation sheet :!2 Item number 7 , s Page 2

7. 33SCRi;TIOIl: The i^enestmtion i s in mostly o r i g i n a l condit ion and, though Ceteriorateti , r r i l l be r e t a ined anu repni reu 51 t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n ~!orlc. The design of the l a t e s t 3,:ing (constructzd by 1115!, !!hose long a~5-s m s along 2usse l l ' i t r ee t ,va r i e s fron th2.t of the remeining ::artions in i t s use of iouble i n s t e z i of s ing le ~!in.C.~.cbrs i t s e::;ression of t h e e l eva to r and s t a i r toliers.

Tile i n t e r i o r i s a l s o i n v i r t u a l l y o r i g i n a l conctracn :rith some ninor e l t c r e t i o n s such 2s tile r e d i t i o n of :icllboard l o r zoze ?a . r t i t ioning of tine f i r s t :loor. The e:;?osed bricli ,y!alls have been ::tinted many times over the years.

c nT".7-T3 -.,. .. i!zsi:er next lancheci 0o:eration t o nmufac tu re ?;.i!3er tags f o r tobacco ?lugs. j..mn?ed v i t h ticnand f o r F-is p r o ~ u c t , but nee&ng nore cz.?itnl, he a t t r s c t e d severa l Richmond inves to r s 2nd businessmen. i n 1691 the .. iiasker ;: llarcuse i:z.neacturir.g Con?zxy vas forned a d continued protiuction o; l uhe :,aper tags from 2 small 2-story br ick b u i l d h g (no longer e x i s t i n g j i n

Union !:ill. >.s 2. resuli; of t h e cont r ibut ion o i i':ilton i-iarcuse, the company added a neu product-,% . l i thogra~heci t i n t ag ~ f n i c h could be applied more ouickly t o the pieces ( o r ?lugs) of tobacco.:! 5y 1E93 t h e company needed t h e l a rge r cua r t e r s of the present bui ld ing t o p o d u c e ;?lain and gecorated TC: :O:+TS, Tin and 'aper Tags, ::eatherproof 3fl0oiicards.~~~ Tie company employed 175 ~ e o p l e among rihom vere " d e s i g n e ~ , l i thographers , engravers on stone, wood and s t e e l , and die and toolm&.ers.~~

The 3aslcer & !;arcuse i . ;aufacturirg Company's h i t i a l success iras r e l a t e d t o i t s ?roximity t o the prominent tobacco ;:ro<ucts m a n u l ~ c t u r e r s loca teu i n Richmond, the l a r g e s t or' which i n -the 1670s and 1S60s !!ere Thomas and Pat terson (Lucky Str i l ie plug tobacco), l - l len i: Ginter (:!ho undertool: t h e aggressive marketing of c iga re t t e s ) and t h e Cmerons. The s t a t e of Virgin ia had been t h e country's top producer &I tobecco nanufacturing through 1680 and, though l o s i n g f irst place t o IXssouri by 1890, remained near t h e top throughout t h e 1 8 9 0 s . ~ In ac tua l i ty , the Hasker & I.iarcuse Iianufacturing Company marketed t h e i r product:: from ilev York t o IIorth Carolina and probably t o St. iouio.

Another reason f o r t h e company's success in the e a r l y 1890s i s r e l a t e d t o the in tense competition i n t h e tobacco indus t ry t h a t culninatecl in t h e l a t e 1680s. The tobacco products manufacturers promoted recogni t ion of brand names by using such innovative techniques of merchandising as displaying t h e brand name and name of the manufacturer on t h e tin and paper t a g s f i x e d t o t h e chewing plugs and pas t ing highly &ed, l i thographed "head labels1! ( top l a b e l s ) on t h e woo6en boxes of chewing tobacco. The decade from 1890 t o 1900 saw t h e formation of t h e huge tobacco conglomerates- -the American Tobacco Company, which con t ro l l ed 90 per cent of the country 's c i g a r e t t e manufacture, and t h e Continental Tobacco Company which handled plug tobacco.

(see Continuation Sheet #3)

NPS Form tDRIO. RaZ)

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form H4SKZR & IbIZRCUSE FACTORY, Xic'nmond (city), Va.

Cont~nuat~on sheet y3 Itern number 8 page 3

8. SIGBIFIC~INCE: By 1900 the merchandising value of consumer product packagzng rras established for tobacco products as well as for other consumer goods. Indeed, the Hasker tc 1.Tarcuse Manufacturing Company was one of about 100 independent container manufacturers (not exclusively tin) that were consolidated in 1901 to fomn the Inericen Can Company which rapidly became a leader in the packaging industry. The ~merican Can Company continued the pproduction of flat cigarette tins and large tobacco tins in the Hasker k Narcuse Factory until the end of 1951 when the machine was noved to one of the companyls ='z factories in the west.

continued on Page 4

NPS Form IDKC-• Re)

OMB k. 1m4-rms Exp. 10-31-64

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form

k::iSIZR & I3RCUS2 FACTORZ fichmona ( c i t y ) , Va. Continuation sheet ::4 Item number Pass 4

E. I G I I C i C : .'.let Davis in 'cckaze and P r i n t : The lleveloonent of !:cntn.iner 2nd 1,abel S e s i m (1967) t r ~ c e s t h e h i s t o r y of the aevelo~ment between the 1850s a d 1900 of the t i n p l a t e p r i n t i n g process. Tin boxes .. "". Irere important f o r long storage, c a ~ i l c u l t t r anspor t , and, i n t h e case of tobacco ~ r o d u c t s , zoisture-free storage. Ear ly metal boxes were decorated with paper l a b e l s but these were too vulnerable. Direc t p i n t i n g on the metal i t s e l f proved t o be u n s a t i s f t c t o r y because t h e t i n g l a t e does no t absorb ink a s paper o r board does. Transfer p r in t ing , in use from about IS73 t o IS'??, consisted of p r i n t i n g designs on t h i n t r a n s f e r ?aper uhich was then e j p l i e d t o the t i n p l a t e i n a way s imi la r t o the process of enamelling. The nethou t h a t eventual ly solved t h e i:roblem was a. y o c e s s h e r e b y t h e i c s i g n I ~ c x the l i thogra3hic s tone l,:as c r i n t e d on a glazed card- board ( l e t e r rubber) ';:m.ket f i r s t and then 1ras immediately rloffsetll from the blanket on t o t h e c e t a l sheets.

i.ieth06.s and ~ a c h i n e r y !:ere developed and patented both in Zngland and i n the Unitec S t a t e s f ron about 1G75 t o about 1690 vhich es t ab l i shed o f f s e t l i t h o - graphy 2 s s workable, ~ r a c t i c z l process. 2avis a t t r i b u t e s invention of "d i rec t " t in- ) r in t ing ( o f f s e t i s a c t u a l l y i n d i r e c t ) t o Robert Earclay, a conclusion s u p ~ o r t e d by o ther sources which expla in t h e developnent of >rir- t ing technology Ln t h e l a t e 19th century. :!e says "thus was invented the process s t i l l used f o r t in-pr in t ing and now used even more widely i n japer printing-a s t a p l e means of p-oriuction f o r jopular magazines, na i l - order catalogues m d other multi-coloured nass media. In i t s o r i g i n s o f f se t - i i t h o vas ? r i n a r i l y a r;ackage-printing and ?!holly a t in-pr in t ing ? r 0 c e s s . ~ ~ 7

Davis a l s o notes t h e dearth of t i ! -pr in ters in t h e United S ta tes i n 1888 (only t h e e l i s t e d i n the Lithoeraohersr 3irectorlr). Thus the Hasker & liarcuse i!anu"acturing Company was i n t h e f o r e f r o n t of t h e t in-pr in t ing ~ ~ u S ~ P J 1893.

Over t h e course of about f i f t e e n yea r s , the p r i n t i n g indust ry was a b l e t o t r a n s f e r "Ge technology of o f f s e t l i thography from t i n p l a t e p r i n t i n g t o paper pr in t ing . In E r i t a i n George 1k1nr-1 b u i l t t h e first o f f s e t l i thography p ress f o r p r i n t i n g on paper i n 1906, a f t e r having b u i l t i n 1904 t h e f i r s t r o t a r y t in - p r i n t i n g machine. By 1910 r o t a ~ j l i thograph ic machines went t o t h e "ofi"setll

0 pr incip le . In t h e United S t a t e s development of ul o f f s e t l i thograph ic p ress i s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e H m i s Automatic Press Company in 190L-95. 3y 1912,560 o f f s e t presses were in operat ion, and two years l a t e r they irere being used f o r p r i n t i n g newspaper supplements. In 1927 t h e au thor of Of f se t L i t h o g r a p h ~ (National Lithographer Publishing company) noted that while in 1917 t h e o f f s e t press was a novelty, now it "has f a i r l y revolut ionized lithography.119 Adoption of the o f f s e t p r i n c i p l e nade poss ib le modern long run l i thography from photo-mechanical p la t e s , y ie ld ing c leaner p r i n t s and use of a vide v a r i e t y of paper and metal surfaces.

( s e e Continuation Sheet #5)

NPS =arm 1 0 . w . OMB ~ ~ . l m - o o l a WI E.0. (O-n-a4

United States Department of the Interior National Park Sewice

National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form

H.'i;iR t. llARCUS2 FACTORY. Richnond ( c i tv l . 'la. ~- ~- -~ . " . . Continuation sheet f ; Item number 8

~ ~ -

6. SIGI:IFTC,Q:CZ: In terms of broad pat terns of h i s t o r i c a l development, ;yew Pork 'hiladelphia, mcl Richmona liere generally considered to be 'be major centers on the eas t coast f o r pr int ing establishments during the l a t e 19th century ma t ie l l i n t o the 20th century. The Iiasker & llarcuse 1:znufecturing Company i s pa r t of t h i s context a s one of fourteen "Printers, Tublishers, 3ngraverst1 l i s t e d in an IS93 index of Richmond's comercia1 and indus t r ia l enterprises (,findrew llorrison) . Included i s one conpny in nddition to Cnslter 6 Ilarcuse t h a t a lso printed tobacco tags .- a c l 'Labels. :!oriever, the Iiasker i- ;,:arcuse Ilanufacturing Company ~ ~ a s the only tin-?rinting establishment md was unique i n Richnond i n the mmu- fccture of t i n boxes on such a lzrge scale.

"Cllerles 11. !ias!:erIt (ctbituaqr) a Richnond D i s ~ a t c h , J u l y 9 , 1S98.

"ITnion F i l l ' s LFriendly Iieighbors Reach h o t h e r Iiilestone." The Richmond News Leader, h r c h L, 1952. -

Arlvertisenent in The Tobs.cco i,enf, 0 37, 110. 1 ( ~ m . i7, 1900), 9.7.

Andrew liorrison, ed., The City on the James: Richmond, ' l i rginia (Richmond: G.;:. > ; n g e 2 2 1 a r d t , m p . 204.

Joseph C. Robert, The S t o r y of Tobacco & America (Chapel 1 : University of i1.C. l.ress, 194'3, 1967), p. 132.

"Union Hi l l ' s Friendly Tleighbors Reach !nother l i i l e s t ~ n e . ~ ~ The Richond News Leader, M c h 1, 1952. -

Alee Davis, I ~ a c k a ~ e - a d i'rint: 2 Ijevelooment o f Container and Label vesi T w York: Clar1:son i1. k'otter, %.1967< 73-74.

James Iioran, ed., Pr int in in the 20th Centuq, A Fenrose h t h o l o r : Kastings House ~ u z l i s h e r s ,

79-60.

9. !.lamen C. Brobme, Offset Lithomaphy (New York: National Lithographer Publishing Company, 1927) , Foreword.

HASKER & MARCUSE FACTORY Richmond (city), Virginia SITE PLAN Credit: Enma Jane Saxe 1983 Not to Scale Map 1 of 2