ib environment

8/7/2019 ib environment

1/9


2/9

Environmental movement

The environmental movement,a term that includesthe conservation and greenpolitics is a diverse scientific,

social, and political movementfor addressing environmentalissues

Environmentalists advocatethe sustainable management ofresources and stewardship ofthe environment throughchanges in public policy andindividual behavior.


3/9

HISTORY

A concern for environmentalprotection has recurred in diverseforms, in different parts of theworld, throughout history. Forexample, in the Middle East, theearliest known writings concerned

with environmental pollutionwere Arabic medicaltreatises written during the "ArabAgricultural Revolution.

In Europe, King Edward I ofEngland banned the burning

of sea-coal by proclamationin London in 1272, after its smokehad become a problem.


4/9

MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL

MOVEMENT

The roots of the modern environmental

movement can be traced to attempts in

nineteenth-century Europe and North America

to expose the costs of environmental

negligence, notably disease, as well as

widespread air and water pollution, but only

after the Second World War did a widerawareness begin to emerge.


5/9

In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the HumanEnvironment was held in Stockholm, and for the firsttime united the representatives of multiplegovernments in discussion relating to the state of theglobal environment.

This conference led directly to the creation ofgovernment environmental agencies and the UNEnvironment Program.

The United States also passed new legislation such asthe Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Endangered

Species Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act-the foundations for current environmental standards.


6/9

On an international level, concern for the environmentwas the subject of a UN conference in Stockholm in1972, attended by 114 nations.

Out of this meeting developed UNEP (United NationsEnvironment Programme) and the follow-up United

Nations Conference on Environment andDevelopment in 1992.

Other international organizations in support ofenvironmental policies development includethe Commission for Environmental Cooperation

(NAFTA), the European Environment Agency (EEA), andthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).


7/9

United Nations Conference on the

Human Environment The United Nations

Conference on the Human

Environment (also known asthe Stockholm Conference)was an international

conference convenedunder UnitedNations auspices held inStockholm, Sweden from June5-16, 1972.

It was the UN's first major

conference on internationalenvironmental issues, andmarked a turning point in thedevelopment of internationalenvironmental politics.


8/9

It was attended by the representatives of 113

countries, 19 inter-governmental agencies,and more than 400 inter-governmental andnon-governmental organizations, it is widelyrecognized as the beginning of modern

political and public awareness of globalenvironmental problems.

The meeting agreed upon a Declarationcontaining 26 principles concerning the

environment and development; an Action Planwith 109 recommendations, and a Resolution.


9/9

Some argue that this conference, had a real

impact on the environmental policies ofthe European Community (that later becamethe European Union). For example, in 1973,the EU created the Environmental and

Consumer Protection Directorate, andcomposed the first Environmental ActionProgram. Such increased interest and researchcollaboration arguably paved the way for

further understanding of global warming,which has led to such agreements asthe Kyoto Protocol.

ib environment

Documents