ib chemistry on mass spectrometer and isotopes
DESCRIPTION
IB Chemistry on Mass Spectrometer and IsotopesTRANSCRIPT
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com
Prepared by Lawrence Kok
Tutorial on Mass Spectrometer and Isotopes
Atomic Structure and Isotopes
Isotopes – Atoms of same element with • Different number of neutrons• Same number of proton• Same number of electronsDue to presence of isotopes, when calculating RAM, the weighted average/mean of all isotopes present will have to used.
X - No isotopes
RAM/Ar X• Mass of 1 atom X Mass of 1/12 of 12C• Mass of 1 atom X relative to 1/12 mass of 1 atom 12C
Relative Abundance 75% 25%
Mass number = proton + neutron
Proton number = proton Z = 29 protons
A= 29 protons + 35 neutrons = 64
Isotopes
Y - TWO isotopes
RAM/Ar Y• Average Mass of 1 atom Y Mass of 1/12 of 12C• Average mass of 1 atom Y relative to 1/12 mass of 1 atom 12C
RAM for CI • Weighted average mass of 2 isotopes present= (mass 53CI x % Abundance) + (mass 37CI x % Abundance) = (35 x 75/100) + (37 x 25/100)= 35.5
CI - TWO isotopes
Mg has 3 Isotopes
Relative Abundance
Pb has 4 Isotopes
Relative Abundance
Mg has 3 Isotopes
24 Mg – (100/127.2) x 100% - 78.6%25 Mg – (12.8/127.2) x 100% - 10.0%26 Mg – (14.4/127.2) x 100% - 11.3%
Relative Abundance % Abundance
Pb has 4 Isotopes
204Pb – (0.2/10) x 100% - 2%206Pb – (2.4/10) x 100% - 24%207Pb – (2.2/10) x 100% - 22%208Pb – (5.2/10) x 100% - 52%
Convert relative abundance to % abundance
Convert relative abundance to % abundance
Relative Abundance % Abundance
Mg has 3 Isotopes
24 Mg – (100/127.2) x 100% - 78.6%25 Mg – (12.8/127.2) x 100% - 10.0%26 Mg – (14.4/127.2) x 100% - 11.3%
RAM for Mg := (Mass 24Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 25Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 26Mg x % Abundance)= (24 x 78.6/100) + (25 x 10.0/100) + (26 x 11.3/100) = 24.30
Relative Abundance % Abundance
Pb has 4 Isotopes
204Pb – (0.2/10) x 100% - 2%206Pb – (2.4/10) x 100% - 24%207Pb – (2.2/10) x 100% - 22%208Pb – (5.2/10) x 100% - 52%RAM for Pb :
= (Mass 204Pb x % Abundance) + (Mass 206Pb x % Abundance) + (Mass 207Pb x % Abundance) + (Mass 208Pb x % Abundance)= (204 x 2/100) + (206 x 24/100) + (207 x 22/100) + (208 x 52/100) = 207.20
Convert relative abundance to % abundance
Convert relative abundance to % abundance
Relative Abundance % Abundance
Mass spectrophotometer Separates particles according to their masses and record their relative abundance• Use to determine presence of isotopes and its abundance • Use to calculate relative atomic mass /relative molecular mass of substance• Use to determine structural of organic molecules• Use to distinguish between structural isomers
Mass Spectrometer
Parts of Mass Spectrometer
Sample injection
Vaporization Chamber • Sample heat to vapour state
Ionization Chamber • Molecule bombard
with electrons form positive ions
Accelerator Chamber• M+ ions accelerated by
Electric field
Deflector • M+ ions
deflected by magnetic field
Detector • Measure m/z ratio• Relative abundance of
ions
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch13ms.html
Sample X bombarded by electron • Form positive M+ ion• Accelerated (Electric Field)• Deflected (Magnetic Field) and DetectedX + e- → X+ + 2e-
Ionization and Fragmentation Process
Ionization Process - CH3CH2CH2CH3
• Bombarded by electron forming cation• Molecular ion, M+ = 58• (CH3CH2CH2CH3)
+ = 58
Fragmentation Process CH3CH2CH2CH3 • Molecular ion, M+ undergo fragmentation • Cation and Radical formed• Cation will be detected• Radical - Not charged –Not detected
Ionization , M+ ,m/z = 58Ionization and Fragmentation of M+
• Forming - m/z = 58, 43 and 15
Ionization and Fragmentation of M+
• Forming- m/z = 58 and 29
• Ionization forming M+
CH3CH2CH2 : CH3 + e → CH3CH2CH2+.CH3 + 2e
• Fragmentation of M+ producing 43CH3CH2CH2
+·CH3 → CH3CH2CH2+ + ·CH3
• Fragmentation of M+ producing 15CH3CH2CH2
+·CH3 → CH3CH2CH2· + +CH3
Ionization and Fragmentation Process
Ionization Process - CH3CH2CH2CH3
• Bombarded by electron forming cation• Molecular ion, M+ = 58• (CH3CH2CH2CH3)
+ = 58
Fragmentation Process CH3CH2CH2CH3 • Molecular ion, M+ undergo fragmentation • Cation and Radical formed• Cation will be detected• Radical - Not charged –Not detected
H H | |CH3CH2CH2 C:H + e → CH3CH2CH2
C+.H + 2e | | H H
• Ionization forming M+
CH3CH2:CH2CH3 + e → CH3CH2+·CH2CH3
+ 2e
• Fragmentation of M+ producing 29CH3CH2
+·CH2CH3 → CH3CH2+
+ .CH2CH3
Ionization , M+ ,m/z = 58
CH3CH2CH2CH3 + e → CH3CH2CH2CH3
+ + 2e
Ionization and Fragmentation of M+
• Forming - m/z = 58, 43 and 15
m/z = 58
m/z = 43
m/z = 15
Ionization and Fragmentation of M+
• Forming- m/z = 58 and 29
m/z = 58
m/z = 58
m/z = 29
• Ionization forming M+
CH3CH2CH2 : CH3 + e → CH3CH2CH2+.CH3 + 2e
• Fragmentation of M+ producing 43CH3CH2CH2
+·CH3 → CH3CH2CH2+ + ·CH3
• Fragmentation of M+ producing 15CH3CH2CH2
+·CH3 → CH3CH2CH2· + +CH3
Ionization and Fragmentation Process
Ionization Process - CH3CH2CH2CH3
• Bombarded by electron forming cation• Molecular ion, M+ = 58• (CH3CH2CH2CH3)
+ = 58
Fragmentation Process CH3CH2CH2CH3 • Molecular ion, M+ undergo fragmentation • Cation and Radical formed• Cation will be detected• Radical - Not charged –Not detected
H H | |CH3CH2CH2 C:H + e → CH3CH2CH2
C+.H + 2e | | H H
• Ionization forming M+
CH3CH2:CH2CH3 + e → CH3CH2+·CH2CH3
+ 2e
• Fragmentation of M+ producing 29CH3CH2
+·CH2CH3 → CH3CH2+
+ .CH2CH3
Ionization , M+ ,m/z = 58
CH3CH2CH2CH3 + e → CH3CH2CH2CH3
+ + 2e
Ionization and Fragmentation of M+
• Forming - m/z = 58, 43 and 15
m/z = 58
m/z = 43
m/z = 15
Ionization and Fragmentation of M+
• Forming- m/z = 58 and 29
m/z = 58
m/z = 58
m/z = 29
Ionization and Fragmentation
Ionization of CI2 into CI2+
CI:CI + e- → CI+.CI + 2e [35CI+.35CI] – 70CI:CI + e- → CI+.CI + 2e [35CI+.37CI] – 72CI:CI + e- → CI+.CI + 2e [37CI+.37CI] – 74
Fragmentation of CI2+ into CI+
CI+.CI → CI+ + ·CI [35CI+ + 35CI·] – 35
CI+.CI → CI+ + ·CI [37CI+ + 37CI·] – 37
m/z = 35
m/z = 37
Ionization and Fragmentation Process
CI2 molecule (Isotopes) undergo Ionization and Fragmentation
Fragmentation of CI2+ into CI+
CI+.CI → CI+ + ·CI [35CI+ + 35CI·] – 35
CI+.CI → CI+ + ·CI [37CI+ + 37CI·] – 37
m/z = 35
m/z = 37
Ionization and Fragmentation Process
Mass spectrum for CI2 molecule
CI2 molecule (Isotopes) undergo Ionization and Fragmentation
Ratio for 35CI35CI: 35CI37CI: 37CI37CI is 9:6:1Ratio for 35CI : 37CI is 3:1
Ionization of CI2 into CI2+
CI:CI + e- → CI+.CI + 2e [35CI+.35CI] – 70CI:CI + e- → CI+.CI + 2e [35CI+.37CI] – 72CI:CI + e- → CI+.CI + 2e [37CI+.37CI] – 74
Deflection based on mass/charge ratio or (m/z) ratio• Ion – LOW ↓ mass (light) + HIGH ↑ charge – Deflected ↑ more (LOW ↓
(m/z) ratio )• Ion – HIGH ↑ mass (heavy) + LOW ↓ charge – Deflect ↓ less (HIGH ↑
(m/z) ratio )
Click here to view
LOW ↓(m/z) ratio – HIGH ↑ Deflection
HIGH ↑ (m/z) ratio - LOW ↓Deflection
Fragmentation of CI2+ into CI+
CI+.CI → CI+ + ·CI [35CI+ + 35CI·] – 35
CI+.CI → CI+ + ·CI [37CI+ + 37CI·] – 37
37CI+
35CI+
35CI2+
37CI2+
m/z = 35
m/z = 37
Ionization and Fragmentation Process
Mass spectrum for CI2 molecule
CI2 molecule (Isotopes) undergo Ionization and Fragmentation
Ratio for 35CI35CI: 35CI37CI: 37CI37CI is 9:6:1Ratio for 35CI : 37CI is 3:1
Ionization of CI2 into CI2+
CI:CI + e- → CI+.CI + 2e [35CI+.35CI] – 70CI:CI + e- → CI+.CI + 2e [35CI+.37CI] – 72CI:CI + e- → CI+.CI + 2e [37CI+.37CI] – 74
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch13ms.html#isotopes
Mass spectra for CH3(CH2)8CH3
Mass spectra for C6H5CH2OH
Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [C6H5CH2OH]+ = 108Fragmentation peaks :(M- 17)+ = (C6H5CH2)+ = 91
(M- 31)+ = (C6H5)+ = 77
(M- 77)+ = (CH2OH)+ = 31
Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3(CH2)8CH3]+ = 142
Fragmentation peaks :(M-15)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 127(M-29)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 113(M-43)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 99(M-57)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 85(M-71)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 71(M-85)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 57(M-99)+ = (CH3CH2CH2)
+ = 43(M-113)+ = (CH3CH2)
+ = 29(M-127)+ = (CH3)
+ = 15
Loss of Methylene gp, CH2 = 14
Loss of CH2OH
Loss of OH
Loss of C6H5
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch13ms.html#isotopes
Mass spectra for CH3(CH2)8CH3
127
Mass spectra for C6H5CH2OH
Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [C6H5CH2OH]+ = 108Fragmentation peaks :(M- 17)+ = (C6H5CH2)+ = 91
(M- 31)+ = (C6H5)+ = 77
(M- 77)+ = (CH2OH)+ = 31
Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3(CH2)8CH3]+ = 142
Fragmentation peaks :(M-15)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 127(M-29)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 113(M-43)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 99(M-57)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 85(M-71)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 71(M-85)+ =(CH3CH2CH2CH2)
+ = 57(M-99)+ = (CH3CH2CH2)
+ = 43(M-113)+ = (CH3CH2)
+ = 29(M-127)+ = (CH3)
+ = 15
Loss of Methylene gp, CH2 = 14
Loss of CH2OH
Loss of OH
Loss of C6H5
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch13ms.html#isotopes
Mass spectra for CH3CH(CI)CH3
Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3CH(35CI)CH3]+
= 78 (35CI)Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3CH(37CI)CH3]
+ = 80 (37CI)Fragmentation peaks :(M-15)+ =(CH3CH35CI)+ = 63(M-15)+ =(CH3CH37CI)+ = 65
(M-35/37)+ =(CH3CHCH3)+ = 43
Loss of methyl gp CH3
Loss of CI gp
Mass spectra for CH3CH2CH3Br
Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3CH2CH2Br]+ = 122 (79Br)Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3CH2CH2Br]+ = 124 (81Br)Fragmentation peaks :(M-79/81)+ =(CH3CH2CH2)
+ = 43
(M- 29)+ =(CH279Br)+ = 93
(M- 29)+ =(CH281Br)+ = 95
Loss of Br gp
Loss of ethyl gp CH3CH2
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch13ms.html#isotopes
Isotopic peak – (M+ + 2) peak present due to 35CI and 37CI
Mass spectra for CH3CH(CI)CH3
Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3CH(35CI)CH3]+
= 78 (35CI)Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3CH(37CI)CH3]
+ = 80 (37CI)Fragmentation peaks :(M-15)+ =(CH3CH35CI)+ = 63(M-15)+ =(CH3CH37CI)+ = 65
(M-35/37)+ =(CH3CHCH3)+ = 43
Loss of methyl gp CH3
Loss of CI gp
Mass spectra for CH3CH2CH3Br
Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3CH2CH2Br]+ = 122 (79Br)Molecular Ion peak, M+ = [CH3CH2CH2Br]+ = 124 (81Br)Fragmentation peaks :(M-79/81)+ =(CH3CH2CH2)
+ = 43
(M- 29)+ =(CH279Br)+ = 93
(M- 29)+ =(CH281Br)+ = 95Isotopic peak – (M+ + 2) peak present due to 79Br
and 81Br
Loss of Br gp
Loss of ethyl gp CH3CH2
93 95
Mass Spectrum for Isomers, 2 methylbutane and 2, 2 dimethylpropane
CH3 |CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3 |CH3C-CH3
| CH3
Isomers of C5H12
Vs
2 methylbutane 2, 2 dimethylpropane
Mass Spectrum for Isomers, 2 methylbutane and 2, 2 dimethylpropane
CH3 |CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3 |CH3C-CH3
| CH3
Molecular Ion, M+ = [CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3]+ =
72Fragmentation peaks :(M - 15)+ = (CH3CH(CH3)CH2)
+ = 57
(M - 29)+ = (CH3CH(CH3))+ = 43
(M - 43)+ = (CH3CH2)+ = 29
(M - 57)+ = (CH3)+ = 15
Isomers of C5H12
Molecular Ion, M+ = [CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3]+
= 72Fragmentation peaks :(M - 15)+ = (C(CH3)3)
+ = 57
(M - 30)+ = (C(CH3)2)+ = 42
(M - 45)+ = (CH3C)+ = 27
(M - 57)+ = (CH3)+ = 15
Vs
Loss of CH3
Loss of CH3CH2
Loss of CH3CH(CH3)
Loss of CH3CH(CH3)CH2
Loss of CH3
Loss of T WO CH3
Loss of THREE CH3
2 methylbutane 2, 2 dimethylpropane
Loss of C(CH3)3
Vs
Mass Spectrum for Isomers, 2 methylbutane and 2, 2 dimethylpropane
CH3 |CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3 |CH3C-CH3
| CH3
Peak 29 absent• No CH3CH2 presentPeak 57 is higher• Loss of methyl radical produces a tertiary carbocation• Tertiary carbocation – More stable
Molecular Ion, M+ = [CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3]+ =
72Fragmentation peaks :(M - 15)+ = (CH3CH(CH3)CH2)
+ = 57
(M - 29)+ = (CH3CH(CH3))+ = 43
(M - 43)+ = (CH3CH2)+ = 29
(M - 57)+ = (CH3)+ = 15
Isomers of C5H12
Molecular Ion, M+ = [CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3]+
= 72Fragmentation peaks :(M - 15)+ = (C(CH3)3)
+ = 57
(M - 30)+ = (C(CH3)2)+ = 42
(M - 45)+ = (CH3C)+ = 27
(M - 57)+ = (CH3)+ = 15
Vs
Loss of CH3
Loss of CH3CH2
Loss of CH3CH(CH3)
Loss of CH3CH(CH3)CH2
Loss of CH3
Loss of T WO CH3
Loss of THREE CH3
CH3 |CH3C+·CH3 | CH3
m/z= 57
CH3 |CH3 C
+ + ·CH3
| CH3
2 methylbutane 2, 2 dimethylpropane
Loss of C(CH3)3
Vs
Peak 29 absent• CH3CH2 present
Mass Spectrum for Isomers, Propan-1-ol and Propan-2-ol
Isomers of C3H8OH
CH3CH2CH2OH OH |CH3CHCH3
Propan-1-olPropan-2-ol
Mass Spectrum for Isomers, Propan-1-ol and Propan-2-ol
Molecular Ion, M+ = [CH3CH2CH2OH]+ = 60Fragmentation peaks :(M - 15)+ = (CH2CH2OH)+ = 45
(M - 29)+ = (CH2OH)+ = 31
(M - 31)+ = (CH3CH2)+ = 29
(M - 45)+ = (CH3)+ = 15
Isomers of C3H8OH
Molecular Ion, M+ = [CH3CH(OH)CH3]
+ = 60Fragmentation peaks :(M - 15)+ = (CH3CH(OH))+ = 45
(M - 17)+ = (CH3CHCH3)+ = 43
(M - 33)+ = (CH3C)+ = 27
Vs
Loss of CH3
Loss of CH3CH2
Loss of CH2OH
Loss of CH2CH2OH
Loss of CH3
CH3CH2CH2OH OH |CH3CHCH3
Loss of OH
Loss of OH, CH3, H
Propan-1-olPropan-2-ol
15
Vs
Mass Spectrum for Isomers, Propan-1-ol and Propan-2-ol
Peak 45 is higher• Loss of methyl radical at both sides produces (CH3CH(OH))+
• No m/z= 29 peak detected – No CH2CH3 found !
Molecular Ion, M+ = [CH3CH2CH2OH]+ = 60Fragmentation peaks :(M - 15)+ = (CH2CH2OH)+ = 45
(M - 29)+ = (CH2OH)+ = 31
(M - 31)+ = (CH3CH2)+ = 29
(M - 45)+ = (CH3)+ = 15
Isomers of C3H8OH
Molecular Ion, M+ = [CH3CH(OH)CH3]
+ = 60Fragmentation peaks :(M - 15)+ = (CH3CH(OH))+ = 45
(M - 17)+ = (CH3CHCH3)+ = 43
(M - 33)+ = (CH3C)+ = 27
Vs
Loss of CH3
Loss of CH3CH2
Loss of CH2OH
Loss of CH2CH2OH
Loss of CH3
OH OH | |CH3 C+·CH3 → CH3C
+ + ·CH3
| | H Hm/z= 45
CH3CH2CH2OH OH |CH3CHCH3
Loss of OH
Loss of OH, CH3, H
Peak 29 and 31 are found• Inductive effect of OH causes splitting of CH3CH2-|-CH2OH• m/z =29 peak detected – CH2CH3 present
CH3CH2 +· CH2OH → CH3CH2
+ + ·CH2OH
m/z= 29
CH3CH2 +· CH2OH → CH3CH2 ·
+ +CH2OH
m/z= 31
Propan-1-olPropan-2-ol
15
Vs
Normal Mass Spectrometer Vs High Resolution Mass spectrometer
Normal Mass Spectrometer • Determination molecular formula/weight by adding all relative atomic mass • RMM for molecule = Sum of all RAM • RMM for O2 = 16 + 16 = 32• RMM for N2H4 = (14 x 2) + (1 x 4) =32• RMM for CH3OH = (12 + 3 + 16 + 1) = 32• Molecular ion peak, for O2, N2H4, CH3OH is the
SAME = 32
RAM, O = 16RAM, N = 14RAM, H = 1RAM, C = 12
High Resolution Mass Spectrometer -Measure to RMM to 4/5 decimal places• Determination molecular formula/weight by adding all relative atomic mass • RMM for molecule = Sum of all RAM • RMM for O2 = 15.9949 + 15.9949 = 31.9898• RMM for N2H4 = (14.0031 x 2) + (1.0078 x 4) = 32.0375• RMM for CH3OH = (12.0000 )+ (3 x 1.0078) + 15.9949 = 32.0262• Molecular ion peak, for O2, N2H4, CH3OH is the NOT the same
RAM, O = 15.9949RAM, N = 14.0031RAM, H = 1.0078RAM, C = 12.0000Vs
Normal Mass Spectrometer Vs High Resolution Mass spectrometer
Normal Mass Spectrometer • Determination molecular formula/weight by adding all relative atomic mass • RMM for molecule = Sum of all RAM • RMM for O2 = 16 + 16 = 32• RMM for N2H4 = (14 x 2) + (1 x 4) =32• RMM for CH3OH = (12 + 3 + 16 + 1) = 32• Molecular ion peak, for O2, N2H4, CH3OH is the
SAME = 32
RAM, O = 16RAM, N = 14RAM, H = 1RAM, C = 12
High Resolution Mass Spectrometer -Measure to RMM to 4/5 decimal places• Determination molecular formula/weight by adding all relative atomic mass • RMM for molecule = Sum of all RAM • RMM for O2 = 15.9949 + 15.9949 = 31.9898• RMM for N2H4 = (14.0031 x 2) + (1.0078 x 4) = 32.0375• RMM for CH3OH = (12.0000 )+ (3 x 1.0078) + 15.9949 = 32.0262• Molecular ion peak, for O2, N2H4, CH3OH is the NOT the same
RAM, O = 15.9949RAM, N = 14.0031RAM, H = 1.0078RAM, C = 12.0000Vs
Vs
Normal Mass Spectrometer Vs High Resolution Mass spectrometer
Normal Mass Spectrometer • Determination molecular formula/weight by adding all relative atomic mass • RMM for molecule = Sum of all RAM • RMM for O2 = 16 + 16 = 32• RMM for N2H4 = (14 x 2) + (1 x 4) =32• RMM for CH3OH = (12 + 3 + 16 + 1) = 32• Molecular ion peak, for O2, N2H4, CH3OH is the
SAME = 32
RAM, O = 16RAM, N = 14RAM, H = 1RAM, C = 12
High Resolution Mass Spectrometer -Measure to RMM to 4/5 decimal places• Determination molecular formula/weight by adding all relative atomic mass • RMM for molecule = Sum of all RAM • RMM for O2 = 15.9949 + 15.9949 = 31.9898• RMM for N2H4 = (14.0031 x 2) + (1.0078 x 4) = 32.0375• RMM for CH3OH = (12.0000 )+ (3 x 1.0078) + 15.9949 = 32.0262• Molecular ion peak, for O2, N2H4, CH3OH is the NOT the same
RAM, O = 15.9949RAM, N = 14.0031RAM, H = 1.0078RAM, C = 12.0000
(M+1 )– due to isotope 13C as Carbon has 3 isotopes, 12, 13 and 14Naturally occuring carbon made up of 98.9% 12C and 1.1% 13CRelative abundance for M+1 (13C) peak is very small
59
Vs
CH3CH2CH2CH3 • Molecular ion peak/parent ion – Highest m/z value = RMM of compound• Molecular ion, M+ = 58• (CH3CH2CH2CH3)
+ = 58
Mass spectrum for CH3CH2CH2CH3
Vs
Acknowledgements
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Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent contribution on licenseshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/
Prepared by Lawrence Kok
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