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ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT OF BURNT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES ON

VEGETATION IN EKITI STATE, NIGERIA.

1Oketayo Oyebamiji Oyedele, 2 Ajiboye Abiodun.Akeem. 1Omowaye Oluwatoyin Ayodele,

1Ehiabhili John C. 3Akinola Adegoke Emmanuel, 4 Adeyemi, Fredick.Olukayode,

5Olaiya David Oladipo and 6Akinnubi Rufus Temidayo

1Health and environmental Physics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, 2 Department

of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria,

3Central Science laboratory, 5 Department of Physics and Engineering Physics,

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

4 Department of Physical Sciences, Ondo State University of Science and Technology,

Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria.

6Department of Physics, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo

Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

Abstract-The vegetation has been a serious concern to food safety specialists, health and

environmental specialists. Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, the

concentration of four heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Pb and Ni) were determined in tomatoes and

two different vegetables from two dumpsites. The results indicated that the concentrations

of these four heavy metals were within the range (0.45-4.43 mg/kg), (0.00-0.27 mg/kg),

(0.00-0.27mg/kg), (0.08-1.28 mg/kg) and (0.00-0.05 mg/kg) respectively in the sites

considered. Using SPSSS 17, significant differences exist between these levels and control

(t<0.005). Out of these heavy metals, only Mn in water leaf from site A was found above the

WHO (2013) maximum permissible limit. The relatively higher levels (compared with

control and WHO) of heavy metals observed in this study was an indication of

contamination. The data obtained provided the background levels of these metals and also

indicated that vegetables in these sites are not good for human consumption.

Keywords- Environmental impact, heavy metals, municipal solid wastes, vegetation

I. INTRODUCTION

The main sources of heavy metal pollution are mining, industry, agriculture and automotive

industry etc (Sterrett et al., 1996). Heavy metal toxicity has been proved to be a major threat to human

health with several health risks associated with it. The pollution and contamination of human food chain

become inevitable as human activities increases especially in the application of modern technology. In

some cases, wastes are dumped recklessly with no regards to the environmental implications, while in

IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES

VOLUME VI, ISSUE V, MAY/2019

ISSN NO: 2394-8442

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some dumpsites, wastes are burnt in the open and the ashes abandoned at the sites. Municipal solid wastes

consists of everyday items we use and throw away Examples: are gadgets, funitures, papers, electronics,

hospital wastes The burning of waste gets rid of the organic materials and oxidized the metals, leaving the

ash richer in metal contents. After the process of oxidation and corrosion, these metals will dissolved in

rain water and leached into the soil from where they are picked up by growing plants, thereby entering

the food chain. Amongst all the classes, solid wastes pose the greatest threat to life, since it has the

potential of polluting the terrestrial, aquatic and aerial environment. Land pollution by component of

refuse such as heavy metals has been of great concern in the last decades because of their health hazards

to man and other organisms when accumulated with a biological system (Adekunle et al.2003). Recent

studies have also reviewed that waste dumpsite can transfer significant levels of these toxic and persistent

metals into the soil environment. These metals are taken up by plant part and transfer same into the food

chain. Edible crops grown in soils contaminated with heavy metals have greater accumulation of heavy

metals depending upon the nature of the edible crops. The iintake of vegetables and tomatoes is an

important part of heavy metal toxicity to human being. Some of them have a greater potential to

accumulate higher concentrations of heavy metals than others (Raphael et al, 2011). Lugwisha 2014 ,

worked on the levels of selected heavy metals in soil, tomatoes and selected vegetables from

Lushoto district-Tanzania. The study involved the determination of heavy metals such Cd, Cr,

Cu, Pb and Zn in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis L.), carrot root (Daucus carota

L.), tomato fruit (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), onion bulb (Allium cepa L.) and leafy

cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata L.) and the respective soils from Lushoto District,

Tanzania. Samples were collected from eight growing sites. The accumulated heavy metals were

quantified and the levels compared with FAO/WHO CODEX-STAN 179:2003 and TZS

972:2007 permissible limits for such produce. The methodology involved random sampling,

extraction of the metals from the vegetable and soil and determination of heavy metals by using

ICP-OES and GFAAS. The levels of Cu in all vegetables were below the FAO/WHO limit while

levels of Cr and Zn in all vegetables were found to be above this limit. Therefore advocating a

health risk for consumers. Pb was only found in carrots at 2 sites (Montisory and Resource

centre) and in onions at the market all at levels above the FAO/WHO limit while Cd was only

found in onions and tomatoes at 2 sites (market and Montisory) at above the FAO/WHO limits.

Vegetables especially onions from the Mlalo market advocate a health risk to consumers. Levels

of heavy metals in the soils were below the limits of the Tanzanian standard (TZS 972: 2007)

and were lower than levels found in vegetables. However, the bioconcentration factor for Cr, Pb,



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Cd and Zn in all vegetables and tomatoes where they were detected except for cabbages at the

Garage site were found to be above 1, an indication of high uptake of heavy metals in the

vegetables from the soil. Cu at 80% of the sites had a BCF lower than 1 indicating that Cu was

more abundant in the soil compared to the vegetables. These results suggest that these vegetables

from Lushoto district are not safe for consumption in their raw state. ( Lugwisha et al 2014 ).

Nimyel D.et al (2012 ) worked on heavy metal concentrations in some vegetables grown in a

farm treated with urban solid waste in Kuru Jantar, Nigeria treated with dumpsite soils in Kuru

Jantar, Nigeria. They reported that Soil samples and vegetables from the farm were collected and

prepared using standard analytical procedures. The concentrations of metals in both soil and

vegetables were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results

showed that the farm was polluted with the metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni) determined.

The Enrichment Factor (EF) showed that some metals had minimal enrichment while Cd (13.93)

had significant enrichment at the farm. The Pollution index (PI) calculations showed that at the

farm, the contamination pollution ranged from very slight to very severe. The overall order of the

metals at the dumpsite was Fe> Mn> Zn> Cu> Cr> Ni> Pb> Cd while the order of the metal

concentrations at the farm was Fe> Mn> Zn> Ni> Cd> Pb. The data obtained in the study were

analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed perfect positive correlation

values above 0.9 between the farm and the dumpsite, which indicated that there was a strong

association or similarity between them. The metal concentrations in the vegetables analyzed

showed that spinach decreased in the order Fe>Zn>Mn>Cd>Pb while in Cabbage, the order was

Mn> Fe> Zn>Cu>Cd; in Radish, the order was Fe>Mn>Cu>Cr>Zn while in pepper, the order

was Fe>Cu>Mn>Ni. In general, the metal concentrations were below the recommended limit by

USEPA and FEPA standards for agricultural soils and vegetables except for Cd in vegetables.

The concentrations were however higher in the farm than in the control. Thus, the farm was

polluted with heavy metals from the dumpsite soils.

In this study, the baseline concentrations of four heavy metals (Mn, Pb, Cd, Pb and Ni )

in tomatoes and vegetables from the observed sites and control were determined and compared

with WHO/FEPA limits with a view to suggesting the possible effects (if any) of high exposure

or consumption by residents of these areas.



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II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Ilokun dumpsite is located in Ado –Ekiti which lies between latitude 850100 to 850100 and

longitude 748600 to 749900 in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). It lies south of Kwara

and Kogi State, East of Osun State and bounded by Ondo State in the East and in the South. The

dumpsite is situated in an Ebira community along Ado – Iworoko road and it has good

accessibility which is by a minor road. This dumpsite has been in existence for more than fifteen

years (15) and is still in use till date. It is owned and maintained by Ekiti State Waste

Management Authority (ESWMA).

= Study area

Figure 1: location map of the study area



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SAMPLE COLLECTION

Fourteen (14) samples were collected from two solid waste dumpsites (located at Ido and Ilokun

Ado-Ekiti). Two (2) vegetables (water leaf and African spinach- at various distances from the

source) and fresh tomatoes fruits were collected from site A while in site B, only African spinach

were collected. Identical samples were also collected as control (where no such anthropogenic

activity exists).

Sample Pre – treatment and Sample preparation

Samples were properly rinsed with distilled water to remove the dust or sand. Stalk of the plants

were carefully removed using nylon gloves and rinsed properly, freeze dried between -55 0C – 0

0C for 12 hours (to avoid loss of volatile elements)., labeled accordingly and kept separately. The

same procedure was used for the control.

Sample digestion and procedure for analysis

Each of the freeze dried samples was grinded into powdered form using a clean mortar and

pestle. Fourteen (14) beakers were properly washed to avoid contamination and one gram (1 g)

of each sample was poured into a foil paper and weighed with the aid of a weighing balance.

Each of the measured sample was poured back into its respective beaker. Beakers containing

these samples were placed on hotplate inside the fume cupboard and 10 mls of Aqua agar acid

was added to the samples and heated for hours to complete digestion.. The solution was allowed

to cool and filtered before making it up to 50 mls. Blank was also prepared the same way with

the sample being replaced with distilled water. Lathanum was added to those solutions to

prevent potential atomic differences. Determination of (Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni) in the plants and tomato

samples ( Solanum Iycopersicum, Taliium Triangulae, slender amaranth) was done using flame

atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) (200A MODEL) at the Centre for Energy and Research

Development Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria. For precision and accuracy of the

results obtained in this study standards were prepared and the facility was properly calibrated

with the coefficients of determination (R2) of the graphs of the concentration (mg/L) against

absorbance for the four elements determined in this study ranging from 0.999 to 1.000.



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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The levels of heavy metals in tomato fruits and vegetable samples from the two sites and control

were presented in table 1 while table 2 depicts the descriptive statistics of heavy metals in

samples while table 3 contains the comparison of the observed levels with WHO/FEPA and

maximum permissible limits of heavy metals in edible plants. The data obtained from this study

were further analyzed using t- test to know if significant differences exist (p<0.005 at 95 % level

of confidence) in the concentrations of heavy metals in samples from the sites and the control

(table 4). The graphs of concentration of heavy metals (mg/kg) with respect to distance (m) from

the source for four elements in plant samples from site A are shown in figures 2a – h. In most

cases, the concentration of Ni were below detection limits.

Table 1: Heavy metal content (mg/kg) of plant samples from the sites and control

Site Sample ID Elements

A (Ilokun)

Mn (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg)

T1 0.60 ND ND ND

T2 0.45 ND ND ND

T3 0.513 ND ND ND

T Control 0.74 ND ND ND

TT 1 3.47 0.047 0.353 ND

TT 2 1.24 ND ND ND

TT 3 2.73 ND 0.268 ND

TT Control 1.48 ND ND ND

TA 1 4.40 0.068 0.552 ND

TA 2 4.08 0.026 0.599 ND

TA 3 3.36 0.065 1.280 ND

TA Control 2.42 ND ND ND

B (Ido) TA 1 2.33 0.271 1.081 ND

TA 2 2.83 0.063 0.662 ND

Note: T = Tomatoes (Solanum Iycopersicum), TT = water leaf (TaeniumTriangulae)

TA = African Spinach (slender amaranth), ND = below detection limit.



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Table 2: Descriptive statistics of heavy metals in the samples

Note: T = Tomatoes ( Solanum Iycopersicum), TT = water leaf (Talinium Triangulae)

TA= African Spinach (slender amaranth), ND = below detection limit, SD (standard deviation)

Table 3: Mean concentration of heavy metals (Mg/kg) with respect to distance (m) from the

sources.

Site Sample ID Distance from

the source

(m)

Mn (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg)

Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD

A T 5.00 0.60 ± 0.01 0.00( ND) 0.00 (ND) 0.00 (ND)

10.00 0.55 ± 0.02 0.00 (ND) 0.00 (ND) 0.00 (ND)

12.00 0.51 ± 0,01 0.00 (ND) 0.00 (ND) 0.00 (ND)

TT 15.00 3.48 ± 0.03 0.05 ± 0.01 0.35 ± 0.01 0.00 (ND)

16.00 2.45 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.02 0.00 (ND)

20.00 0.51 ± 0.01 0.00 (ND) 0.00 (ND) 0.00 (ND)

TA 5.00 3.36 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.73 ± 0.42 0.03 ± 0.02

7.00 4.40 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.01 0.00 (ND)

10.00 4.08 ± 0.08 0.03 ± 0.01 0.60 ± 0.01 0.00 (ND)

B TA 5.00 2.33 ± 0.02 0.271 ± 0.002 1.07 ± 0.01 0.00 (ND)

Site Sample ID Mn (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg)

Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD

A

TA 2.39 – 4.43 3.35 ± 0.79 0.00 – 0.07

0.03 ± 0.02 0.00-1.28

0.40±0.39 0.00-0.05 0.02±0.01

Control 2.39 – 2.47 2.24 ± 0.04 ND ND ND ND ND ND

TT 1.22 –

16.52

7.12 ± 7.06 0.00-0.05 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00-0.36 0.18±0.12 ND ND

Control 1.45 – 1.48 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

T 0.45 – 2.96 1.07 ± 1.01 ND ND 0.00–0.27 0.12 ± 0.0.07 ND ND

Control 0.72 – 0.77 0.74 ± 0.02 ND ND 0.000–

0.217

0.073 ± 0.01 ND ND

B

TA 2.31-2.84 2.85 ± 0.27 0.06 – 0.27 0.16 ± 0.11 0.66 – 1.09 0.87 ± 0.23 ND ND

Control 2.19 – 2.47 2.42 ± 0.04 ND ND ND ND ND ND



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15.00 2.83 ± 0.005 0.062 ± 0.003 0.66 ± 0.05 0.0 0(ND)

CTR

T 5.00 0.74 ± 0.02 ND ND ND

TT 7.00 16.48 ± 0.03 ND ND ND

TA 10.00 2.42 ± 0.04 ND ND ND

Table 4: Comparison of heavy metal content (mg/kg) in the study with control and

WHO/FEPA limits


Mn

Mean ± SD

Cd

Mean ± SD

Pb

Mean ± SD

Ni

Mean ± SD

A T 1.07 ± 1.01 ND 0.12 ± 0.0.07 ND

TT 7.12 ± 7.06 0.00 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.12 ND

TA 3.35 ± 0.79 0.03 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.39 0.02 ± 0.01

B TA 2.85 ± 0.27 0.16 ± 0.11 0.87 ± 0.23 ND

Control T 0.74 ± 0.02 ND 0.073 ± 0.01 ND

TT ND ND ND ND

TA 0.073 ± 0.01 ND ND ND

WHO Limits 6.64 0.21 2 10

NOTE: ND = Below the detection limit.

Table 5: T-test results (sites and the control)


Mn Cd Pb Ni

A TT 0.000000000010484(S) 0.080980193 (NS) 0.004601(s) ND

T 0.000008 (S) ND ND ND

TA 0.00000747162 (S) 0.00406624 (S) 0.0030878241 (S) ND

B TA 0.223304518 (S) 0.015405849 (S) 0.000240889 (S) ND

Note: S = significant (t<0.05), NS = non – significant (t >0.05)



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Figure 2a: Concentration of Mn in T (mg/kg) with respect to distances (m) from the source.

Figure 2b: concentration of Mn in TT (mg/kg) with respect to distances (m) from the source.

Figure 2c: concentration of Cd in TT (mg/kg) with respect to distance (m) from the source.

0.5

0.52

0.54

0.56

0.58

0.6

0.62

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 5 10 15 20 25

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0 5 10 15 20 25



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Figure 2d: Concentration of Pb in TT (mg/kg) with respect to distance (m) from the source

Figure 2e: Concentration of Mn in TA (mg/kg) with respect to distance (m) from the source

Figure 2f: Concentration of Cd in TA (mg/kg) with respect to distance (m) from the source.

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0 2 4 6 8 10 12



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Figure 2g: Concentration of Pb in TA (mg/kg) with respect to distance (m) from the source

The results indicated that the concentrations of Mn and Pb in tomatoes were within the range

(0.45 - 2.96) and (0.00 – 0.27) respectively while Cd and Ni were below the detection limits

(ND). For African Spinach (TA), the concentrations of Mn, Cd and Pb (mg/kg) were within the

range 2.31 – 4.43, 0.00 – 0.00 – 0.07 and 0.00 – 1.28 respectively. For vegetable (TA), the

concentration of Ni ranged from 0.00 – 0.05 mg/kg in site A but below the detection limit in site

B and the control. For taenium triangulae (TT), the concentrations (mg/kg) ranged from 1.22 –

16.52, 0.00 – 0.05, 0.00 – 0.36 for Mn, Cd and Pb respectively in site A. No taenium triangulae

(TT) and tomatoes was found in site B at time of sampling. Hence, the concentrations of these

four elements could not be determined in TT and T for this site. Generally in site A, the mean

concentration of Mn was highest in TT, followed by TA and T respectively (table 2) indicating

that the variation in the level of absorption. Mn could be easily absorbed by the two vegetables

than tomatoes (T). The same trend was also observed for Cd and Pb in those sample This result

was in agreement with Rapheal et al (2011) and Hammed et al (2017). Out of these four heavy

metals, only the mean concentration (7.12 ±7.06) mg/kg of Mn in taenium triangulae (TT) was

higher than the maximum permissible limit (6.62 mg/kg). This was an indication that water

leaves at this site were highly enriched in Mn and also contaminated. It’s consumption could be

detrimental to health. Although, manganese is essential in plant for photosynthesis and it’s

availability depend on the PH of the soil. According to Mosaic company (2015), the maximum

requirement of Mn for photosynthesis is 20 mg/kg which is above the value reported in this

study. Millaleo et al (2010) also reported that Mn availability in plants can only be harmful when

it reaches approximately 1000 mg/kg. This value is also higher than concentration obtained in

this study. However, it is worthy to be noted that continual exposure of these vegetables to it

could result in bioaccumulation of this heavy metal in plants and later become toxic. The

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 2 4 6 8 10 12



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concentrations of these heavy metals decreases (mostly) with respect to distance (m) from the

source. (Figure 2a-g). Generally and also relative to the control, the results obtained from t-test

indicated that significant difference exists (t<0.05) in the concentrations of these heavy metals.

This variation was also an evidence of contamination as a result of these anthropogenic

activities.

IV. CONCLUSION

The levels of four heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Pb and Ni) in tomato and vegetable samples have been

determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). The results obtained showed

that the baseline levels of the four heavy metals in tomato and vegetable samples ranged from

0.00 to 16.52 mg/kg at the solid waste dumpsites. Using t-test, the concentration of these heavy

metals in the two sites were significantly higher than the control (t<0.05). The levels of Mn in

taenium triangulae (water leaf) samples from site A was above WHO (2015) maximum

permissible limit. The relatively higher levels (compared with control and WHO) of heavy

metals observed in this study was an indication of pollution/contamination by nature of these

edible plant samples as a result of burning of the wastes at the dumpsites. Sites should be located

far away from residential areas otherwise an appropriate means channeling the exhaust must be

used. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) must be carried out periodically to monitor the

levels of these heavy metals not only in plant samples but also in air, soil and water. Biological

samples of the residents in these areas should be collected for heavy metal analysis.

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