ib chemistry on valence bond and hybridization theory
DESCRIPTION
IB Chemistry on Valence Bond and Hybridization TheoryTRANSCRIPT
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com
Prepared by Lawrence Kok
Tutorial on Valence Bond Theory and Hybridization.
brown liquid
Click here simulation on covalent bond
yellow gas
greenish gas
violet solid
Covalent bonding between non metals
2.8.7
Gp 17 Non metal
achieve stable octet structure
CI shared pair electron
Covalent BondingElectrostatic forces attraction between nucleus with shared pair electron
2.8.8
2.8.7 Sharing electron
Gp 17 Non metal
2.8.8
CI
Non metal •High EN value•Gain electron (anion)•Electronegative ions
Covalent Bonding
CICI
Lewis structure/diagram . Electron cross dot . Valence/bonding pair electron
CI CI: xx:
:
:.
xx
X
xx
xx CI CI
:: xx
xx
CI CI
Non metal •High EN value•Gain electron (anion)•Electronegative ions
Single covalent bond – shared pair electron
:
.CI
..x
Bond Bond order
Bond strength
Bond length/pm
C - C 1 347 154
C = C 2 612 134
C Ξ C 3 820 120
N - N 1 159 145
N = N 2 418 123
N Ξ N 3 914 110
Bond length and Bond strength
Bond length = 0.199nm
Lewis structure/diagram . Electron cross dot . Valence/bonding pair electron
CI CI: xx
::
:
:.
xx
X
X
xx
xx
O
CI CI:
: xxxx
xx
CI CI
:O O: : x
x
xx
xx
O:
: xx
xx
N
O O
N:
Lewis structure/diagram . Electron cross dot . Valence/bonding pair electron
Lewis structure/diagram . Electron cross dot . Valence/bonding pair electron
O
: :.N N: N N
:
Triple bond > Double bond > Single bond
Bonding pair e -involve in
bonding
Bond length decrease
Bond strength Increase
(Double/Triple bond)
Bond length = 0.121nm
Bond length = 0.110nm
Bond order up – Bond strength up – Bond length down
O:
Non bonding pair (Lone pair electron)
Bonding pair electron
C O: :
Bonding pair electron
Dative bond (electron pair of oxy)
Types of bonding
Lone pair e –not involve in bonding
Dative/coordinate bond
- pair e come from an atom
Exception to octet rule
All period 2 element - observe octet rule except Be and B Electron deficientLess than 8 valence e
Expanded octetMore than 8 valence e
All period 3 element - observe octet rule except P and S
: BeCI CIx. :
::
::
x
x.
Be - 4 valence e
BCI CI: :::
:: x
: :B - 6 valence e
P S
CI
CI
CI
CI
CI
CI
CICI
CICICI
P - 10 valence e
S – 12 valence e
: :
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Predict molecular shape/geometry
Shape determine by electron pairs/ electron charge centers/ECC
Bonding/lone pair – repel each other
Bonding/lone pair arrange themselves as far as possible (minimise repulsion)
Valence
Shell
Electron
Pair
Repulsion
NOT surrounding atoms
N
HHH
..
Principles of VSEPR
Shape of molecule
Determine number valence e around central atom
1
2 Single, double, triple bond , lone pair act as electron charge center/ECC
3
4 Lone pair-lone pair > Lone pair-bonding pair > bonding pair-bonding pair repulsion
5
6 ECC or electron pair position in equatorial first, then axial
Excellent VSEPR simulation Click here
✓ Click here VSEPR notes
Lewis structure
VSEPR
..N
HH
H
Shape
Click here VSEPR simulation
..
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Bonding/lone pair arrange themselves as far as possible (minimise repulsion)
Principles of VSEPR
Determine number valence e around central atom
1
2 Single, double, triple bond , lone pair act as electron charge center/ECC
3 Bonding/lone pair repel each otherLone /lone pair > Lone /bond pair > bond/bond pair repulsion
4
5
For 5/6 ECC:ECC position in equatorial first, then axial
..
NHHH
3 bonding pair
1 lone pair4 ECC
N – central atom
3 ECC
CH
=OH
H C N
2 ECC
OH H..
4 ECC
> >1 lone pair2 lone pair 0 lone pair
Repulsion greater - Bond angle smaller
Repulsion greater
Repulsion greater
✓
ECC far apart – Bond angle greatest – minimise repulsion
6
Lone pair need more spaceMultiple bonds more space
Unequal repulsion
Equal repulsion
90°120°
109.5°
107°
180°
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Predict molecular shape/geometry
Shape determine by electron pairs/ electron charge centers/ECC
Bonding/lone pair – repel each other
Bonding/lone pair arrange themselves as far as possible (minimise repulsion)
Valence
Shell
Electron
Pair
Repulsion
N
HHH
..
Principles of VSEPR
Shape of molecule
Determine number valence e around central atom
1
2 Single, double, triple bond , lone pair act as electron charge center/ECC
3
4 Lone pair-lone pair > Lone pair-bonding pair > bonding pair-bonding pair repulsion
5
6 ECC or electron pair position in equatorial first, then axial
Lewis structure
VSEPR
..N
HH
H
Geometry
4 ECC
3 bonding pair1 lone pair
Trigonal pyrimidal
1
2
3
Bond pair electron •Occupy smaller region space bet nuclei•Repulsion less
Lone pair electron
nucleus
>
Bonding pair electron
nuclei
Lone pair electron•Electron pair occupy greater space•Repel any bonding pair nearby•Lone pair repulsion > bonding pair repulsion
Double bond •Repulsion greater•Angle smaller, 111.4°
B
F
F
F
Single bond •Equal repulsion •Angle 120°
120°
120°
120°
space occupy by electron
space occupy by electron
Valence
Shell
Electron
Pair
Repulsion
N
HHH
..
Shape of molecule
..N
HHH
Geometry
4 ECC
3 bonding pair1 lone pair
Trigonal pyrimidal
1 2 3
- Atomic orbital overlap- Electron localized in overlap region -Electron density between nuclei
- Lewis structure- Valence electron involve in bonding- Localized region space- Sharing of valence electron
Using VSEPR predict shape
Quantum mechanics approach
1s orbital 1s orbital
1s orbital 2p orbital
2p orbital 2p orbital
Localized electron pair
Electron density/cloud
1s 1s
Attraction bet nuclei with electron cloud
Minimum energy, most stable, bond length
Too near repulsion bet +ve nuclei
Atomic Orbitals
n= 1
n= 2
l=0 1s sublevel
l=0
l=1
2s sublevel
2p sublevel
n= 3
l=1
l=2
l=0 3s sublevel
3p sublevel
3d sublevel
ml =0
ml =0
ml = 0
ml =-1
ml =+1
ml = 0
ml = 0
ml =-1
ml =+1
ml =+1
ml =-1
ml =+2
ml =-2
ml = 0
1s orbital
2s orbital
2px orbital
2py orbital
2pz orbital
3s orbital
3px orbital
3py orbital
3pz orbital
3dxy orbital
3dxz orbital
3dyz orbital
3dz2 orbital
3dx2 – y
2orbital
Click here to view simulation
Energy Level
Atomic orbital overlapElectron localized in overlap region Electron density bet nuclei
1s orbital1s orbital
2p orbital1s orbital
2p orbital 2p orbital Localized electron pair
Click here hybridization notes
Click here orbital overlap
overlap
Molecular orbital sigma bond
Sigma σ bond•2 atomic orbital overlap•End to end overlap along internuclear axis•Overlap of orbitals between nuclei •Constructive interference
Pi π bond•2 p orbital overlap sideways•Overlap of unhybridized/parallel p orbital•Parallel p orbital overlaps•Sideway interaction of 2 p orbitals
+
Atomic orbital overlap
+
overlap
Atomic orbital overlap
+ +
Molecular orbital pi bond
sigma bond
overlap
Molecular orbital sigma bond
Sigma σ bond•2 atomic orbital overlap•End to end overlap along internuclear axis•Overlap of orbitals between nuclei •Constructive interference
Pi π bond•2 p orbital overlap sideways•Overlap of unhybridized/parallel p orbital•Parallel p orbital overlaps•Sideway interaction of 2 p orbitals
+
Atomic orbital overlap
+
internuclear axis
overlap
Atomic orbital overlap
+ +
Molecular orbital pi bond
+
Sigma bond stronger- greater orbital overlap Pi bond weaker - less orbital overlap
Formula
Lewis Structure
VSEPR
Hybridization
NH31
2
3
4
HH
H
One s orbital + One p orbital → TWO sp hybrid orbital
Mixing of atomic orbital to form new hybrid orbital for bondingAtomic orbital + Atomic orbital → Hybrid orbital
+
One s orbital + Two p orbital → THREE sp2 hybrid orbital
+ +
One s orbital + Three p orbital → FOUR sp3 hybrid orbital
+ + +
Formula
Lewis Structure
VSEPR
Hybridization
NH31
2
3
4
HH
H
1
2
3
4
25% s character75% p character
33% s character66% p character
50% s character50% p character
One s orbital + One p orbital → TWO sp hybrid orbital
Mixing of atomic orbital to form new hybrid orbital for bondingAtomic orbital + Atomic orbital → Hybrid orbital
+
One s orbital + Two p orbital → THREE sp2 hybrid orbital
+ +
One s orbital + Three p orbital → FOUR sp3 hybrid orbital
+ + +
Formula
Lewis Structure
VSEPR
Hybridization
NH31
2
3
4
HH
H
VSEPRElectron DomainElectron charge
center
Hybridization
2 sp
3 sp2
4 sp3
5 dsp3
6 d2sp3
1
2
3
4
Atomic orbital
Type ofHybridization
NumberHybrid orbitals
VSEPRNumber Electron domain
VSEPRElectron geometrydomain
s,p sp 2 2 Linear
s,p,p sp2 3 3 Trigonal planar
s,p,p,p sp3 4 4 Tetrahedral
s,p,p,p,d dsp3 5 5 TrigonalBipyrimid
al
s,p,p,p,d,d
d2sp3 6 6 Octahedral
25% s character75% p character
33% s character66% p character
50% s character50% p character
Click here for simulation
✓Excellent simulation
Valence
Shell
Electron
Pair
Repulsion
N
HHH
..
Shape of molecule
..N
HHH
Geometry
4 ECC
3 bonding pair1 lone pair
Trigonal pyrimidal
1 2 3
- Lewis structure- Valence electron involve in
bonding- Localized region space- Sharing of valence electron
Using VSEPR predict shape
Valence
Shell
Electron
Pair
Repulsion
N
HHH
..
Shape of molecule
..N
HHH
Geometry
4 ECC
3 bonding pair1 lone pair
Trigonal pyrimidal
1 2 3
- Atomic orbital overlap- Electron localized in overlap region -Electron density between nuclei
- Lewis structure- Valence electron involve in
bonding- Localized region space- Sharing of valence electron
Using VSEPR predict shape
- Quantum mechanics approach- Strength covalent bond proportional to overlap bet
orbitals- Greater overlap – stronger bond- Atom undergo hybridization to maximize overlap- Wave combine constructive/destructively form hybrid
orbital
1s orbital 1s orbital
1s orbital 2p orbital
2p orbital 2p orbital
Localized electron pair
Orbital- Probability of finding electron in a region space- Cloud of probability- Not possible determine exact location electron- Electron density
Electron cloud
1s
sp hybridization, Beryllium hydride, BeH2
1s
2s
2p
4Be - 1s2 2s2
1s
2p
High energy
Ground state Excited state
excited
Hybridized state
sp sp2py 2pz
2s
sp hybridization
+
s orbital p orbitalsp hybrid orbital
+ +Be
H – Be - H
Be – sp hybridization
- TWO sp hybrid orbitals- Linear electron distribution- 2 bonding pair- sp orbital Be overlap with s orbital hydrogen
1s
sp hybridization, Beryllium hydride, BeH2
1s
2s
2p
4Be - 1s2 2s2
1s
2p
High energy
Ground state Excited state
excited
Hybridized state
sp sp2py 2pz
2s
sp hybridization
+
s orbital p orbitalsp hybrid orbital
+ +Be
H – Be - H
sp2 hybridization Boron hydride, BH3
High energy
5B - 1s2 2s3
Ground state
2s
1s
2p
1s
2s
2p
1s
2p
excited
+ +
sp2
hybridization
sp2 sp2sp2
B
Excited state Hybridized state
Be – sp hybridization
B – sp2 hybridization
B
- TWO sp hybrid orbitals- Linear electron distribution- 2 bonding pair- sp orbital Be overlap with s orbital hydrogen
- THREE sp2 hybrid orbitals- Trigonal electron distribution- 3 bonding pair- sp2 orbital B overlap with s orbital hydrogen
B
H
HH
1s
sp3 hybridization methane, CH4
1s
2s
2p
6C - 1s2 2s22p2
1s
2p
Ground state Excited state
excited
Hybridized state
2s
sp3
hybridization
+
sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
C+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 4 bonding pair- sp3 orbital carbon overlap with s orbital hydrogen
CH4
1s
sp3 hybridization methane, CH4
1s
2s
2p
6C - 1s2 2s22p2
1s
2p
Ground state Excited state
excited
Hybridized state
2s
sp3
hybridization
+
sp3 hybridization ammonia NH3
Ground state
2s
1s
2p
1s
2s
2p
1s
excited
+
sp3
hybridization
sp3 sp3sp3
Excited state Hybridized state
sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
C+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 4 bonding pair- sp3 orbital carbon overlap with s orbital hydrogen
7N - 1s2 2s22p3
sp3
+
NH3
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 3 Bonding pair/1 lone pair- sp3 orbital nitrogen overlap with s orbital hydrogen
CH4
1s
sp2 hybridization ethene, C2H4
1s
2s
2p
6C - 1s2 2s22p4
1s
2p
Ground state Excited state
excited
Hybridized state
2s
sp2
hybridization
+
sp2 sp2 sp2
unhybridized 2p orbital
C2H4
unhybridized 2p orbital overlap form π bond
C
2p
2s
1s
2p
1s
sp2 hybridization ethene, C2H4
1s
2s
2p
6C - 1s2 2s22p4
1s
2p
Ground state Excited state
excited
Hybridized state
2s
sp2
hybridization
+
sp2 sp2 sp2
unhybridized 2p orbital
C2H4
sp hybridization ethyne, C2H2
6C - 1s2 2s22p4
Ground state
1s
2s sp hybridization
+
unhybridized 2p orbital
sp sp
unhybridized 2p orbital overlap form π bond
unhybridized 2p orbital overlap form π bond
π bond
Click here to view hybridization Click here hybridization theory
Video on hybridization
C
C
1s
sp2 hybridization methanal, H2CO
1s
2s
2p
6C - 1s2 2s22p4
1s
2p
Ground stateExcited state
excited
Hybridized state
2s
sp2
hybridization
+
sp2 sp2 sp2
unhybridized 2p orbital
unhybridized 2p orbital overlap form π bond
CC
Oxygen sp2 hybridization
2p
2s
1s
2p
1s
sp2 hybridization methanal, H2CO
1s
2s
2p
6C - 1s2 2s22p4
1s
2p
Ground stateExcited state
excited
Hybridized state
2s
sp2
hybridization
+
sp2 sp2 sp2
unhybridized 2p orbital
6C - 1s2 2s22p4
Ground state
1s
2s sp hybridization
+
unhybridized 2p orbital
sp sp
unhybridized 2p orbital overlap form π bond
unhybridized 2p orbital carbon overlap form π bond
sp hybridization carbon dioxide, CO2
C
sp hybridization C
sp2 hybridization O
CC
Oxygen sp2 hybridization
1s
sp3 hybridization water H2O
1s
2s
2p
8O - 1s2 2s22p4
1s
2p
excited2s
sp3
hybridization
+
sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
O+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 2 bonding pair/ 2 lone pair- sp3 orbital oxygen overlap with s orbital hydrogen
H2OO
H H
: :
1s
sp3 hybridization water H2O
1s
2s
2p
8O - 1s2 2s22p4
1s
2p
excited2s
sp3
hybridization
+
sp3 hybridization phosphorus trichloride PCI3
Ground state
2s
1s
2p
1s
2s
2p
1s
excited
+
sp3 sp3sp3
Excited state Hybridized state
sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
O+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 2 bonding pair/ 2 lone pair- sp3 orbital oxygen overlap with s orbital hydrogen
15P - 1s2 2s22p63s23p3
sp3
+
PCI3
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 3 bonding pair/1 lone pair- sp3 orbital phosphorus overlap with p orbital chlorine
H2O
3s
3p
3s
3p
2s
2p
sp3
hybridization CI 3p
P
P
P
O
H H
CICI
CI
: :
:
1s1s
2p
excited
2s
sp3
hybridizationsp3
PCI3
PCI
CICI1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3s
3p
2s
2p
sp3 sp3 sp3
CI 3p
+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 3 bonding pair/1 lone pair- sp3 orbital phosphorus overlap with p orbital chlorine
P
Phosphorus exist as PCI3 or PCI5
sp3 hybridization phosphorus trichloride PCI3
:
1s1s
2p
excited
2s
sp3
hybridization
dsp3 hybridization phosphorus pentachloride PCI5
Ground state
2s
1s
2p
1s
2s
2p
1s
excited
Excited state Hybridized state
sp3
15P - 1s2 2s22p63s23p3
PCI3
- Five dsp3 hybrid orbitals- Trigonal bipyrimidal electron distribution- 5 Bonding pair- dsp3 orbital phosphorus overlap with p orbital chlorine
3s
3p
3s3p
2s
2p
dsp3
hybridization
CI 3p
P
PCI
CICI1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3s
3p
2s
2p
sp3 sp3 sp3
CI 3p
+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 3 bonding pair/1 lone pair- sp3 orbital phosphorus overlap with p orbital chlorine
P
3d 3d
5 dsp3
+
Phosphorus exist as PCI3 or PCI5
sp3 hybridization phosphorus trichloride PCI3
Expanded Octet✓
P
Click here to view
:
1s1s
2p
excited
2s
sp3
hybridizationsp3
SF2
S
FF
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3s
3p
2s
2p
sp3 sp3 sp3
F 3p
+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 2 bonding pair/2 lone pair- sp3 orbital sulfur overlap with p orbital fluorine
S
Sulfur exist as SF2, SF4 or SF6
sp3 hybridization SF2
:
:
1s1s
2p
excited
2s
sp3
hybridization
dsp3 hybridization SF4
Ground state
2s
1s
2p
1s
2s
2p
1s
excited
Excited state Hybridized state
sp3
15S - 1s2 2s22p63s23p6
SF2
- Five dsp3 hybrid orbitals- Trigonal bipyrimidal electron distribution- 4 bonding pair/1 lone pair- dsp3 orbital sulfur overlap with p orbital fluorine
3s
3p
3s3p
2s
2p
dsp3
hybridization
F 3p
S
S
FF
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3s
3p
2s
2p
sp3 sp3 sp3
F 3p
+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 2 bonding pair/2 lone pair- sp3 orbital sulfur overlap with p orbital fluorine
S
3d 3d
5 dsp3
+
Sulfur exist as SF2, SF4 or SF6
sp3 hybridization SF2
Expanded Octet
FF
FF
S
SF4
:
:
S
✓
1s1s
2p
excited
2s
sp3
hybridizationsp3
SF2
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3s
3p
2s
2p
sp3 sp3 sp3
F 3p
+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 2 Bonding pair/2 lone pair- sp3 orbital sulfur overlap with p orbital fluorine
S
Sulfur exist as SF2, SF4 or SF6
sp3 hybridization SF2
FF
:
S :
1s1s
2p
excited
2s
sp3
hybridization
d2sp3 hybridization SF6
Ground state
2s
1s
2p
1s
2s
2p
1s
excited
Excited state Hybridized state
sp3
15S - 1s2 2s22p63s23p6
SF2
- Six d2sp3 hybrid orbitals- Octahedral electron distribution- 6 Bonding pair- d2sp3 orbital sulfur overlap with p orbital fluorine
3s
3p
3s3p
2s
2p
d2sp3
hybridization
F 3p
S
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3s
3p
2s
2p
sp3 sp3 sp3
F 3p
+
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals- Tetrahedral electron distribution- 2 Bonding pair/2 lone pair- sp3 orbital sulfur overlap with p orbital fluorine
S
3d 3d
6 d2sp3
+
Sulfur exist as SF2, SF4 or SF6
sp3 hybridization SF2
Expanded Octet
SF6
3d
FF
:
S :
S
✓
IB Question
State the type of hybridization shaded in red
CO2SO3 SO2
CH4
NH3 H2O H2COCH3COOH
XeF2 CIF3CO32- NO2
- BrF5 XeF4
:
State the hybridization shaded in red and number of sigma and pi bonds
sigma bonds pi bond
:
: :
: :
CC :
IB Question
State the type of hybridization shaded in red
CO2SO3 SO2
CH4
NH3 H2O H2COCH3COOH
XeF2 CIF3CO32- NO2
- BrF5 XeF4
sp
:
sp2 sp2 sp3 sp2 sp3 sp2
sp2 sp2 d2sp3 dsp3 dsp3 d2sp3 sp3
State the hybridization shaded in red and number of sigma and pi bonds
sigma bonds pi bond
C- sp2N- sp3
:
: :
: :
CC :
N- sp3 N- sp3
C- sp2C- sp2
C - sp3
19 sigma bonds 2 pi bonds
12 sigma bonds 2 pi bonds
5 sigma bonds1 pi bond
C- sp2
C- sp3
ECCBonding Pair
Lone Pair
Electron DistributionElectron geometry domain
Hybridization
s, p
VSEPR
Atomic orbitals
Type ofHybridization
sp
Number ofHybrid orbitals
s, p, p
s, p, p, p
s, p, p, p, d
s, p, p, p, d, d
sp2
sp3
dsp3
d2sp3
linear
Trigonal planar
Tetrahedral
TrigonalBipyrimidal
Octahedral
Shape/Geometry
linear
s, p, p sp2Trigonal planar
Tetrahedral
Tetrahedral
s, p, p, p
s, p, p, p
sp3
sp3
..
TrigonalBipyrimidal s, p, p, p, d dsp3
TrigonalBipyrimidal s, p, p, p, d dsp3
TrigonalBipyrimidal s, p, p, p, d dsp3
.. ..
Octahedral
Octahedral
s, p, p, p, d, d
s, p, p, p, d, d
d2sp3
d2sp3..
....
......
..
....
:
Trigonal planar
BendV shape
Tetrahedral
Trigonalpyrimidal
BendV shape
TrigonalBipyrimidal
Seesaw
T shape
Linear
Octahedral
Squarepyrimidal
Square planar
Acknowledgements
Thanks to source of pictures and video used in this presentation
Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent contribution on licenseshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/
Prepared by Lawrence Kok
Check out more video tutorials from my site and hope you enjoy this tutorialhttp://lawrencekok.blogspot.com