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1ST 0 'R I A,"<

ISERICE~SclE~]VERSALI~

Manual, pentru lustify-tete teo~8gi~e'

ale Biserieii Ortodoxe ROUlaDe



I r l'tDl, lqan 1 .. R e r mrrr e Q 1 1 , 1 .. 1 , de la. Lw;,tftutllI f~ologk de

'1Il!fj~1mi\'fiu;si'tw- din .B!;11(:ure~a~Pt. Prof. i'iIikm '5 e s an, de If1III. vuutu: feologic d'e 'gL,ad . !1niV"eIBl1'ar diD. ,Si ll i'u : iiI .P.r~_Pml.

'fi'('.lritJ,j' 13 a d G g a e, tie ta , lM \5W,u t tJ .J reolagJc' de ,gtrad uruw.r-sltur dIn SfbhJ e u . fB v d: zu l F j r i eompletal. p€Jn~ru ~ditJa.11 tkxuo,

~I \NUALUI. DE lSrORl.E BISERfCEAS'~,A UNfVERSALA..

i'j1~{1'liJ~~ I'll prilna ,edit ie - (H'.56) de F [of. Teod» _f f i . ! . . Popescu,

Pr o feodOl BOdogae ,~tPrai, Georg _ G h. 514nescu.

lnirodncere

O'l l l , i ,echd" " ' f i i ! U n j ~ r u a , deDl'umirea:~ 8 ( l !:O ' [ ,' u 1 , : i impo'Ff ,ao, ta,

rlliDp~l'fjrea ,~ metoda Isterfel bis'edee~,U uni\"er,sal,~*

lntwduc~reill in . studiu Isto;cie'i' lb-i~,etti:C~$tiumversele -e8te < i l l a - o u ar (. hill: Jn l_mduce : rea lontfu'd' (s,a1 il I tehni 'GB.;) S,i int rQdtlt."'Q,l'e Q ilfq!,~(i(!HL

P-rhn-a se c-rnp,a.~Ui. oorietlU~j deELniUatl m:et:ada~ lmp~t1i.rea" ~riH.nJ~t€'l~;iriH<ltl·e;;i bib:nogran~ ,glememla a Js;t'Qriei hisi!!rlce!ijtl univer$ai~" aerleu pmble.mel@ fan Ie, "e!:m1cJE!~i metodl00,f ale. ~tu:dliul\1iet A doutat t,e.aza ~r@ - S i i ln ali a ll! lm ii g:r;e'co-OO1<! l :1 l ' e §i,1a iutlalfSmuIiui, lin ap t ) eapa:d~ilei. Cl~;tini$,mutui ;? SI S miilil l f iume~e de · .<] :QBM ,~[".eJfs;tori,a cre;;;'ti-n is f ITI l l l l .hr .

In'Lronu-ceraa formllilli ie in' lt~az~itl -obi,eotul, ' llaturcGi. m'ijio{l!r~l(i : ; ; i .

rinlele s!udhdlli nostru, in'~o-ducere.a mrate£ilalif p : t : e t Z e l l 1 t i i epQca y i"lorenu l pe ca:re1 iil. aparot C 1 ' : e ~ : f : i I 1 i ' s ' ! n l b ] I !;Ii preg~te'$tep;~nbu m~ei~g~:fea

ItuaHe: lui i Iumee y.eche.-8 ) ObJ_edul. Cuv1n11!1 :rs.torte fire doua 5p.mm_Ti.: unul a-biediv; ~ltul

ub lee t tv , Jn sea s obleat:"Ior, istond e s~ via t!a diu . treeut, OO.~te f>a l_p fe1:eInUrnplatt>, istoria ce tap:, ~ llS'eiIlS :;;ubiedh.r, numU ~l t'e.hnic, l!"t.oria

te cen:eta reSli ~1 elrp1!lnerea! ~tl1nLfic&!. ,a t fcar;ptelo[ isttirieo.; ~:dicii ,,,:htdtul

otii l'Storlt:e. lstori-aj .(:; '(jJ !$P{r 'oote' ,obiectu! id(} ' stadfu 'aJ ist 'ol '!iB~ ca1Inl~. Fapt:eJ,e S:]lY dad IstoJ'ia in tens 'obiktciivi studiul Ier ~ste istorLa~ sen! !5ubiecitv.

en intl,11 glee-esC ~"!op;!Jj;(verb :!i:I-.:~~tUi') ~.reatm;,bel!e sensum ~i ~ j : \ ' !

pU! c~a ill -nllff.tSll. dat ~tiintlei istotirc:e (laJ'iue~~e hi~qtli;l) r tooc:utln mali multe Un:.M.~unind t" lurn_in~~Jl lslo.daatnlU: e'\ I 'e ' l1i l -nerl"te leIn Jmplate. ~i f { l ? O e 'explm.¢'iea 10:r, reTG'E!'iulrd eauzele si f ;onse"e:ih~I~ ,-or.

Ob iec tm flStacici m__5@ lCe; ; ; ' , t i mrl","'er.~le. est~ B i fJ f l' :' t iG . d , t ;: r. e ~HnQ ' . in

1n~1'l1e:su]rde comnnltate ie_ligi®.'15·~-nfQT,a,i~ fufii:n~:at:a '~~eN~u$ Hrtstos

II ntru mtnhn:rea. oamenil{)!f. Bif i j 'mi.oa estellu 6~>s£tlrnl11tdl.lm~1J~ze!e5cl crnenesc in aee._afj timu. Prla otigir%a, d·octrill.a, 5lp1'rUuII S ' L O J p u 1 ~ilu terlleeJ:, ·ear ay€ ciilr~de ..~ s:upraruW[mdlr u,f1n me;mhrfi c€lm rJ C-0'11'$U_lule Ilfin forme-Ie pe care le-a luat, ptl'Jin ma:n1:fe51&il-e me:mbdlm: et.n tIrei earacter emenesc.

rstona cercei'ea;z~ "Bre,ric-a In _a'LLU'<i e: i .omeneas:cli., itt cr::e$'te:rea,to m 1 e ~L milDif-estar-ne ei istcrtce, aco;1i8lihHe CUfloii;~te:rii $i siudiului.

BI~E'firn aestlniii are c l~oT..t 'f «offi~l:6xa. "D'i.J1T~'O cQrnutill:oate mh;~,

J lcrme slfi l.p~e de mg:crr:i i ' l .Q~ier doc"tTind ~i cul], e a . ' :!l-IQ d,¢zveltat,, JUflglnd t i l l form.a acrua],e. Bisedta !ii-a gasH in a i l u m J b e , _ l 'i fip-ort'uri cu



cultnlul, al aC"UnUOl cresttrdsmuhn i ' lil dec:msul aproape a douill mUanU.l~Af! studiu] lsto:riiei bise-rlee\itii nu se poate c.nnoi:l~te S it 1nte: loegf! c res -tinismul in orgID1lj7.iilea. ~i vi1'!ta sa bi.ts,ta!:ie-easdi. tr~cU!-ta ~i 'T!'lti~:z.en}[.

En a:cea.st~ pri1, ' j ,nt i l i" ~si"ori;a b f s. eJ ic e< r sc ,a u u lv e, rS i1 i ll i1 e:ste If) disd~pU:n1 de b'iiz~r de culhIl!'1i teolt)gka lal : ' fJa ~i iud:i . ' s :p-ensrabi l! illstndiu!( otogt"eL C[e$Ullismu! este 0 rel' g-ie is,tOl'ic:i1j eel ~sJ:e e,gat de marlvenimen{'e lsto'dc:e; s-a d'etvolUlt in ,s,t:r~ 199citura en' acestea,In. unete cer£:m:r. pmta!;tant;e, fS·-ifi pwdus un " ts '~.@riS :m]i1 cu[ ' .em, t cere

[ ' uta. si j -exp]ke cr~tirr i$JI1n: .l1in ch'p .ra tionel, -ca pe 1 1 1 . ' 1 fa:pt TI-ilturall

poate clliiar myanic:. ffldnd 'abs'i:Hl.ct.le de fal'1orul 5uptHrUatural.f) tnqlt2rlieea. Istortei b[seric{:!~t'iulnivE1:t:5laleli!~teJ! clau~. f~11.1ri:

r lup confhnd (mnmta !.ogic~ san reali ll ~j clupiil timJJI (n,u.m.iUi cI;ono!o=J k~iill.Dnpa con" 'llUll Isterta '@iseti.ce.asccaeste p. tivita in r as.p lndlr eHcre$inismulut fn lLapmtllrne~y. luanea, in .for:mu:tareu tnlf1!i'~~tllTi1 lU!j

tnoiQ"<ii"llizatie'J Ctin~,via,'~ t t L o J f \ & ! i a . , Jiwr.alu:tl~ art~. DupJi t;!mp, Isterial'ste j'mp;!!T'ti.1i~pentru studiu in perioade rnai mati sau rna! mit! (pe-r!ocl1za:re). D~i'iata. lS!:QJrlci:l fortnea~~ si prin wnt'iTIut ~i fn t> imp un~-ot centinuu, .iln..p'i:ir~ire<!:ei logt"c:a ~iCliO'll'O}Qg,icij-este i l l ' ll~e,ce:s:it,ate pentru~m:dFe:5. 2udiw ut, pentru cu'p.tinderen i l i . l i s t A ' P 1 . " i ' J . , i r o o m.t'ltene j ,

Cele dQua impa:ttitl S ! 1 l tclusese iJnpreuna.: :in. (:ieca'!e peI!o1!.d& sestudjaZ1i \plata 8,lsericea.!'iCa in tonte laturiIe ID'd ll lfe&t&ri lor d, grupindfaptele dupa ~Jac:ternl 1m lm f s : l . una , rarrorturi a-:delue,1 o:r,ga;nr~at:ter

cloc:Ltina r cult, via t~ mm:;iilli ete.]: 'impa.-';liwa l(lg'k a . 58 f~ ~(3: ~. e ba'oi1:GI1pizilFii., a~rc1:!i a pdvifiii ~i tratiilrH.lafllal1~, suh un HUn. cornua a fa.)J-'h~~olristoTice cue au cftraetarre cornurre:tnpottante (tipurl i'.5toric ').

Im p :: i. q IT o o : I 5 uo .t ie I b l 's :- er k e~ t l '1ln:iV>~,ls~le " i' ar l: 8: Z a Qup a. ce : t ;QeUUo r i .Mulp @l!l tratat-e finpltr1iU: in l~f -evurl: QJiltic t\o'"'echij, mt:ruu (d'em:ijlm:) ~i modem (noil) .. ACJBa5tfi ,im.?<l~.'rti.Te d'em~_cefltie uiIl&nlsta : ; ! l i .

iElpUcata mti i 18 ,tudJul molegi~i. a fest ih~~tt~ ~11s,tQria universala~ [ a . t ,l l! ec t1 l. t4~ la aeeesta la ee a l;l'i.seripeaSita. h i.to ri d i p I;q fiin i & i bi 's' la-ricestt TID siut 'toU, de aeord asupra. l i . . I t tT. te l<l t evurtler, ~dici\1::a ' S 1 : J ; p l ainooputului ~isf.iiI~.i;hUuiler,

De .fe9u.a, sfir:;iU!.1l e'V'tdl l.lI M'WC ~~mcepuitttI celni, Jl1.,eiliu.rn r~torlabiSle:rie.ea:&di 1!lDivet3sfi (!Ste pus a.pfQlxiID:,a'ti'v lnt1"e , a : I ! d i 609-ROO (unUl::;torki SOCO[e,£C in.c:heiak evul a.11:Uc en impaI:a11.l1 J1.ts,tini"q,n (S~~-565) r

aln en Papa Grl'9orie eel Mare (590-fi04), al~ii eu Carol eel Mll'''

(']1:68---314.,1.£"{>1111 :neo-iuest:e .s~Ii;qti.tt M ~U:q .; zi n1 i ll -OO 'prn~ 1 < 1 . 'Sf.~]'~ltu1~ecolului

H I X-V'~lea . ; . i tnc:epll tul secolului 0,1 Xv t- l: e '< :I ( R eB: Q . .) te r e ;, F:e:forme], Bvu-ril le se i lUpart tn perioarle .tnm. jInlci , mmute de obi.cei et'oci.

In is . tor. ia b1serkeasci1 un i v: e rs e t ,l a ., EH t U r U e se CEi] "BereJ ' : j , .zeaz~ ast-tel '; "iLl ~'NfW Glltic, cresttntsmul s-a laS' : l n c l i t , . ; ~l o'r,gm:lli!:iilt 1 I1 h.1,111I;1a

g:tem~flJma a; : e1Se epOCi:l ceo mai tmportenta. a COTIl5titull.i: i Bifi~rkll,r;loct.:rrne1 ~i cuJ.tului. a -perse;::utfiot, a S1moadeloI ecumeaice, iimaellorP'atlni,i ~i scrlHor:i bLSedCE$H. ba e,vtil lnr1diu S~ convertese lit c:m!ijH-.niSID. popoaT'l:~le germane, slav-e ~i! flHe1~, puterea pap-ani ~r!il~~ej se di-f e r e nUa za . f j i : i se despart BiserkUe ol'len:tale (Oreale~! OliodoXI) SI cccl-



lit 11.1 ~La. in;l\j ltoma]ifJ-carolir:.a.l, se produe conflicte intr-e pa..pa11tai'~1'l1k r ('"9, lu m e ilS cl!!. m Jevu! nt0die rn , pu Uil '1~'ea ~a 1a des,ce~~e,Bise-

I I m t ', d!ZntaHI $ 1 1 3 : d~hind prin R~forma p:[j)tes'l:ant~, Rbserica mlCII~II I • .stl1 tnit,' 1 1 1 mare parle de tarci, se ;forID.ea~a;~poi Bisc:rllci 111:0-

U n J l ld c o e !, u tc r~ e 'E a ] e in . g enwa\ SE: l'ntb:'ltae' Oll:12'ni W~'CjLilt:ij_tlise-:·ces~-

rll'1tp!ir1t~ea- fie. ~nev;1!l,ri~ :HeiU"'!l'9rilxaoo mai ydci _. eSlerela~ v~.Ilbll~rllvl!l, -C::Qn¥ention~}a$i nn S'B 1J;Oltl'Vt:!$ite 1a leI pe:ntm Ot' leIEl ! .I si

n lr\ -n], Ea est,€: ; t Q t n , : ; ; ; i 1Jece~jil.r'a :s i trebuie ~a tina. seama de natura1 til' lmportan¥l. eV~Il.iIDeJ1t:e~ot -Cflire 'oonstnuie criteri.lilimpart:rii.

ti l loculirr tpa,rtidL It! evnrL Dare SIn~ "jJf.ea.,. tntmre. $,~aa .d .o pla .t - -

III" nualul . Q 1 I ! i fa\11 in~rml'tiiM tn pel'lQ&de illat ,mici, careestec aplli;:ati

dl U11U ~5torl d ]:iiiseri~e!~trma'i: nei.j1e r 10'Cld'r i:!I .. rl~ l.a I n . c l1Put .ul er~tirr1SJTIuilJ.l j ;p;f.ni;ii. la 3 2 4 " de Idnd

I oru ' l.El .nti ; eel h i f '8r ( ' 3 0 6 - - - - : 3 l r ; , dQcnm6 t i t e singur peste to l l [1 l :pe~~'U lP1IJl!1

rn, Cal pe""IiOIH),lji de 4]onhll.~tal le aB!ts"~I,kH cu.~u:rnea a,at i( ;~; pe-

I huufa a U-(1, ide Ia 324 p~na 18 .8:7 1J'erio~da Sino.adeloT El ' :U IDe ' l : l i c - e .

I 1'I l l , ~ r t . n J ; U o : r B:l6,eJi:c:~~.tic " i ! : L d ;!i-ill " l "@tI. l iza;t b-iI"uinta Orlodo:'ciei a ; S \ , . l p . l ' aI I,,,,Ill r, care l';~aCOJ;stitittl in]~umillti~aOrlo d,o:x:iei. din 11 msme 843 ipr drmda a nt-fl. de JJ a 181 Vm~ }ttl 1054. Hi.nd epOC<& de crigtar'zar

e.a

~ 11ell rl~~~lisan 1.lIl lvefF<fl.1ltatil Hise:ri .cii ; per!ool1u a IV ~a. de. Ia H1S4

p\nll spre s.fu~Hu! sectilului "at ){'i/~fetLr, ~t'I l'el;io.ada H c:onnu.ntirn dinlre~ f tn r I -ox i c : ~i i t omaThp . .Ca l tol rc.i sm , e ll .tn.aIile can~li(:te~:l1L~Iellapautatet,! ~Llvenu:d tll_4i,:Pl;l,"i:,in li::ad:ri:ll fe 'lli lai iSEr\Ull:1i dominator, ell ,crm.:wde,

""'oloUl:itici $~ cUGerii:G1lL Im$JE fr i )l lU i bna .TJ . tln de C"a'lre tlJ.rclJ in. anul 1453;rJlll'lo~dQ fC V =,0, car-e se 'i1:fti11d-e ~n ~~C'olul ~lXVl":1:ea p~ in , " 'eco . l lu l

. 1 XV1 lI -l 'B 'Gi f ii nd " ! Je . ri .. o ac i ;f fmayi10r framlntari arluse rleR.e.formll'!; Pi;O-

l ~,LnTIU\ ln 51null RiJ5~ric:il RO!;i1anQ-;Calo.Hc-e, ! j : } a llla'FJot nemultuni G . r i

!u'lduJ-'FIol1tii;"~r Ei"I([€ VOl:: pleg,aU R~wlLLtia[ tal Iu: : :ez. i : i dtn 1189. In urm .aco n dll ulul de lEI. TIidffil t dupfi 1.564r Bisar:!M Romei ~e l!!.dIvIDuali~a~a

J'lJ l ' 3 l ooTllci Rcma I 'l 'o -Cia ; to l i '{ :dr lc ,1iU'Ze.Q ' l~urua l! f ! r t1"ff i' IDe interne ~ 3 n-Ir.-.pt,nde mar! mi.simii cre§tme in alte eo:n.tlnenLe; 1 1 i fine, perioadf.!(I V { .~ , d .e la 19 ,O ~ ; p t · l l J i ; ' l 0.7. 1 . , , ?s t - .e , ep£ l fe [ l . ctiticli;!! d'i,vi 'l.~Tii cre~til1ismului,

,I i,lltllridi. Cfure:ntukii lai cizant , a GO<il.stituidi r in' Riis~i.t, a . lllultor B;i-,rlc'i ortodoxe !l1a.'\lanaie ;a;utcicefa.la ~i a : stl'atltfnteloI eCllllleniste din

(!r:() 1ul al ~X -lea~ pen tru re;fa.cer~ uniUi\fi" TIi5ericll unrs ersale,g l Metoda. Isioria bi:sed.oeas¢a u1il.ven;aU a:pUd:r b s'tudiUe si1~e~

11 1~t d e. istmid'l (..jenel'aia" jJu1J:i\l'U ace ·t.eia. .ellilfl:ilIJ2ia"l'a Ille~odel~co.1ii111M'(k,rn cle is£oi1e

J

.cu iCc1e ,cine. 'Prind.rpj j : t:n:n.oa~~r.ea iz (lureqot

, ve-l(!e!1'rcn 10iJ;:j?rin 1L1l1!~', l'a niti~~.r Cle.t!'A.taT~ 1~r evolnttv-g-enffiic!r Ioln-

lrca prinoi: ' ir , lUh:I ' I pent:m. '~UfleT'ea s<1siet:rl i i l±h::i:i. a id,e~.lot em .Aaeast&. J;:f1etotlasa ba7.'ea~:ti pe bu:n~ Cll(Q;(lfi~tere , I ! l ! dornmentelo·:r "~i

\'l,'lfO~re 001~ipe jus-fa1Qr l.v*; !" ,e,ger-e l? l i)'!ter'pretarej ]'ll scepul de. Ii des-~nperl Iii Sipune acle-vittul il;WTic. acldi. luu1I1Ti.le ,a:$il!-c -umSl~aumtlnrp~Q.L

~ludl 1 locum ntel'OI se face in mod ,c;rttit'! ~i c-c.mpara:·v; fap·:cle se

.1J l l J1" t1rsc 1n l;iU7"ele, \fohltla, legll.hu:..1e ~l U5ma:rile 101" (p ragrna t ie -ge-

II! 'lh.<~~Jl 'HI Io.'Xl)UI1~ r c 1 rlDa~~ tl1tr-un lot s l S i t ~ m a t t c .



Cb.-J. HI!!l '~f! - DOll! H. L:~l~:r~.q.r-uili t.me J1~ Ct':l_I'lC-il!l.~. $hldili ~i t~:rte, 1.0 vol. In

2 Jr~~i. l'.z:,rh;, l00i--19f!8,. ·T . IX, nt'Iljlqtat de P. Ri~b!l.d, t. X. 00 .A. ~1'iC'lrel.

TIl. ~ Ad-e mijj~tjrlce.Vle.'t,i de Sfut'lJ\ela blmdo:m.ult. [lllblli:aHi de B[]na[)(it~~l, .(ntwI,'fl~ (Am~rBl" 1M3. Emti l ' l 1 1 H ' 1 l . ,

·P'h.'is, Rf' hi U:lo, ,1 ' - l931, in ce;l.tinlI"-t~ ('1'-01.6,~.1m I !W:~,TO.llllll I[ elio. Ac,r,a Sam~tDnllU NovewblI.s:, pars }Kim, :nTlLl!~IiJ;1tr UI,94, I:llJlr!nrl_e Mr;rj~y.

foJogf~~Dl Hft"i'C."IymiarlU!m. Old. J. El 1ptfsu de: R~$:~ et LD~t:<i1~SlIQ~ <I l fa",tE~L'd[.·l l i l t f l , ! ! H. !I}e l~h il :r~ a t D am a, ' Qo.e : :m ' . i! l . ~ L ! T o Hi'lul; C,omJ l ' l< ! ' n tGI1us ~~tlle,rtJug [1 1

M!l.rl_- omqium Hie:r[Jllymi~.m.l'm.. hi At:tn s,an.OitC'Hum Nove.mbfis, pa:r!t pnsterler:

Bllli[IC!ils. nf.U_;.:w.r~.ylo.1'J)9iwn Re_'!ll!il>lilW1, ed, ~)"Pil;;il V~e[ ,C>I3 .F1a :,L :l !l fl ll , un . :! . HIZz..

SyI;J!I!X61ftm!. Ecc'fe~a~ CI!I!l5~(iJIHittJPQJ1!allae (PLllpyJOO91l1 o!l A(!I"" SIL'l~t.onlm NoVt€IDc

OrIs), ed. Hipp. !JeJ:Ill:!I!'.IIl, Brnenis; UiiJ2'~

K D u .a k.~ ki s" Mil!ii~ :E:!:I\it!~t~fii~* ~h'C, i t i . . ~fu~ ~ T tm "'" t 2 vD1., A~p'-l]I!. lS89--~69T,

BfMiolhec.lt lmglllgrapliiue Grae~!I. ed. FI;inCIJi& Hal:kin, M. ~,-II, t. f-m •.Efm:x'E'lUs.; 'r~9."BjbJIGl~ec(;! liagi6gtClph.il::a bHfip ' , ed.. 50di B l1tm:o~anI, I. . 7~~ 11, Br:u .x : e 'U i ~ . 18 !A9 .

1 l K n0PE - O •. KrugeT._-\US!l!:=w<:i llJd~ Na.!"ty!erakte:rn, J·e A uU •• T l ib 1n g~ n , : L g: H l' .

~ \ . f fi n lum : l. Fbedle:rowll:!]. nn:d Be-S!ilf}~ C l o e r hagiCJlgf!zyJ, l I1!>1lhe71m:d hD:llli1er.is:!!h~n t.lte·larU.r dcr g.l'ie.cbiS4:'it 'E'n ffi!\c1;1I~,Ed,I-ln, ~i.~g, 19 i3~-!.952.

D~m H. t~d~~Ci[,le~ ~I!!'lri'o. li'ortis, nm2-I~H,H voluma,

ThRtlirulirt. ..lela J;ilTlml!um martyrum scinfierll, EdUSbona2 ~RE>g~!lsb'Ll!Jfrl, 18:%1ed.~8!, Pa l :;5, .1la8!l.

Bibliclae£Q' hfigiMF!'lphlcn Qlie.nl!l},is. E!d. de Elio~lilndi,~ti,nrux,~lils, 1~ .•

IV. - Endrlrldooane (Bnchirt'elia}HMII'_ p"".wge.r 1 ! - t C1~ Bi! lJ :lQw~[ l. h 'l1c ll lf ri it l' {l~ 8y:man'{I'[J;..Iwl.> aeil1I1ti!JiflH/fI, cleciilll:'l-'

tie:num £!~ n·-lru.s; Udcl,£'~ lJlioru,m, ~n~HIDB.!.lItli de J.$Umherg, ed. 25.a. Fre:[ -bp~g ilm B r ei sg ;t lu . U i l4 1 j eu . 3 2 -1 1, d e . P t . . Scl lunnu~t l l ; i \ ! r . Fre1hurg 11"..:1 r",h;fl_i:l.lJ;,Hlf.33.

C.. K!rs~"', L. UadJ.ng, En,ehi lrid i ' ( i l l l lol'l!furn J'tiBtoJ'iae ~Ii:C1E!~~·w;:t#.I!i~utUquae, 'VIIf-., Aui·i l ! g O ! ' , FIeibmg jflj t. ar~.isgF-lI, 19M.

M. J. l kIne i. d t Joumel, E.!'t¢1\dritliliu I1GlrJstJcum, 5- e ~.¢t , Fn!HlUrg :im Bre i ' sg ,B . t l " lm2 i

!llta edl~.., 19,,;t.

~_J. Rmri ! l I i @ , JOun: l . e :1 !!t 1. Du [b m~ul. li."l~fj(jwtfo_'1 o;SceU(]1:Jm, 2"e e : d - . F 'i eni !Ur~ j'm

Bt~sg '. 1M1 ( ! J . m , = , ]iI sr . :Toa.aDlim". ! j~hL"lJ.iF . C8V'l!:n~~. 1M:5 'tl ! .!<U_v l l 'oo: lr ;f,JI([e II:llUmIiefl'j]!' e .' t d ~I :; :. ~m . EmU s _ll'iagislerU e~cle5;asUcr

ot):r~iJlem.e!oIdfc~Wi;pg&ih'ZS.2-e ~d" P.8 i!r;, U13i-

Hugo 'Hit.rte,:r, Ngme.nclafOl IUe1llri!::ls 1hRQk;gh; r,e caihoJi tl ll !e . .. 5 \'0,1.; L I, Ed. 4-<1.Q~mp.l!ln:1il'(Inl1~:\lru.ck~. 19;25r t. 11 ~I TIl. (lrI. 3-a . , 1,B l07~ t, IV, lE110· ·t. V.U:!H, ] ' I :U;£! m u~ s;"nidi bibUog:l;afk'e ~elIf.I.u -stlHHl:ll i e ' tOlriQ. i : b ls '~I'( Je ' rt i un'lver.s tde . , L 'd IUe ra 1ur l: !: >I::'~IIe ~i £11 t,eD!L.6'g-5~, .!ill to-B.te e~IJ:;iI~.

Augl:fS: POt t .nQ5! , 'Weg\\'ai~er aUIElI otle G@sc:hiilllt5'.Verkft de l> '~mopt'i15ellen '}MtIelQ1!~r,~,

2. M , Badin, H195i.

V. - I~VOa'H!!p£'ntru istDII,a Patrta rhiei de Co:nstd1'!tlnopol~i a Imperiului blUl: li lUn

Acle'5 oHicieMo' e.t paflimlUe.Ui: e~ (IUUO$ t1e~[Jm.e l1 ts · reli:i1m~ ir J"bl'Xtbi~ '1 iJll P!ltrf[lr~~j!O!=cwnitulq~e. !!Ie mH:rap. Ch.el!laciie Arabedg5,ogIu, t. I ~1 II, iII rubl.lothC!;1!I

P h o .U = 'OB l Jl ( ~ ': 1 tk o j; :Btnt!:i~*'I;'d,Con~·,8.<ntil1(~pl~. 1935.

Pt:itdfLEcC!1I11~ Cl!l;!l,S!a/lt.i{l~m,arn Gaff! o r e ' } e , c w ; ed. J. Ondo,t-, Va:t:l.Of!1l" f~4j.te5 .•ge:Sli!'5 des. _\l!Cles du .Patlll1ic(:f~d~ Corr,s,tan~hWPlle, 'lie V. Grumel: Lee i\r;l'e.

de P W(lI't:lres, FII~. I {38:1-115~ i ?il~(.n f715-J O'I~.l. IstB.1l.bttl, H132. 11'.l36~i'~Sll. ill 'l.042-t2OO}. :Pdrij~, 19'47; F il .s J~ ,P{ P·2-OO-U10) , d~ Y. t;;i'1;r!;~nt, ~Itl~,

U)7t.



13

e d. P . K ,t£ g- E:;, I :! m:o li m . 1 S~ 3:'1 ~ ri L I ~"6, Ele.r!t ltmi, L954 I It, ' t r i o ]Veve ! Je re , e ll -I { .~c,e;lr~ I l t . a. KroU, fiero-lim, ragS, eE l- :U I·O l, ~l !Ho1l . ru . 1'l91!i";J.

8tudil: lot -e . Z~l!5e in l3Je ~'<HI Llng€lIi:thlii, J11S Gn:W >Ci!hRo· l lJ l I . " iU l l l , . "I [M.!lrle, 1.eipll.ig,

Ul,i&-.-Ut8ol

.]i. ·~i P .• 'Zepos. Jti~ G. l i ! le :ca ·RoI l l1 :c1 iWJ l1 . e " "~ h A t- e, ll J3 i, I "9 3 1.

Ca.i!ll!l.!le t G. A.Rharq.!! S ~ ' t < . 1 . Jio'Ues, Z6·\i~Tl'Ia ; : IDl~' r E i ' ! l \ ( j ) " ~da . iEP~'~' ?lo'!!!'llI~~.,~. .. ,Ate-M,ll!52----.IB3'9.

~t G h e .l e! m , K o !! 1¥ !I ''I!~:l l l ' I .w. .oieiU~1 ,b;.~(j.ol! l t , r . G c ; " , v ~ " .tlI'.=Q'll:l:;rjl~,t:cl: ' l :W' i 1tii.,Il~a~X(!;l'l K~lIo~

ra~,,' in'i~~~o.;t~(oj,/i:,t, I-R Ct l ' I I . 5 . t a .n t inopO] . , 18S3-.lml9!.

V]]I. ~ SimooaIe, ., M.iiJ:,tmisiri 00 credtnts

. 0 1 \ . HiIhot, n~bUo}n~ de:.11SYmbol~ utl.d G1(J~~benl>regelh der Kl!'cfl!!, 3~!2A.UfJflHf!, Bres-

hi..!, 189:t.

IX C. .Filll. '~i'tls:, CO'EP;~ C;(I.m~s10111jJtL l O r e B~J{eJuilH;!tS'e d'r-r (:hrlSlenhen ...• J'l'$,lill

1 I . r u I Leipzig, lOOlil-l94.ac

r. C!!rI1ilr]s. T~ ~!l1'~:~~ '1.,iiii~ ~~~C'i t ' i l4 >ft~l1~i« - t 1 t ~ 'O~la'i~~;o", tCl6 '~~.!. :~5'i~E . ; I ; . y , 1 i . ' 1 . ~ { C I ~ 1e!:i. I,a, A:teilill, l!.9, i>3,;: ~d. 2111, 1. !--"]1, Atf!lNI. .:I:-9lH, 1(!62•.

t Miic'liI.ajce: Il:ii, m .e Be,k~M~i'liS4e : t J : r u d di!!t .\V'rchl'iYs~e!n 'G.latlben5zi1llgttJs~e f!~r grla

ecldscb - arienf,aJIs.clr~R l{. i rc:he' , Le:iJlzig. 19 . !M .

IX. ~. LiiutghH

J. A. A s s ,e r m iH L. l , ' :; :. c d ie x liwgie:t15 Bcd¢'S;la~ u!l jlolerOO"li ' . U v QI."Ra'm,Eti;!, 17:49'-1 f~6< ,

f!. a Bdgh1man. EHSlem f.:i~u,fgfe~. Texts or.lg!!J!81 or tm~~at(!d _., to;n I, OxJ6rd, UU1q ,

J. M. :HQ.DSIo- :e: I15, 7ml'tnnH(I,lI:~sUW'lgieO!e dE!' If.Wtlua !l~ lef i f l l .U~u$, . 1, H. , 1. 1 nr ,2; n o .lll!ill!,. L 9 i , \ ! 1 I .

A. ~il!I.tZ:i!\~~. Di.e !J:I'uIglen d er rY & sI S'C 1'h . - OtNiro~o.."{eli. rJ.mh~• . l10 vol. " : f8 !M;-- .HH1 '4 .

J. Q asten, MlI.l'Iu.nlenfa euith:atisU:c.Q el ]trurgiciZl vren~li8sim~lkmna:e, 193.5-1 9.3 ;1 ,

D u . ' S . ReJl!II'Lldot!l!I~. LJrufgifil'jlm 6j'jen~} 'hWi: @O~I~c.ljQ. E . o :m . 1 1 i SI:!':u'Ilil a, 2 t., E[altk[·i~'tlt

. -i il ld 'Moeu t tn lJ , U 1 4i l. E d . 1-.,6" P!l:ri5, 'l 'll16.

Slw1ii: N.Liesl, [,e-,s .MlUJ:gks (OCl~'honQ'u;~j; ol ic onl 'a liGs . C . lOlmmEh it l lJ .1' ,N , ef! B~h~·$ ·mlJ[l-

"~-UI111~¥ ~\;I'ec e.ar/es ge!l.!/lIilfMfCfues, R@ffill, 1 9 5 1 ! ! .

f. Amiot . ffiSlgfl€' de la Me5~> Pa : ; . li s , 1956 .

J. , .H: DE!lm~5,gie LJr :z Ig fe fkr QSf,!,;j,rcaen, A.~ lr i il f fi e li Lh t g , 1 9 6 0 .

1 . n : COmQ li ~ te :Pr. PrOf. I i'_ ' l."i m~.S"Uf' ,[j'~Htfl~1Uf e lJ . i . z I ! l l 'iU l ' IJ ! ! .pdy : j t f~· t8!mi)(; i l 1 ' ,~i!Q 1elm6i dl ' id~ l!1 10.r, lIutrure.$~~, i . 943 . .Bibliogrfi:n:o [(lii:[te blW ii i i , . p. nfl----.u::t

V.. ] . i I1 - t l -o Io I l o'Vim:i. L:•.lf~iam !I.i~flrfclj· 'bjl~D!'m;e. ~[1Iw:i U~~'e i ' , l j~ ta . .o i [e prlllu.f;~'1te: >h de1". T I !l Id ! 1JE l l, \' S l: b l ~ [ di!ti :1l.01!!l. ~d[tatfr ~rGowple. t ,arte ,00 . ! ' i l . Cb't'lnE'iu€', lS:E1'

X, - Inscrlpfi

Corpus ffiSl;l'~l'iorum G.a~ol!n:um> ·~d. A,,~riil!kll.4 nand!}, Iler'li!!, 182S-Hl'f'f.

Cwrpu . s :ins-c'r:iprhmu~ .U!IlUI'l!U'l!m. ltd, 'rh. MommsE!mI"Bs'roUnf; 1,GlJ3--HI30', 2ll . Vio], S;iPU-Gl1111t ] ; 1 1 \fat 2~tte latnnilU; \I\":ic:;eif, :BemHsl; I~13(I"

' j tWCr1pU(tfte! ! .S Wirl111i~ cJ lr !s~JffJ InTe e1:en;'s. ed. e, IliQlbl, 3: " ! i D l . , llf!.tUI:j., 1D2S--UlJ"L

lnst:lipf.ianet) cf t . r iLS1 iWlID ;! llrbl<l . i lomcre. e~. J".~. d e R l!s ~r, t. I , R O m !l >_ 2. H!51-18U1. :t.• J. { , Ro;rr<il!1!. ~fiI!6. Un 'at rU~!e.~ "ill.., pnrt ~d Ind k~4 :1 . . ! Di;ovtJ, ~~E! ~t I, a lOS!

pRb]iil:ar~ ~@ A.. Silvagl!!i, Ramfm. 1922 fl 19157. rMeltip~iQJTles titr]S,15!UlQe; i. :,r!;ll,o;

B! ]mrrc · .seprfmD wmilo t lt i !i ~ ·1 I i 6r e !~ , " ~ _ . i n ce p :n t !1 M' J".~. de R.~s.sl , 1 . 1 ; r r ) I l J i H 1 C t i

de .A. f~(.w.l!!. Il.s., '\rot V ! C te m e: er i; a le!iqU'!l ... ifre Aplb iE!e , c & vol, R~!le , 1 911 .

Cmpus dIU gj'~e:ci! Imch - C!.j)I.istHcI~"fl' fn~c:htilte_'1 V~n NettO& . ad, de H Uetzm.lllil~N.I:k~iS A. 8~~. G. Sot lr tu , aand r, t, AT~, 19-cli,

SrXi~grleahlSlC'helind tpiiUale.ln1l;clte flli£C'hriften all,:; BWQlm'Jc'n. Bilfa"Jsg. von Vl!sellll

Rl!',fevlfel'. 'Btf:rUIIij l00:~_

K. M . K ll ut m ll II D , RG ,l Jd b !1 (t R del QZh:Juil lWchell 1!pigfUp:fljl~. Fretlilul'{l im imls!;l,[l,u, H117 .



t 4

$ H i m , tete. ~lIl¥jUilr 'e, . BibJio:graua ,ge:lllerall~ I s' io ri .e l bi.sll:rlce"U 'ElDil'er:sal,€: ~

10. Apus, ~943i O n Orlent 5492; Alexarrdrie 5508 '$i Constanrn bl'ol 5509,~oco:t'nd '. anu l de In . ] septembtrie~. crani 'OOr. i i bi-amtilll v a .- r j· a za . 1 1 1 c a l-!E rnu l lor c l ! @ la fd("e:rea llilm it) - ~i In'a.i €lIes ~E rQ de Ia HJI'.rgfoh (postOtnistmn natam, p. Chr, D.), ITillHtta si ,r;}IrtJ ctJ?§tInu~ san doar cE,ul'wastra~.

Et(l~ eH:~rina ,e . . test lZa100~iirtij ([Ie r:Mu:g&tulrnaut.si~ B}Ci~. (<:el

Mic:,. t 54 'O}, original" din Scythif i Mhwi l : seu D ad 0i . .H O O1 ik a tDobrogea),la ROlha. ID aaul 525--526 ~i s-a mal numit ue aeeea sl «€'r{t cliG.ni-

sjlJ.fIa~.. D ' I . 1 J ) a calculnl 1 1 1 i Dkmlsle C'eItvnc, Rs.us Hris tos s-a nascu 1 :: la'(21:5~e.) 753: ii 'i .C"c . Aeest caleul e r a 9[;(:!J;jlt cu 4 . seu 5 ani, pa:nt.rLl ci!il -f intuUond s~a nlis tut inai:t.tt-e de 753 ·~.U ,L, ;;i a.nume hli! linte c(-e-anul150, deearece sec~Ueca in ,6(':esiltan a munt Irod, Mintuitorul S-iil naseu ti-.nainte d ,e - moertea ui Irod, cu un an 5a !.U dor, dutpa t.oat.a p,m,1,ab1lltaJte.aint-lB"sal!] 149 a.U.c.. deti GU 4. sau S i.1Iui, ineinte de 1nce:put'Jijl er:elne.$ti -et ' a:kulata de DIoIlIsi :e 001Mlc in 7)3 'at,ll,c" da.t;a ca . ! ] '12 a .rllma:spilla a sU i : z · ih ~ab " l beet eveuim~n"e·l(}f din. is: l : .or ia univefsala. cores-pnnztnd en anu l l aJ . nastertt l u i H . d: ~ ,t o t; i: .

Oa ~i cal!mlul Ump.ulu}., lPoep:utul amm .u i a v:ar:ia:t: chl.a.r le n eN e],'e~~tin~: I li.lliwnie, lmnrlie, ,25 martle, I ..se~fuemb,,· e. kiIt1!~:fs<etic~,c:

Ullcepe· In Bi:serl.eaOr .odox~ la 1. septembrle, 1 tannerts s-·il.gf:,uentli.z:a 1. 1

.incepilld din sec. al X V I-l~ .. G aL en do a!'u l Iulien, E 1 . d C l l p t a t de ~.r€~ilrlfin·cam .ullul etv il olite; Imn .mare rlec!t anul selar re al cu t 1 rn im ' !cba 5114 secunde, a msL :m(l~epta~i:n","\;pusjsub Papa Gr~garie XllI, in anul1582, de la care 51!: fLume~e c.c;d.endacgregorian, S1l!U st i1u) n\Ou ~Ia festadoptaJ't rlin sec. el XVm-lea ~i de p;o:test.anlL

Ce1!l mal Eil'Q'][e! pane t'l:intrn BiS€lJ.c:ile OrtCl'daxau indr!e:ptat a easemenea eelenderul Julian, numtt ~l SUJu l lIec:hi, prtn hot8;drea smn -d!. 'ur. ~i!liut la 'Cons. \a:ptfnopol in J,923, den: nnele Il p~s.fr.BaZd inca:. .ne-lllodif1[,([I, J;M:t.tnj::td in nrma £"u 13 zlle fa ti l ' de caiendm:u] tncit apt.at.

Ciclul indJ,cUoaneloJ.De Ia Constantin eel Mare {3n6-~3<3'f)1 saude.:_ .llitlUi, s-au in1mdus;. i1 ' lI. impfir1i re,a: timpt[lui, ser:it de cU e 15 ani ;numite indicHofli ie, Btl!! erau d~ mal mlllte felan: cor. stantlnopolit err,roman ,(pootllica1), cezarlan 'tc>Il.{;,tanUllian)I,

Peutnr. Isterla b'ser'~sca tmiversaUi.mal Bi in1 t de mara lltil'tatel i l i wmatmJ..rele ~.trn,ej istorke;' Bi!zfill.tifjfJ.Jogio, S J i l ' V i s t 1 1 J 1 1 1 $] Orteilltl-

1i81.ic:a.[ . ' B12 'O I rl ino . li og .w c:upr inde ist(;){LaImp€;r: i l iEui bi'Zil .'Intin dintre , a n i f

330-~453!r in cadrul di ruia. a ;exi~t .oat, In pflint')I rtnd, Patti-arhia EC.'u-

DH!llidcj a;po[ r in. dOClir:swi:s1)o!i~i, s -a n d '€ :z vo Ua :t ~i aUe organiz.a1hhiserice~,U p'f lt riai ilale ~~ .nl:itropoli:t:ane, tIl t~,g,iunile oTiii2 'ntal~ $i alePre:nins1!1lei Balea ,:n tee,

2- Siavi tiel] se oc:npA cu isto.r la poHtki'i ~i W ' f l ri cea M : :a . a; . -popoa1"e·lor si],flve, ~ezail:e. ill Peninsula. flare~l11.ca~ 'in EU.f'Ojil'ft Cenrrala ~ R~!fK-

riteam.a. Ua.tmmi. misinnii Bi' .WIntnJl1i OI'i tOO0X ~. Pratrtarhlei E.cUllleuice rpop oar kr slill\"e, eu e,xcepllil croatllor, !4E.·Mlm:;slnvac.il.or '$i PoMJ1 li I0 1 •

!!Ill p ri mit _ t:r e~ la . B':,erid[ OJitQdQ e. {Ie Rashllt. Popoalde s!i ;l:v-e ~ij :

bulgarH, s , ' d ' b . U ~l :rtIih ~u l:lmas ortcdoxe pin1!i a;sta~l.



17

'phlla hi. 08i11,,]_];$ ,2:1. 2 ';:)Se·l iillllllE!.a, iI continual ·~e 1 : ' . [ RBi : i :S b o r. 1 fi ~ f\i'«:9lJq Scol l l : ! I l ac i : \ l l

(t ~H . t re i j I O O , ) . i in lSl l 'nJa bi&!l·ic,e'G~d,. @ catl;5;, pilln:L~H ;mill 49:1~O~,

- O \ U m.3.! ~~~ lIu::rar.l. is'toi~!t~: FiUfi Cl~ $iide (sec. VI, eara oubli(;~ l l(! 1<1:4j(j

letft: ia. cre~l1na, in 36 de d·'li, dill. c .l 3 :f e. n i: . s -a u (fl,~SiUl't 1]OotI' f . ta9' , I l t I i~. t t t ,e·r F.Uo$1;o,wJrl

rt d u J!j~ ~ ). j,,{Qrlt;; i i ! . I i a J ! l ! . ~re' a 5;'CDs lstDtl'ill b:iI$~Jflce~c;f!. in a ~artl, in;:::~lHndi t:'l!iI!'l<iJ:it1l! iiI'i;ms:Ilt:l II{ (318) p!:nij Ja 4 , 2 : 5 j' Gelasit .l ~e (;~z1(:. i~e~. Vl. l#to.riil !lJsadoii;ru n 3. ~iiV1i. carr ,e ,~iJ3, tg ~f~. CJipILRe l. lj~·oti(l_ Qrre.nl r ll t. d 'r ;; few . !J ! I. l E i. U ' l !I f! p1 i .l 1m : Coriist.!Ia~

tn eel Ml!I:[~t300--33;) = i futru; r!gRe, rorlJ1 slW e f t ; : GQ:.la (,,-,.553). i'!;l'lOri-c mOllO'fizit, oi l

pnM~el:ll. l:slalia b f se ' E ·i ' e! !Q iSOO , . 1 'X i ~2. di.fF. 'EJ'elit ru ~Ii:H. , 4~9~ ,r' el .t\iSttis ~i ~ G.r.~:JI'm ca $ll'iIiCi!c, oere P te il !: o.g~ t~ i510 rl il ' pi ,! i! .a tn ' 56 8!9 r J e! 'lR' Mr:zl!lJms, a : a t c a Re!(u'~!l,

tt sn" .a~n& JlIfevfli Ul'lJvf1~,!;al'd,' l l l 17 c~'t~i:, a!! h i I a t e l\ ' f< ! li l , tumli pl:na I~ ' ' ii7'4 : 0 : - . H ~.

JllIfltdlu 5wlil~ftlu.l j 'T i . l! I -i i il ll ll ! 'G'E!"$l) .!Ill;=a las.aiI.'stQria lQ'!lSicrea sau I.U'li'6!J!J-

kanJi'f" ~n care flliceistClliii. vecl li u .J u .i ma l ltH:lmbmI:;f~rtl'IL

In. II!p!1JCII P:D~t 'P!Olt] ' fs t!l1 , i l( t lup;:;I !le~. " i tm~ , iHi ~In'is iII- t lommti , lI . l 1s~o:rtei.(l"'e~[glle

,M:!l'lI'llrn 1 (AmG l r ~ l o ~ J . . , t5ec~ !X). l:i:!l; Cro1ilD 9'Jl t ! i . f~de · l \ a . ra.L~e,a l ], l ,l :m i p f l !)E la. a,1':!;. Teo -

imf Mdrru,mtm'cU P' 1!i181 ill ! ! .>ens un C1"OfiQg1i"G.~; ~lIIFce! l he !: !' Fi E ' I e 2 ~ :' 1 o$ ~ alu.ng:epi nili

Ie IUO.

Dill.l'~eis;!!J(ridl ~imti<ll~, Q~ ,~lO:rt~.'i'i. l!ioml!ltLiul Is1:or[~l hEseri¥e'~H. umveua'ie

(1) 'lta!i'i t Nfehiit)lf CalI51~ '1lliIlopoI ["- I3:~U). ~alti a 5,[:'£1!; ,, Istof:i!e bls~tic.t!a.$'G~:. iIi

LS 1 i : . . f u : I i , "i uu:~md 4:h~Fa ~~,!e!C<I 'tId t!{~l :Qs.J!lbtli 1il arml 61!J, Nir.hi.fGit ,Gfi'9IWCl',!:;

( "' I ' 1300) ' 0 1 . SI!tris Pll l~:t ,? j 1=,?1;z r ls 'l iot!1l !l.:iZi!JlJtfl1.tI) .[le -la 12M ( pm . . ! l i . 111 13$9:: .

La l..Lim, 5erijUlru.[ .L l ! I ' c t l 1 .nJ :~1: i~S2e. rVj C J ~oI i ,s ltn:Td!lrea De m o ~a bQ :s J ile l~ ~C l1 -

ro'wm (D esPI9 c 'mlD'Eit i ' t l! 'oiil p:el. 'Secld.ori lQr). ~al le e CIP I . t J : i J A !stbrLe i i i . ren!O'l:l1tillo~ .Cr'~~t-ni i 'l rr s u. b- i m p ~fil1;1.iromiiro; < l ! 1 Io . . elIUlll! lUl1!ri§.rUn[ i~'~D,dcl! 1 I1e l~ t 'Ellisebttlde Cei2 ; ; f ( ree'd .

Lll'lillH Qu I~I;::}ll ~pai ~[_ll~.~ri dU[;:Ii1 lstof,j,c:IT gmci c:wc:fti'll:I. fie.rid1 ul . F~QlIl fm.

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[Ell 0I!l1Jl 3~5. COlII.l I! IDlPI:I'UI!l !.ul du. S U . 1 p o i C ' F t I Seve! ~t 42Q), I I 5 'C:r is Pii~tol{a sac:::e, ..

CNI'Il!i:c;ii 1!I~ers.ata m2 t.tlt!;f. ~ iin Q l:~ pin d d e la creams. l l : l ;m~i p1lnil La ami] W O O ,a . H'.l ; .

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1.J i I c~J ! t r l d@: iii ..\d CiII llJ ifl ln i t ar 'bul -41'1. Pl.I)'~et tltt AGWitfl.~f1. (~ec . V~i a. seris 0,

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2. ISlI;iEj~ br fsel 1c~§U ,mn e~ mEdin, _ . Cr<'mi1i :i itr :i ~ i il ]!l us<el li . ,d !f n ~1IIfj m.c~di)u,

da d III~ CIrl11itiillUilbl -c.~omCdi 1m ImoR:ti\ seri<l!u, d, e :re<gt'Lli'i, fS·tori'il t im ; pu lu ~ l O- f, ~ rc -

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dJu ~ CrDlIiC"(l Jul Regin!lln ilfll "P roem (- @(l6,.. lU:l11et.!t de t:!rollica lJiIllwiliu!tl II 11IH'.e . r :mBiQ LOlllUe.Cl'II& &Q , .Rclc l ' ; i IO ': r I . ! I'1](1054). ~p~ CrQmdl~ lul a kk.c l1J !d M n. .Auf,.



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p tn ir .e a lu i I il' t~ {ls (lJ!I. j:.lI$sdlc~ra , .mive-rs : tl.~ ~ >II fH'-j;tElL

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t01l'.ifol'pe!!l:lrM l,~'gif!:nil;e ~l < ! l ' . 3 _libia ~l,c:~li!sll!,l 5-i:~je:fH ~~'eJiJ;dlil Gllreh iii (hllil1imdntdu,!:

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J. ~lm:Q~l~te~: ~i .ReJ@lmO! a~ b€'2it mlere!OW pentru :sc[ier.i;~e .iBtoril;~'- Pe]~.ml~1!dil l tre r,Qrnanor·.cat1;)Uc.j~i ~ot e,<;li l l iTL 1· d j~:Ctd ~'ij pe un Ii !$ i ;p'e ill!!ir ~ii cel'~te;ZI!' 'CI : l ig:OI~

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\i'e:ll~re .. In. e l j ) i l , ! ! e J ( ; 1 ~ 1 l . 1 a , a !nc~iUl ' ~ase -dl!or-ik! '0 a~aU9 mal mere, in" 'CJl i{ iI Id dID1523,

izvl:IlI:ri!lo,r 'il])Il:s'~ ~l r,a 's, iirH;ell.e, t'laj"9r;itH: · -H . · i i i a ie .s 5 ru .<1i :lUQf . ' ti .] ce ill.!: l o . ! ' l 'l<JUfel"l~~1l.

·V.aU<I. $:l NI1:ol'il~ d~ c. u, ;- a, ' ~mbii iii!;! . !5ecolu] XV" i : i i !J i " : t ! eu f!rla~ I:.l'l~k:i ~fitfrm~i8b!

t ez ll li )li i!i pa H ~ d < es P 'r e ~ Ii m, O It L1 1 jl $~l , 'ba'Z<l t "P ~ d~ micOl;t!ce B~ f l I I 1 . : s@ : DonaHo ,C1I71l -

:s~~:rial1lJ~i : e - .r J i1 I ! ~ il~~ll;! pseudQiS'fd;o'i~Il.e.

U!1'!liI1i'U:P d!e prote~t!!nF; :rll f!U'tI!tlf! eli! MIi'.mu',tl~ F I ! : 9 t : : f u s rv.l!ilch) .f.u'lcic~!:i;. atlt

S!!= l; rjs ,Ollli!lf'f! ] s l ' O d i i i ! a . p :d li lle iO tr 1J v e : i ! o< l ; : J u t ' l ; mJirnHd , de o bi ce :i Cc<nlru U e de: MA;r .Qde--

h u i 'g r l 155 t1 -H i 7 '4 )1 mi! ld JDi i.pa:t ji 'L i ee S€i~o!li!.. Dtmpa-n~~ iQD])a!lif~·cll~ogli'~l/J~.iI ~~i1ns

C'llI ! . !; e ~ ! l il i lr Q l !i i tt ~ :t l!i 411J1 ' l cq j e -s ,ec!.llesJo,stfe,'i U 2 : ·'f(!~.,Rpm ii, ~88--1 001). sGiii,d ~"l(irie.

6is,!!ri~.@,fl!5efi p ln ~ I I! . :l i1 l3 6~ Q P GE il I ~ : f .o, i l ! \ . 1:omQu",'I:ill. ~I in. palitte< 1n , d .l ! !' jI ~ 'E 1 . la i ! .t ! apts-

eOfl1uI H~ SpOl!lli<m.U5. ,1 ; ) , P\;Irls', }:l1n' i! 1 ~ U l4 6' i !!"@ i ,ZU'f- r m p o r t , ! !! ! . 1 e 8l!I . r a t : " < . . 1 ~ ]aRJIiIIDii

ClJC'cst .ef. r l l liOf~:I l .iptna Ia 1 5 1 1 2 , [stor iC:b' i; ~b:r.3Jl. BZ~'II"i!:l!;'. O,R'llyna.td, .1 .La.derchi, ~i

mai Uniu Aug. TMi:i!L!!f; oc.rltic<! ma1 Ilrec~& ii b.l,crllrim rut brcn~, p~na me . ~ " " i ' ,illl tac:qt.,o ~~a:~'iiA.nt.illl!iil ~i .f'r,mci:~ P ' t . I ! ; 1 ' ~ . ~ii .~ve~s, I ! f , i i l 5 , ADl!I,l,e~~ ~u:I BB!JronIIliS, c",

Wi 0e:ntllt£n~ M,ag:d'e.burlll~nse" W Ad 'Scti!!l"i nArit .i 'Q:iUllne, al l c;;u:.acre[ c.onre.sio'IliIJIl

'Um!t",t

:R.e;cb,em,ll:te~, lEl.~(!dllt atel:! is:to:~ic~ /a rM c e ru J -<@ J. HElfdu l .d : ! (r~), J. Pl. M'ailltSi

( l 'i i '6 , '9 l ~1 alll 1:s:~(lIr1ci,

l.stiOltB. ~ i Sm i f eE ! ' B }S¢ ; i J i oa deveru:l ,a;poi 11I : ! t~. t de t:lIl~d, p~edill.du-!!)~ lE l c l J ! [ ,sur i

111.FaeuJ i l a :U l c : J!il.e et; ) '] . i ; lgj ,e iI-jll!!s,!!II$!oi. m . 1~~, s-a .M:!IiWgm;1iI1t fa UnlveI~latei!i diD

(.!.a.lla p.i]]!I.~J ·~S~!!iiil. iD.E!t'QdO)log~c" de Mnd!.'@re- dfi~.l1m.ei!lt,dt~. Il [st~rie'i biseri~~lj

uni~a1e.

4. l.uc,r,Jd .oIj~l:rttllef Sl:i':. ! .MIi. l C'Il :mBl ; I I l ; ' I l i l l sp'tril: ~!ill:i~ilpar abill m S!;!~. XVII,

!1il~ranl!!: N um ( NB .t ~U 5) ' AlexandrE! ($TQ I : . J i SeD. 1.!!i l8· :n de nnf!m~]~lHi ¥1il i1"J;

F t@ .u ,t ; [ 2 0 v,ol.l. t'oprnm,all.'(J·'l:wlolk.

lm G~r:,i!!:!!nj;ii, i j ,U ' s c r ~ s : : !Wl:i1iil'e:5 pmtl!5ita!l !l ;~U ~ G .. .~ 'i '1cIo.ldl J. l. MilIl!ihJE!hn, L l \ <1 .

S < :! hn ~ 8: e~ A 1 1 !@ ' U S' lN ' e . ' u ! J ~ e . r , J. K,L, aie;;.Ul,~;r. f. Cl : I J r : . . Ra ur l. R a il .H ii l5 ce "J. til, , l{uJ:tz ,

J, .J. :11e .o!;o~! W . M ll iU eT , I n s 'e t' , xvru ! 1 : i xrx.B~m;r<l l I\lmiiOllliN"ijJlo)icl, ~$~O'lj .ci b1s!e'.rc~~. gnmIilnI. md tm~·gmill!lt:i. ' 1 i D : J setcibll

~r~ sln'L: ~. ~g •.F.~. Krl!"~ Ad!a;mM.ohler, C. jl. Heie:Le:,J.rJ~rge,~.fQ~tb!!Jr, J.

fHHUJilger, i E i . K. Fun"k, JUo is MOJ : l~ l kl 1 '.

["stbdci pmlieSta.D.t'l gemlilnl mal Ml: ;sill! = AdoU' ""on Hl lm.s:ck. Alben Hl! iue:k.

E rw in P r ;e 'l 1 sD b .o n , G u st i! lV K r tl !1 l 'e r, K a rl HlltlllS!. Hem s J u :; i1 e ll s. H e ll I' f' lc b Bm im J! cl ', K c tl

MUller, H, ' \l inn Schubert, Hln-s Uet i l ' .m. l! l I ' I l I , Johann ~ \ aU r, [&m41l0 t''1 QUe): All ier",

t llU' i1 !H 'd ' t, K4 ' f] B Jb l .meY@f " p[" J. Ilfllg'[; J. Lur ~ Adndr, I V I. Jo. H U!ntt,(j,ln T.

19

l - i lc IF a i !i ~@~. , Gill , , ; c : : i h , lstarii hi$eri.c,e~tl[ l ;1cni~,u$, l l i le lI'Oim<liIlO-C8Itol:icH.: 1. Dt!clicSIl!!(,

AJb. lruimu:cq. L. ]!.thu;i€iT.!,1iJl. ,Monn :e .t . N . L ild ercq , E l;nU e Am~n_iiI, 'P . B<ttHfo1, J. Le 1u .tolE, G. H!I!rdy, J-cq ' e : ; Ze=!i ler, AuqL~stim. f ll~be ~i v. Ma>lt in, :!O\1.bcoadueeraa cArQr.!l

SB , l ! 1 b I i C < ; j < : e a , ·ill.6!i b u n O i r : : . l l : : r .u~ d e. Istll!'ie b l ! i ' E ! : ~ ! c : e ! i a . J l ! ; . J . t1~t'l'QtS<lta. 9<ll 'b U t . ! u ~ ·

mSfQ~ are l'Eglr8e de 'pms le:$ j ! ); r :i g im~ .s IU l l I jl U ' 1 !! 1i~ j r , ) ! f c . 1 l if

Pd ' l ' l . s , 1.Ul4. ~1iI ·Clon t tml l l l l . re ,

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li•.La Of(JJ 'deq i i:!,U. s . t: ; ;r i ~ l u , 11 l ir a l !: i { J [ e i~llorie l.lj'sod"C.M~dl-l!l.m¥·et@~a" In UmpQd]e

IIIai .nol, lJ ii1ii1ii.1mii:

,til gleed ~ DQs.i,teS;, l ' I!11r-illiil!;'u:i le ru£ l1 l11mu ,1 l : i1 (1 ' I T07 il JJ ~! I! , g ~&>I 'i~~o~ ~;j&l.o'i~ I ! : C ! ! -

' l :p,\ l : I l rI .U [<i ' i i :nI l i~ ( l Ie s ,p l e l 1 'Q l r [u l 'l f !j l J t2 J' J i'U s aJ l iJ ! 1 ll d !l 1 J.B'olC:I!I'~ 1, ]115.

Mclene; . Ml.tr~ oIi u ] A,elr:8I it 17113 ) . / ! J : ! Q 1 4 a . his ' e ' J ' i ( :oose5, .3 v o' l. ; V e :z ii f il 'i \l d' ll -

[!er~Ja. e:[ )n lil!l!l!i" t i Q . l l : ! ! i I l A . d~ m~rrapo'!l'hll z..~gldbve!.Vj!!Jiil.m.in Cosf:aca: 1. l-,lV

(8; Vl)1.J. r~ 1.841~l tW). Au m~ !OCris~ CDJI! lt . C~n.to.g' l! lni! i, A. QjomidJs. Kyri.a;ko!i"lD:ih"OP0-]itu.lFHI!f;el~l!ild!s (S!l'C. XIX * ; }2Xj.

DOIly!! i:i<mriej] b::s 11ef.~1 gIe~I ~il1 ~{leolul : X X , mai im.parl'-imtl shU. IlrmEitortt.

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!JC~e~!e. IUelll.~~W,GSl"Dl1 +445 f i ' -

1ll""!ll'ilOll:!s. :P. , Von rl-e,rgti~,rnrl.eS:s'~:l'l,e,Ii; O·tUu:niloxJ,ct Mlt11't:'bu~g~ lOO6~ Id_l m eO~Zll1(ki1'~e Kli 'cIr.e In ~decl1iSl!/;t.~; SI.c:i'Jil,Il4. 1--n, SlU:Uglo!I!It, 19~[I. l iWO.

MIii!SJ : 'bOPI i l ' l ! l ]05: ,N; . t.a :rem~ SalIl1c ...B8~~<f ~tll" l'hl~;~j'le poHl]t1tl)~ e{ cf iplou~~I 'Hrl 'ue

des: Llm:Jit~I:It:inl's d!!! llJ chl"eUentlils, A~en<e!i.,U5?,

P.!lpaJdo]lm!'[Q.s. H:r. It1OOSJ. A!hiep; . AIiHl!!! i,

'L-':!'~!I! ~ 1 i ¢ 'E~~l'l~i,i;. ' A~EEa~ ' a@d> ! l ;lS 2.-1m..:.J. Al.exi lilllQI': , 10015;l Ii!i!e>D1,; 'Ia.;:ap(a. - t i ' O ·E';(;~l,~il:ll"· 'rE:Ir-llI'l'~/I~"'(j};"! Ier\l~l!Iim ~IAlM,o'll.;;k-iiil, Ulll~1l

P :~ .e milli iil. C it. ~i G . T ' naB .ii1 a-k:i s ·ri! '" : :! ; .f~1 'Z , ; : 1 : ' , " ; ~E1"IJ\l I ' [! i ; ' t :- i j" ' ·.A"I::'~~ldl:ll~,(Dupli.

i:llillele~n:op. Al:l!:ln!!. i. Ht. POl!p t !d ! lp ,~u l0c8 , Alezallchl.a Hl;5L

S~;a1.<rtdi:s, B. n.. H'i$fOUe c i ' ~ P,t;!~l'm'l!(:I)t O~,e, r . :rmel ;!1,que d'e C(ml!llafl~;nQr(;lNl', 1.n

. . :b ' l. : i~ I ! . . .. P i I !m :D i s , 1 91 0 ; Dlt. 2 , i ii •. U,l-{l'f3.

, ~ l ~ m l l ] , ~ ; ' '8., ·E:C1!;k i l j f=um", ,~~' ' , I ~ ~ 1 ! ) i P : [ " i:~'·(ltPI'l~;~~l,pi, !f~~~Pt:l"'iA.te,[l~. i . - 9 4 1 ; ! l 1 'ed. n ; " ' I i i1

Al@'l!Ii! r l959,.

Ut. rut1. au .scrls J~fotlii bis~ri~@'frtii:lnnil:~o.rn:]In; ! l ' re: t . ,Mlt rQPolu.~t !I. GP-f I l Jgo" ' u . Im,

S#Olrllll ,~~liitiI Ter:Al l '1 l !51 ..o1Iie , E l i5 ' . ll lh ;: i : i. R \!l :S Q . I, ~ . I -- V ( 9~ lr !J 21 il ). G-ernlgov, . 1862 ,

:I • Gluh{!!fQ"s~,~~[oIlija b(lg'los:lo;vsitmtD I l ' l f !U J ; : 1 i if elf! '~storlt"e'5lt:!Om 1 't J ,' Z V. ;; .w . .. . Var:~avJl ,

1928 i l;dem, P.mlO'ns lQv!e flO igfl' $ll~cet~ lOrtnOi(:llda: hi. ' m . n : t a Ili). S:~ Pe~te![shurg, 1914 i

E . Ec GOrll.w~tlit, lSEo'11' t I Russho.J T ' r : : . r m t , f. I, ed, 2 ; ·n . M ! i ls k v ll I.1.19 M r 1: . It, MllSk"II;

1001 ~l HIl,. r V. -. B&~CI~'OIl'. u:kW pO i:!lt'tlriifl d[,gl,l'lIJ 1!i.! ,tkvl~ , i I J VO!., Pe,'1UI!:!ITii!il, H! .O" l ' ,

Un'Il'. U11 3 . l{lI8, Alll! s . l . !Hl i lE~.-,an sc. rJs i",td'~:lelll BQ!o·t ' !ilV' p f! n tl "r ! ' f :s .t o ri ~ Bh '$ f i, c ih i l' [:

r:opt.at, et~oll]a;n,a. i1 ""to.]aciDb.i1.ilJ; A . , . P'. Lebed:cv,,(8:[o.rla S!reko£ve~tGcil'lQ} TOIrkv~ pc!/

I I r l l N ~ ·ru~k. (l!!l.c!Jrla Ilj:~ici[ g;[~~D.r,b~:r'iu!JtiI~ <sub 'dom1'in!lti~ b : 1 1 : C U O E j , ElQ, 2 ~ , a H S~.

Pe t e r s b' LH :Q I . ~ , 904"

M . ZeUl101', E.ll!i.!l~erlll ISh r i s fe ' lt d "mJil ...,ljolill.dolll" 1961 ~ h lem, Tit.;:, Re1R'[l'!'.g·I~·UOl~ o! Ih{!

Cl!u~'li'. lond.o~ u\S-2 f idem, ]"li'~ 'Ct]J ..u-oh 01 t!i.e. ' e g: s 'e ' r- J '1 c . il E i $Uu . !U " L O ! l l J e l I o ' l l " l~46!

td :em. 'l"1le J!·tjES:.'tlM· and theJic Cl'l[.[;rI:~I, L.on;4on, 1945.

Lg lm.l'ylrri: I 'J , . • :E . PO;S,ilJE"lf, 1;S(orfliI,1(;1 Chd li~m}lltl'l!l r!1'ii:va:,vo!,I-Il" 50fj.o, 1 9 3 3 "

Ui~5. TflIIllIu.m:aeIn funbliJirn!;~ sub tiUUl! Istoria: bris,till11Skoi. T~ikvi. Phl~ I,ll IDS4,

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t 1:rf.. p~ Pl~1'l 'de ~t-lo.OO9ie:. m$~'Of'f!e e,1 dO~'UlJiiedes pe'te'.$ C'~ d'bl: h~'Uts de rEg'Itse.L I-W, 3·QJ.~d" PllT.I~I9.t!i_

Ln.cri,tj p.~nltrU' j;sto"fllia tmperh!lU:i romaa

III rlin] ". Eugene.. I.. 'SITi'p-fre comain .[PIl I! i.D!,~ ' f J t d~.jlj!;l!t~,,1J. IV). :2.e. e ~d Pari5, t036-•Yi!lli1Tdi!.~ et J..A u 1 i 1 . O " ' ~ - - : ' ' ' ; ~l)me' 1 l l ' 1 . ' J Q n QI1!Ji'Jrlt~Z.(l ed., PillrlS\ I ' 9 5 1 ! j ' ,t t II' 4e rHlsiQI~~

gel'l~JlGJe dJe.s C j; y. dJ m tl Ol IS p ar r M. C r" H~ ze tl . P - "I is , 1954.

I I ',nTt '<,. M.. I 'Hti l:ruN lQmWITe'.. !I,lll"lle IV, r: .L 'EmJ:!; jn,~ .oomi i ! i1 ' l~- (l~~ J>(iPi(e.Ir.I}Q!m!~n~ des

'e",e~e,!; fm, e~!l!' t:!e Ni~ell! (H1S!oite gi'm~r¥fe de'. G. Gi~f '2 :1 , [ iB"l~ , 19&1;. "1om~tV, .2:' Andre p,;~~1]I101, L.:Em:pl1'~ c~l'eUeJ'l. (32;5---3Q5), P',~ri'!5, U I 4 : t .

."y, M., ~ Hjljltory I i t! l . l Rome dOWn; It! !li-e Re ign o,r OD. J 'l g ,!Q ;~Ul l' 2 - '1 \£ 1 , :e ; d. [ .0'1'1-'1OIl.N"@:1Jr y ,l jl j'"k . 19 ,00_ . , " ., " ,

, flllio, L eoll, ..HlslIcIre 16mt;Zne- .. Ii. m :, Le' -H!\ ' lUl-EmpI!Q; , p~~, I ~ 33 .

rill A., . L ! i : fIn du moml e i !l4l1Uqn:ee, ire; tteb~!~.(Ill Mol'€'i!'t ~ Il'ari.!;, [[127,

I' Ill!r, au.. F. lot. fOr. L_ GiI.Dls;llof" L~$ desHnk-tl Me l ' f :! l U p . r , en.' (}ecident de 306d i l. -8 B . 2 - e ed.,P1iIlr.. I-D~ ip.lIriS.. lJ:Nil

IDler, J.• l/limr#m .fOBlllill ill rEg'1I~e' rIif~l·o.i,.-e ,aL : moooc de Ii. Cav(l .i !! il i: I<J.c L V 2,P aur[~ lOOS_' . . , .- .. . •

In J'lmbarlOman4: T~ilo!r',D-tl'11!. , lI' :lgr!li:i de tmpQirtiip ~omfl:n.1J t. ~ ~i r~,El1l1.cnre~ti, 1 . 9 i I ' < l

Cro:rtolli'gie .;

II LJBIzm:~ ZeUI 'SCFtJi lJ llg deili ro l ' li1 i l .~ chen :K ,o; ;r~e ! : z ie j~d!)'~ i " ' t tHe laJ~e~1 i ! 'llfld an Meu.ze;~.~ Rd. , [ i 2 ! fi < . !I JYI ! :! " ,I8 91 -H I" 93 '.

C! l l r i lL ' l . . . . 'flC. C 'J u cm .I iI 'J n . .. ;" , " ,, ~. . , ;; ". .• •. " ,., ~." . · . s ," " - " '" " _ , , , , , ~ . ~ " ', < " = , . , l i ! !S>1l, Clnt i l If lG l , it9"gt~ d e' l 'h:r8w,/.re moi!i ':er m~.Pm' t s . 19J6.

In Ilmblil lomlind: PrnL T. N_ PQ'p:~nf PJCotJ~ema sttrbmriJ dfltS'i !!"1ll$~~li:1.',Pr.lvirl!

IJl/ottc~ilBUll!r"G ~f~,~:ge~~lll1; ~ /c'mpf.lw:ril~E 'Pl"l'sc[l~e.bl ..,Glrt~;:IClxllh. xvrUI364 , ) , ';Ir. 3 ,. p. ; 3 , 3 0 0 - . . . . . . . . .1,141 Fr,_ PrOt, V. ( lnevrghlu j N(.ititHlj de emile/ogle. ca -le mlo rf !le a, :,J i !W lcuJ pasr :ru, al.ll:lUl'!!~ti. 19 36 ~ l Bf om , N lc Q IH m . S p ,c li .1 l1 ll rJ iJ , t:f1.t"nrh1tU~ :- 1 PUi!lQU~nUl l ;/ 1 l"ede. Mtll:i1!tsli. l:QU CetruCll" UllO.



LucIalirei:eritQa;re 1« Hiwria paptlor

C a sp ar ,! ,'; " G c iI Dh il t:h !~ . - ae8 ' p '« pB rumS , nd. 1.--4I , Tiibinge.n,~930-10013-

HQller, J., DDS p'llpsuu_m. Idee r . . l (WWJlkllahloeJl, . ;!i Rd" .~ .A:ut1a.ge. Tilb:~gefi, .~.g5Q.

f,~r'~'ilirtl:. f1',e:m,.ffJ~ll)irf!. l i e . . ~ pi lpe:S" hl:JJs, l ~~ g ;. ; I dl !! m , I.e dClll i1e:r 4 f€!.l I . le d e J u Rome~4"hHrJ~afc,t. I-II, P"rrls" lS2:t-UI28.

L Ill i, P i e.n~ t f l e ' " H r S ' ! o i r e cl!f!s·pa~e:s,.2 ''170]., :P<ll~i$, l i 9OO~

j.,i;foUal, G" ie.s P'Q~s d')\,v,j,g: l lJQIi . r3(1~!:318. 2-S', M~ ~arls, 1959.

F \ 8 I $ t or , 1 .o 'l 11 s , HifiIQjJ;~tioes· pCl ;pes t J , . e J pu J i s " Jl I : f1n lily ,"!.Qyen )\gg. Tr~:ni~ de ' ~.'!lne-

lnan(J". l. I~XDt. G·.e, ed., P a .•i~. 1925,in ooIlli:finiiU:e i' l- \I{!X" 3-f! ,M_P'iU'is ..1:938,

Ranke" t. von, .IDe. f jroJ.s(ih~n Mpste ill deB JeHrtell!' I- ' i!e:1r Ja!'uhl ll ' ll f,ei 'len. 11lII .n.oua.Shlltga.t, J ' -53 .

lSepp,e l- t, F. K, (3,e- ;cnidM ai;!I R !l !! ps te ,l iE !V Az "1 J. t~ . ~ C. Sc;b,we[i!!!!."f, . l5BiL" ~ctIE;"

1f l I54 -19591~

Lue{'arl 'pe:ntru lsi-ana Imp:ertului brun to

_"u:i:1i11Iibo5.,. K. I., ·:r,~~~p(,:,;.t, o ! i ~ l .I ~O J~~ jL~Q J j J I , ~ . ~a : , 5 ' ~ ! Q o . ~ t ; :, tSI,j)f . i ! l , I m p e . , .1:iWUi bloom'm) l. r'3'9~Bii'l, Ate:n~r 1~9 i t. U ~!il1-t204li AtlE!.r>I,jjj; m~,j!_

B[];yn~s, Nlo;rman ~s,; The' .ByZ!a:;m:~i'!],;'!: Eml,p~!:,¢, Lt;IliIidIO~.New Y:or.k, mS! : t I~, By:zli n-Hllet Siddle . " ; ' C l n e ! o!li:e-f &!! ' t r lys, Lbt!.d~ 195~,

~enier. r.~ u'is " Le m lO .i ld e bYZ.i:mUi:1B" 't, I-If I. Pa. ; r i J5 , 19$-_1l$\)',

DaJffQ:lilzi!h., . J ' . R~ f l£ , < :- I :i e ll S 1 i r, f Ie . : l l · Q . : p a ~ ~Cl d:e l 'E gU iS le b yr on ! Jn e..P ari s. t9 J;i l.

Diehl, ~lI;, Hi&!(l.lj,e. de .1'.!.ff lpJ./0, by,ztiln:!Jin.. 12.-e ed., PIlI't!"S\t 1934 ..

D iehl, 'C i:I" G . M,~ai~; L~mafll:i,e olrie:nllGi;e de 395' !t 1081 ' . 2.e lU i . , P'aris, 19JJ4{Hi s >toi .[ ,! !_ g ; _ : e l l e T I 1 ! i 1 , de (i 1 Gil l l fz).

Diehl, Cb:., L, O~'!)DomlO's et R. Gili i,and,. L'Ewope orie<ntllTI!l de l~f it 14'53 {Histo.l.I:e

! 1 , e , n e m ! l e de G~ d l t C l 'l!.}. P > a t'I S i, ~945,

Di!lr,(J.nl, WH"I, L'Ag~ (Ile .1 a ~o.i. t, 1 . L"A,pcg~ d~~mJce, 325 , i i i 3'00 lip. J. C., liElH;s.1952 .

Tl~i'l c,~mb.rJid!: i 'e M~d.i'~V(j1 fHs~0'1 '~ i.. IV . T1 :i ie B y , z -a n t in e , 8 m p J . r , c ' , P1IIr t . I-n.!Edit byJ. M;, Hus.s~y; . D. M N icol ~ rnd 0, C~,~MI. G.ami t J l I" i t Ig -e , 1 900 . (957.

'G oo b(!r ~,R , B y~ ·c rn @ .e · Q:1,.'\QLiII n~l~l!ir t. '1. a~" '2 l ! l . l 1£e er r . o ; r e ( , U ' s~:s ileif .8e~Et~[lla d ieJlmJillfe.f:I,. l .'<:em,p'.eiieu.l ' .MQUI!t : :C, P,ar i:s , 1'954! t, n. 1.liy.zanu ~t rO~lde'lIl S@l<.'!l

l ! , l ! s ~UJGc~S~ur s I il fe JusUn!e.!l:';, 1' , llyzti!J'lce. 'e~ lE!'5' 1'1IJ.!l.CS_ P·a.IiI~. 19~i

Grumel, V . , Tf(llite "l'e.~udies byzallUJle~, l. I . La ,c:futli' l~103ie. Pans, 1\100.

fprga. , N., Fl :1sio l 'r e l i e Ju .vl,e byzi!Uli!j!l(l' vot, 1-:tU. Xh . '!C I lIe '! l t, 1 ; 9 3 41i trel!L. !H lm. , d~ MI ! ITi .EI

Hci(b:an, BUJclltieliU, n r 7 . 4 .Lame-rie,.' .•Histo.fre d e B~·zcrnce. P~tIs., f!43.

L I il V ll l. he tf ko , M . V;, aY.~WlJted ,e ~ o lf gm c ,s ·dU53. 'Trad. d.i! p, M:aiii'U Piuis-, I f!$. .

UtlldSIiIY, J.[' i'ilttlm il] [0 ~LCpe., , T J I : i ~ Sl ,Qt¥ oJ ByUl{l[ium I!lS the P.i.r!t!Bu!Fope

(.'3.21i ) 'ilt!(j i , t , s . a,dbct C D 1 ) : t r: . r .' I m U o . i j !in l~i' L~id~I. 1 9 5 2 .

KO J J; Jk .Q l .l le s, l" h. , V i e ' e' t dV'm~aUt)ti W ! ' l~ !il1~~. rv:Jil.I. Albenes, 19. i lS-~!:- 'D:tQ~'1 rq r rc r rM t y , ('1-. H.1'~fo1,r 'e d,e; r 1 5 ' t . a ! Dy ; ,2!1 l i ltW i. T t i' !: d ~ c ti o . iI ] ! n~D :l ~ !I [$ l l! d@ ,J . (ie-tlm.aId.

Par is j l~E!"SEi.

$ t et ll " l !me, :; :~ , . f j4sH, ! f . fE! li u 1 l~ .( l. mli l i r~" :1 . i. P8 ' J',sl lGlftOnmJ'n a "2llttb'Jf'3PInfiR 11'. .84-4'NJ), ~d_ ir,IIli'iQ. p . E l . f " j _ ~ R . . . Pa:loanque; .t. I, 1.-2; F.!l.[}S, 1900.

VII 5ilr(l.V. A. A. M:il i toire de - ['EmpIre bYZ~rl'n. Tf.t!dui, , ! i lurJ, l ,sse pIll P. B'rodin {! A,B~t l rgu . l l i u l r lil1IDO I-H I?irri~ 19132; ,

t II rn. BYZ-CllIce 1Il~ lcs ..trabe", 1; " r. L~ l lym1I ' iHI ! ,d'A orltJUI 1820--8671, Bl 'ux@l:l! !s,I(l3;5, l. U. L-a ,dYllilsfle lImddolill("nJ'ID lill1-fl ,antI!! 11.'1, 1950. t- m . Dlf!

0" j'gr, IlZl1 c ; fes b V 2 l l i l 1 1 Unhic;l, II Ho/o/ l t ' s vo n 313 b'. rou, \ 'on Urn l WO Ti I I J I II I I IIR,

Bu r n Ii " U131!i .

25

Luc r ~ rl pen tm J i te t a. 1 ;u ' P 3 I< t e o. lo r gi 'c a ,a Blzantnlul

Bii la ll li ls ,_ D., 0.1 1:i~~'If'W.Oi' ~Hf!€liT=i~ (Scrii'tOjr:l!r btz:nmlnJJ. At'f!m:tL, a5:L

Bei!.k, H :. G., Kirdre ooti!. I'heologlse./lle t.Hfe:rg!rJr . r I l l b¥ZG!lUl'li:c's!lea 1!!edcn, 1 Bd f, MUI I I ,tbe-fl, Ht5:9. '

Krul£Iilll!1lch~t. K., Ges~hicfHE: de E Lmf'.nl~4[. Vtllll , JUSt i r. : i1Ul b o i S Iil 'l..Ill '1

EMe de.! 'O\$'mml~J1eJi1 l i l N ; c . l . 2--e Atill<!'J~. ~iJ:l!Z[9"J .UI91,

Dictiona:re: ~j .emcklo ip@cHi

Dicrionmzire d'tIIJdleoJog!!e; Chf,i!li.eJl'll!fi fit q:,e 1..i~'t.i:r!Jje,putilje_ par Dom. F. Cabral et Dom

H. .I.edetcq, Pans, 1901-H.~52.

Dfcflolllllfi]',e '!i~oJogeJiq!le- de It> 1ai ~afIl.u1ique. ';~e e d . . ~Lb!ie pilI A, El'Ales,Parls,ID'~-Ut1H.

D.lct!bRiUI'lre d'lJis[oO.inl! e,~dec g.l:ogro:pnf~ C'Ml¥j,a,~!~~!lel prlltllil! . J: l! !! _ ~_ B,&udrl! l rHl , A,

V~t ~~ M. Rau~ I cO:Ull in .UCi l ia r A, da .Meyer. m l it ,, "- ~n C~ 1. L '# I ·~ ru e' !: :g ha ,p,~~, dol 1B : 1~ll. r i l l : Cl!JllltilJ.!!.!I,r€.,

[ l iCUcI!<m:I! IJ"re d'e 'S" reUgiQfl5'; , plab1j,~ par Marg. M.al'~e -blQUie:~, .P. !!:r is , isse,D l et hh li li ll 'l re d -e . .llipidfafiJ:IMJ'. a B lL . eH q ;u e ~ ~ inrS Uque_ D o C:!·citl.e e l: i d .sM i .t e, SCiIl~lE! dl.Iie~.

-HCoI'I.de ~'i. VUler, f. 'cavalier..!! ~t J. IJIe Blllbert. [.);).'1"15,. fI e 10I 1004.

D1c t ' JGlmt l l J '~ od e T. l !eo' iOg : l e ~Cllli;o]'lql1e., p-qlllie ,SQI ! IS 1 '1 d'T~diQI\ dI ~ A, Va :C< ll } i: , E . l ' {on-genal, E. Am6.!liJl •.p;ar~. 10013,-19 ' .50.

fh e W:S>&lIilJI1.stl?'t'DicliollGIy 01 C l If tl 'C i l: hf,lllary. E . - m o t .Ie:ra hl C . S : r < 1 l i ; u ; e r , Fhilad€llpb. i l lrLJj~\.). Jl9'l1.

, CQn~i ,: :: i'e bt l lQI ' , ( ; lpml!cO!# D'I~ti 'oJllEtt)' , ed. dE ! J. Coulse'fll. red: i t ! . l .U i Thte1 Sn!lLt'~'h ::\ew

Y o !. "! !: , 1 9 .5 8 .

, 1J' ii1' f.~EI' ' '~, :r .~1111 ~ B~ ~i jl • l7..I;I~)'O";l;1n~g't4, 1.2 vD f " Atenoa, Hl6~I--4900, In I i r . n u a MO g ra ' a l :. t !

r l~ ) (' Il ' HU~> , It ~ ·E'F"~OJ'l.1~~r.'rI:I'i;&sta,AtJ8:nJ3. .d€! le t92'tl-unI~,2 ,4;vel . , i : o . limiba. lI'eo~nHid.,, n~'f'llllpedf!i CIlIUO.UCO.V · !I i~ l ci l. n . - I![!"~=l,'Q14B ~I lcrm,

'\\l Cll.tht.!lf~ iJ"licycJope.i'lin, N ew 'Y "iD lr k, de c Ie ,I~, ~1'I. eom'un,lli i .~, 4""·0]. ..J _ ~ ]'rl••

{IIEyCroF-d:ilt! c E &l#g{O'.Il tJ lldS'Zi lic, 8hl'b4J...r,ec t lu n eO l . lu l J. H~~tng. 1,3 V~1. Ed!. tIbu t~,fOO3--]gg6, iNie\\' "(O:k. 195 5 , ~2"'fot plus [Hd~.

u' l:I[cl:lftydOIHledle tll, )11'0 l?.s!run:tissll.i T h t; 'Q lr l" gJ -e U ! J! ld Kireh.e. s-u:b , c<"JIi'il.<tW;;de,il ltd A

Hot1l!cl!:,4 ' 1 ' "&1 . , l-a ,J!..tl.nilg~ L~p:t.ig, 1296--HIIJ.".Erber.! f.exilmn,. ei!l!!tnt de Wefte::r "lUld \VeIUe i r'eedU(l~ de J, Her-qenrtilifi,er, apai : 1 \ : '

. i I i ' _ K;ruleJ!l. i2 ""01., Fmi'bu.l':§ .im Eirehg'il.u, l 000-- t .92 :1. ,

I "'lfthon m r- '1heDlogie Und Hi/cae. etllret !f~. B'uQbJ ;u ! . rqe ' I " , _[J Bil l i l i l f ! , @ ' - < ! ! c AuU., Fr 1 -bu.g 1m DrolSg.a l l , 1957. '

lI'/~!ren fiir ~<\mrke und C.hr5re!.i~tJm.Rd,I-IY. b.~u.X!~.g.{1jJ~ Th. <{l.;;l~~ef;Stut.lcatt,19150----'~~.59 . . w

U. aUeJdkon !li;!f By.zo.rdinis !:lk. hI~. 1 I j -; ; )n~ lO; r · \ i\ ; 'U ' t h . Am;;te~d~m, H)53 , ' l n : contlnanre)j" R€!I:iglG.lI in G e.rehidll~ ID l1 I G~g-.mwltl,tl, z..~ A . u I . J . Von E- L Gllllke.Lu.nji. L. ZIH!l;tm r~

uack,5 ~de. l ' i . tbing@Il, !,21--i:Oil2, '"

P!'m:.tl)l lllJ.JtlChitat:i gn~~o..r l::Jimane

,l m!io!U' t i!l i. "o!! !JI'(!:! u~d!Q"J: ! iU: , , s g.rec.qtleS' ~r 16IDalIhC8.

U' ]IIf~; ]e.;; I~ts e: d .o l; 1m l ~n l. ;; ~ . ~~U5 l-a: ,ill ~ction de (;.n, rt.'I:['il·l'llb~f.J a:l Edmon , ' 1SI-glio, ! nl,l, P rj5, utn-l~211.

"'fll - Er l { l y c 1opddJ e d'er i ! : ' ! l ! ImJ3~h.e l ' l AIfetwmwi:s,senschatt, J J . c o r sq . "on pallly 1 neu,rBIlIUl!lI!J. n:- VOII C,"lI'i,i'iSsow<t (PDW~·li.vissmV'(1 Re'al - im.:y~1op1!idl',), 2Iwollli

Reine, SlllUgi1l" ,UI9~19~1.d ~ R IIJ ~I, R 'C lm a 5 0tle ra lle a C"~IiQlfl~, 2: VIJ I . 1 $ 1 : 2 ' vDL d i t ! . p11m§! !1- Rnml! l , Hlnll-um7Ih ll1 plh U"_ II ! P reo n ru f t 1M., lfI5il TfIII. I:ILlCQJE! 1I!: ! lc·?8 do J, Si lHmmr Ntlrthtrlh



P ; d ....J."" ( '" '"' I, r-n4'€l'lUaa lnO.l .pina La. J I'; ; ; ! ' )

'Slarell lumU greco-remane 1,i imdalce

la apadtfa c r e~Un . t smI11u i : l : '

DlHlp.i <!u,;rmttd Sf i t J t u : Ju i """ '\ tpo~ ' (J l ·Pavelr M111t1.t±toru.l .s-a Ilasrut · c i ndve'll::i[ «]JHnitClQl vremfl.. (Ga:lrft'll. [Vr 4)"L.um~B era :adlc~, pr"egatita.

entru v·ennea. 1 .' " •. Pe n ru a inlclege 'CoudItHle in care s- -<a !n:~m,ej.a'ia~~eric~ ~is-a r~ p mdU cre~:iin.·k:imul,trebu1ie: sr a cu: : . . ' too.~. tet : ]1stfU~& , 'gene -

Iv.!IJlia luIJ i t i i ' l i t . . . l l t i : .ce l'a n~~tetfoo·lui Ih;lll$, HrilS't'os.

Patesti.~.G, : te a ga. hu~ C: i~t iTI ] ;Sm:U] ll l~ r a c e a palter diu tmpetr iul r1lrnal l.l~tl.doo1ll11(ill, en ince:pntunimodeste, a erescut tf'.~m;t~ 1"11ru.fiteill L~~~luluit RQm,B a tlJ .cedt [mb~IiJUn: In truntea Ithtli.:ei ,ill [C!lcerit lnmea .1'11~

licit Dlilir-lmmie st'at .marh~im. Roma a CI'~t IUn Impertu 'C'f.)ntkmnlrta1.

j furl Marea Me.dU-et;in~ la 1IIi jll,Q'c, Aces:t Iwperlu eta. un 's·tat Ulnl-crslr l J el o(!u.pr~ndea toaM h1.1'1'.reain j 'l,l,l"ulM~rii Me<l\icra ne ' lj} i S - E ' l

Il'IlLnde~ pe . tr'ei oon.Hn:eulJe, r de la o..ceranul Atlantk ~itv$Q,:r~'~ Nordultrtptn~ W 9 ra n i. t' l1 ll Arfneniei. ~~I:o:tbiei~i ~~~'IIRu~i,e" dm Bref~J:J..i!Zl1 '~e IaIU ~i D u.n A:re p ma Ia ma: : r .g in~Ci . Sa:harei $i a EttopaeL S u t l;J ]. ;p ra r~ tt .ll

~ulian 1[~:I!.l 1). Impettul . roman :S~. i:hliTI'S ~ , : i . rna I mul t. , cup DlitzrintlI ci a 'lji . a jr U !n g i" ll d I ,a MillLNm (ja'®.pki! i : ; ; i GoUuI Pe·l:s1c.

S,ti1mltu]ftn::nane.. gt!sea 'la ~'l:Qg6!ll oa llnUnder~ pntere; { :) rgani:z,at i~, ulmra, El. est : e mmnt ~i ~:J lu .me ' (~»· ( f l b : c r u l p . 5 ' , , ' l i : ' Lu c a 11, 1 ). , [mpm.I ,atu l\ugust (31 i..,Hr. - 14 dJ-lr.) i;I /:reat 'sfst~,ul p_uLftk numt] ,,,Ptfo-

• 'puLW.,dJe~ec,e I m p . a : . r i ( ! . w . il d€$i imp:;i;-r~.,a,l;U S e . L . > a : b : l l n:mm. ! ' l ' R U I t .e r o oIlpl'em,B" se eonsro'Bra Prlll'cep''Si adi.ca -primu;,l dintra ~enatori. Acest\ le"fIHpolltlc. a dnI~~t piu~ la lm 'Pa;~~Hul Diocl~tcl\an (2S4.~3(iJ5). c.we 8n uQil:iJat un nou slsrem politHe numit .dif[J'mlnal'».

(j ta popul~.ti .e i Imperlu 1ui Iam"OIiL d1l'1 ti!!lplu~1u. i Aug'tls t nu Se cu-Otl$hil'• biltoricii o aprec'iazi!! en pr'j)1xa]jillWl~e lhtre 60---12'0 miltoane,, Ir~l~ele mal tn:S0lru:late a~e I m ;'p er iu lU 'i er :: .a u : Ro~a ( eu pu l H lU n di) , Ale~

ndda . Antjobhl'r Connt, EJeSr TQ's:~lf.lnkl GUitagin:~r .ttlgdunum (Lyon)"Ste.tul ,era condus:de lmpfu:<6: t~, ' i . de Sena! (dia.rh:i .e) ~i era tmp4rtltIJN'Ily.jnelL Ele ereu de' tret c tl hi lg ro r ii ~ ) lJfVvfnd i iU1Pf:'daJ~~ ccnduse1 1 M L eg s, ta re f 1 Pre:z 'ba 'P e fmpillCit Oega i u s AUg'w,; ; , t ] pm prOf,dore);



' : ; I

~d I'cligicaJse lI,c,L Cel maj i .n~etn:I1at d"mfre ell~ era eultul zeulul M1th~.a( In l lhre lsmu L)I a e u ] 'soarelui (deL lE: But invic iW1$) .mr a : $- 01 : mUM ttlnit inrl11a:t! $i ~ a :jU f1 t_ ~e u e a in t oa1 :~ 'p:roOVTin~Ue, in set~OtleleTIl-IV d, Hr.A:mes~ec:u] de. pOfloare $i 'de tH1~ ,a adus In lw:pl::!.rililroman stn-

tlsmul reT'giGlS;,numtt ~i~'heocra$,fe., adi>ea anl'~tec de z.e1, CUl"en . i pu-t -rnie, Ia.villYZEll r l _ e : sit.]JtallCi lLilipeFiul:ui ~t ehrer de u:nli l .mpaFa~ i i 'n s ,e c .fil IIl-lea, 9tIl.efebsmul r'Iadea 1a i<lrnu\liiea unei reUgH univ,et~U:l];eell

lr] 1 lush! diz, mm IDulte c.ult' l2~lnliltlilrind pee cele, ale uner pepoara l-Q-1(".Ffflwln.t.Med l.;i:igiioQ~:a m i. Hmpul,ui tndrume 'pagmismul iSR1'elln.~le

1 el l? ~ stMi el, oa roeea de mllt.utr.e~ t I ! e . mono tels InI d,e IdS~l1nclreremorala. de i-jJaSiIe "P.ers( l ,__Q . i ! ~t CQttlJtiiJiCl!.. Ia 0 ,pT~,nre pe n ru. mail~iioaIa pr'.iI::illre. . t . l ! cr~l1n~s:muJ~.f. 'N!3wHe relJig; i ' (JI&S~ ereu rnl,ruit~t f;fil'f!i a

flutes fi t O ii :~ i ~ _ a fu { f 6c u te - d~ cnlJt.ebe p . a g m e .ReJ.!1gJa era tn. general di5'cr;ed:tatil, ne(;Hadi , :n. t t r das.e"i eul ~E! era

l nos(:utii. super ttt ;ia in PIOp ' ( l> [ era. fo~nte ID17: : re . Pdn reo rgan fzarea

r igtei romane de cthe Augl!Js( ! i j , i pnn sQotij ,inu.l s:llIt1tllui,' ca $1 -PIiJliat:tiill .C'ultelor ortentale, pa~gI!rl.smru.av:ea S a se op.UJj;~totusl . c r - e : ; . r t i ~

n t : smmuc i cu [ oa t a , pu'le;tea sa,

Unita1ea teUgio-&sa 0 asi'guT~ ~n Imperia eultul :1111~d'1atului.Augustfi som al un selvater at lumH \ i i i a fas.t dlvin1zat dttp~ moerte, _4J . 11

1m Alla,l 1Cialigula , DamijE'nj Diocletwn) a u prlm:cliUoru_r! dLvL e !1L E~

tn ,,· ia 1a . Cultulimpa~fI.;tulutQnl;.

deotf~'rilile 'Q.rj,ellhl~

$1f u : s e l T U l ( ; J , con-

"",alBa reUq!()~ a i:U\ceri d i. ;iii I i i ! .s"t~pt'P.irn rcmane, IiI era c d ov,~ ati~rt.l1ii~i Ci r es pe eb tlu i s up u~ il; or fa ~; S d e'l :m p .fu -1 at ~i l ila clad u n . (' fi L I1 a 'C ~

II'F polll,Ic.. RefllzW cre~~inilol: dJt~ ,g. observa ~ae'St culrt ,aaaus aSltll1'Ha

or peT,i;.ecuj:·j grelle.

,St'iil:!~amQrel~ .a lumij vechi era r n l eg il tU ia . ttl ca a t 'et tg:f.o/as'a $> 1,m : tImJ1 i ;i , ReUg iUe pag'me Ell i ! l' il '~ la u r u ;o r a~03 !. ,ca r~1tg:i,a 1I1oQzaci.ctl SilU

t re~fiIllii--mul. Ele ' dveau unele ,k le: i . morale, n a r ilU dau nk.ir51:x:e.mph~r

nu ,fIIV-effLl! 'nicl sanc:ttunL m :m J Kl tr iY a , z ei l e,r;~ltpi.1cle d. E ilnd:ra1t'ater ler

I nnele cuUe crientale desfrlul a\~eaC~fdctkr £'81iglus, cultic. 111l .Qr.a-

tttatea selIlanUesi:a in spectacolej care e:rau neumane ~i slng-ero~w.I I. lux, in nsf 'pi! ,b viai\a. u~UT~ic~ a Iil1t1tQ1"a~,n de'l<.friut m ta ~0rtur.ile.oclafe. Munc.a 'eli!: a:dt~ d!: '!:~·t h"ber~, diVior.tut'lIe se fEmUlt .eau, muf1i

1 'I se mai c,ausli.oreau. iDu:ddeflle 'S:po~e1ilu.FamiHa era ~t<'Lbn, t t~rno?' i ; l " l ta,f me'la ~e . gaea in inferiC!riMJ;e, topHi . e rau expusl aTUI l l ca " t i i . Legil.!!u e pentru indrep'[Mea. s,j l l 1 . a U \ i ! l riuan !a:jutatmllJU.

Slwa(J1a l '3 'Dcj"gJd eTa de aserne ' l l e-aderecl.uo-asa. Bog:fltU CQ-n 's , t~ iuia.\lclClSiil prtyneg!a~ i eci mat rn.ul'~t lrdhau h 'l lux ~:i in p ufcer1 1 n nii; stap!-

IW8U domenili .idinse ~ alVefiU sute ~[ mil de sclavl, ~i1altl oillmenillbarl duceau viaita grea $ "] umUita, tralnd Ia. Roma di~ -ajutonl1 -sta:tutu1

8 1 JHl. tronllor (dientf). SCb l\ T ii ,. · c a: re f o rm a u '0 ' mara pa:Tt~ din 'P ,optl1a '~ia

ImpNh.tlui. erau l]:ps'~lj de drepturile $i de- demnHatea de oament, Hi

1i1raL l Dscmhati cu Bn~mooele ~i cu UIleUeh!~ ptl . te! i i iu Ii batu~ll ma.1t ra,



La ~1 1V"il ' ldu1iJ Uci:~li d esp ,a ftii V n nn illB ;aj.l~ii , l,ar cl'l.sl!to-ia Jor nu e :r- a re ...Ul1'll'.5c:ujii 1~>l'11. .

C r i 7 . , f l . $tl~h,~].aera mare. In o'ra:~~ se irmnrimadooll capU:aluri In-' !1:emnat! i . !1 mi.zer i1l l c re%ea ill ]Jol1(lr~l I •. ~ jio~. 1m,'jJ'ol.Uele €f,<' !JU 'grete, ce ica ra t. e a' l ; \Uf l !§lcu erau adesea il;r1iH:rIElt r : ! fi;i j i}lt 'lt12:vi. C(!l (I consedutli ,Ii

llpsufllor, se fuU118U asodatH ! ; l ' e ajutnr J[{l.dproc mal ales pentm hl-rnorrntnrare (sQdruidf~" ~ilUegia 1uJiewth:liu". ·co.JIegia, Jlenulan.ml. = co-leg ii le t:e1 or .s~:r,a-ci), oC1i l .n~wm;tioJJIIau in llnUll1i1e forme legale. Orq,a,ni.-

:tffil'ea lW usura osreeum :$1 elQiStenl,a eomnniti li t i lor ae~Hne". F il oz . qi i' O . Ump .uJu i area rep.lez.entaia: de [rei sisteme mal insenm,aie.:

@pkud'smtJ:l, care avea ca p:tinCip:iu mDfil'lp;~act:ereil!, nege. P:rovidenta,mva~ irNl~ferellta T'eUgiQ,as , i i is,f! ;~p' t icls.mr.d. protesat de noua; A:ela.d~:j,ea lui t,.aTl1e:,stdl8:~t:ar-e eua ·totedat.ii ~d :ilnoHil i stoicism • l[:aIle~lvata.panre1 'SIDhl:l, S,OCGle3 c - a 1 um0 ;Q /e s te 'r:oll.dus~ de R~esillai\e I f a i l S in)} " a d -milte.a di c.b1.a:r:~ul elll.e neceser, recomenda in .n:lOHLli. apntla (absUl1tee~ S istlne i a 'J t eXQI l '~ ! 11 . ~~,~,X'Ci{t/)}rustifiw vicUle ~sJnuJ,;irlerlle. A fast

s: i~te Inul ~EI i:mdhlf1mi:I'l~ ,t n SQc i : e :l :a t ! $, a ] [M11 i !U ' ! i3 . ~i: ~\T>aliil u : ] : ' ! , e : l e ldei. ru~e~

res.f1:nttedtn punct die v'!~de:r:8'mcral : P][j~~. pe (;lameni CilI. semeni (,p,a-9int frumease ~~€""ti .1as:amQ:r~ful S:eoo,oa). S ' lo lc i sl ii ii ., u I e ' Jm fotll~i incQ:Il-

secvent - . $ i . conl:liiJd'd:otiu.FU {W: o fj a d e 'v i; r: re rr?11yiDQ~a-m'OiraUi., nral ales in noopj~agpri.sfli ~l

apei ''in 41eOplITt'Qni,~nl (¥;~(l . n n . Necplatontsmul a [ost bdeoiS'ebi In

s0c<ll:1~le HI : s : i JV ;reli'gia cdm culll .;,i ~: r IS 'Credaa in se.blrub re!ig:ia pe-}JQl:ului. F lozoIH .6'll rnc~ut sa blt(;t'l:"p"l'el:e~-e mUur: i1e allegoric :;;;1pH~:~ldi :r;;,au unele idei mcrale, merg1t l :d dd,1'jIoc Il'! l ol ,' !. ~ pnmd. t'omeci:nt'e!.(diatrib,e), 1.0 ge,u;OO'al, "f[§Q ,cum r.eUgiu 1?l1i' :i 8inr:re1isi:a, I i : i lQ : i l : < J i l l C ' l 0J" I( l

eclec,I}c'd,~ t111~Ba irlcl din ma t UllI'lt;e s; i l s reme. Ftl.o.'lofia prre"§i:l i tea in~·tr,~o oar,e<cale m,as-u.ri. . .t .ruoo. pentru pro , lJOvw.n .l ![mI . M:ailor crn~tine. dear6:!a a (O;usti1: IJiH ~itlU11Jll d~n oribs' t .a-cule!e pose , o n . ca]eac~t'inismulnt,

A:CCl\ltll!.rI ' S i ! : s i t iritr,~ moz,o!i ce G e ls " P o tf ir lu . Ierodes, luUim A;pO:iiatul.m a ri a .i lv t1 !M a rl .

A $G cum '~~ ]Jlioz.enta l u f J1@'g - an tk .a ; Ia l]I;p'a,rifia. ere~:tmism:ulut, sl -{ua t i a era in fl~:rte favorabU1i rti:s;pinclfrir lui, ceea ce e1 q l li t: ff . :'int1ndereiilll] mpit::ii§. Exista un 1S~at untvar-sal; p,jj[ce, ordi-ne, Cru$ i m~jb)il.ce d ee

COll'IllTIkl1;liie l a.me.st"iK ~ i : . 'aJ)lIop,ie 'l 'e depapo;are ~i de ide:i, llni:Ueare cul-tlH'altl.. nli1l~bi:i 1l1treleasamaI p&ste nt. Ra5£l\1ru:iitea cn~~tinis:muhIi e'iFil!a,p€l i fp;v orrza.t~ de. : ill.:911f:r~ienta r e' l igd '()asl! i . $Lmer,ala ii !3,o!ilei:smuhdg-reco-rotl1~n! fie pm' j t l1gaue ! 'P/ C'uUelGI"o:rh~ldaJe ~ia fi!azofUor,. de s U , u , a l 1 . G .

SQ-Cii;1,i ja lum i:i veehl, In part.e lnsa. sl' tuatia era defa.'i.wOfabilci, ceea cef%Xi,:llic.l1.rez.isteut~ ,pagfuisrrTlllm, poleznlca anUeTe~ti:na ~i 'P!9;;se~utiile In-~h. l . r1i l . tB d.e- c[e~tilIi in. t impul l;iup,aratUm wm~c i p i 1 ' ! . a 1£1.pi l J ibUcare1a, emc-'lulu'\. oe la 1.1.il iiI l de CtiHre CO:lJlsja,nlin eel Mare. inlanu~nte313.

n " - Stareal u . m U . 1 . adah ' : ; l e ' .

So.sj~i· l : i l l cap'tivUa' a, dup,li de rege epe-nulcI' CyI1 . tS , a dHlrus p~~

t 'eooi!' i ibabUO ll:l!lJnor (SaG a . O lr r. 11 iucIen 51-au putut rcz[dt templul su btOl'lrlnrer~ ]w ZOTubabel i ' i I i :s-au r, r~nlz I Rega:tul ptetJUor B ~os't



11.'1 rl l l ;mJi sau esetL i i ' (esei i ) erau Q s p- C ta L N ,l da ie a i ! i l luef l . taLi: i de iliaj II II flU l" t:.Lrmne. .E i tr,iH~u maj.ales pe Itn~~ Miill:ea M?arl~ : ! ; I - i . dueesa _ C ! J

I I~ c u rn l'~ ta Ui d e- ascstt, Respmgedu '5-a('fiihdne~deanlmale ~ TIn partt-Ip LI III rullul fle la. templu, Aveau pI~t)lli lor, oopete fieH.gioBSe} un cultII Il n' Iut 9l 1'1 1 ~llgeril 01'r d e~ia.dm.iteca u c:t ' l , DU'lrme'l8.neste nul. E~Hn.i'tIDilplln tlcsu comwlHa1:eQ bUl1u.nlo.t, ~n:U.lcontra st:larieir a jW"Ei~~t~bti,, u fn~~hil armelor, ~:runit l : l16,U 'l'Iemmb'e:a sllfl.etm.ll:,~ dar nu Si mvu~:rea,II UPL l l L l ~" G ' I ': a t l, e l ,e . !':;u!p'ffli,oa!{l; s€.. ab\.ill;eau tile L a cls~tode$i d e ]< 1 1'liaCeFi.

'j r:rapeutil 'flTallt)

seeHi, iudaiea din j1U'ul A1exandifiei (EgiptJ. Ei.ILI 4'dU r vta lt l1 , c o- nte .m p la ti va ~ ~ se O~~U cu ('n~rea: Vechiuhd "fula~III .nt, I~m care-t i(telpl'd,~ u a le! i JO ' l " ·C. Aveau agHpe re l iqieas e ru, tin~

lilt t' ~l dsnsun.

SCl!;f!CJrfJtenii erau 00 -popul.a:tle iilJfl'est,"!Gam,~iUi din iudei' $ !i ne-

h L t J I, 1n Samll,r:ia. Ei ntl res.poot,a'll l tntre-aga. Lege, 'ci , tb:eau mnnai P~n-t~J L ll I l1 L lJ lui Mois~ erau T.o,n(jtel~tl, av~u 1 1 1 " 1 templu preprur pe MuIl.-t ,!e GalrLz.im:;;i p~rtr{lU id€ea. 1'ne5ianilE,i!i., lHtr'e. samarinen! ,~i :udei 'em1 1 1 > Ure ,ur~, Dill'lr'B s,am:arlu;at'\ j , au ioe~H s uR) 'bl:llueuta i d eHoT reUgimt'Septl~lh1'l11 unoi i er.ff iJ .d ca ~OoSi .t ~t , SU rTQa h~ fa :g u 1 , .Men .a J: 1 'd .. ~. "" I

l'm~'r~~HereQ.i~:dait;a ( .d~ 'a ISPQT:a , ) .Pr in eaptivl'taU. depmtart, eelnnl-·tarlr ()mig'l'~]'i" .ap@~ d~torita 1l'l1,OI lnterese QiJme1'cicIe ~j pdvUegiilor de( . f e . se bucurau, ludell s-en liis.pmuit mult i;J.l 'lII,araJ P,a}est1~,ei. i ll a'tl

Iormat colenti importante la 1I8biloR, A1IDi:landr.[~, Roma, Antiob1.a, Da-11 1 sc, Cerint, Ale an.::lru eel Male Jie"a i : i 'C01'da t ava.nlaUi in ora~le1 1 1 m 1 1 t m p e de el, i~t s(Eap:inirea T - aman a , 1& riindul ei. i-a favoriza . ]1:ule,iI

Iurrneu cQillunil:iiti uwprii S lL a tOROID a, aveau sina.gogiIe ~i justiUa. lor,l~' fi:! prmi$ eulsul mozaic ~i 1'18:Specta:r-easabatului. frau seutif .: de,seorviclul rn : m.ar, de ril'Ztloir d;p cuJtul ofk.:ial ~i ilnperial, de obligaJtJ.:ilen cp o t ri vi ts toll In'egfa'P~me Leg1:i lor.

Acast-e pN.v:il~gll ~.Ufnol'i21at prQ:p~gi i l l i : l lda . f'elig.ioiiisa .. I:il1dia'Spofilir

l ! l d ~ l i ~t1 { ~cut 'in adev.lit u ' l ' u z ' eU1 : Jsm ~l all a t r as la. eredint» m.qZ:il!ici!!

1 1 U 1 T l e r o , ~ t pag1'~:ri . r ye ~ ~ O ' P . ' f I : [ t e . p'fili $.upetrOiritdt~a tor Deligio~sa-rnQr,il~,111 ' tie fllta pnn U1s:Ili;il llU'"o;'Ilie'glile de caire 8~ bu~tl~au. Unn 1n:ilp§ral!l"('It ~ Acirian {111-1SB1, ~i 5icqa1:imius-e-vm (l93.-211) au in tert.Js' p:ro~

.1.{']I11 SH1iU] iudaic. 'Pl'n~el-ipi erau ace mai mu1t~ f :elurL Uni t !nimeau t:ITcunliciziu.nea

~ I l Uo .l iJ pa.r.te 1alS<'I.uJfidi, num.:n pmzie .H1U drr:pliitu sa u !iii idlantci~,I llil rC'!il))echu da~r c~Je . 0 pOTum:i, o.bs1:' l I"vau. 5Phatnl1 c;urli:!iirile ri-

hhJI'. [ j~Ciin:!hi:r:@(I,JI~ir:~e minciil.'Ulille CIbll:"ate , : ; ; i neC:Ulia~1 !·inrll:~um.iti ttlf j ' 1 1 1 1 1 " 1 r G le ,mdrQ,r i de Dlli1,mez,et{ tll~l"oLl~~;'~u5 ,Q IU r : l i , ~ ; f J i i 1 L ~ ' ~ I l ' . 1 l 1 D ' ' . I 'BI~~l i l ' I.

hn p ~i1:;lti,erea~i p;r9z'iiH Iimul iudale !Q~ a.vnt" 1n hlCe1liU.'l i Un mi'u:~rr1 1 tn ['~'S'~ 1 !J d.ire'a: m~ t t r :1 l " i i lmulu j, MisiO'n~Ili c re~t in i s,-au. a~ : b e " S a~ lI e

f' ~JLll~ inm illCefiiOf}i' llw:z.eU~Ho,];diDwmu:nita~Ue iudaiJce. Proull~l, l.~mul luctaic: a ful1ei.5l1rt c:re-d.inc·Q1fiilor lI;(!lorla1.le l '\;:Ugli afl i~()pjerea du.l'I'C'~Li l s :m " ;st:!I"llind ~a a pu~ te detrecer~ de la pligln,:'5m~prln jur l l i1i~Ism, 1e noun credlntili 1l.Iu.i Hr"!Si.o'5.Drept e eli dup~ ,ac~ea sa pwducead l:tbfn.ar , iii dinUe iu,dei ~i crel;1tini, dar CD umtab' ' '1Ji cr'e~Unll.Od8't~tnfnl1~ l'l 51! a'[g,IiIl~a $1d~ucr' 1I1i\~ pt pfnprll m I dl pl)r~.(·.

In diaSjlOlil. in contact on Iumea ,ee,alaltfl, ~tle!lile. ;I:e1igiaase aleludeller S-RU modificat in perte, li11inuen~a:~ide eultura grreaJc~ - 'autstat iwel «ele:nioljt[», ~l III Interes de propa.g:anda" a.c~ti~ devin ma;

J1L1Unfm:ma1~ti ~l ran~tici d~ctt ,tutl'eU dill P.alest.iniil, ,adml' t i :r: Id cll ~iIl' pl ] f lO i~t :n~ pot s i ! i. p i f .. r rr eC IB r :~ L,~g2'aIilO'J.ak~ ~i S a d(fbin.!iie?s.c[ rnln-lu ~rea . b g e ne ra l, - ra li gt a . i U il :1 E i. :i x: :, i!e t11lli])a ~"'!tlli aa l lp IE lnTIJu ,~ ~~e~ dec,II' b lUi d~ C!eili a p.wfetilor, die,;;",e'llmcl.formalis;td. rif.ua1.ist.1: taZIDS t i l i , clindIr Leta obser ' ! P C I re lite:roara ] : 1 1 1 8 ' S 6 t1 19 t iH o :r L e g' :i .i , Sta.p'tll.~lle >sh:,e:!iO!, n,e'-

lor.;)c~rile '$'1umiUrfe indurate rl~ iudel au corrtrlbnit 1.ffischimbaraaII. Ii Dte$wnk:c llhSi1~;i. Mesl(;l 'eHli , f i~t~'Pta~ TIll oa un Min1:u.itor: al lumi],

LIl nn erou, .:a un e:lihe:ra~o'!'najicnal ~t poporulut iudeu. din tolhll,iLd. DinmUq' o<'l!s,a-1m)ral~,mi:51un:e~ aC,€£,tu) Me'5.ia devenea 1JQH-

I • Acea.stlll a. Men." 'eft iudeti. s~ nu mleIeagei pc lisllS I-Irls;~lD~1sa nu-LI" p~cte cae peaoel·a:rrunl. Mg~a ~i s.1 eeara m;,ini:.l. i ;re~ hit ca bles-[ mator, .

Tp~i. Leg:e:a Vee iului T~t;alnen:tf ;sUin,unta llOPOFiJ!Uj indeu inrm, lote[~-m, ' !1dd.i ta.te~ lui. ~at,i;i d i . ' l religta r p r l m H i i ~i p.ashat.efL ideeililt lanlce, Ci" $1 ac~h;nfl'a; h,lci,ail"Jrmlu1 tn lmtle, au p'l'~gatU calea pen-lill r;lsphKiirea. cre~tinisnrulllS m al mlJl~ d e , e a uri .c'areanili h:m~r~jlfr ,a. r rE!rl h ecle cumsscute 'm i s t o r m . 1 B .

BI.B110 GRAFE l!

I. Jletilru ~I(l11Q hrlIDr gieco-FomOine; [l'.TudQr; Fig ur t d~ imn!lmH romW1!, I.. 1,~'i. Jan, p. :aO-Ul~, Alil!gU:!ihlS;;iTihertlls; IN.. JaBgar, J:lQ& Jm'C}; te Chn!s.tenlum

II l fife '1l:[email protected]~ Bildtllig~ .Be11rfi, HlfJ3r J., Ga:tcopino, . l. n v t« qU I! I iH! l i f ! ;!U'i ' [ ; ! : a R om e t'rf pO ~ d~ J'EJripi:'e. P al~ ' ,H IS!). CZL' r1 . S: : lme lo l61 ' , GefsW6ge .&~ft i ! : ; ' .1 t t l? d e' S cm :" Jk c l' lt hthl~n1ums.. ~. ~lI.d!!,. liln~l::Ien, Hl~ ,j :Ii. ]CO [C&2man , Hberl!.ls, 5I!:utLgllrt, l~.ufi j A.

, , 0101 HlsIDlt~ ~~. Rome;, .,5~~~ eli., llati:s. u m a , A. R:vautl, Le.s: g;,;rands .eN. f1llr,~ rjp

pGMee ofJt!q:ne, '6',e cd, PIIT]S, 1~5:1.Pr o Nibe:im. L.e d8.~! t1f ~u md, rJu :c t l t l l i I ! l 'L.! .e •.

ilmen dell CG!I1feS~I!': fa decM~e .~ Titl!tl., 'j;li:i:rA .. Go-eU,!y, Paris, 1~3:3r l'{ A. I>.'~a~kill,

fir nl:"i1Jflwl ~~ JI.~·~~Wl.,"~ "[I'd., S. S'.ul·I'fir~~[1'S~~~l l )e<~l : ,19\si4j E. . ~ I : : j j ~ : ~ t i J : l : l , Vtt~cPI(eIT L r t nu ~ , ~ ~ ' ed:1 J' i1I1s. lQ;m" p. 12!'i :-l70';t ,LeQ:J1.H~lrntLo, i 1 l . U g J ' U i S i i 1 t J : r i , ' ' 3 . " " . ' . 1 . C, - U !lp.

I ,Par!s, Ul~~ r Idem., l'~s 'elnlll¢'l'e,ttr.!l.J:'omaj~s'l I, e ~.~r:1sHunb:!i:me.ParIs, 1921 ~ Meffi," j ~ ,e wm:a!L'ner t rn . Le H~iu~J!:!mplr£,P,Elns,t~aa r A. J. Festu.ogi:~r.I!!.Le montlc'j t'HllmI1ln Qu !e-mps de NmJ' t ! Sej~tu, Ir, U m!.U.tfw Sll1rn~eL :Pans )flJ5" Id$mI j CJ I rcli9~u.x des9''f~lI ~!. .i'B);"(L!:tgll1:>fP'drl~. tll~2 j A. J. Pe;itLl.gl.!1lre' e~ p." Fflbr,e:

I ! Ho . nde - g.le~O-,j'OmDm a u 1 '!1 'm .p .' lde J :l o! :l e -, Se t g new . 1. l.e CeraTe, reJ1J ipb l c l , PrJ:;ri!i,

L , Fr . CumoIlt,Les religions ode. I ' J ta l e .s dtl!ll,s . I e j l la : ! fI O ' l) : Isme lOID(liil, 4.1} e d . , Pl I r i eg .

, I J. Top !ID , l.ea adt,e pn fe , .. 'U i C f tUd : !: J~e1'l'l;l'l,iem.llltlljn, :11 V!)l. , P;ffis. 1'90'.5-1911 iI IIUliIet. k CbriSlitlnjz;rne RIilmSt:RL 1l'x;pans.k11ilej itl!'lc.!., P"LtiS, ll!"ll.

:L . Pcl l!W Llloi /HJ:Ji Jle SI V.! '! lJ Il pU'b!I'k:!I"!il I"qrnallilot J ; i i grea:ifo,r. 'Ve,.;i = A Wif',;;ttilM,I II,~l fldcl lne ei ia ,cuU~fe !l!!recQ'ue. Trarl!un (h,i. $l!lidoi!:' pa~t.-!Yf. I l I iO ! W ' 'l i L I y , !l'<lirts;

t M. ~!.urle. h monde. ~ ] (tnai$.S"IoI1c:e dJ, l Christ. P ' i l ! r 1 o s : , 1~1i2,";', Bilu,d.dllu'L,tUm. palCl'!l'.l!lS , mtle;[frs Wref. i IUl!fleS, ,2. '11'0,,1..Pa.r l s, 1 9 '2 , 9 ': 1 9 .1 6 ~ ) i. ~I l. F ~' >l ~I dri C()I1.

Iltl. l.u Cite anriq;Lu~:,.. 23~ E! ld . , f 'am, tS~ i' Tn . M.omm~ell, J~ fi..f,a.rqu1l,nIl l!~ l\Plh, r, Ml!Il )Ue( P(!,S arrHqniMSI TcO:l l lt ir .! lIsS.Tr",d;pj: t1~, l'acIlcDl!lfliltl ~,QtL;S' loll d1m~tlL;l:fl d:l1

II-Imb!"rl. rMnoR. i-V. V. l-2, VII-XIX, P;JJ'i$, l007-:[90" r A.Qbli!! A. BQXJ~U·i P'(I!tI1J..il' Utllt jOTol'JopubilIqUes de f f i : CM~ce. e r' de J l ; ! .Q<m.e (J f « : · i E " l ' ! l J r i . e I O , P ••m i s, 1 9'2 :5 .

JI. .:fiUU 1!WW1i IWlIrl!d: M :. S:imo1i, L a jU da is 'm e €!1 Je ~h~~S!Ja1111~m;ai'illqrmIlthiLClhua B ll Jp hW ! e I II Ct:mMG'l1H!!. hriB , tE tO OI S . Grayze!, HISfl fl i (e: d~;s julls . ' Ind.

I r P(I' 'I TOUIIIJ, Paris, ~OO'i'; J. .Le Mt; ll il il e" l ies Sc r d r t ' u c e e ns (ttnI!!D~ l~jhliqu,el'l)., I. j h"hl , ,t31 1 ' . , C. Jl)1IlI!el, B$~aierul !ii BiSeriell [Jlimaral L[I ..Stl1dll Tet. 'Jlon[cll".

I { I ll ,; I}. Of , 9-1 1 , p. jl01-jlUi, [dem. Boi5ellle'Ji.5,. l.elo!li?i c! ,s.r!l::lJlre!let l el lr m e n tl ol 1,llfOI']; mf dap ~ Noull'l lUI 'relllam.an(', I.c!lcle, 19f].!1I idem. ,u ,'li! m'l1UfJII p r . r u l l



",11'111'1 d,es H8"s~ll<nell!S- dB QUffi.>ffl,lil, {lSl!:is, Ilm6., O. NilhOil, r~~.ffieore!D<. P • lOO3 i

1-,1 LlIliIl!I,IiIL.ij.jj'p~;W ",.Ie llt,!ofJ4AiAAe' 1G'! l PlljeilHne aL I u:mps ,m e ~e~ p" ·s, 1~1 i~, U II nl i 'l lou• . J':d:!;lltal~ des ;r.jo Gl !:~r,tc~ . : c J M e · , t i l S : I" N ' l 4 !- , s QV'tiIlt~ N JM f.'! . I. T he -! JJo gil! a u JUdeo . ·

~ • j d r t aI IM i ~r n~ , P a :r ~s , '1@58, it Mess~g.e €~1i l f li~Uq; t '1 t ~~ cill,ture hell,~nl,slll:j'ue. BElds ,IUIlII M 'S~moni l:~~ . , 2 i C ' c l e s Illiv:e;> {rr.. t~mpg de J~u,s.jlilrL,~ 1900

0; H. Ki)<limBil.O!!.He-

i J l j ,uQt Ji'B.s~er, GJul:~e.'l, I;~i,d~.IiI, 1939" E. j l I , e ' e r 5 0 1 l . , ~fUebri$[!iet.l?' JJ.Kte,'lJium~litd'( f i l 'l l l ll a , Wia l !l ., H l .5 9i {3. R i r : i o t i j , (i j"! i I~DJ!.! l · d'1,sr~B1'. ' f r 8 J . G t . rranc. per P '.. "i ! ! ..I1v:q', a 1 1 1 0 1 . ,

, 1 1n & l l I, 1 9 J 9 iA. Q1uss ! ; ! , 1~ di~fi'~RSe",dYBJ47e.l',"P~'r,jlS'r 1929 .

U! ! iUS :Hroistos, H t U t UUO f U I l 'amU '*

, I08pmo:t e: zi to r1 !l l. - A"dj¥jta.t~. Mj:ntui t<Oltdll i a J lOSi "pl"eced~"tiiC 1 . 1 1 ' p ' U f i p r de a 1uf roan..B c it ez .a to 'n tl . ' Ou ·a,c'0asla se desi.i~vlr~ea -apli:nirea' I i , remi i ; ) ! ; ! i se intell:s'fic~ p l t eg~ t iT . e1 i l me:>i,anicl. loan BDrezit'toful era

un profe{ - ulttmul al ~!jj ~ecl1j - $'il JlToo.iCa. pocah l . .oLaI le :nUILI ~~ro-ptB,ttL,q;jl!n~ata~i,ea. oemr:ill~h ..El dueea viata de ~oet ijl~ .bu'tezill In._lor:

c l a n , i . l l Q$tepta:rea C~.rui eraal ma.fUl! dedt el; Fred ea bll l~ a I'iiI.~uto I pu L e rn ,i c ct i tmpI~5J>e . V~~ll :snldap.,pOIpQr laiergau .Iii .el, .mtr!b!u~cia .c ,!1 ell e~te Mesia. E1 nu 1 \in 'd e,a ~~ forrneze 0 €omumtate piwpna,. er

S i& <.!l:~n.dj,ep.teze(l l fl !kal ' l pe'~lttu v~rJltea ~tuitorul~L Joan ~ COr\l'I~S

de venirea limpulU1 mes:iB'lliJC $1 , Sle l eGns i rua:ra veshlor.ul lUl. en Impa-rtj:~i3IlID. Dll,mn~Zeu,• el lmunla ~i Jul1&ata luI Dumne,z;eu.

Pe:n t ru pretU~:a lui I l! e c r u ~ IHD , a . r e , : Ii o a n Bot!e~tOTui a fe s t ate:sitia~

de Iro d A ntipal£inl liUi ];r-od ,~fi i! Mar~.~ a fest ~ncbls ~ M.?-d'l,ems,.~~

clectl:pitat. Ucenic-Ji lui s-su mentlnutcitev~lie~ deil!~ ~J.ll~ nuun~~"n.l$tinl1 1m Ioan», ,ei praetlcaa 11,11. "bate:z ljl ~Vei;lu..lu.qa?-llD1 ~ 1 . . ep~Shtr! ..p ro p~ li . .Dirrl:r-e ei~au ~o l9 lt l i a . illGe;l?lJ~ Jipps.t{llU. _A.na:tR ~l tD&t!l, r ; ;a~ 'a .au

urrn'El.tt1 iL 'P~1Mi n i. u i, ~~ tu 1 p i.Be H l l"g~~.? t~ r :Ue rc~,a"eI?, d~pre lo~ BotQ~~torul in Evang,nela .. el es;1J@ amU1~tlt ill scrrerea istoncubu 1 deu losl..IPhl\d1J.~A:nUdlih!i j :1' jug,rUte: (XVIII , 5)j rCiile vDIbe~t;ecuLatllde despre :e ,uUrrl'lndu.-llm om bun" ~;oo ~nd ' enm.a;p:e lud1eli la. ' I{ tr tute. , M"Ilfptate ~l, 'pte-t0il ~la,Ell&~biu, l:st~l' ;iQ bi£l~riceascd, Ir H , 5).

Usus :Hri st o :s . - Des;! mat~Tljllul_d.e .c,tUedis.pullam este prea. . ? ' 1 !~ i f l "

faUI c l - e C4,H!.ij oe fit f:ost ~i. a r a · ( : ; u ; 1 ; ]iiSUJl misters , C'lUloflitem ta:tU~li bme~·8Nl.,te.rlllr sc,oprn ~i r e z 1 l l 1 t a t te nli,siuniiLui, dill .E'V~il .fi~irheli :e... .

DIn vi,ata : j 1 i inV", ! l . iatu:ra MJ.ll~utt6!UI'I,l.i, GarE! fOFl:neiJ izA o~i~ct spe·:dal ,d e studiu I'll aHor m.5dplin:e teololg1~et vo-m t~?llla. Ci.n:::illumaJl

date 1~ :$i fB.ptihle m a l insemn 1 i 1 i e ' penku i~toria a~HIi!J.s ilru~ 0•

Cr~lIGlog.ia vi'elli M in t. u. ih > "h ., d ui . ~ I?e~i .nil-stereo,~:ni Uus Hri:,~toss,te eel m al : in se n t. nf l, t . ev t! 't li m en L d In 1. ~ona mmtu l~ i ~~astfe.da_:-a[)I n u se C:Ul'l'O ~l?te J i) IoE lO! s • Era Cr;efti.Jili.i:l., -cal~iita de OomJllS1e ~1 ,Mi c.Ie-lit,a,c um , am. : 5 p t l . : S , ',r:~it'~.m mmus. ell . 'ci t~va ~ntj e\ ""plim~.d na~[~eaMlnLllUoru11ti mai nrzlu dedt 1i. fo:st, k! 1::13 iI.U.C. m rea Itll.te. h~us

IIristfl~ !S-ai nsscut ~Ililri:nf.e cu ll:llCl!l seu dlli. ·d~ 750a ..U'~'1 anu:J. m(J 'Tt - i ' . l .

!III Ired eel~we..In. : !E , \ .nnghe.u 'e , S0 ga~c cl te"' i la ' h),dkl;ltH de ' :~furp '[eren"toan~

I,t, i1a$tereat sau la vilrsl' ii:llMin-tul o:mrui: DOIHitI(I lmp~ri"ltu1ui AugllStl

"rocClll5iillatu] lui QmriniulS, tlmp de 1JIfiDl1:l.n r.e.cen.siinlint, steaua me-

trUeif, uoideree prunellor, ll1pal't.eeJ, lui lr<od.;apo-i. inQep-utuJ adivi1&liiplIbH ce ,a $fiutultl.i ].::1&11 B'o;ts'Ltto rul, care IfIr~e:e.d\ecu pu '~i:n p e: a·Min-luitondui. t.l!l anul XV ill domniei tmrpar.a,~utuiTibenu. -(14--31), dnd

J I ! 'i U S Ollvea ~. ue i2 leo ,d.e mll~ (L UtC la Ill, 2~) I d€ ! ~menoe~, alu~iaI , ,·imtia Lw (IQialfi VIlJ. 57) $i , 1a 'tkli~ ternpJWLlt de cit:fe [md. Aceste

Ind1ca:t ii i:ndroeptl \JeSic ~ S:~ 'a~e~e ~ll'ul nq.~beili ,lu( li lSl1s Hri.st{l s in1 9 ' saU 7< ;,8 a .E .c.,. ell u n an s au d oi in -a Ln te a ID o< .r ii!llu i Ired , ee L M a r e,

'nttmpla[g in 750 a.L .lC. -' fa~ :tb!:' lIi u, tra.cli ' tia. Ofe$tinl:"i iii HXat na~te reaMlnrnj Lrr:rul ut I i i . : ; l i s . dscem hde Jr J lieca tf;i en, satb ~lI:JotiU. mei lam 1<11R o m.a t \li g :p oi ~i tnllUmilit.

D l . l l ! ' a t a .acti:\<'ita:~i.i pul;)H.oe <I I t i . lhntultorul:ui 1 4 ' 1 . 1 1 .~s:- l~ nid. ea l';;igtlt

c u.n o~ C1 Jt " d in C i i l l l . ' Z : f l I ·G e o ,s e bi lH r li n :t r: e E:vran.gheUi j ) : t i1. s fonop i l i ! c i !)illJoan,f cfe:nta,[tl'e la i - @ r ba t ~ i' II P i li ~ :t U ( J J :l :~ d e - u L lU ; e l . r Evangh.eli~t'ij nu , a , 1 J . 0 0 I, B.

l fo t i l , c ;ep ! ro l ' ! c iS le ; . et men t l o n eaz81 . doal' f:a.p-tenerdat , a . t e din \ " i a . l - 1 i Minhlt-

loru.!ni. In p:ritfinta actii'l·t~t.H ~u:blicea Miniu"toruJui, ace~s.ta variazildupa wrli Ce:N:le,t~ : Dr :! .i 1\ tr e I-a arri. l)u1J ~ S :U n:tu l L u ca : { IV . 1S ---19~ :'M-a fiiil:rlis, sa: ve-sresc a.J1n1 m H.ei 1m . Dtl.mn.o&"Z'!eUfl. care r~ltlte~t,e un

loc . .dIn profem ISa:ia ( 'L ID I 2 ) ~i L~':J;i1Iic lXX':V", 1 01 , u .n di ~tici. 011

logU ~i gnow,di au aezut 'ei!! !lc.' tt~lI:~tea. pu.'bUcli. a. Mi1i.l{tm~or'!:.lhJ.i1l .r c lS ' t doar de u n an. A~:as:Hi .iIPDt.ez~, iI. fast. teluata de' u rn ! : i. sm :d c l ' bJ ls e ·,

rice~ti insee. XI):E•.

Dupastadtl mal rroi, Mintilit'Owl s~a bote~at i:n Iordan L a 6 ianu1l.-rie ~~~_ a.U,c., av tnd etrce 30 c l - e am I JL:~l : ; :a m,2:3) , i:1. ""al 'lU l? -7c a J e ' l ' 'e !d IDDl ' l i i , l l aOO. El a p 'e tr e 'c \! .l ~, P;a~~ QiJ lu lu1 7:SJ-2!i! (. Io,an VI iJ ~~ a 6 . 1 ' . 1 . u 1 1 , 1 . 1

182-2.9' fl:o.m Vi... 4). W in.a1tn~P:awt-elui din ~nu1 .J;8 i l l 'S la. -u 30 ia l l

urei rnonisia.ee. ,[1. p o l l - u t ell SfinUi Apnstoli CI in t l cea d~ tah\~. a fost_pOolplrin~, ju:docat .~i lr~sH.gn.i1;fvmeri r um i , : n e i i l t , g . , j 4 1I1Is~s.a.lf '7 . : . _ Z l p r 1 H . e l ,

A ,o ul m ,m 1 ii } .fi :n ru H ur ul ui "laJ"lta:x,l d e ~ ~e lI J. ~M r a. UnH. Si ·diJo:r.l ~l'~S:::"

li1 '1 t vet: h j !j'oootesc a f~,~'lut 2£. ,ii ti-i m 29! .altUht 3'2 sau3i3 ifll e.rel

tre~tine, a.liii c}(ai IDGli tirziu P5J~ De asemenea, unil ,ant.ori !lOi 0

plLln ~n 'if!: . 28.• alUi b:i 3(Jr~_iii 111 33. Tinind JS/eaJma~ de ·fa.ptu'l d Mlll'l-

hLUo.ru:l 8 mm.1i tp!e ' C!'UCoen~r-Qvil1.e[:ir In a !u n ul ; ~~ ii lo .: r i u" 'd ,E l l. ir :e i,0 1 ·,['uclale eele tIm] bune ill lO'Lde aco{;d p€l.ntm an U 30 !Sal! 3:3, ,clnd pa~tile

l udatCi :e all I~izut simblU<I, l i:tri:lTlPa C . 8 1 i 1 , _ ma i in·le.mei.ata ~i ' ad.mfsa, det ei mai mu11 i este Jlefi1:ru d i 3 1 t . a de '1 o pfilie 3 0 { 7. 'f lj ' a,' . :c.].

Pcn.trn slabUtre'iill dlilde"i.moqtt M1nllilHo,rulu] pot.n lual-e ll\t. 'consJdfi:-ffiUe, desig l1Ui t cu probabilitate., ~i alteda1e , ! ; ; resUne insem:n,ale ca;m oetlea b li IOaJ1 Bot.(\'1i~torul {po ate eu 'dOE ani mafnte(h~1 . m o ,a :r te a l u ilfrl!'it,osJ~ IDa.1!" t l i ru l Sfi:rrlu.]ui $ ,t e'f am .. ~ . oC iowye l \ U r ea , lui Saul (SnntulApos~ol PtIJ.veJ~,10 ~it'i.va am p-4) clup.!!. ID~tiea MlntuUorwll . l .

Dupl d ~ Ie ce]e PUti pr-oMpUe 00 .Dnd 'S.us, 'r ,e zu J. tl d filiUS H:ri,s,-Ius, iii trli't l o . i muH de 33 fini, cit !Sf! r .: rede ' in mod Ob11;lnUa 1 armfile



.1, 'ih 111i, 'ocDlln.d da1d na!?:etii. iIi. 14 'B=-14.8 , .ii.Ce., iiiill data mo[~:iIII . m il ::to rl, Hr. (783a.L-.t:.L s,i'lUceva mai mutt, daca S'9 va 5 nascut

l II 1. 1 Jill· th · 748 td.• HI. "GnU 5;: :. rtHOri ¢:ra;"lhl i veeh; (Sfi!ltu~ trtneu a:1U~I(:llJ.lLlJlujI $i unit teo,1o:gi aoi ersd dual Cd MintuU.ond t1 tri;la pe[llIlnlnt 40 de ani.

Rvarumente mar ~r75~mn""l'edin v:iq$Q bHnimtom/ul . Drn copHo1ini l i l lIIi l lls us H r l.stos r In af~§: dri! f~phil isto ric :al m..~t.erli LUi la J!i !eLhle,enl .

C'Uj : l l ' l1l2jul unut re , r ;ensd tn . in : t , sub rmpdr~tttl AugU'$i~ In _:mpllllpIow_-

s\ll ului Quirin ius, in a:fari 'de I iJ .,g'a LJilj Ill. EyiP,'l ::;;~de intoaecerea i:nG!:llileeal nu se C1U*]a~te d~c.rt BpMDil ;u l de ta 12 an] r ci'::Itrl Jd s-a. I~a-cit de par int,N ·$,8] in te- rr rplul din larusal tm (1.uca II•• 12-51),. Ipole:z.eteuncr oen;ll!hHolfi 1'I!litb.;,ma!L~ti,du~a care I:is)s a in - 8 . . " . < ' 1 . ta 'Pleoti~ rl:nEg;ipt seu in aUetari (Tndriair id-eile pe care E! le-a fl:red1cail:~ histmple i~ ' j~blpUiri i,{ita I'.kI un t<eLI1ei hs iQ ;mc .

Din JIlct·.vHatGQi m,eslc.:l1:ica a iU1 r!SUi5 HrLiI[)S, E\~ang'helii!e aLL reti-

nut: bot<azui Lui. de c,atre Ioen {Matej III, 13, 11. ' Iarcu I, ·g~lIl, che-

meree i ' i_pO.stol[Jor (Mat~ i, X), ] :1:I:· ,opovardui:J* I. : inoopra. d~ mtnunt inU1l:lj eea! .Ju'lrl:ea'a c : ; ; i ] erusallm, i t t , ~rarroa fri l. .unf~ba in. lemsalbl~ prin-deire,~, ]1J..decii iI.~. con d:anlnfiI"Mr ' l i1sti ;gnire.a. moartea, i :l rv i .f "%€a ~ tUli!.-tareatut lnc~.i vreollttli an i de m::siUffi. ill 'pllbHcd, HiHS Hrlstos a des-riL~ur{lt oactiyHa<t.e e~tnio.t:d:niil;:ri;i (:<1 tnVi t l l .1:01, profet ~i i aN: er diem.h]J1Ll~li.t care, pe ~e a )Xl1"W a f.~t:}1!t a ! -D ;a . , t6 ;putemic~ i.rr.pre5ieasupra

poponilui, pe · r i l e . altlii OJ . ·l'in-tit nra conrlu,cii i ' t{),ri lor lurl;eL1 : : ; 1 1 ] ; 1 > I~ri&Ms "a -votb:it iii a l~(][iilt 1i1 numele, eu aU~'Ol i ta: ; t ;Bl; ]J ~i eu

·pnt,er-e·ij. ]Ui Dumt:l~ze,u" a. da~J:a:na\t dumn~~drp.a ~t misiuaea Lui me~,ia-niea mh~tu i t ID: f f ' I \ e : ; ,[l avu t 0 v-.~~a .!no'rala d e '0 cU ] ' ) i 9 J t i eS l tb , in\ im.e sufle-~~a:,;ca llllidl si i r_ com pa .e r8 oi li l. . a {1atin'V ..~a.tu:rl sublime hI cuvtate,pildte ~l JTI'l1i30gini de 'D frurnusets, s,br.:pliitat~. sincerltate, adlncime $~

-i n , t ! l e ' iJ 'C' i . ! , l inesupraom efi~;gt:a.

Invatcr.!!!ll'O Lui . Ev.angJ~1ia. .adlcd veslea ce<a btu '_l l I . p-Jopov.iiduita

de. Iisus Hristos, a Iost nn lll~B11 J;e!iglQ! ~i moral, 1"IU politic Sou

' S Q d a l . Ldeeiii l C'ant;a_~ a pro ;p 'O 'Va{ lu . i r : l : i Mindljwm.lllj es t ( ! -«l.mpuiih!i'll;}jJi 'OL-lJmr~2leu~~.au .. I 5 1 m p ' C i r , m j J h I;eltltVor.",·, mte},oasa eft 0 n o n a o1rdineadVSd hao.u t C d L "O i ar 'E lde ,ererlinta, de vi.1:tlJt~ ~ de redciIe suf ie tep5,CQ,

burr s'UprmD. a.pfuui: en El ·~i I0alizat in liUlme prill .:mpHnlrea llorltn-Illi lm Ju l DlJmnez .~1 .t • . in ImpiiirdcUa oerui l :'L lcn; : vOt r mtra tau om . c:e e re d.in .E'l : ; ; i . in milSjJ ,m,e ,a :LU:i ~lezle:i'i\6:lEii, dst:ttI. til $1 t in p r. ec ep te ie Lui ,Se .fml~lC ..-din apt'! ~I r u n DtJ1 §~ f!aan Ill, 511, 5 'e - ' imb:l;j sunet~te ~itr8i.!i!SC n viil.t~ reljg~Qi'M"a-mnfala :nou&' ~i EUIMII.

,D'f!~i Ills·us HrisbJS".a pr;edi) ,eat iude,Co:r . mY.iii{dll l , [.aJ LuJ e~(I, des.:~nab! lnm:ii in.{'regt "l l" ,ce~t o:nl~~,t1h.~,In te11gi ., ~~a cum l=of!tvB5m Min ...

~llit,orli.lJ ~r:a '0 n(Jll~ m~eprJe, I e -a ~i t o , a t e marLe adevarttri wedTcatede El. Cu tot 5j!l'cretisnJ.ul religi~ "j -pt'Ozel!t1$?lil1!l1 iudaJc. i.nvaUituraMtutu.itorului a. fru;;,l lrr~eh::l&s~ c.u g:reutp;te de' unii ~i de il.ltU. o b i . " ) l l ' u : : . U!;! u proptii le 1ar reHgii. '

lvUntu.1w.n1l ii l 'HJrnit de 18: ideihe roltg!oa5e-mol'ale ale ·echiului

T(~ ' lament, th31f ill , ,-pUnit Legea» (M at " V, 17l. rn gild mu t mel dc~

. 1 1 7

p rt e ·decit e a .. _ E ' . n i . :n l InQi t ~i a tnn61laiJal , e . .o r l , .px"u tu ! Jj)Qt~uf1lJ.lmreli-

~lrl ti:Se - mot .a1c v-ocm $ " t conrtemp-Ol ,El - roe !iii a c.I'eelat a : n·6.U~ ,r%ligte!':marala.ideea' de Dumnezeu es:te mtlIt adindta ~1 a~iJlge 1 :1 tnvata-

lum Lui «eM mn] luaHa. [email protected].,~ th~fs'lITLJJlib.: Dumnezeu e$;ttl splrll11 rsonal, atotputemjc, ne~ijv.tr·$rt. in f i tntQl , {1u]"~atie ~i hU Jn ~ ta :t e~ : lE I e ;s teI II~l Cerese al m hUUf OilTlt"i3:l ti ton Q,~meTJi ~IDl;. fiE S1tl. ~l fur.H tlljrE!L Rnprntul tllid,Ee Dunmezeu ~t oameni, ca . \ . ' t np('),rfu-l dintre oam eru ,

. . : :;ch imbal ra:d' fc il !l win Evang,h,f i~Iisus 1 h~~slO$ se gase$t@o f'ilja de Dumn:e'Ze,t1_;T~I,a:J :inb::~11.1L rapert

o blt ~l U l l : ! c e , de riUaUe mrec:tE l : J'lI'0pWlu-7...islli: B bt~iul bJi lJum r

" 7.~U In inlel~rMl 1ll 'f!ba1h:k I El par.t.ioiprf In fii.nta dUHinezeitIstid,'ti l ~i Tat i : l Una sif.r rte:lIi} l ~E'V. Ioen , X, 3 , 0~ : - C 'Omp . XlV, Hl"" - - " I .3 I' XVtII :;(\.r]r 1,5 . 21, 2 8,. 3 2) . .

P rm monotet mul s l : s :p i ri .t u .a .u tt tJ t e:C ( lui Dumnezeu, ltsns HT· taslur .a lOO~i~smul s : i .j!dolattUl .. Inacela!~i,M mp, E l iSC :h im ~ :;;1 l:l'lloia[ Iu naa de C1!1Udlvin, n\r, '~~l]n,dca- Oidnrare'ClJ sau inch-inat;ea lUi Durn-j 'f.U si;! .')efac:fl «m dnh $1 ElJdeval ' : l l (Im:r:ll IV, 2:! l_J14). CUvi:dr~ele edre-femeii samartnence is.kit 0 de::;(:pJl'efire 'l."liligioa'$,i!j, caree a. facutputul unei adevarate refor:me.eunic:e,. " Pc i. ~h rt ea ~ mani{es'!.!;' !rea el

\ inl' lntercoo-rilL, devine atitudine ;\lufl~teas.cii.. qqp~:i:en:t ' i ! i l ~ I U ! ! ; e r · a ~i\1r ~II. Cul tu l nu rna] . e. ~ un fO;[I l1if lU:"m 9'01, & imp l u Tit, c1 9;:!' l1time:nt

I I tlos pers'OC1al, blim, ·ade\fdrat $i proftmd: s,uflef; i n a l l . a :f .sp:r~ Dum-II I I ' U en [·Jedint~·t C 1 i . I Iubire: s:perantal i~tctooere ~.i smerente,

! ,la.cum ne- ~ deseopertt pit!! Dumnezeu, Hs;us Hd~ t C i i : i nEHI. dss ce -I rI '1.0U~ til~i:[p.e ~i li)e- seme1:Lu1 llr:ls!:rU f fie-a descoperIt sufletn; fie-

n. d, pe Ca-fe a '?;IilSnn PTet nou $i _ tnf1Iliit t" cite] <x;sufleAul valGreaz~

mull dedi lumee 1:00Hi~ (~tJe,i X'VT, 26). ~ cum .suil€tufl ~ " 1 ( > , eel

I..U\ lI~r~ bunal nO~J, rnintuirea lut -as , t e datali a ~i J~i:c:ir.;,a[eg mal

'. Cn aceste in .v, i l t f ! . rl, reUgia ~i eurnrl eri1iL . l ~pc:.rttJ;aHza~e, mora-l' inrliv'irlna::iza"e. valo_iif ,~ta:te ct1liIlnus.~ pll.te·Si mar mult ,

fn moral1i, ·vanghelia o:Iduce O i i<:uH;dre *1 un pmg~ toJ am d eII, PnnclpiU'l < : : i t '@.I:Ile. j:lU .:rap9!'tur:r:lnr d l;n tr e: o aI llg .llJ l ! ?S lo e iubi.rNlr, ~l pi ld,ii ~umne: te Iasr;a fie '1"iet.\t c:r'e~ine rMertei v, 2:4). Ea estt'11 1im41 u e p oI Im t :~ $i cea J:hai naa 'r~ reaUllrre at vie\il 1'1l'oDD.1-ere$~

fli' lubn:eCl de Dunl:te~au Ca<Ta.toil,~i .fu'bi·r~a l I l t : ' : oal'U'1¥n:i.ca frati. IhpJS10 d ildus TI n D.llJillii.'i jdeear d $t p iMa dwnnez'~iasc~a a u n'ei v:e UIII'. r burrata~e ~i my;atie 5 i l I f le : 'ea ; ; ; . c .d , 'Prl l care fi ::e.earc t!'2'buJe s~

I (:' Sl:Im des~h'l~[fea du~n:ez:eta:s.c~ illsa'$L :E _ es,te tnV,!t~tonll

o J 'luL ll.ne.'i '\4eti mora!le n o I . ~Uj'lerloa:l;e., ' I 1 f ! o r z illmiH:itlb~ ~rm;ij atl,N'ldI I 0 rellyie. de md (') tilO-;lQfie, de nJo Q oui tll'i~

II us Hristos iii unit strlm· C}"edin t .a ~i fapta.; r~Hg'ia ~i : morala. Prtl1.II • JUfI lui spintuatistii, p:rin accentUalr·ea nemuririi sufl-e·tului ~l E i

punderU tul lr',td lei! lui D"U01nez·eu, pdn curi.tirea ~l irLtElIl:smtl'lr~llI

I m n II uI rel ig-mos ~i moral. prin c(m-ceptia <lesprC' Dumnez L I !ill

IIIJ 0 , Jl51J HrislDS f,I E ' !d . ic :a '~ cOT I: .S f ti sr ab iI S ie hS tl l ~i V,I3l~Ji;H ,",

It II '~I u UirUtt orh:orl tul ai tn.'tr"LNl 1I 'Iml rlQos~hlt.



Prin l · f i lVa~ . \ tU: la Sa, lO r in . viat,.a$i .faptele- -Sale. lniflJl!Jna;b;~:, l i s l . 1 S . Hrts-tosa. fQ~st in lufire. , dupe! cum Sip\uneEvanghoellsltld Lnca «un semen deco:n:1raz.ic~re,-" (LI.l'C'aHI jA]I. EI a uiml~r a {;'\(;U1V):!M;. a Gitl':as:. ili cu.cern pede 0 ~.rite i' iii, surprtns, a <!e:bamltyitt ~i a ~d<il.liz;at pe . de 0i i I : t a , CrcenicuLw il'W'~! t,~u lnlt~k% iIlrepitat ~t cu oarecare qr:.eutat;e. P,oporul, hIgeneral; caniia. 's-a adresat .dIe p,reIClilltaj t~a ascultat ~i :t-am:m:at am .

, d 1 " a , g ste, eu in;cDede:re :jii en ~FU!ldi,r; ~I[ind ca .:r:niEiodata u-a ~m:.-

bU un om G6i . Aoesea» {lOilO VII, 461. 'Con.ducato(U tui!ei, in cea mal.ma re p 'a ~ :lnsar IOrbi. t i d e > Q I 'g 'o li vl , i f : ' IOc r1~a: $i. forlnaliS1lllul ln r reH.=

g'i.0'5-mo.tall d.emBiSQati . ~1 bicinilti de cuvtntul lui . 5~apiniU. de o. OOll-eep\fe f i ' lOO~IDiC!!: delil.",t1mlt~. L=HUs-orotit i~~tm~ agita:tot. blasfeme-t!or, W:U acuza:t ill' men J ' < 1 I l L t i ; ~Ii L-au H:f.~tla looecata, procUIa.tomhdroman Po:ntin Pilat M ~rnufadil>o'r» lloan xvrn, .30'1 ca hulttor (MarcuXIV,. 6~)i ca Ia:z.vratito.r contra i:mpa.ratmUi~ tle la Ram a, V@iild s:~ sepl 'G! t !1ame ~oage la J iudeUo[ (J rQ~ll XIX" 12), aili:ci ' tocma, j C: ~ ct doreauei. dar rru ceea ee gfuu:lea.~i: voia lirscl,!Hristos. P.amde!e mdalce l ..aut e. r; :u t a o pt ,) il lUc patima",e! fartseit pen tn1 ·fi~.El coonb~tw:;eiEorm:mhmu.1I1gol!;ii i 'P ' oc r dz !. a 1 0 :r F 5 ,a dm : :h ~j I p en tr u di nu credeau in HI' i~r;~ sl innarnuerI.reasune1:Ului. inVi :aa:te· iELeIn, ~i1P~;Hl ,: trU c.l!.socotea'U mesianismulperJeu~oo din pu:nc:t .de ve,ci!ere puntic. i; n I$JnedIJUI mate-Ie preot t . . a r -hi,eteuJh !Care era 1;SlduCbeD.; a declaret U!ciderei1l lui Tisns ea 0 necesi-

tate P < i 1 1 U C ! ~ , Ia r £ a rl,!!; 'eH ell elrir:eptia d t o O T ' U i ll nR s-au 0:lllJS~ ffi!~i lisusHrisloi5 a fo~stu~Js 10 ("'h.~TI intama·nt) ~irlll fa:s'tiynire, €,are era ruoa.nefi:1!/l1no~a de .scl<l:vJ; :tli1vatatuir~ ~i r~d;I1B~ re ig lo:G£i i -mor;omJ.apropov~-, r . 1 . 1 a a d ! e 'E!; o o _ 1 i l ' t t n m d r e: €~ A , ; pO S ! 0 1 1 i i. B i l~ r .Ol'gE1l.1rtlAte l . ' . ! l B,J~erlf'at ,~1l prinsrildAd;ni ),i an r~m~! constiitutnd cea mai mare inno'{l.espiritmdJ dep~n.lfj:tunci. .

lzV'oarel:e ls:rod~e' ete .. .~~tii h.:d .NsuS' s:fnt scr'ierUe :ve:cb.lt ete$,tine .•in. f l"unt,e en serterlle I:NGllll1i. Tesiam-e),id, in cafe' persona.l1ta,ea Ll!liJWIUi Hrist<lS est\e rrescri .sa es a :d:ehine, ' De§i iE'vanghcliiJ,e nu ='Hl!U

s ,c l" is : C 'u i nt er es u l $ L $ 'o o pu l d~ ill ' fa .ee (l bh:lgr"ftf ie ,eOD: t ' 9 I .e ta ~i. d.iitatar tgruros. ale S!n 'l pe:Cltm nol un dQ€ument suflatesc de () valoare inco1\-t@s1 : ab i lb , ' P t: ! lt ti u C"a ne :red'au int;r~o I e la l1 ; !, re s b np i a ~:i : v.e:ridka. CU'jj':in·

'te1e ~l fa,pt'ele luI lisu:s I:llrls.tos !iiI iC01'lS:tUnle 0m:'/l'rtuti.e a Impres.ieie . · t tal ( ' :J .rdina.r ,e pe.oo.l:.ea Iltsa t..o $ '1 . Un numiir de scrieti . .arp«rllil;,Cmi'!'

11'Pit! ~ co 'n:rpls~ea :z a t S r au . € 'C l nt ra fi ac :scti~rEe can ( 1 - 1 1~ce ale N?u lui TBi l i i t a -

m e n t r I 1 :: D U U n 'P O ' a L ie lllnele elemente ts:tofi.c~, C,Utilo5'Cufe d in tradiUa c-:e~~

l.:nili. cla;ra!oe$'t~ \S.int ma d ti.tzlu si te l1 de nUO ii S2 :. ~ II tfe. aee.stea, slnt

E'V,e.ngheJiUe: z is e < lt po cr iI 19 : ,ij I ud E al{ ;o ~b e e L TIna.r. ~1 lui TOID ,a lS'rae!i-

ltd, p lui Nlh:.:cdhDJ a "Copn.ar ' ie~.luI Hs,'I1~,a 11.alitetii Mariei.

.Stir! di n surse li:eCfe~t1ne dlesp,re lisus Hlistos. Si.i . iIle acestell sint

pUnU£ l . Nt s--a 'pas1!'at 0 E'p~td1d' a unuJ sl'riuu i "1 Jara cdt re liul sa!>! S~-

r ,o p/o rJ , 'in l im b ll li nr l . an , l1r til cate \ ,Dfbl i! '~t<e despre Ifinleleptul Lege " ill

hu::l'1,lor, iI drw .~ ~ at:hl5 ruiIla popom1u~ tudc.u, ar el ct, ! nu ! i , a ll"lUliIsc.!i prin L gea pe urc -II daL-D. Aut. nU('U!!Il ~I!I. 1I, rcst , ( ' ! i('pllr>to]"" llirrld fntro ofill 7'0- ri'[l I J I ~ I n r l ~ nlc.

!) cr ls (l (H -- eQ L m uiJ "le ge ( t, O 'p a fb ) al. Bde~J, Ab,_,a.t V U kc tJX t(:j ~C e lN e ·1m) 4 td. Hr, - '" I d. Hr.; 13-50 d .. Hr.) l e t " l i . r e Usus' Rrlstos $i . Rels-punmtJ' _l\t]i)n1uUorultd cabe' A.bgal' stnt fi.e<autiem:tce- f .pe~ru. ca Mlnt\1.J~tor·ul nu .Blens nimic. Regele .Edesei . A . ! b g < ' U " il chema p r d n .sctL5o;[ll!ea:II De Iisus ca s11-1 \' 'i_ dece de e O<uala. gr:eal o. f :er lndI1~i b ' ! ! tLhim.b O::; ' l~l-I nUta.te' in. celi1!,~. Edesei. HS l :1 JS n 'r~unrde rc~ rru p,oot,~ s ; 1 § J , meal"ga lat r :I ~ sa f d a r <:b-i va tr$m Ue poe unu l dintre uC'l?nidi SM . Fe:rs!J'al'r~ lu.i

bgar V a1 'Edeei. este ls,ttDHdi, ~at"' ooreSi~~tLdenl,!ll luI ell HS 1 1 : l , S Hf.is~'r ~ s Ir'ebiuie SOOQtrta apocrUa" r ne . : ; ; i :S_'R~Ug a . s i t 8lpar iH . 'or l ill} < a u t - e n t t c i ' i t t i 1 1 d'1 (Epistolele tnt p~5H:eJe de lstorlrul Ens-eb:i~, Istoria Bi~e:ficefl.'.l1Ca;

~, 13, &--tOl).

Docu:m:e':!hil numtt .Acta PlJrlf! :~iEpJstoJ'a }'uJ L~J:lttdl'1s. UU. preUn:snallen al]uii: PHat. arnii1:doua . a o _ l r f f I a t c e Sarrafului r.omau, euno;s.c:ute dmI ' U : . al m~ie:.a, stn't ~ll ID,od Ger ; t , a , 'I l o: c ' rt i e . Aetb PilaU vorbesc 1;11chipl Jm ; :: or U or d es pr e (:onda:mlulre>ml/ snf:erllite!e,. mcartea ~i. '1nvi:erea llrl

I r rLs .fo>!f .H p , i s : l , a J € J Jui' L etlfuJu$hlJae a des:q:ier:e frUnlLirJi:5,ac. 't i. ' ~:Mp 'l 11 u i l uiu s u s HYi ' t os . Idupii c a re s-a 'br.1eJl~, Ia t Oo_ ; t e , J iD ]Wa re . le c!Ce!;i:tdnefp1etori:i,r " rodud'nrl eiti))u.] presup~ :rtOO1ru M ' tl li tn it or ul u. i H lr i! 51 o ~.

'. 10crluri: i J l li :a a I lC i l· . S c n i to r ru . Iudeu r6s iJ FLavin (_37 f 3S -100FH )5 )

mlnb,~·~t.e.n. luererea ...;1 Ant1ehftiJtile itt(lwe~ (XX , 9',. l de!1'1Jre ud-'rea mnl tacob. il:frate' w Inl Usus HriS'to,s'f(,. fEusebin. lstOlia bberi·

• . · t2$cd, ]1, 23;21-24), . < i a [ m ialt loc: CXVnJj, 3 ' > , .3 ) :voroo~te d . e i S J p r : eIllS, ca ill ,1i~~itor al a.d.etfii[:uLui $il f,~'CIHo:r d~ mh:m.n1.1n t~xt. <1}&

rm 11] S.~d pas- t r&t :piuii'i.zt s~fifla ~t c1l!viilltele; « i l l , Xp' i ! I" I ; ,Q~; IO'~~D' ,~...»f \Ce5ila eFa!HlUkl5;~~laEusehin~tsunla bis~.ric,east!dT II tlr 1~8}. Auten-I i ' t . a : I : e a . ,cto;!tor' cUV"mt~ esta cOhtes:t:iiltir, ¢ieoo: re6e :g as.eme'he,a mar-Iurlslre d in P < fI r t: e a. l UI lO ll if f F I ev iu , c a : r . - e ' ruU . e r a cce9tln, l E ! o S t e r p.r:ohabil.§, .11nlstorid, intr:eac,~t'i [,a Adell Harn.a .okl In;oltna tutu'¢. s~ ad'mitillIII,enticttm~fi ei.e'.q;d.iC'~nd~D prln gu!;tul ltd 10s1i Flevfu pe.nttu stn-1't1S~ 9] prilL iJl_.(:qnsec~enta lnIL OIl\1'ln'lele de mai sus, nefi'iuti canes-u t~ lQj o.[ige11 (1 2~t. re SQwtesc h:rt~J!p'o.lqJte in te,xtul lUi J.oslfI 111 lv i u , !nel:nt~de'E.llse'blu. :m e pot .f1 0 Ill~·n.ar'f! f];cuUi iJ)e rllawylnealuJui de un <ere! ji tl rr ; «Acc·t>t 'aera Hrtst9s»". care ,a f~t i..dtr6du:sa

ft ni ~n tel tul 101 Iosif P'l~!Jvh][ : 1 i ! . 1J1l eopi:'5i.Firo1i. ~ JU.shlS de Tilile.ria'([a (sec . . I) r n:·austd;s, de$pre Iisus TittS-

I, . Rabinnl El1e' l .el ' ben JlYJitf.tm .(sec. II) 5Dune c ,S , , a CU)lo'S'!:ut pe tillrlt' Ipot, 'tHI:O b <!] hll. Iis\~s N:on:.arinean"Lit:

Tlcell'ea 5 1 L ' f ii .t o r U o W ' ludei rle$p1'e lIs-us Hdstos 'B!Ft@' e~pLicahmi. HI\I ' nu despl"e Mesia a1t-e ider, erika a$teptau $~ v,ada ill M~k;t un eH~"rl l.tol(. un etoU, P e d e · ,altip<l!1e, i u d o e i i l ! > Q T nil. 1 @ c .o l~ven i l !> f l t . \J~ v o r -h Me,! desp:re .lisus Hrj~tos l e a . de5pr~ un .adcvar:at Meia, pentflJ ell

O'tlU s! p]i1"'~ iOJU;iil!nilO:f. Se ~t:e'di! mm.alliltirIe d l sp l l: li c :e a .u ' S 'Pe t lm -~ ~ mestaTIJce rue papoIuluj iUde . u. Ac t1 , un ll e> ell! ca 'r .;a l iC>tey mes lP l n1c n, r.o u pe loo,ei, rafl de l'omlll.ni, osus,petU $i u r t · t i . .

De la j l.lm:!ltii ltea ser :cllulm ~J I l-1ee, t i i ce reEl lude:,uor L~ &:Iresa ll.dISuHrh tos S~,I scblmb,f ; ! l t : el HU incep,ut 51 ra~plndoos&A ~Ud cal m·

l! rlyJr ,e 1- orlgln~D ~i vlatll Lui. Aces1e ~tlri ,iHI £oatapp!



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H : r ' h s ,t O l S r t i~ ri l1 a · :' fr a u r e:. ;o ;;e n r,@ ,O f ' 1 €a ~:i a iooe.n'O'r~, este ewnc:abn~. lEi.ved;ear~ l . in :e:re~t[Tdsrn 0 s ,E! 'c t~ ]u r la : i 'F~· . d: i ' :~ph'@t1l i ta ~Siffib10 . su .pe l iCi i t I~e_odn-tali:l., i,~f fn nSllU Hdsiti:ls un ~J]:1,~.q:i.tO;riunin6tig'a{;Ot demaqtlq.c(md.am~

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Ide, 63 ~]O" J.C.-l~, OlJp ,m . lI. (E" Pa!l'is f,!lS:5j Pel!lim #ri~us.tUJS Ii i 'TlbenM, D, '{"' irdol,

IliFf de !m.Il~OII!IU rolml.l'Ii:. t I, Bl!lc.m~ti, n . I ' i l ' 4 : , p~W~laiif jP~IDl Impfuith,ll Tjh.ip~II I .J11 = .R . Sa,.IOger.Tit\ernl~.lon, : imlL, . Hl,'ll2t .E~roorn.ilmaJI, Tfb~r;ws, Stl1Hg~.l'~ l,9i)fJ,

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t . a J ii'l~UtaLrea ~ntIJ!Horl! l'ui~ crediD dd~HLLri. fotm'illt doua gmpu:ri

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hill (ca Ie 120 i Fapte I, 191 , tr,a.ind tn .tugfrci.1mci in -~~t:epii:U~flM h'l -jH,'lr:wm]ul promis (roan XV, 2 1 a l ' ~i ~, b3i: t ; : iEult l1 1m cu DuinL Sfjnt

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A P os t o m fill eo rn p i e 0 0 : 1 JJl1U.m;~ml l o r .1 al:egllid 'P,rhl S (! I l t L h lo eu llL lJ . Iud'l, p(! M a U a ., d .in tr,e ,[;,r!rl,d~.ndQ~il~re. c~ ~ ei.. !l1Jt ' lTna:ri 'Sera~o't

H[ ' J1 p \ill cuvtntul : ; o i a'i:tiv·t:tatl1)io.Mill t'UJrb.ml1Jj'i. 'O~~p~ 'liec.e ~ne de lahl .a l t~re:J f,1i~,~cluill'tJl:'f,~cl!lt;ft de l i 'SU:1i l ~ - -a . impfinUj prin pQogoT;irea Srtn-~ u lu . l D u J ]I Daile. amUir ' i t p;e, . i ,PG~+tP1i cu -puten si d~J:mi SlJpril.NtnIfale.pen tru :rn~siu~aJ liQl' m lunre (Fapfe If).

:ta or.igirri€:aBi5ifjriocii ~f'e;i\'tlille" itlt'e;rneiaUi .de Sfj:nt[.i .ApOcSfOU dupainva'ta:tura '1, l1 pu~er;'ea, M:i:nt t l i tOT!1i l t l ' i , iiitlli ~ooSl : l Iapt ~t·nl.oOOiIl3,r ~ln

zine "pra'l-Il'l 'cul'JJi OndZ€dI'l~ii ~lJ'lp~ti.n,~ ell llnri~ca:Ltlt el ell'pl'i\dlIeIu.l~ :B.b~~~g,a;tia:;;tmT,ajl!l l . (}l.!l {:i~:re Apm'fulU.au "P!)t 'Rlt Sra I 'm ;p l [n l !a iO l 'S l c i j.

POl'1¥1,1;:. Lu i, m, e;r f9 :h 'r Q ~ mvifi~}]),d t 'Q: ' f f te neem:u:lile;.

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· r ; h . l , o l ' t u l Simt. tn l E J : . 1 s-eu finp'llnit ~fetille mes[a.llllCe~· E 1 este «[JO'lD.n~i 'H;N'Slt'O:bY.l'r l a r c l i < Q a Dwl'l'J1Je'Z€'I![ ~i I!v£ru,j.a. ~P~j;[:nEl~~~a jnJmi:'i~la~~r~-tmlT: i . lS,-au pO@'it rite 'Pa,~atete lo r $1 ' < 5 1 1 . , 1 'P[im:il!tlO~ulJFapte Il, 14-136').

Pi'i~ cOimu·uitah.~~'re:~Uni!i ,E! t~ astfe1!Qrrn·~t~. Se lra:l:ill >9 viata.liGnal{<sMrulu,rj irr i l l r ; / ! 1 t 1 i e ' i l : f iM A;ptp~t~ltipr,bl couarnnrne, [nrrfurge'[;:ea

plln fi ~i t!'l~,g~~ch:ml~ ffiKP t~ IT~ ~l2 i) . .}l.Ge$J't;] tie:[ mfi. de primi c.re~ti:ni .iuttei ~i p " rQze1 i i~ i r ' l1 I 'i u P : a l~ s ti :n . a. ~i ~ln nnp:[[~He'[e, ID6i:rLor[ a: 1 ~",·€niI~

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~ l1 ; 1 l . ! ' : e ,Q . 1 2 1 m u ~ .~ iTO ITO~ Y p . © , ( j d.evia~~.~ll:mia:rul lor cli~t~ ~ilnic:.. AfOS-

tom predkau Xu (J.,e 'CFs'~bil:atempl~Ui:v'tn~lUl lur e~,a. fn~£it rl~,mlnu-nUe 1l'e:Cffi ,e Ie ip l lJ .b.eaUl face, VmdOl '~~ unui ~llHcal i111E: iij,. tTIiel.H :un hde-re$ ~tmai mCl!Ie .p.en:tru predle:a l;ai!'~ut{:~sul fncu:r~:iQ 1 1 8 .Apo:s([)li, dit!~nel:r!lli~htrn.'p'e COnthllCa'tOr-lt PQ~orului~ ~'Pa'Iindu~!e IaU e~ fuvi:il,au po~on1f.

~ l l'V · e15 teaou ! n n~!:!Ii51 lll.vifite:a mor~i]flf)' (Jri .a.pte IV, 1 -2 ) .. A po :siD IT i incte'~d in 1 au e u m ~r tUTI:lll ] ! :@ : f illV-lE;ll"Set ME Hrl is tOl l l , )p:e 'care se l \ .1i l temeiB pre-ok a lC:<i[ j > l i ar" , 005 j fapt tnJ Ih :u ra ~: miDi4:!.p;e' lud 'ali ciiife~eoomalImaS:; ;>,ro1! .

Ia, lT10[ ) . l " t e . QJ:l ' \ i f i i : . ' l tul ca1rl ~i ):lE!ibe;mie ' ii I Apostl jl il (Jr~r:a ~r~1- '' I1tf .inC'.:.t

l ;! . u:ma 'f l l' l ~ 11H . d ln :d, o~n<o : r a tr,~u,t il'l , c ; t J : r t . n c l 0a. ~ d n . c : 1 mH. de 'jji;lrbiilU

(:[iapte IV, ~),

A-PDst oU t ~~lril~rt?s~!ilt;:[ adt]l§l lftaJ.lnlc:eQlmeMbrt:o:[ ' smedriill:uf. :!}iot!r~

(;.'(;:ta.li a>iiupr~pu1;eu-H ~i n;umel!Ul'i lui. HTi5~as 1m c~'I"e\'.o'd:)u':l'SC. Petru

nfar tuEl~;; ' t 'e (U. ru. raj pe Il"5lJf; eel Fi!1sUgn. it d.e ei ~i lm;fj.a'~ de Dumn.e~

zett. Curajul }l,ipostolulu:i s i. p\re~.n~ param:kl11ui V hH ' : i e . C ' · a i i H . pune pe!'IifWd:l',1i;i'l~In ~n~llrdtlL1r,1!. Ei S e 1 :'I 1U l~m~1 SC s~~i cmcnlnt'e. rntenlcln.

43

III Ji"s4 n l 1 a i 'iI'Otrb~d t., m U T h e J , e lui IislJ:s. Jl;.:pos'toll i stnt eli lbe.r,ati,IiI ' IIrdl se I:;I1):tcutii~i1~ludatrnpreun~, pe .Do'n~.nu,

I I n su fh!~ de a.d.fnt;:;i ~'~eha:te ~ (~~ d! t~Q:s~:e t ' ta: \eas£i l i ·:plut\~a pes.teu u lH1Tv ea ' c: r: £ ~n t: io ~ il ,Q : r. e .t ar .v .e .o o «() imm~ ; ; : i 1 tll'l :sw.ll~l~. e:u~~t11Liment . lIOll ~i I! l!Uemb:: r [;f;edm.cto"$n dIft le:rfl;sa]im au re'lll r~at pen:6~

. 1 ' ;i 1p !i U 'U a l c O im u f, lj ta N :~ u btlnul'i~ol': ~e ~ Q'lHl"eaNe,\l;!;u. catS@: :S@ l l !~a r~ :ndv 1 ndeaJ l : l $] a c l t u : : . e a t u pr,~tu-l da . p I ( :1oa r <e 1~ .Alp ( J ' c S t o l H ® r 1 < . r 'pozn ttu ,~nt()-

flll'll l'UturQr. dm.du-iSi~ ner;~rula 1 I . ; t u p a tr~bilJ!.in~;i}) lL~vHnl IosU dinI, U~. l iJ i u l' W t ll d i e A 'P~mH ~a.rooha(f1t11 m: rng1 i: e lt i lY i ), e sb a , e l :t :( jj ;! ; €H t ins-tE:IIrUi (II a&e.menea fa'Pt~. (F(I,pte I'll, ,'3,f}-37')..A~t or~§~ ~lre'rj;)$ ~ll ' .jI va fl, 1 1 1 D , 1 1 1 1 \(ijn.«'e' D e i. m ffi j i l ,L 'Kilvi : : ; ; i .maL '~: re t ; iTI l j. i ; ccrl.abora t o :L ] a l,.)~tcfiloiJ[ZI ..

~n latllJ.r~aceasta a m de c fIUITIO:a;s~ aJ.vieUi de' leOlff i ' tu '1>i ta:t !t ' ::crestina,II~ ,c Qu er~ ~ ] 1 )i'tm a u .Jn hr. i. lJo'i 'SQ:U, An,a.ni\a~i :]'Q::iKC!:, votrr.d. ~a ra c~ .I lit, c"irdtat~ ifastl'e§.zli ~:iei1:truel apartliE'. din I f l t l i e t n ; I 1 tUJ..~i t'a.rine vtn-I inlfolOisul co:munil!tii, spnnlt :1.d At! 0st,G!Hlm: c;it l-eu a:d:u8i tn. t rJIBg

I It I"l V , .1-.1~1..Ep '~: i>od111 e ,Ei .te e~I id ' i 'cm;or peTIl:t:nl aarade:rul ' l ' J ' > e ce vol ~ilt , · t III vle~il t(llIlIllll'itdw Q cre'~UnnaI.Ei. nULi8: : r~u obl.ig:a~ ' sa a t l! ~, c li~.II.in ajUtorul .Cf1~nlli i ta:ri·. jI ' dar s:p;tli ArL~l"!J~~l Saflrar !fn1inlise\T'~II ni ul S~rnt~~1 a ;U . p r im i 1 . : pcffid~a~sa eltBmp hH:~, l nud :rn. .c l He lp;c. , ' t: :e l1 f tft ImpI"e51a!I:H!:~d]nc Jle e el . f da f,~la:. Era prima. . lU~tUril: id ~s d. p Ilna,ta-It I,rica 1naUi de Dumne:zem,. ifi~'Y~i (Fapte'" V, 1-11 J .II tOd)tdimptotriV.il'ea ::§]J:lI~,(LriuluJ~ArpG i$'tom continua Sa pil 'e ' "Jk:e

IUU t:~. V in .la , ' . a t ~li b(J ].M vi ~ :S };L·;1 ltnd e c e nrtn mt ! l unL . 'C! ,pcrs t ;oU i

II d u M U a'res:~tir sca,.p'a dill 1:r1cF:!i:s.o0re~s..[n"~ g~ S1h l l i l . tem~fu. Adu ~ilIfI~a t O l i $i~il!Jlb.d, dar nu C O l l l Jb,rtar de team 11 : m lLlllimii"::.ii:!re""lIdln.AiH)~~m s:in~ ['erlfi~!cu 'IUtl'lIllare asp'rrme ~i arntl'l'fintatLa.cThIlJ.

I IU . )H rt e~ . I n t erv en pa i F. lt ~: e: J2 lW u l ~ l! i~ n: e:r ~1 .u !u .ir ab in. ' O <W l a llel 1e

I\ ifll~a,.. .H i sml tat;n~i biHntl ~i l~silitl libetii t:,U c0Hdlt}a . de i i i . : t J: ' I I l

\ o r 'O i d6p1'ie mus (F;a))t~ V, 12-'*2,)0.

t~~e:rea n11lrl,fiI'HiluS (!.r'2l:U.:n:DiJJ;iH~'reta 1 ! l T 1 n . q , t a . t'l;e UJLe}e grelll'ttftii lIR mmulmt~t:i1. hu1~U e{ erri~ ti se iPl~g AIP,oiStQIlJ:pr co l t·~cluvel,~l i l t trecutl:!! C,1Ji ' I , -~r le[et I . l~ im : p , a _ ' r t ] . r J e , B f '9]uw!atehilrf La pr,~,pUIi l~:r 'ea

lo]l10:r,. credmd.'~$ii ,~u ales, ~~pi~ b~I!baU ~1Jnn:i "a~ Dull .~i"irr~e-lu nf' .j amrpr:a: e ur or n A ItD@ " to lh ~ f· ~u pU8mHmJe' 'C~ r~~gQCltl~'c:l:

prl mil 1ijIUjit~I;i htro'~o:illtL dJ,Q.coni(, E1 ~Ve.9i l ,1l ' : S a : SUp l ro re vegb ii i l: ze .~tI, rlu·~ bllUli3!r1itdrnaJa t~ meS1elFf! c:a;ml!llle. Sluj.IT~a lor nu s~ i:nar~

" 1 11 51 1a ,e :fc .e a$ ~a l d ta cm lU tm ie1 !lu sa ~I pre.di.c.,ectl'lftfu~ul flFapte ' 'VI)"

Hnl~ dint.e Jel,~ite:faIl.I"-OIhil1d 00. m:@JmuiH C'Ltr~r] rl~p.rn ~i'&lm~'1 t1~Jl ! iJ$i-Hffti'~s mm~.a.\:lnelr 1 1 l : d ( e i d ip ' ~{jj,~~ora. ( e le t 1 1: ~ tf ~ . E ] i ' : ! . f es tl r a l sGJ Ia ! Ma:s:hnnle c:ontI l l : l ,Itl:l Mo i ~ ~i ;p . lu i ,D u m ne 'Z :e 'u ~i r dusl lneddu1ut, -s~e ] tudeonW. Aeol!] , $ te ta n ro st ® ~t~ Q l'l,Ul<g1lcl,r~:m~], 1 e a :r e fa C Ie (I 1I,r : ivhre a Ish l l : ' l te i ipiOp0 KWUA . t u d~U j :5co,Uhd d in 'PfO~

I din fep,re eO]ld:U'l.I~ c!li l isU's es:t;e Me:sia ee r Pl'~~ 00 ei ' iJi J : : t !( l l n l \ ' lJ 'l<lvaU d e 1I..n:id1uea I , Y . L . .In ~,(".armJ]l lu:od~1 d l ( ! . . c : o T I l l l $t-!;:-

I. I r '. : : ,CQ3 rd~n s1Tled t iU to h~ ,1baie r ~Wl. bL~fenHl j~O:r r t t J ' v t a rl l f~ !Inn

, ,I u r~ ell plc t . l r1 l i! f fo1p ' te VIT)., P I 1 ~ 1 r. L. ~1 ', i f J : u t , 'pili~ell halnel~ l1c1.gi!l=



Anlioh1o. per:~ Ori~ln~u;" era re~Bdlt!ta Imo. .eI~~ ~l eel mal n'lar~tlra~ al ltllpe1"Ju!ui RQman, du,p,a, Alex,andrlla. Aco1o eu preaicat cr~~-It lsmu! ai. ~Ui ideo·cre~t~Q1Hdill dias}.lOra, care 5-,aU. di(l\,~it mlste-flr~ ze-]o$i, ihi.1"t.E''I.-eslb.'u pe Dornnul H£,ll.5 ~Si. i i£ - i !lHo r~ ! a c iu ( ;i n ru 1 . < 1 CR~-

tlnism pe mldtL Eta 0 ffils1u.he pattk1L.ara, sw:u!tonn, ef~t ai e:ntuzia.S-rnului crestin. Cind s-a aflal a le .usaldm (lesp.te £ 'Ni st l3 n la . c re $UJJ il o r-14 1Antiooi,a.~pos"l.olli iillI trim-is p,e Bm; : r"aba r LQ ; s i1 t ew ~ tl ez \E : . ..J;i s a ST . : iO-

r ·tlsca lu(ful evilli§'heJ:c.(},&nalJ..a ,a , a 'Vut succes le AnEiQh~&!Din iiUostlor ~j lliommrt,istar!i;i mistunli ne -9 l< i :ne se 11nbC11g'at~$t,e eu (].L,']J€ri'eTI ttlunul om ~i un fap~ de irr(p,mIp.nt,ii ~.c~~lonaHi:.· B,a·n:taha a trimjs L iir rs t? = a chema; p2 S u::',care, inlte timp, ~J; cOll'Vert1s-e la cf'f!S~:njsm.

1 illeD lnerat illlp f:"eu .~ u n an intr-eg j mv!1;llrd ~ilnu[~,irue: m ul!a». ,o;';fH·fJLJ n[lm.H lMii j'n Antia.hia !j,aenkii «cf€§Uni:n (Fa~te Xl) 20].

_\cp_s:t n .mJC, numele die csestin, aste uu numai UIL ·t;:mlm1 ncu, (!iidere' !1:0I1a, Cre~tUili~ cara 'In m~iJul lUdal ~{:! mrmeau lweni:c:i~ cie-

lfincio:ji. iro;ti. siillfi. se vor noml de i1I:CUm. tnaillte en nmnele lui Hris-os, n In.€: propriu ,li~ e€;i!ic jQ'Yj PE l eare-I vor PUl"flacai ce VOl venllrl .Biserld" Itc din iu.~$l, fi e din oe1e-laJle.. '(·eUg·ii" LaJ. AuHottia, pet -ren pol.gin, cre:;.1:llislllul SB :ra~pi luT!e~tBded tntr-un t q e cU u nou si cuun nume nou. Alta cO!IJ.\J!a:HatE!c.re~l:inii i~l$emn.aUi. s- a fermat in $:trta,

lnlre i 1 J 1 ! r l e j = ; ; i ~ pc-eli.eli1tii din. DaffiMC',

La 1@:fUSIJIlitD.dr.mlnia lui Irod Agr'irpc. (4.1-44), aepntul Iul Ired

,,1MM€ ~

r~ din gratia f.0mailjilm p.~ste toatA Palestlne, eduse~ ulb milr~ .cr,e $H nila 'L D !rr p oru nea aC '~ tu fa,.1 'I ros,t Ilt&s.·A'P osto 1I II I aG o l1 .rrClte~e lui loaa, ;t(llnul Aposfo.l marttr (an 44). f<Viiz.tntl Q a es~e ~'11

,11.cere huleilor", , l !wd AWl pa Ize fe::ihd - 9 , i P e P!B~m, Sc;a.ipil1cd in ehlpIllnU-'tlC 'ettn se dU5:!! noapit!tl lIa :Cti l . ;S i ; l Mal"il~,! mama lui. Marcu, undeIrau adlll"!,a\i .::nu~" eredtnciosi ~i se rClgalJ. Din acest memerit, A\?Q':i i -

t lid Petru. ~Id$e~te Ierusalirnul, ducindu-se ,ok;]] ! alt lac» (F,a~s XII,1I1 pe care 'n'..l-I Cl.ttl.o.$¢e. OMi.m ,apoi pe Sf1fitul Petru tTI.piTIEiUfla cuflntul Pa.ve1 p b.h"e cr13~tillii din Antiohle; c tn r l Pe'i:t'!1s-a rej;;rar:; am(;()mu~i.~Sltc'ille.re~ti.::EOTnroveni t. i dintr!€! neamur t , fin},!reU'1d eu Bar~

tUlbe ~ 1 i . ceila. lp :udeo-ereslinf, Sfrutu] .Pavel nu Ii-a sflit sfi~l mustra

1 fala a ; .Dumir- · aed·nc~o~ilor. alparmd C1] llirie lltnivel-s,zdit.atea cresti-

Illsmului (Gal. 11, 11-15~I,

Dmtre ceUalit AP05toHI F<lptele A;pas-to_ilor numcsc aialuri t: 1

rl tru lle lro~!1r Iar pe Ieeeb cu Jlil1e:.j:uJ. oci.(lerti rut. Ap:ostol1i n-au pl:!~r ! > i t toti .IenrstL·imllll. Pre'l·a;l'l~a Ior se, qon:s{ErM p e . . s t - e cYtiva ert l, en 'pl"' l-

r . ' J u l a!i£l,.nurn-itub.lIi"Sinocl! n?(lS;tolk Unut ~ Hnu] q O , ~H! a rezolvatlrrjblem~ .prlvilc>fi.re. ~a ~t]:l:Eiti<l a~';iltlrol(H~ dlntre p'1igtni, Pt1'S,i;! l:a An-

lIohla {Fapte xvj,~~ fnmtea aclunarii din 1;euJ'Salim.• Olpare Iacob eel Mk/ nUJllrri (¢ua-

,·1 I DQmr1Ji 'u i~1 care se bneura d e m a::re. alUtlQJH:at~mor.w.ii nil n um all re llni, d $i ~aevrett diu.Le:rusiiiliim; fi diu ,atltta. "fra.ilitia l'ij numl t

1 . 11 Hrslu e-pisrop (E emu, lSi 'Dr:lu bi:!;eric6'{1Iscif, U, it 3). S fln t . ..: . . . A T -WS -

t I I'D\ 1'\ U s t L m l i J . in, chip deo~bit ~1'-1,numaa «sUlp» al m~erjdL lit



u j j P~I e (;i .i f aceeagJ" p~FS'oaoij\ru ApOiS iaiul EaGob l U l l rui A Heu. ~~-r!rl~I'lNIh.J~ rea mere "pt'OI\'en~a pet],e ' c : l . 'pari£: d in [ \.u le n.ila 1 'lJ ii ~ M ID :~ II n~ll~lld (v,~ ,'r), ~e de G l t o a ohr p1eJ,a~(!lul Bxe.mp"::tara Jjl 'lda:ta}ll~ as~~t!di.m it r .! ll na ,S C0 in Un utl i n Ien]s.aUID~i~I'1;]]1l:mHate~ S " " _ o 1 l bm;:,.u~at ~ l.Uill~te

Phll~ ill .rtLlr;lElt te.a lil1'i. ( ' C , !l~-,e2:f'D~~mll:tti. mai i . \al~.:. i-u~~.epCmTIhl~J:]:l. ,5~~i r 11 Hma t nejint:.e~rere,1li dml t~e '[E'1tlrd111~ 1lli~.atZil.rrl;a.,. ·car:e ~r~ l ' ,es;pe c

~~n fi! ll2gli m07~jC ' , e d e · cf'e'$timj :~ 1terdnt;a ' Q ' P ' U : S i : i ei.Ac : r ivf t a, i 'B' , ( : [ A ~m 5,w UliO rinlu ~M fldr~(i.nl~ ' - nUllllB :. uC ' }d e r~Q I~ lui .1a~

f ( I ' l J a l lui z.~"\~~eU.tn:iU:mjt ~i la:cobc:eJ. Mu€ :sa<l\i1l':cl dB,.iilr1ltt ,~i .d~<iI .Ilk~ tW!iI lui Fdru -d~111 le~~iJ![l {.a:rr.ti4}rmim.aApo~1t0!ll(1r S!~.~:i:erdeIII fl~~)el, l [~Al lo \ ' i l t 'QJn.(1t, P . 4 t . . S'Ge1Jla.'$t8 r i~j '~Hne&e :~ , t e ' , r~me. ~emma~ t ~ .rII n .1 mull d e .o :Q .; q a d~oe1'l1tr rl!g1,;lfra ur~a~CI a Sti."'iJ.tutll l ~~osiol PaN~cl.~ c: UV'l~n~Ba 0010[1!1I,1i ~A.p~stol~ este. mal pu'1hll l 2 : uoose rr tH , lair !;!. U1l!oo:a.

11 ~t'hl!Z !~um . ..1 . : : 1 t 0 ,1 '1 O l M bj[~er1£BS[; l E ' l l i S eb lu. rl~ C'e1ll;Slfe~ $Ue de T h a . O['~'IiIc~ ..l,ar

ur~.l~ ~tia din ;tr;mjii"t;h'e, c,~ ~,\~n~lom !ill u,~eI,l~dior s-au .',Hopr.~~at c ~

LO , I ! l U I lurnea ~i~J!t"P lbed iK: l~ t n.El$ti11L~.'S,mul :7 a mu la f! . ;rr: \1. . ( . o . u p · a $fl!li ~iiH

t I rzi[ ~l in Per;;!:a ~ l 1 i :ndi :~ j_ 1.Mt!Ie'i ;in 'S;:-t~i,a~, o ,O ' I i I 'iu . A 1 ; ' . : j ' ~ i ' P€'itm 1 1 l J l ~(j,~~laU~'I,i BiU:n.la'r e1i\padoda $j. hit~ 12'rot :@l1sulB:[a" Bdr[~lfl.mer.l .~n_ l. tU]:!I,a

tAr~bia sw;lLC~),a;u~~ 0 tf~J~i~I~ .o~l,e~,m~~~i be ~nta~ .N:~~el ~~Hl.t1f.~l u df ii 't l , a rpo i l",!alte. ~\l£~mUT."5~rE.'." li>:n:lr. l;s~'or:€J bof~~l':lc,~(l)Scd.nl~.ll 24; v,10. Dup ~L 'b r a:8 :1 ti e , S i f in tm '""MatH]~r !lmer:s ~lnar 1:~. .EtolClf l laj Unde~

IBLHll ea mELfM.I'j mIld t~:~twt1.er~~'U:-au1.A{!Elsb~~~'iri $,~'. pO-Itern~ t e : . ' t a ~::u.puflr.e. raltele, :H~t1iilll,"N()~~ .;e~:.la,:rn-ent, he dI n t ri & d I1 t ~ t .. 1" tl '$ tl il lE t ~I.l;Sg! ,J?eti'lJ < l ! . pr~1(:J[l,t la J .Antio]];l!li1_

[Cj,{I1at, Hi q). . '". . .'.- . .. ."Din Antklhl!aj,{ SUnM. P0ihu,a. mcut 'l]nsnm~1 cln~~ .t"oat,a.1l .( [ 'G!] ;1~bl~

lHt1tQ~, In. P 'O l I 'H , ~~.QIJ(I~ Ctrp(it(1fOB"l, }l.sJo Pm€Qnsu~a i ' i : \ I 6~ B~hma¥_

D'~pli G tr~alltHtl~COltsenrn![l.;tti d,e OcJge.l"J.I~citata doe ~~tse'bi~ de Ce-

: / ; t 1 re~8 ~~s t ' I : : ! E l a b 'J iS l 'e ri (: et ls c :a ~ 11 J. 1 )1 , SJ:Tn. t l !11 Peitr~ a p : r ,e i l1u :Rt $1 ~H Mtilr

i' ~d 'Q . n~~ .D t o " E ]j :k sf .( )l ~ 1 COE'11'1teni I ~ 1 2 -1 3 , l~d1fufi £~ C:i 'iEldim;:i l( l~~ CI~i]ihI(:o~

r! n 'L se t 'l '1 . !! tl 1®a 'l luniial 1 '11 :1P<avell allli ai lui A;po,lo. , a lU L ·a ~ hu 'O,'llM

lli loll 'l1) I ceea Ci~ll:e ~'Sa;>; \ ; .~.• illf~:aeg,em~a.~n~ttl~p.t!tnl, a~!~l~Un til~ql~j lEl nnint, Gum ;n:lrml} Sif .mtul 'C:leme:ui . I~l lRome[ (.83-9)] In I-a &a o

f!:'p!stolfL ~~fur'E CorirJ.teni, s,cri$a 'C~i§:tf;€!~nul g,5,. .

In Hmrpul. ~r~,ctt,~iei 1m ~er~ ~n~ d[[fi1l:.~ti41 P e t ~ u . .,~~~,~-S~ ~~

l\nnHI" a f.O'st ' LniQ:b~ cHii d $:{;;~~E.. ~!; I .br-e ~[r11h ul do m OCUe1:Cl.ll! Nero , ill

nn.u! G6j

Petru ,~ f lest i :wu.his pentl"u' . i E I ~;-a . Q ( ; ! J ; : ! i itt rn.clt.isioar.ea mamef-

tll1~.1a pj,cioar~l!e C.eplLQlii~ Jlihul con~mll-a~. d e autodta~e:0m.~,T~!'ill H e r Ei. s;t ig ml pit! bi"ltC~l SnnID l !1~ .A ;PO '$ tD;1 PlBI :i r1 i, ra J mmt s~ h~ ...['fi$tlW,~t

•,,' 1L ca1lW In jo ,s ~pre pamint ~i ~u picl.oar& in 'liiMlI', cre~mrl ~a."es~~LLt>vred l l lE: Sa f 1 . € ' . :r ,~ !S t~ gm t G ~ . D omU1U l Hri'S'i;-aS. El ] . ia . . fost Tijstigmt~ intl''e

c l q1II born e din Cin:lll lUi N,~ro, in 1i l/II .ul7 ~.o fo's~ t~lI[r,,"*,al ]a a~m~,1 . 1 1 Vllt l i :: ;Qn, l i f: !~l 'A r~~;l lihi iu.m:fa l .a. , t :n ;u : :u . I' im :1u~oo dc , dnsHtep~!lt1'eglJi

IlHT'l~ C ' r t: '~ t h lC < ( ~ r , kwrum~ De vhb mus~'JI'1,,",~~ i).

Traditia,.~eIafii" urzie {S.6C. IU-IV) I oaT94 nn rn!.l:~te ~I1 !P~CCi p J l l 1 j

hlLU lei . .AnUohl~, apoil Ia R om a, .p,e C1lliH s e b ; a' l- 'e a .' l. ": ipr imatul pa~pul. are 1tlln~~~Hdie:l" ~~:nda!L, 'pi : 'ow,en inti din 8cri.e:~i anot:r.i:fe ~l1'1to ( ;01) ]{l7a.ra r.apb~toI ~$,tcr tee Olli1l0~tuee. ~e ~tJie c;~ A1l''4s~om : t 1 J y , eu

p i!l sl or it . -c a ep,iseopi ~B niei U:'ll DTe :~ din. tin'ltpul 1Q rl . ~BoHreee e i a . ~, e [l .a " lJ .

1 n C e~~p.. ~p~ epi~cGril]. DeIl1~,n~llte\~ d~ A(pestGlL :~Iitl,~~~1 " C J ? . f I~u r \ilirie.ar!l.tho mnJ;th-Pi (fe, epl~. I,s~:O[]J_qtbIs,eru::e:tU roma;na.-G'ate!1Jcl dIn ce~ mal1 1 1 · sea.m;i rJ8omQS,c ca c:eM 00 1 . S J e . ' ! ~tie .d~;$pt'iE! SImtuil.Pleitm,,4Ei 'S;te Q a el !l!

rUiHS Ia ROl:1la, ,a~~m~J lfid cillviff t im~ ,ii), a:t:'tiV[tate mts~o:n. 'ar1i . ~i ~

IInU'lt , c : a . J iill i lC l,nbr. .l'gwr. nul ]u~.Zevadeu. Q 1. jUC"E: : t un [,Ol ~ tm~mHa)t in:tre Apost®lL ~m-

I~rew~ ell P~tm ~i QJI ]amlJ~ce}~'rse « ;f tc q: ~~p@m1L . ruu i/ ii > . . ; 1 ) r r i ' l n u m t t J ,tlf! Sfj:n~ol A$lCisIO] A~ai;feli8iJIpIi B~~~tieil {G(I . lat . rtr 9 1 ). ._ S e c l 't ". .d e tA

If~ n airebn.:it . s a I~ffi'mti.~n Tewsa:tim p1uii Ia roO\ iu: l l . e0i . ~:Hnw1 Fedoare

M4.ri!lj~ pe.e<!rI:~'~ThLm.l?m~,'~ ~~~t-g, }m.. , . ~~SQ}Ll Fo;i!te.~}iaI ptnll.~~11I1:~ep.u~uJ!~bm,ullU 1 . 1 l t h l . ~ < ; : 1 m ~~tl!l. 6 6 1 . ,~~·~lrtld.ils:eTIl:~~:~8.Ci:l,t:.~o1.l~l,et~ S[~t1t~EVauglh~!istleen a' I?Ted~rat . in"A~ PDQI:OlnSlil!:l~ l;rrdeo:~hi1 ca pirt~tla , .acesle]JI, laEfes. In . ll I'Ovmcra Asia. fu Bl~Ui;il,de Ef'l"lsr a.ln f i ln ta l hl ID~i miJ1 :1 ;e o ! a~w f!ioS~ridt:finorit;oare, de "c(! : l 'e fi! J t i : :G:eman-Uuae in ApOC'iil]psar cap. II : ' i i i HI. ~ifiM I;;~ ar fi m lid l la j 'rl],S a H l : t 1 rI n ~i rI:a~e!e !;~U Jl1OC'Qb ·c~ M;a~B (Ol a l \aF i lip Sidetull', sau Cd at .fis-uf.e~t ~LLa ROID: i l ! . in. pe: rS8 tJ l1! t ia 11(liD'o!m]tia'n, inaM!!.l 9b sa , . lL9i j (Tetfullan-hnues.te M~eiat~. ~hl\]:ii au · 'P~e~,u~l?iat):rl es d f t f i M~.a Egoo r 1 ,0

~ .~ 96,e.sl!e oa:nn:rmat Ole AJ)O ,ooUp ;$A {if 9.~. M~:d:ea 'lui t l l ' : z ' f : . e , ~e lannw. 1001 ;a , fatui cap:r:m el e~~ca ,ffJlQstoliei! '8~ se p!G'.ati : J ! . e g a 'l>tr:iru

.Ie cea: p osti1l,pO$t(lH.c~ ...-.A.ntkei.IT'atell.e lu tP 'e tm .• diupli mi;1i ' r tu rw lUi o, rkg len ~i a. is_!;6!; i ir ,u-

hdElM.!~b1u de CexareBiliI ,at ill p,r:edie<at l.n Sdij.aj jlriJl oa.Te p09teflI1\telears:~ wegiU,.J:and!e· l i!!JnDpciul Marl} N<e9rle~ ! ' ! I T l i n t i r f B c S ' tt y th] . a. Ma , j or ' j

~lIU ~i;!t. ~;igu in S,.cyfhlQi~11B:O]"\a u naiG'laPQnti!Ga;~Octrbf\~'!Je~,j; h 013-

tlllll~ H1.st:rla, Tomi:s; CCoru,~~n~, eaU~tLs (M~n::g,Hr.ia)~ DTf )Kqf~OPGn\ ! i ,

l&Udc) , din.Seyil1a MJ n 'O . lf D:1J:,plftr~dlliaCF~tina" . An cl ~: re ja m e rs ' l o a r

M ,1~aJn l~ ,nnde. a PU$ ep isc l )p1 Fre ' S,taokY£i'ria:l: de a1ci a plg.e,at lnAlutioa,

"'iI:LL GiIJec. iac t mU.rl.m:I L'l1 o·iiafuil~eiT1!.'1slr:;!~ .m>alftir, f1i~ r{ ts :tig U 1H P El! Q

cruce tb fiormal d . e · X. .

~S]l!f~ Ap os l: q, lm : 1 0 0m . (te;beu~r f:ra.te-loe 1U i I a,c @ h r eI Mir ::: , s 'eI!' rf1de ! :: : a il l p , r o oi t :' ; ll l lt }nPruestfna ~i f .SiGris (I, e p . ] ~t():[:a~'Fi":iti i : w i au· fm:;t'1J1~lliilla Rt;lm~~GJ:,n]HlllI'1;l!ll:cal;u[ f ! ) ! g~miUa.n rSJ-£I01,ftPlid ;soooHti sus-

pec.ti de i E ! " r · d l u . t t . e . pi)lH::1~t t~ %uI.ma~i .~] lu I D C i i V i i C b ~ r cla:r~.d~,a iOl'p,~-rabl1.o1i v~tt c~ ~m o~m'e]i :J , ~ImpH'r ~u.mhIlU~ ij~lt~,:tDri.te.e 1IlUl' te: ! l lI

i - a : l. ' l!sat Rbetr (errsehIu, ls -mda ;b i 's,~dciecrt l j (, i ] : UI j 1,9 j .2.0) •

Ap'l)8~O'~uI Fmf;' ~ rost (:oniunda:t lJ.ne¢ri oo~ iJira~zyau] Pilip. Bt ~t:enumit ~i eltlangiheH.sl, il:dkR fi.'ili:lion.Q..~i 'dr' fi. mtui t ta [ei>alf)Oh~:r ;t nFr\gta . D DU-i c l U I . t I :~.1e lui . iit.'lfMl(], (])aftJJ. ' "pOO:i€!ti e i, ' 11m!. .dln~le ,II mLLFrlt

IftE'Fes fEuBebtu, lSlo:ciu bis~r i~ Ia . '3 'O 'c : l~ IU, 31). .



~Hti eg .E ' !ndare . t'pun l;h..S ' P } : e ApV'$ uluJ ~im:on Zelotu/ (COfw'O.ni:tul)

l pl ' r l - l . C d . . l m Per: i5l ' ia $i BaJo i1I)1rrla J .. i i; lr c .e s 'j :u : e i V . _ u t i a : , . c~l a~ :s A ll . _O s f; Jo l.III. l1r~L in lecul ! J n i J.u~a !.sCi:!lth:rtt~Mn1. .spun c}i a PTed:Cat ~n s:~~?p1:a.

I cnkti;:L .(lolabomtotli Ap'Osto;li}or a:u lost numero~1. Ce! .l bh II n) d e UJ:.amcr' ~i o.o1l1.1lului Hrisi-OS ~me:rge;a;u ,p~-edidn4 ~doi cite(II ,I a 1 t H tr.tc ~ea;upe ~4;p~~ipli san lucrau In 1eg;~mii3 iCU ei, ....\cu iliiiba

L'ILlu rlln r::si m~i ·:iN1:j'em.n~~¥arul )ui ~o;arc.}".Ia:H;U~ < ! . _ mers c~ el~~i ~,Y~ I t IILU 1 Apo~i a il Pa!Tiie1 ill ~n 1T :i a £~ &1 !rW r <[ e 1!llJ5'1CO i ! : ra J _lllre ann. 4~ ;IIII I U rd u a

iftso~it:pe SfJn i i i l Petru, ch l iP, i ! j , r ~ d ; 1 C ; , j i ! i C li t, - - 1 1 1 a scns Evan-

~h Ilia ('~e-"l po,artl! - :cw:rne1e" D!]!p~<0 ~1'a:ilit1e veche el a infifnt:at Bis-e-1 '1',1 din Alexanrlft;a Egi.p1ulu', Di~'lr.e c-ol.aooratorii Sfi!'tu ui A~O$to!

1 ' ( 1 vul, mal Esemna li slnt : me'tii'i:ut Lnca, ento 1 1 1 E'itaJlgheiiei trela

., al Pap'ba1ioT ApGSPom~'!H, Stla. ~5~1v~.IlJr ll?\'lte.!~ ~t. precillll. s . ~ ettevaI, '11 I dev'I; tate, Oill.re.eu ' c-Q,llS ITLl\51UirJ!l . le -re t ; ; t i: : : .e p:IJ~t:j_o:@!Se ser - cu.

B[BllHJ GRAHE

. 1 ' I j ~rl,lru jm~~k:<re(i! ilIj~e,'idl] ,CJ:lffi'eIiMIH ~ 5t;u,d!Ei_i!_'i!l~n.f'ap.tel0I. Apll!-.s~ojlll~:

" iI IL¢lh dG'~pr.: l 1iiIt~rJ§ .Noa: t /rd Te:~U'!LIm~H, ita. g¥.!n. l!!!rat ¥e:lf]a . r . . P. K].'!lJb. 6]1. 1:1l..f I, hl3-->li i H19-l 'j 2, nO-:il'jr3 I J~. eo C o - £ ! .o·e ':e.~ ,J. l~me4. L'E~i~ Pdm~lJve ._rr-).J J N rHnrl :te!'.E'~J l$e ,de AJ,l.g, F:l1c:b:B et 'Il. ~ij>rt~'llI,)t P'31: iS , n l3 '4 , p, LI'-l51!li j 22~~ ..

A1t(! st ~,a]j~ \ 1 " . S iQOJi l , , S :I . 0pM.en ~.d Hl~ Uc l- /, e -n J ;s l s, In the' .pl 'im/ti1l\E! C.hirrCh. lQI~

01 1 1 1 1, N~'.v Ym:-k, Tm'Gm.t-O, 19~ 1 Ii, TI(lC: 'iIl~, Le liv& dC'.-.AdCQ el J'liiB1I01;.e, ~.1'15

111571 I;; H.lK!lIt:hs;!Ji , me All';1Q.%!..:~yest:JllChie. QOtLj_n~!Iii.lM6; J. Dt,pOll .c, i 'j -. ;re des

'cr 's ti'tlpr~s l ~ . 5 1 rllvl.1'!1:K :recenJs, L eva in , 195B r A . :BDll.drDcI, !.e~ACi~JeS de1i i .-\p6[n~s.l'arlA, ]9:j3 i ~_act'f:j!iE:[, i:r;5 A,c!cs !',l~~ APoHe:'l, Pms, 1925 I A. 'i'!ieiilhallser, Die

\11Q.'l lt"!g ,!, .~:1l1d!~e uM ihr G~(:h}UJ't.1l1We"j, M~lliLgteI:, 1921.

Penlru 8f. J.all.l'T ~'6lI lg 'l le1i~' tl J~; F. M- f j, ra!l I!L, J 'el! il1 J,e twotog ie l1 e. I ~!fJ~ £'vangUB:

ui'lnr. J ' E 'g I i sD ; I ! Il l c le nr te , P-~li5r 1959 ~ L , Pi'fot. ,SC}l'll! ,Je~ P:!I' !i s. 1912 3 , . C .~ (l \1 iU ;d .. S .a m !

,!r·1I/1 ' 1 : ' 1 fa lin ~ rd~ liIp.GJ3", !;l~.j, qllQ. 8 - · ; , t . ,M., 1?ati·~, l~ nP[!'tL /n.r 'Sf . P0, tI 'U : If 0 up;cel, 13vQ'lCM.~(Ji!il o!~ lill chri!tUe.ll:le (tJJIUJ;!iI,e. Paris. l 00S , :

" r. nnu'lphm, I.~/:ll1{(l~'quGl~l i ; ? _ saini Plene a R01nI2.. PElds.1965 f 1¢t GIlil;lrCr,:cl.

j l~ i . t . J l ' I Ta . a !lj Pierro, ({[)litl.h 1959. j ], T{l'lllbe~ and J~ \1/. Pe.Ii~s, TI.,c s.n_n;r!~

01 P Je , a n ti Lbe Vlllk:(lil H;orcu.vl l t lh:mS j l.m;~rl~l!Ij 1958:: P. Giletc'h~. P~I'tL'S tmil

~1'11l1'7Mt, lllrulbrtiek. 1957 i E. KitSCJl, ·:ll!n. Die: Gtl1 'hC'f .dCJApOSilciffli5r~fl, 2 -e -~

" f l ,"1> '.ut 1959, Tra.tl, €! ,I l I5, l IeJ.! l d~ J. ':-4uu,ay, :LUli .wn, 19!if! j Tt;;a. fn.ru:~jj_ ~ [C$

'rJUlll'. ete SaiDI pj(~fr~ d~ 'ROlU~, 'Par1l)A~,iH ,I 0 CUlLmill!I. Smnf Plene. D!~c:.i1Jre,

\K J I r , Jilllft~tr.~c:ta:·el, P<uj!;, Hl:521 T.I;aQ. ' ll er ! 1 l" eO - a-a, Z. iLd~ , S"Ug..;rL m o o .I~ I IIH 5 I Var P~lru:;; !.Ii RQm. 1 ",lot~a. 1IJ36: H. Lile,tz"llillUm• Pa,f.rusr.omi:scll(,'l liirl.1Ter.

fI.,dh'l l f l a 6 i 11 . , B9S ; ;;Q1 It . - ~ } C I : r m }lie <e ,e~ . 1 1 3 5 -Odgm.es tie III pl'imll.nh? mmnrll~, ~lloEwe.l I l : : . l r l 1 U I 1 " he C. p01:)t1rd, S j J i l l f - pie rrc !! l\es ~ reil:!ie!'e-g 1m !i~~-S du eiltisUanism~ 1 . i · @

,tl ~'I d~,trl22.1 . r 1 Hmui£iIfdlli tina: PI. PI{If. rr~~,n:R~m1!.l."~nU. NQ; {'oa~ldel(ltl1 p.-!Vi...'!:ri ~lrt.Jt!

JI'rl"tI r.~~tln;s!lIU1lii J(1 lra£:.o"g~~t~-ll(I'~.i,ill «O:r~i!l~jjiil~, X-,"'{\II U 9::?4}, .Err- . J, p. fM-'l 'J~ j ~~rut1, SUl i fU ' ; i f ml!' lnu! iI< l'~lTLi~,1 , j ~. i 5 1~ "1 'l e@Sfjlltuiui .Aoa: !>~ .d A;!d.re1 1m ScylJD!i,\ jJIIJr, In "g;~"'r!ca Orior'~:t;:' R;om~.n.tI.. Xct! {l9n, jU. 7-:1! .• p, 9r~ 919; Dlac. H.

('lljoClI.rU, D ;S te p ri mc [I J'r lL JI .peau un Pril'~'229fu de ~pt di1fin dUPG N()tl'I T,~r~l ,

'4 Ibll'. 1 l i D . BrbUt'lgraIi;! i1J!lrte ~o'Qratii 10 1 p. rx_-Lx..-'.nmI~p n.lru BI[;~tltg_ I1'nmcwlii = J.Ll3breton, LIl! vie t:Ji;el!eJUlc 00 premer :steele. l'.!irls.

Lf"? J . . , AI lNU' ! J ' I " L'Ef1l!Jje; ds~ p:r-m1eUi s / L h :< ] In . " l l lr r is . . 1&21 i p, B l f (ot, 1_'£g1ke.. Jud l l -

,rrll!" · 1 I t' u Um Uc l.! IW ', '-a L ~d P a.ri5 , 1 9~;! p, J, P, l }aD te !; obn!'.ClD ill K1liS0P-P I.~!lt-

fI' J' [~r( 11 1m '! !!] ", r .h /'I ~I Ii Jn r¥ , 1 1 vol.; 1.o1'LriOf1 I t ' l2rl-l92l, r mI1r. hmdrunen" lA,

SUlIiilful Apostol Pave.:*

Perseena ~ activ:i:iItate,~ SUllitu.i'lliAlpo s tu - l P a :; v, el stnt .m~I bJne cUincs~ut a doc-it a le C i el od ,i \I ll ti Ap Dst.QH. D in fap te}e . l ! r"po 's,toHlOl" s,g :rl . se deuc e-

nh :w Itri, L'U ca , ~ii din 13: 'p ' i s to lg l 'e i ! j; ! l1E : l' .se p O C l . t , e .[leo(,)M,U~u,liill Pl111i: t partevla~a Sfhlth.lll1i. Ap<lStol FIaW'I ~,is;ePi(llate~umoa~tc mad. ale'S silfiletLl[ .lui

(FaptiE!IX,22. 231 2 0 1 . 2 1 6 . , Gala!. ] ~1]l~, ,

Cfli)1.wl~I~,a; V j, etiJ lu 1 s e peate: s, teb1l1 C ,U q'P il ''O ;x ·m ~ t1 _e . ~ b n'Z Jl c;::itorvlii

J IIde cunoscutecu pro 'baboi l i~ate"1 in j l 1 , 1 t \ I 1 ca ' rcrr ,a gF'a.,.'U~i v i. a tt i. A p b S,·t lDlui. .

iu.ai&te d e ' ' c o ll li ll l. \! i9 ' t :i 'r e . - .P :av el .~ cu nm > cu ,t h U i L ell llu\Wele -SHUludak : de Saul. [eel doriO.· E l 's~ a n ascu t !I n ()ra~1l1 Toa.r :s ,ca:piba'la pro-vlnctei CiHcia, 'in pr]m~i ami ai e!['ei {:.re;$tinle. P,itrinUi Ini ereu i. .Idell,

rn ·oa:feu;ll'e. bmtast:arer ,atVlll!dpmba:b:il an ,a'teller de-. l~ut . i S c t o f ~ dinJI' r d e . c:aprlli, dlIi 'eare se fao8fiu maiffille.s ma.:nta1,e ~i ~l)r:mr1~ l:ru::lel~t~n[!::'ire r,ili:spihrl:Uii in rogiune. Saul. t·rul~]_ Q . invAtat ~c~rStft meiiiHdil , E1t IlrimJlt m fo UL lJ li e ~ . in. $coalill d.~ loa s l t a a , g c r g E J . L ' ) J bupa . e < J ; wn l l ~lg' ~1 UTJ.-lmc'tiuue. reli~.oMia, du~ 1:racl~~taigufo 'a.S & . (I, iuda'ismului.

OtoS!;.liI. l'C!~s Cli'lJ'eaji J ~oU eHI1!E ! v'e;s:tite, ,pentru cere CY'lJi . cornparat~ .i\1'e~a1ldria $1 A t:e]'l,iilI. TEMTI td Tn medhi delimb.a ~i c, lal t Ul,tt[ 9 f eac-i,au] le-a cuncseirtfrr chip fi!l'~c ~it le-a i:n'S;u~it ]nt"[~Q1aesul ' i i l ; ttl cara

IE! ' J i lO~. ID,oi_ unu l, "llil:J;. oeei1a :lk i . I \pof . -' to l i . PEl ltPJg~ oolma e J : ~ - m . s : t a rI dVe'A din !I!milie dreptlfi de ,eetate.fln roman. Ambele call1ti¥.i {jIU evutmme YnJioftant(i inacti:vitatea lui rnisiona.r.~. .

De fmrr~~ n : a l, Saul a men: ia Ierusalhn, la ~CGaJbl Ni:bini!:Uia in~atnlut Gam~nel, v es tH · at u_ _ _r t.e io n tnata lu m ea i.n da f:e ;li:. L a leflU's~lim.ul av.ea. 0 SI)l "Ci, casi§,torU:a, . fI1-g,mIi l 'a lbU.Ioan M-a~c;u. vdrUl IlJl Bata .b>i l .

11r egaU r e . a lUi,. l ira plciQn:rele lui Gam;f~Hj; ' ! l»1 a re 1:1 d eQ , & e l :; lt t~ . ir ll S Bm :n a ·

h~te, pentru viats ~. mi'Sil1lJlea lui. I.tI s~~)alof!"m~reJui r~.brn,$i:iJuIa : tn -a tIlt en ~ € t l tat Fe pl!JlteiiL ~f.tr:ebU:iaJ, sa- :$ ~e . un rudeu, ca- ~tBt)lo ioe (e '} l ;e-If'ZA. dreptJ istmr~e,dogmatical' morala) ...Desp_re.in:f~li~a}~ea lu i :t 'i;mCff, ~_eStie ~~ l a ; e _ ,l ills~i r;i;i. nu SI it l 1 1 1 1 -

I u.n;:itome. SCl l i I l SllliIerea de Q bQal ' i ;1 SlJ lp iU '{ l, toare, pe CllFe TIll 0 nlJTI1€!?t"e

I pe care .istoridi 0 SOCl)iesc migren'a, guM., o.ft.dmie plufu},e.nt~, elPi~h'p~ie sa~ maJliilL!e, mai P,[Oblibil flind 1C€,a :dhl. urm.fi (eta ob1911Utt~ in

r I'Jmnea !'ili.sulm),.pml ca.JilaU.l'e ~uilsoflal.£~ti, S aId e ra un.om ~uperior" r~ r Un _9,en l 'u

, IHgios., 'GLiIlditmadmc ~i vQrMtOI rndemil l f l) ' f ;Lc:- un fotl_rte bU h . ~i , ho1og llin spiT]l de obser1fati'e !'fS~titi cu. pu~'Zentade spJri~l ru un SlalJtilIJ,cnl1 'H9io~e.%!:epJioJlal de Cffild ~. de: P'ltt~H'cnl'c, ~u un S 1 m l t · tI1Qr;~tfaa-rialilli, energic, illSi11ne'Utl S'eveT., t .o t9 d 'E i "~ -a , ~ e 'n s rbi 1~ ;bU~1 . ,a kc -t u lOS i ~i de ~Urllit, el € l ' I i : a i 0, per:scma.lit~te ' P l 1 J t . e l f l i G ' ' l i , bogat~ ~i c-om.p;lexa., ~1 ! J ! I l i 1 smtt 1I put, ini .

Sa.w nu ill CUUOSI:U't d1JIed pe Hs1!1SHdst05. Pe vrell:lea acUvitltli,ublke .. M]ntuLtorulu I ei ternrinase ~tu.dlile Jit Gamaliel $i trlH,ft tn



1 1 1 1

«r 1 U filunG!Wl~ Ta.r~~:nde 'eI:a 'P~{)ba:bil allin. La [ .e i11S<ll] i ! . ro. l-a readusI' uu V ,G Steca. maru mi~firt pieorllur.ge (Ie p.redic~ ApostD Uor\.ln ~s~or1e

I ~ , ~ue ca :pe~cutQr r m : n d [ ;U . . : nD~ -C4 t cu m]mel~ de Saul . 18 1 I , lOOef l e : ajut tHeJ'1lllel pazea ll.ra[nel~liudei10i care l-au ucis cu p . i l t : ! } € ! , rnpn:~9 nl'ili'l!l uu :ep :u t a drup~. :a~ .imp,ottkva c re t ; ; t i J l "d ! .&mulu i , Saul a ar,M1Gitun

[ lWoIJ' l lsm ~t [) v . 1 0 1 e ! I J t a s'ingef©tos'! a.pa:rl;@ r rUnd l5uf le tul acestel pIim~eI ) r ~ 1 l l' C l 1t U , ; Saul «sUffa ~u ,atneIl:int;a::I'e~i iUcid,ell"e impotr1v,a uc:emcHmIlpmnuluh, i~tm In. .c:&~ cm@~Unh l. o' £ ' 5i o- 4 U r. a I a j 1 li de =: :a 1J :' i~ < l: .p us tt a B l-

crlc Iii (F apte V III, r, 3).t.Pupa ~'mJP[a~tier'e~L:.QMU]1J:.t~Jlid<n_ ley~aUm,,, 1vrea sli d e s fi il nl ez !1 l p e eea formata . Ia DaITra~.

Convert[rea. - ~Cu $ensQ;,g cit: 'n~;puh?rniclre de 1a marele preotl' trc comu' l1:i tat 'ea iu:cr~ic~ din Da:rl.1a'S:e ~1 ou rr gard.[ da~i! de;, smedriu,Sl'Iu1 pome~.te, s"f,n-ei iDi l loOxtantul o.ra;; S'lrIan/<il~ez'ili h:! ivreo 200, lim. spremm.l-est d'a f,e.f1J:S,aHm.P',e acest dnlm de~emecuto;I~ ~r()ape d e Da-Iri<l iSC, i-a i:nt1mpla.tfapt:Ill e'Xtta,jJrdina,I., care Sl sc 'bf tmoot .cu ~otnl l"'~~laa i ,rn~sJ.uuei l. r : : a , b I n u I U i SaU l : eanv'el tiNa Ju f I t : i l I ' ; ! re,s,U1t isf i" i . , jEl'rh;l : t I ,~! ' lna,: l .. tu3 , in ,am 'lBl 'Z'I i iInH'l .~e~ In tr- o lU m tin a 5tralu{C~tDare,iii, iU i UJ5US HrlSbO$

II P a lJ i l:e I X $1 X)C)" mh ' "!Q,d)il,v~rm~lliU1l00 DOllm~ru ut ~ j·aC'U.t h1mtna . l l : I Lnlme ]ui P'a~wl~h~tUJ r u n prlgooit;OfuI S-aulr,;a, de:ve:mit.~as olul .Pavel1 jut Hrlstcs. ,$ 1 '.n .mlmt i r ea c ea su lu t t l1 il l1 Je ;$ lC u hd S4 a de-a purures

\' ill! c e: se pomeITe:~:t!l! "in II COiL 1", Of.~.d.l!di.:linJ,pr'e5ialQ'l~~ Iun::iE

'LIpreme. asetThil,natQa:re eu prima ~i iradul.I 'L1i:a a r . a D o me n lu l, ~J~ijlll~tl\n intuneliic .1 a facere.a l urmii '' '' (A . De-issma.nnr Paulus, Tfibi.RgeB~ 1925*p, 1 0 4 ). , II FHn li c, a, Durntl.'l1!z~uc,a:re a zis,; St f aLm: : : easc i : l i d i n i1; 'tun.e:ri.c. 11l~mlna I El LaM.cut zkdi ,in in:imil.e lleMlstre, oQ Q £ 1 1 ; s tr a_ uc em s ca c :9 J1 ~tL n yemllrrl.rU lu i D u rm :t e: :o oU pe: f~la lu i Hl'15h1~hf' {Il Orr,. tv. 51 · Surplinsi

u ! m lt, musl!'at. sp~:imlntfft r pT ofU!nd. s chimh«.t Saul e dns i : n . Dlii llaS:J:.

und e j ~ p~~mit.!h. ? t 1 ! i : ! . ' 2 l \ w . . ~e lp...'Pm.otul Anftn~~") E.~l. In.tfa. . e~_fe1 ~ sirnur:OlTlUnH.!ta cr'e~tln\e :'i iI lU~li I. e tn:MtA lU,£I~ siilu de .'NlI'S. ale:lil! . deApQiI i l , t .ol w:chemai» ' , miirturtshl~ i~ s~n. :ag~ 'a ,pe Hnst"~. l1!::a A~,e:'sta ,~~efllul lui Dumn-ezw (Flip'w I X _ 2'(::I}i.uq~rm~ d'e ac~§steJ, Cia ~1.n'e$tirut~t !lC'Il~dal1'zatid.e sch'lmb~fea .hill illldeii p'l~nu;esc sa~l O~!!!HiI~re... a,w• 'Le ejutat de crtl~nni s~ pi:ira:seBS-ta 'ota~lilA (;Qborindui'l. ur t_ r -UR COli)nnaptes, pes :t ,e , z i dm: i1 ,~ ceta\ :li , lar el\se retra. 'g.e pentru 'b:m .am in AFl!l-

bia vecina,pnverUrea lui $'B:ul e:[ie tin (,apt d'~ 10 tnlport<lrtta ~ep~i,onacJa,

5 Jl ' Il la ta ~i i :sto l1,t ! ; Bisetidi. Footiru. a,-l n~g:i i c;u,ac:'t>ernl sup,rauawnilo~ tor1oU rati,ooaU!iitiau. c i! :utat sr-ajl'! xplrc:e P'e cale natm, , a , . SOeOUIl!Il~Or . f . ( i c ; h : t . l unei o1b~ii" aallu~,~iir pJe{; ,ll11ni ~ihg'tQgi'Ce" b a : l i , 'im:ol.1ilpi

IHI. a o 'o es .e ll i dll"ulIlulu~i.MktUhr:ip llf;! . "me Sf,p.mi'l:ol ~'ave,l a dii' ln ~

u~l desp,re cQ,nvertire.a ,SIii : tD l iMuFa ins! arice ,a]t~ e ;xpUca:~i i@, aJ 'ar: i l! d~

.IHI daHl: de el :: i i de E:v,an,gheUslul Luca: cOllvef".Jrea sa. 0 fost efecrul

np flUel. reme, obli.&th·e, a1 lui I tst l l)S Hrist~lS, ajBl cum S-B ilI'l:itf!t £1

All 'tolUol, dnp,!i inviere. H o ta rti :'e a l ui de a mirLuril.si I:h:lBClml inilin\~

r Hris to , ell r is 'C iU l v le ~U sah~'1 dovcdel;.t taradf'JrLll lraculo,s, S 1IIrr't! U'biH , ch mlrU ~ul l~, ape tol t. C"onv rUr II In du1 P'a,', II:

i :nsell1ltaf deezarmacreaJ c'elui mal ll,ericuloo a.dlv~rl8at ia l ere$iinl.smului ! . i i

h 'a n- sf or m af@ ra l ui I n (:21 ;ma ' l: rn a r e, Apos t ol .

Pnve~~ ~apo.siol ~ neummIictl».- Ca ren ,ega t ' ,, 1 Le,gii. i OO a lc e. e ume ra .. S,rn:0tltj• ~~UJl ill ,b :>s( C O l ') . . U n ' u ! u b:~1J.it, u m ~ , r i t ~la.illl'enmta'l de ~u .d€ l tD e~;] e l Iii, p 'a s l ]i Q ~ t .o a t a .v i. a ~ a do:rif.Lt,a de ill c on :v e: rb 1 n e1e . jD" I ! J11 a . ! u ~l a

s ' l ; l i f~FL~: I ; I1:UUjP,en . t ru . ate'il3ist~,rs, tl'BbuH is, ilj ~adi r n t i . s i u n , E l ' in dens'ebi prlntreneamura, ~dml:!Jprmtre pagml. Aeeasta s- a Japu.tcu. nrn.maJ; i i l ,dare i i l ~i.'i~vo~a, .a;Jor.l~l~~c;st.oU. De~tfel, niclu:nul dtntr'~ r~i.nu,a'il~a. pt~~

9',a:i::ir~ § i J . call tal U ,e lU1 p-e:iJl.tfu mls lu . I l . e « 1 C i ~mll:I ' i j;), . lud~!lp tin IfB \l- '~eI'e .' l i i prin educ-atie:, cu im,,;tro'Cti.ml~'too ogic~ de :l '~biR .$ i e1ll zel deIariseu, ell<!lilIisi' urln culuira $ft prtn cUl1()a~"teredlimtril -gT~ce~ti'fceta-tOOl! reman cu dr9p,t m l : eg ; 'd L e . .. - p , e e aT €! n u Ie avoou ceil.alt 'i" S,8iul aveain.su~]ti ell cere intrece~ pee oenal,~ ml.'S:oniilJr:i~i ~m ill:aTmat, in ohfipde!'iiivtrSit pesttru BpostoJa.tul cre~tin... in m is~Ulie~. eI ~e ad res l a de ~'Hgu!Li!i comunihijUOI iu:dairce ~i P{QczeJ-hWQ 'r~ ,9L"P0l pi :fU ' ln:uJea . In 1u : m : 1e ' a , gTeco~r0m8';:Ial pre fe rmd o:N.~€llle.md[~l"k$e'nUla~e.l;J n de · inler:-esu;l Pe.ll'b;u. ideile no f era m~i ln~Tie,. Dupii ce

fo~a ~:l. or,grai~U~iI.e~l~u~ita.t.~a ~~~Hn~, XOfcal i;1 , A~S:M. ,!luI. p.as;tra. "1. ~i-h~~ ~u ea pnn U~m.]$ii $1 pf'lifi '~:'n's,tolE!'., ff i aoela:;Jl timp., el piiStra le-,gcd:ml eu B~S,Cidca.ttmma d Im IeI'Wirdlimr lUnda duoea sa'lltrl.mh~'a aju-

ti~re, ' i irlllil":;t: de !a .co~mnHi!tne, : i : I ! I f~h1ta:t~. Apo :s tC i lt ll e :r< l ~Il>:s,o~j. t¥a.]u:ta1tn mtSm~e' de ullJrimlabmaton. Ble~,idlnt:rre iude:il SI'IUpl1'g.i 'uU

c on ':.~ [l~ Uf d in '~ .e e are p ,e uilli. pe Timot"e i ~i pe Ti ' tj 1...;;tf1u s e - p 'b ; : c O o p Iin BliSen.dle inf ilnt ,f lr te i l-e el,

. . Pw ." ~ .m . iI !CiUltl~de Di lbd lma r l ,I SfinfUlul P:,wlel(45~4S)I. - T !Men u lnnsmrnr Sh~hd Ul Apostal P:a,,\Fel a fast vast . Dnp,a pdmin~~ bote'l.uJul.18. D!HlIHSe ~l _ , r e tn m l g ; e r @ a ! &a in Arahia" e:l a-a d .u1S l ac I e , r - u 1 s : a U m , unde , i I .

f~sl .m t:r~us_ m '( ;{ !(rcw Ap'0:5WH1?I d e e Ba rD J a bar ~e~thl-iud,eu, otigiILElrrdm. ms:ula Cll:Pru. An1I!'nJutat liZ!!ISfU51l1Jim de I!.l1l1eiiie~eur~t~r S-'I mitiSl a Ce : za r ee a .. a rpo~ L a TarsI ,~ n~de E l i . f os t c :h em i ll t l ~ An ti Q~: lJ a! f ;l :. eBa .f -n aba -p,entfll m i i 'UJ'lehllue' n£dIIluci" D u p i !! . e l i; !m.erg Jf f i1 : : !~euna; la . [,eN-saltrn ell ~ col'ec~li. m t iJ .mpu ]. IOCLm.e1 :e i de :sub ttnp~fatulClaudiu, st!!r .a tn t- or e l a All iohia ~i i nt re p; ri ;nd pT .i .ma c d l· ~H l 'i )r ie m jgi<m ta ra t,ntre itThi1-.5--491 luind cu . e] ~i pe .LQ.iID~a:r>cu. (Fa.pte XlI1-Xl'\il. !

.. C 'e l ( .fe' i f!11sio ad S4IU imb,a-rcat Ia 'Selencia, pentm I:Hsu[a, Cipru.

d e l Ul id ,, :, e r a. B a .r :n a' ba # pe &a:r .e Itlfn strabai .ut . -o de la . ra~:irH la , l i l i j J 1 : I S , . 1 notar~L tP,15I foo. converle$c pe g.uve:rnij{orol tnsuI~i, pfr)cQnsulul Sergius

Pawusl 'kfi.J:din ace:st "limp Saul a jPlrimit iI1ulllele de. paul (Parv,e~)· in,amimli rea .fup,tului .ci a Ci~v~tf t: iil iii: !Illvern;alomu C i ' p r L i ! l . 1 l d lNpteXillv 9!~.1?e ]a ' f i a ! - O S , (jeluei' m:siQnal1 ' i 1 ' . e c pe ,ft.!;;;l'rep : r : 1 f ! !i4<lrd..v~l,:m p[O"~tiJ::!..da· ' ~m.a i 1~ F e' "r ga , lOIDl Miil:T,cU l~i1IlP ~is:H ~i ·ii p l:e .citl ] I

I er ns .aUm . . PiiI IVe]I iiii Bam ' 8D ' a merg # lT e 1 1c o rd ~ "V 'e S ;tin p.wvinciUe, ved l ' l .Q ,p·sildtiil ~i Li,caonia ~i pl'e,d,id Bc;)1liat ,cted.intfi in O'i~le,: AnUab.ia, Pl . .

~,ddlel,]Ql1mu. , Lislra. ine~tJ doe unde se relntorc in or~e1e r;ere ' tatjill venire, p,lnil laPergriii . De &ici 1I1e:rg 1n portul Attlllbl., untie ~ Sm.-

b a n : : 1 pen1l'U a. 'e inapota pI: mere 1 1 6 . _A n M o . h I i a S'~.

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Prhl, p;r;arI iT: i i f lClr ~i prln 1],utet:Ela ti.e a face mim,nti~ Apo5tom ti~H~U 1 1 1 tn t l :1U i l l i c i 1 : e i ~i&H~lg:mj;t i . m . 1 . i N t : a i l , J - $i O : f g d I 1 1 . z ' a u coml!lnita:UJ h i l \ D1 I :o n@! l

p I ~'n t l [Fonpte xrvj 23'j" At:Uvita,tea 10T era impreuna,1t l au mO lU ' i b~il~ 1 U ..Lm,a:[i s .u : i, p r: i: z .e , ~ { grijL La I (Jo~~i . t l .~ i l~ Ust:r~. vhiita lor p IOS[ In.

P l"!]col .di~l,.iJiU1;'a iu,rJer:l0r. Cirn'B '8~~,U a¢tnt ~01:_tra lor. P~gf:ni~;,ill~pG-uI1l.:!, lllffil'i d ;e ptLt:el''M ~J. ihe Ctlvmtul liO[r l~.a:U ClTe.l.ul ~e~ robo'W'i~l P '~~j,1m fn1t1wt )indw 1 1 ; i L L i s l r , 6 I ! r '5i~ 1 < 1 i ! , a i l lU 4 ; ~ s i i C ' l " I (ilr2i 0 0 a,nirroole. ( F - a ' l J te X P i l ~

I1 IB)! . E J t l f f r s o d u I e.:li~te -,c:a;rac:Efl'listic j1erdlu:s:entime:rtnl r 'eU~IQS alpii-

ntnHo:i ~ji ~e,rljru !roe~tulP'red:[cil S:f~t\l.Lul .Apast()l pure.l.SlnodLll "cia h'l l e : l J : ' ~ i C 1 M m db' l Mul 0'5:0. IntoI$,iL la Antiop ta Slrl rei ,

]-I tI 'If ~9i ~t:rl~~a eo.lIIL~na'f,a ~ti~iq;atBia lor :n1is~tm:Q:r~dn .& : inu l GQ~~.

Il'lllll~ti. m n Anti,~dli,a s-a prGilfllstlwl1l tUiU)1,U;a~, dJ:n. cauea unet 'iudel~

['I 'o~tln. l r v ' f £ n 1 f 1 , < din .IurleeB·f car~ i~'V a.~au 'c~ .p [ ~ n U CftlllVertijJ ~l.~e~"l[,I.\ls'm t[:e:bui~':S:B ObS€1''!J.8 ( l ,l 1. L eg e -a mQ ! z a ic ,f i~ p , rim iM drcJ1.l1l].q?'UL1])~

A~Ucl :s ; -a :na-.seut' di~ill:t,a: rl.e!SpI'f- y , a a r a ~i:l'it.a'Le~r Lcgilm:crl41tce :5ii1uedls-'"

p uLQ d~!5.plie: I~IP en,I]T@ ~f{remar.iilta;l, ' 1 i ) J $ a i l l : ; ! , e _ b :l Ri5eric~. In .~ ~ U L ~ ~

suu 5 0, l 1 ! , : t , W i f i : 1 ~IEaTIlgba,r tnsoti~ 'de TI.1J J ;U ' e ' r ~1 J ea delegati· ai l B J - s e r i ~ ~ l

1 . 1 1 1 1 . ! \ [ I t ia l11a . 'I a I'!E!1US:iltliw Cff ;S)'a :S1]~U:ITa. t : h e ;s ; ti U D ~ . t'e~,()r~~lti_nosbJl i1 .

~\ fost bill II¥!1lm~n cd tR ljiimJ'pmt01Ilt pen tTuw. :s1une,1! . cT~ll:'!.na.~

lb. atl~l 50, S d ' n l Q l t l u : lA , ' [ : iT Q ~ £ D ] ; j _ 1 - o r 7 p ' r> " " ,sb i te r1 . 1or $ i cI'edindu~n.of' di:rr

l{'ru.sali!.1J;In" I'lunte iE'll wtr,i:;;i 1~'b.1 au a~urtat ~e €fM'Ule de ca~IllL:lnlLahraarn A1 '1 ,Uom~ ! , I t ~u hOlti!lritl tn :n\Ui:me~eS,f:!'htutUi nub, si~U, o , L l im.pun.a. C' :re~t ift . il c6' I' ,d'i~tm nrea-muri ~~ug-ul~ Leg~ii mo~aice. c~. a! :s,a.tip [ 'i O ! tsa ' !5 c a ( i d e OO~'e . j le r t.f iha. i i rl . ,o lh l,o ( tOC STIige. d e i 1m im' ll Je =J .e $u;grnma: te

~,! d~ de:s,frinrare» (f!~1?ie. , - X V t ~91.ptt tooiTiEl:3$i nb~.:n-eate~i im!~~?enu ova Qed obI&ga:Lur ie peli:ilru eire,;;tiinli dill;too p~g:m.l.Aceasta hotaflIe

' ll 1~HI ~a 'p ot a a pw:dU$ IT. l 'a ' l ' .9: IDUf!: I : , ITie' in Eu. .B:Kic-a Altti tiohle:i ~~a~u [ a t rnrult

~r li ri l J . IJ l~a £ l '\ ~U : na ~~ ti .n . tJ r e11®Tfl'IJ:r;i. .'

0 t itU ! ci li n e~ ] u iLP ' - -e tr u , Cal',e f la pu~Jn timp ct\lpa iHml so , s-a dus Irat\ n il r JId ill ( l l [ . S~<1l i .e.tlt, de 1 t e ama iud~iZ;i'ln1 / n O fJ d~ a m .a :ii .miru; :a 10 [iJiI!J;ise. le

ILrn~ U]'111 r di n ttll1! paglni~ a pWi\.i'IO'\Xlit mrn ;; tr oa :~ e a l u i dec It.atre J\poo tolul

PIlVi?l fGa ..1at, It, 11~l4£J c '.,. & _ .• .,& •• , .•.• ,~

A Idoua d l a . t l J l 1 i' r e -m~dQ : I Il l 'D . r , i t ( 51 - - 54) Q ITllrep:nnde S n nl 1. L A p 1 J: $~ C ll1)lJv~l ,t1'll~r€un'a c u S, i f,ar {lEI.H'I\Ilp ' l) e B J . n1 aba ~i M~:H::U: mHrg diTI.nou : l i . n .l~n.ula Cl~l:1J(Fapte~XVJ 35, X\tJHr 2~1.p~v~J ID[~dic~ m~rgimd de; ~5~

rJuHI po u~matr W Sinal rnirtffi. Li;c~n~a., u:nd~.~~.01'IDllU~,Lisu:a.~ au cetl-Vl'l'l1L pe Tlm®:teij, vl:l<tt~il!z& p<Ilrie; ~m.'\::_~unrta~ll~ t !~ r u~ ll a te I n. prj~~d ' ll tl l. n .r I' e !. , t re e prill Gal f i l : (Ua , . l . f r i l , . g i . a r MJISVa1, $l r t lba : l .mr l ,~t"K'd ft.5l<l!. M : ' i< :a

, r tl 'l l 'Sp re . ! ' i~ :Q~e s t sp.re ..'npoo~v:~iI:: ~i a j u l' .I .g · L a olQ;Sul ' 1 " 1 ' : o i , < 1 {Tr~HI, u:oc1e~iLl I~ u l !1 ve r U 1: p e I TI Ie d ic - -u !Ll.upa, 01, ! ! . Troiijl, . l l i lW ~u ,e i ~i p e [. ,U £ - a •. tir~ P!l~~~1\!ly]aSarpotraee ' < ; i ajul,'l'IT la p'r, i l : f ; jul NaaruQti,s, in Mij.cOO!IlItia, p. redLCa

In FlH pl tcU ~tbccil :s ,~imlh" '_l~nri ! a i C , 1 'pi~l'rl!a.; ~@~llni~t , : n.!*U~ el!l.~flll'l!i"~Il FUlpi, Pa/v~l ~,l sn~,silrl..:.tIndu1p:l '$1 batu11 ell. blC:ul. pe la. FU1 l-11t u-oc1~,Ii'J..I.lOlEl!iiele Alllfip6Us

iAlPO~o:niaj ~i iiiljll'l!g l ,a 'H !: sa1 c~J tI :: , U J II d -e .i!I~COll~

Vi' rUt u.l i nUJli tl li. r rnar~ -de prQz~11U g;r,ecl . ~i lam ani ' ! i i ~ pe nnn dmtTe.iudoi. .l'mdlrJ.cl.nduooSt: mar;e Wr l J u ra1'e t m t ) [ : l i r i i l l i ! J Ird.slonarUOJJ Pa\ld ap k~ ',a l ItI, 8urllea :;;1 0 0 ~ki ~ l-ost M ' !foU I l l } pleee 1 1 ; 1 A t: m il, u nd -c { lU

v e n~~ Im l JeT 'ma i ~~m .~ t, !t ~l 'l l sa.L h "l cre. ta f l~a , r :uH:u:r : :n~~'l l . -e :f P i lv~l .a tlnu1n d 'n • .BresJiillM: ~l ( ' IE, r.g' ,mala cl.Jl"!t1!1!~1llre 1na.illre.~ M:~!l,palgrum, La'lidlrtd e t J . - ,

cet:llici:d -iilten-ieniltl1r f - a . t A C l r e .~lil.!~Sf!ntul F'a..'tE] te e SplHie! ~snaD~Undt.e(~be'a V O i 1 : sl m ~i_ p : P 1 : v i - : n c l h:l'cunl,e ~ a ' t : ! t T e de i o m ' :: h i h tn : - e , 1f iF. l l aflat ~j

1m", altM ~e c i ; lEe s-a srns-: D1Jmm:-Z:ei!1.hll· c @ - l u ' j f le 1 cu n os e ut . ~ . &1' ' j .Wi l~6 ~ ~ . De'£1.Cel p - e lQ 1 :r e llO], mtecuno~[Nrdtl~-L,n 'onsti"i, p e e _ A . e e : l r , ; : ! 1 1 ves-

tescv'outi... (Rapt~, X.VII, 2'1))" 'i]1i!lOl:!@ c.Th'vhd~r.;ijsBll!l ~lln .Are0'pag,Pavel . .1) co:p.vedlt la ! IO l re$ t t f i t S t r r l . . Uh. nnro.~r de ' __gr~df l\n t~ , e ar e- - ~e,afJau

Db»11' is ie ~\Ieo]lla:git\Jl, d u p a : t r ed . i, ti e ;, p : rt 'muI ~fJi-&rC-Op II "4._~efie'il·®

f emMeUI l l 1. i ll l .eOO f Ja :maF lS ~i alt-il tIlfPJEill.niicll el fFap~ .XVU, 3i ' lJ. s -u 'C0e1i lu lrna I;mB.~prmd~-<1tojj_l1~i ili$t~tai:rile[ Apostohl1ui neamllililol'. Gt:ar.11 ~~f11]

lIr~Lat CUTios:.L,dar Q'U .dim.t'ls s;cepfLt:ir, . .' .

_ :. Mal "irkhdun,gata ~i mM m c l n - : ! ' G f i j;j[ 100t adiwita:te.a Sfifi,tulu_i Apioolalp~"\'~~la 9o.nnt , unrle a . 111['< iTal lntens en loo~di i;ucl,ie9-c!l~lnl J! :qu1]a . '~4pn'st"I!1a.~hmp. ~,e naen ~:ijl.llllHf:-ait¢r p:e tare i~ ll'1tIIrrr,t i1lidJn f.I:n:ttl52.

: I - l . . : . o e ; ; ; : : h , j i t S '" "a .n .ref? gta t Ia . C :a rta t. G e la R o:m a j·n. U. l ' t i l lC i l ed ~ctu:1td, pubH'lr a .t.m oii'l'Lul 4,9 clebnpa:'U"atul Clamth~ Gcm:[[ 'a j:t1doen~T'" ~a:r1e ;S~ cl2rtatu ~U~p.ri~, lui Iisus H~ros. L;1i.~oTInJtIG:..._cun'Wertit pe . Cirt~TI~~ m ar 1 11 .r u~ le

siaa~f]g~ J)l mlJl~t i ;aliii dintre 9Nsf:i. Ndraiil m im 0.$1 dtn C~UZ:i;I ' $ lm::c :e~~lQ ,r ltu . P aveL il du e iE . @t~ l ,u i G . :d i'Cr :l : J. } .l 'O~01iSu.1'11l1 .AJtai~:Ir f t C i hil~OJD'kQfulUi Sen.elCfI, caire.,. 1 ' : 1 : , r:efo .1 ;artS ~ se alll~s,t€£:e ill m ' . s < p , u t : e ! i e , ~ell~gi .oase a l le ludeHor $ I. le-a ' pom 'l 'J .t i; fs & ~ ~ ' 1 n t r t : a . l < : : a nrd:~ti~jT1a r e . rus , e~~l{),r.

Q ? r n Connt, . : I_ seris _#\pootoo.ul P;El~_,E!!prlnlllile ~alel~;is110119', ~e celeao u~c e a.Ire - ' foesElTu1r l l i tOODQDi1'Il c a U !l ,~ . , ~~ jJ a ;~ £ {i t ud e :: il ~t l }i,av@I a ' ·p!.ecat'~i.in ClOn.rd:,L11SOUI de AQ uila ~iFri'sc:m'a I ~i s;.~B. : c l 1 . \ 1 l ! S 1;;1 EMs, umde f:l :iceaPI[I( ' /p'~'!Jallda c:['~~th'ii un i1 ;~d~u ~1~ andrln 1111~ . t- a t, Apa llGS" DrnEfe.s.,P a . l lT '~ J S - a .du~ ~ e ' mare 1a !tezare;e·p,Pftlest1netj. alp,m l:a ! ,eTlJ l ,~a l , tm, d e

lln.de $-i1I 'b'titOffi I'D AnU(ll'Iia.

A t . . tr,e~';Ji,e!U~hTIlfie' ml~S:~,GrnaiJ:1 ,~'54'~i8).- S'f:fntm pa,ve1 ;jil inh're:tH::infS

a.heia. 'Cil~tO'rielTIll.iIDfI!l'Ii~l\i; ~tEe ffi1ii 5 4 - · -B6, pl& fn d L" U iN.flpt!tGl')i5M ,

to'~ dID ~AJ1Uob.jCil. c:eJtlIh"lll ill' S j t t · : l l l 1 : i . . :sal~. EI & vizi~~t ITl/a1 i:nUi eOt l1Jl lU ~

t . i j l l i . 1e eoo~tiTIe WillIta'fe . i n . ' - l _ G a r l a 1 i - B 1 ~rFrlyi~ '~i s . . . a qpnt 1ilPO.lla BreiSp e l l f r U o o [ a n i :sf jwnat~ AetbvitOite:a t u r . :rQ'il'ni:C:iiB L ] : r ro - r . . '[ ) e a ; l .l l ) m t ~ t :- a Nh~~uH~,;:i5t! ~ntr-a. ' c re~Um]J) r , l~ IDs;trga:t:i~!J:m.l;i: ,a.rginf.a:r J Dim4r~Tl~,care f~ t 'redeap-e:ncltta:tffii m~en.a, -PTtni!It1['lldc8l'~ CTle~t'tnismnlui ~i in-

l~II(U.e(l cultuf!m:le.:J.m (FQpte JifYllIr23---41j) . Pavt li il I f ! l _ t tebtih .~ 'PIecerdm Be:s. ~i S -' & r n1 l1 £: >l~~,u~:eld onia,. i~i 00 , a 1 C ' l 'tn n:i.r[,~, UlJ1 l spa/DB- insll $i I

ill Epimula e 1 1 i t T e ' RomanlXV, 1 9, i 'o 'i lr ~tfi l 'I 'lILa la CQfi in' l , de 1l l l_1d ! l !~

s-cd,s;~isJliril~ catr~ Rom~D TnecrIlld mn IltO,U , p - . r . i h Mated,omi\a.. q ajWls

L a Tr(li~ $i .~u'St ,1l!~oi,olL.:riHn.dE:f-esuluud,e ~vuses.t'2 D.~lamri om L'BIIJZa

f l J r Q i . r : _ _ . b l ' l i l . . l u l nim~lrie,. $ Fa o pr it 1,ftYMUet Ab:t acbem:ilt p . e . ' jJ r~b lt&J I

dl n E iW de ~aJm S-,~ deSJla:rlitm en i'p c t ui o l5 : p e tij,Flbul mr::i;i" pre:8im-

U m . d ca nu-f v.a mal VI':!I~ (Ba:! ; \ l t~ - : X X , . 1..s. -:38), .

D e 1~ 2'r.f i1ef. apl l lcai p, e . m a l e . ia CeZarB'I. ' : E L JP al ieost . i .neri, ~ideiiilcl H

(I J un~ ]a lefl.lnU. jn ·ialllf1 5Eh iiicl!uclnd cu 'Shl~ coliflc:ta~t':'ut~ j,I 'C:! l.1I~ru

s~:racn am lerusal1m in Gred:a ~lMacedonia,



IN

loi! lem5'autm r PaJvel pO" l les , te~, te lui :I.;a'oob c:elWc r'~tatele mi-l]'Inil 'sale" o.mr2f~tnd Utili! l:u.delJltOI cm:rtttl lu i I ra lCQb il~tl!lie.;;te siJn~ll 'iFlnea-Sej1 un act p.r,evi1'i!:,ut de I~ mcl't!!ica. Apostolu] 'SulHn=i!;ij

,.r . ' \ I l l pentru C < l J y a . \ 1 , r e a iHnetr tLa'zir:e:i., cia]: i t :L t ; ; a m p l u e recu:n~ut, prlnsI til' 8;t de . iRd~.jl.'L a in1~n'ell't,ta oi i .\eJu.lul roman, hilidr.hu! LysiasJ(fHrland,antul ~rhznr Pa,,~el Ie ~s din m.Un~le'lor ~i inc.hi5 'in. tufilulJ\ nlon loa . S ub p aza o sta ~U O l:' roma.ri ' i . i$.- ,a , 'i'l1gaiduit S'~ se a]!)'E!f'e ]Jl[a.'ta

mulU mi.'1~i ,BsitLOOliumi, 09~ar ~gU:ati;a centra lui CIe~te a.menin1.l'tol'. 0

fln..'tpkt'flti-e pus~: lra cale de . illlueii £d:p:at idl· ccnrra \ 'L~ii lU i este aIIatlir h" 1 . 1 ,e~ ,d t 1: l1Sall dee sera ~i €'Omnui l ca t , i i j }"ImiiLrJmlu: i . . Acesta t r . i , uUe nae;p-Ii' p~ Pave, sub e ,exc'Or1i l'urt:emirj:,ar la Ce,z:are.ea, unde Ie tinut InfM l ' l ( , s ( ) ia r_Ei i 'noi ani, Entre 5 8 $i 160, d e p- roO' tFt :atoml Fel ix . Iude-ii d e la, n l_ 11m l UUi f :mi t f ' .€oc ' j n _ l 9 i i i '9 1 l r u : : : o l t Q . P:a lve '~ 'S-~ a . 'P i i 'i l" , am~rm te li l : n l' 1ul u irn J urator E ,es tu 'S ;§ i ,8, regeluiIlIOd Agr]pa II $1 ]!l1 we dm urm~[,~

}m l la o ju d el =' & ta iI PP 'J E iM i tl .1 u' i 0 0 la 'R6ma,.hi caJUnbE!J1i!sa de c f ! ! t a , t e < l 1 l I i

r f. li m a n ( Fa : pt e xxr, 17 , 22r26~ .D r ci :m u :l p e : . ep ,~ ~ p r- e I w r : r t ' l ~ a a fast I~t:ut sub ; p a z ~ . pe 'li!IIp ne-flo~

t. , v It. de toaru;na,ii dB i '~f in'tlmpi.-nind a ! l l I e I1 iD~a ' i [ " ea furtunUor ~i: av.:1ur.tlot marii. T£~indpfin SidmlJ, ]:.tl/Sula Ci~,ru" MU-;a. insuLa f tal~.uncle c(1l'fabia iii ~uferi'l un Ui'H1f,!:,agIUJ Pflve~ :a aju.ns Ira Pu~'roli. in pd-m£ivara anulut 61r 'de liliIlde 'fl. faCill't dru.mtHpe l { ) S c , p,ma la RoJIUli . fiind'nUm pina t de 'C ;~ $tln:l1 ~ lo 'Cul hilllTiit T'reii Taveme, a c-1tnlr pr'el)an~]-fI lnc:u[,ajmt IDlllt,. P' r:eZ'enta . cfe~tini lor 1« RQIDa e s te () plOD~ evident~1I cre~tiniSIl:I1IJl pitn.lns'e'5e m capitil.la. Imperiului inaime CO l ApostoUi(J , c ' t ru , Ijil'lPave l s iS . : l " . l s.os'i't l~ ~,J[i]]le.Btl(;1)ti':ndu-Se d@ o t ncWS ( l :a l 'e u~O'ifl'at nt ,l "~ or ;a ~, ~, s u b p aZ iil 1l 'n u i S 1 o o ' d ~ t ' ro iITl·a:n,f Pave! a : vea Ilbedalea d J 3 : aprlmf Ia slne pe oticl:ne~i ,as,tfel a putut p.r9povadui ~~ intiil'i. I:re~ti-nl~mt11tim]) de dol ani (6.~-B'3)f tn cepUalalrtl]Je:!tinltuL

~~ipiel~_~pQStoli.1orse Q p : r e s c : aiel. Din Epistol'ele.s<!'lsle de l:a RO:-n1IJlj

pr urn $1 diuette ~ttr:ir f,e-zul'ta Ga. Apostol.ul neamurllor a rust liSa'tllber, a L L p , ~ 'snul 63, i\ila Int1lre-pnn:s noi emlHorU miSiona.re fnrasarilI-,'n r ' r - . e t B " 1YJ: i le tr G r~1a, E piI '. unde O J c01l:ooUda! comu:ll i tat i le infiio'fa,te,1 l'I men; poate ~i in Spanie, c.nm d.ff~ {1 'eOl'. XV;, 24),. p,i:ll~ 1a mar-

r,lnlJp A pu cS u. hli ~ l ~ 1 Ci l ~ ~, ~ e , l j J l ~ a : t~';: , M C ' E P l o ; ; ru m a.fiJm ~. &fintu! Cle,-

.lnr nt Romam. .u l tn p:rilI@ s;a~iSt~J} i eiU~\e:to{)ri'n.~i, seri>:!>'dll ' !Jeanul 96.

Tmp're: jur; Ir iJ : .e~f i 'n$ i t ,u ]~u l i .

t E S a S\futl le t : :1 l1 j f l '€

~i necunoocnte: s , ep.l i ,ooe

('I'i ~ootolU!l i5~oclll~ di n nvU'1a R om a . . u nd e. a S U f- e:r Ha doua lllcn'so.are.rlltl rl1r~ flU a ml;l.i ~a.pa't:; Ii: si:gm ca ![l mun t l ' i ! R¢ma, ca .rnarUr. :suI}Nnro, pmbaJbi ] in anul 00', dJ l lPa tffid:t~j~ 'C~t1n.li T n ac~i 1..1ell S,fintnlAp~tol ,Petru, 29 i:u~.ie, care . 'g :r~~, p:ina. astM'.i ~i'na sitrbat0r.J.TiI Inr

tl1 U ce are a n" S f!'Ill tu ] P .a :ve 1tiii rosLtagropa1 rpe cal~ O s ti 'a a R{lDR'!, u : n de•N'o]e (liNt r!ndl.ll peleJ'inii ctB:;;Unl d.in ioa~a lum~_a vin sii e ,[nehine]ilI fI1ill'm!l'rtnl s~u ' (Perr.kr 'onlD1j- De v.ipi:s J1Jllfii,ttibm • .5 ). _

AlU ts ta:n-c:l 'ooe~'c c a i t n ' t F e mrn;ll'iea m~rtiricti a Sfintilor Petru

~I rb'\! lkl2obui 'e lSOOOm~ 0 dT~t"ade t (mp d ,e . e el ' I l uJPn Uh ,rut.

Meritel'e Sfi:ntului Apost{}lP'flvel sint~fJl'LS,lde:f;C~,bih! p ntru rl:s,pin~[,"i'l'll! [ ' 1 ' " ~'tIiiItsmulu l l . Actlvimll!! 1u 1 ml~loil1.(1rl Ifost mat ' JP.5IQmnata

c .a a ~.()d,!'lJp . " \1poSI ta l l i~ .p r .1 i f i !:aJitati~ it! luilp;ers<ona1e, c a / ' , i , i 'Pr in lh'tin-~re~ ~I r,e:zuUa.Ie1.eat Prtn miSiUR'@a lui prInltrec neemurf, e ., a tnr!di!l-etnat 1 T h i 1 ! i ,; :r les. c'I 'e:$U.n:Jsmul tn hnnea yreoo-romanA

f~i l=a: iIl:~aTH ~a,Ron}al

'in ce.' tTI!ll I~n~lJenu:!_l!lli.El .a el1be!'.il~ I!!~,;1, .i ales Oli'i2:~ismui de s~4bjt.e~

tegi1 iudake s1 a aslg'm'~t uruversali~'IllUl lui. El estre ~ nm . : i m s , emna 't

C D ! , sc ' 1 00 . ~]glnrlitor IntfdeAp'om·()ll~U ' n l1 il 1! t ~ Sl1nhlJ Joaa, Pr.in : ep i5 ' .

to~~e sale, ~ftntu~:~S!(l1 Pi!~(!~.s : faru~ incep.utuJ teolli.'igciei c];e~Hne.

,ill! seas, din vlala $1 ]J l fv 'O i i It a t ura Mtn,tuUQmlu~ Ul'tatatul'i de I) ~ leaS 'e l11 l1J i t a:f~lunuse't1(,'. El i lasat BI:serl.diwni'l;I:l;rsrue 0 'nepretutta expeTlentllt ID In]~

IS1U!le.ofganizare ~ili'i~t~ ~ti:na.fu Um]il~le mm no~:, l1mi l ia;utO'ri ]['atii(l;rN3:H~Uau aprec;.iat:.elll viidiU

e my eta ;r n :rQ ]u l ~l meti~e:le Sfb1)bllui Pfiwel , .aJ1il le:-au mn.oostat Cill "pa,~

Hm~. DHp~ 1ll1tii. ,el ar :f I adwaza:hO rnoomeietoI' al rc~~~1In'~_mulu: i .t ln a II .. s fo r Jl li l: r. d m doc1rini .$i t n:s :t H: u, t. jje c .e e a o e hi US - l IS H f 15 i lt O s eTft d e a r

? kJ~e. a fi,s:pirati0 ~ dupa a'l1H 1 el a de..EHrtural . .,~te~ilits;muI1 ' t tEmsfur :mind

l l l ivAtitura MhlhJimm:lui 1ntr~\lil1 sJ:st~m te.ologk " i :nJ ]Us t Amn€l'e p iD: '21d,

pildtuieoc- 91'a\'. igoodnd, rut san. :fd('~!itilntSi, f:a;pnrl c'a Sttn1:u1l A R o s i ( ) O l

Pavel a lost. eel ma:~credinQo5 $1 mad:mCiire ]ii.i&pret ~i iinshulTI.ent alEvugheliei Ini Hnstas.

P en tru ca c;rol!oIogia vie1tii SUo' lrulu:i !A~,o~tol J l ' ,~ ve1 V ' i il i ri a : za : l oa u nHP lU t o d , w_-dicim l ina i l j,0IS :cite'va , d a t < Q istorirce tU n V'.latoa S i ~c.tivftate:a,S l ln ' b .l J ,u l A ' )1os t oi J'~viel.

1!-5 d'. Hr..: liIl~ .ere"fu:i S..u:L30-33,: l!.Ito1 morm MllI.tu1'tilrnihU.

'31$: ucl, er:Ii!!!.a!rltidi~c;ol~,1!I1!li$te£an, ,mnver tiIM .~ui ~ ll l.

3:a.-39: ~ . e d eOO l l . 1',]i ~~ ,i!\H.Dia.

3~ ~ prilni!. ~! i t l ! i :~Q. : r ire ,~iI 18 ' r l ls ! l i 'l im : , d l J l j :l i ! ~enT j [ e , : r~ i re ' ,

46-J2: ~~o;en~.a;ai Tars,

42: 5gSi 'I I 'S! ; l till An1$ohi~..

4 I J l : : r o . a m e l ~ dlBtOf[a_ ' ~ B _Ic!rus '< i l im.&----.,\8: p.rfm,!l ' C~nUOl i.e .mrQl{l'mw~

.00; Sifiodut !!. [ls[lIlic l cUsl;iu.fia,ouP:et!::l!i la. Jmtiohiil •

5~--:54.: ,II!i1QIID ,ciiJ~tOtie mi.:;. iooa;f..t.

5l2-5l:! ~~Ale~ .~ C0:ral. I n 52., ,ee11!: d r n i I a : c Ep i :5 , lg ~ e cM r a 1;'e5'!~olilit;em, sa'rIsl!a m . ~OJ; i jl~

54-58: ~U~ill cifj~mn"em:i.srD'JIlttta..

56 : fiJ,ga .run Elies, i ml!l'iUlle' ill. Ma 'l ;e d E lI ll la . ~ 1li:d ; Epls,t(lIJ!'iB.aO'lla IOill'~tt!Cotlilliteil_L

51-58: iamB liili Cm:hU. aJli~'bl"dlre Jl:o;m<lllli.

58 ~ IdUma caMlo:de ]<1 1'e,rlls!I.!. im.

5 8 - - - - - & I l : m ililrM~e IIlI CeZiu.eM P'll..[e:~ililei"

t ID -6 l : ,c;pt~tDrl t l . . ! l P i ri e R l : I \mB ,

&1-1'Jil: ~bp'livftfl'l'e ti~'01! ri I.a.!tOlllJ!!.l E J l I . I S l l ' : l l .@ t e sc :t i~e dIn noma,

63 '---6; : uU .. 'U!tf~~ milll,lollala Iii C1'e:taj files" i E f l l r c , s ,e ~ ' po o ll it f ill 'SP.'11illlI,

67: II dlouil O.fIpU.,.'1lllihl ! . Il l i! .o m a :f f m OQ,Iell 1!.I1 mmlitlcd.



r8' 1

c.a ill tie. de fti 'i l\ ie . ! :ie 5!ld.etate: eras "nll. «Eor;;leBllil' a r , f u :nas de atune!numete- BiS'eri:Qj., in bdoUlu;} :.5!eT1<Sde Ctlnmni'UI,tB locEl iM .~L d.e to't.elulCD~u~i tarUO'I [ SIL. rg~.A~U ·al !t'nUo11te~ (" r 107) ~lO:~e"~~te!~lltru } ' J , r lm 11data !II!: lstrrrIi;! C1'~: tn l lsm:U11ul . expres-ul: de ~B"seJ'lca. L!nlvr;>lsat~ t--

J i I % O O l . 'l " X : i j _ 'E"(ii;b,,"i~~ deSiUI'Ie' care 8;~ _ B di S €\ aHa tl.c(jR@u::!de. este HIts os

(Ep. ca tre Smii.men]. VUllo Exp'reS'ia se gd~a;:te a i l J 0 i in M 1;lT l i E '~1l11Sf.PIJ]jcarp (1 156~ cap.. VUI ~i };;Vl)" t!Iud~ PolicfrLp, ,e TI1J ;mi t ~11:{O'~!l1: 'D~ ;:~,

~\I! D,p .U l p~ l ( :d I iM~ i1 I; :~ '~ iM ) . 1 fG t a . ~) .epi 'SCopu I B ls e ri dl uni1l'Br~a'le drIn Smir r ,na ,

In Wi3iti~aI8alsat e~tem~'rlii Biseridl. cre~tiJ1~ar12 unese asetnan!ri

cu . € i Jt ;e co rnU l ilH i i. ,1 : i reHgi.oas~·~ me.serrta ~i slpiril~_ ci ll1~a, ea estle ' tIDfenOblen ~i un orgallIS:ID eu ttl tu'l neu, ! la<tionali~l l1p!f'Qt,e:stant ~ vfizlULtn J\; iSieTIcl i, u 0 ' 'Jl!.titnti-e, \T,oit1i c1(~ Iisos Hrjstos, e < i 0 c:~a1ie ·,apost(ilk~i1!nec{l'£esptLrzatQaFe gm dltl]u i L u i : 0 imltaJt,ie OOp i l l mo:~:ehJJ. aJ1to.r; i'niit[~m ~n Tl!!1I9 ;i~ - i1!1,dil:cH sau. p,!,gtne. M tn tu L to f ; ; L l l i a r H p t.edk a'i- d'Oo~;rjmpi;jjra-li~ lui Dmnn'f!Z~U. ea ! i : l nou! SI: .a!; ',ea pw p la i,< i[ . a Imnfi, mit nn a~'~-z;~mmt 1::lti5etl~c perm a: ent, cu fOlI'IDe, (l.rgan-e ?i. [.allen pammte!iitt.

C111d l S:ur tP i _:p1Jo~;;to!iau 1t.cllin~at Eise-rh,al ei ounosteau f~ra in-doia!i bLne ,giildltl ~ruhdltorruI't1 l, !lisiUnea ce te-a intrE'!(LitI1GLt E1 ~!Higadnhtfa ca va 'fj m1l ei pina. la' .fi:r~ltru ve",ctldilo;r fM a te l, X X "V IIJ , 1 91 ,mr lasa Did 0 indoiaHi ~ili, ~nlemeind Biserlca, Sfin.Ul A],1ostg1i lnfap-tU ia l l l l ideea ~i porunca Mintullor,il!1ui, i l l va~- ' i~n rL t l lor. £ : s ee ' fit :! . nee -CU lm

ceP'll.~ Cd eil . \ f in fnWntat Bt~H'~vtc.a1 f~r~ i.L n ~a1t ooLjftl5ta tJ:s'lt;;;Hristrns,

~ ipos.tpi:lid de C!omunltrute,. me~lla (;:1de ,as€zam:l:.Rt al mintt1:iru,B.ise'''I_ea !.!rebtrla s a ext'S'ter s : a . .,ai ba mesn b:I. .~m",d.U iC el'@:.'r ' .fIne '~i vi E lt!proprre, f!·e 03:ues.t:ea le,..,~ p:r1ffiLL de l~ Bhnt11 .~postCJIh !tlllm 1.J1L~PLl .t,

in forma: potrlv-it1i ell na:tma, oa;ractet:!,.ll : ; ; i scopul silu. 113 stnt 'initi<il{'lSi ID:ndamentaJe ~[ ' . -an. dez;vrol1>arlttl Biserka. jIls~. in cursul tlrrrnulul,O U i l U r J em nresc.

['Cum Si'! IOmla 0 Biseridi, ne i , i u : : a : W ' , FaJpt<el'eJ(pOlSfroli1or $1 ep;.I~(d·ele

S~b:r{ul~:<\p~tol. ~ave\; Pc L~9~t.A;:D-s'tolir ~radl'cau r,oLa.b?l'Ia~orii lo~:BlaC:Oll'il $'1 a1t1m aonen, n U o T l 1 l t l ~1 ~l wpos l Joh sau evangheH~·ti. TIltleonse formalll celrlQm d e ne{,liInd~J;liirnaL_te cl:e f! ! <!i.5'Cll'~tg pe 1 0 < ( : - p t O O . lC I I

unw ApGstol1 pr:ince[ tate a:rlm::eau cuyintul cre""ti~ din aJt~ parte,Cu:munHatea dear JI1l1tf.ohia ., t.ela de la Dnm'as.c, C€!i3L d . e 1 Ia R om a , p oa rte5i a . . :. t e :_~ s - a u Iermaf pe ac~~: ! ; ' I>a ,erue. Cea dill! la ROIDitl. era lrnporterrtaclnd IT. se r i e Sfbu:t1ll1Apostol Pa;ve1, 1 1 1 a m m e ds" a fi mers 1; t ~e :U11Aoos-

to! ~olo.

, .Or~(nli2'li'fl~.~i5eFi~ii. -:~~nn1fiit~e'a de la IH:tl·~ljm era _~1J;P' l I I t .in jurnl Apoo1ohlnr $ 1 . c.oilJu~a de -ei, (il:'i,rm,dtie liE! rtlJcapnt forma ~

JiW.':rm~ei de vfa'~i\I nou~; trilla. in rnvit~.atulra A o j ; : l I : : J l S t o i i i l o , rl tn spIrit de

ccmuntune fratea'5di. in :fr,Il 'l .-ger,e,a pii1liU ~i In I'llg&dllnl (Fa ip t - e T Il 4.2) .

Dupi3 Iecarea Aposto)'Uor din Ierusalim, c:onduc;atoJ al Big'Brieii ,~'a

I;at;i)n. drs1ele OOn :n : kt iJm l l; 'l C t ll 'i e se ]Ju.c~ra de1'luf;qritat~ chlax in f i t ~~

ApootoUlar. Ca $1 Iaceb, erau tlnuU . T I l mare cJm'Ste 1& e re st tr u c :e 1e l~ ll ~TudenJi ale Mmtuitonllui (~lSattOq!JIl(l~. Ie E.u~biu; Tstoria bi'iericeqsad I,

1r ~ 1 i ' I ) .



~JJ.pis;'C~lPuJ :er.~, lites m t l E ! m J '~iel mal d:e sea m a d m uunteacoJn1;!.m-

Ui.t41.Idenm.a.tea d~ anm e ilea inl;;:.ep"it~,GY pfeo:~fir t '!Jl:emtd,te 'l ' ...¢ p:iS c o'P ) T IU

pi@aie' induce T n eW,l[le ti$u.'pfa dll losab:irn. lor. E$te drEllp'l c:·a u1l1eo:n' Stin.a

till .:Ap,Ct8ta! Pav.e.] vm~te rl.:mnai o l e . e p i S i l C O j I T Y l $1 .& e o : I a " C DbL.! (PiJ jp,;[ 1 1 ), ~1li oe·al: putceahlse[nff.N'1e~ Pl~bi t~ . rH ,$'"illit :[rrt:ele.:;;i f > a J . ~p.isc'(Jipi f

pe plr~bil\eldi de m m ~ 1 o Wem~.u .]a k1':J.le.t,avel 1i num~~:l~~t epjiSlOOpiid r u : U fi'tlIne-,s~ d~ fu ea l i t a , tBa l or d e p la .: .s tr ui ai B :I !s €'l '1 c :i iI ni DU ' l n lm : r J e 'U1~ ci~Ut"~lkID at t t l : rmei~.F~ce xx, 17, '29'}; reM CQ ' h , l i l :ne. Ur!.pi 'lfl-illds~ admHelIl C'~ UTIlI p r e . :s . b it > e : fI . e J ? f i !t :t lepi,smpt Plrci]J]'[U",Zi~, ',~ill,t(;~ 1nm~

' s U IU ! t o r ir n f : r e Pi[esbit~[f..DID. '<lepist£.llele p~'sto:ra']e~~ 5lerise de Sfm~l J\Jpa;stoll"'~v.ea:5Pl\B

sfl'r~ftul vle~U sa i:e f §'fl.im. 'i>~ ep.isrop a . t - u lr nilmit .a,nu me ~~a, f1sta~(Jd.e'mnlt~te ma~ ID~(·ededi e e a , pJOOi£lars:ca\, Tf:motei '9'1nt-sLnt ElP: is 'eop i:m. ~t S-BfiS..m le pom1'LG~~.e ~ll coQ. flili1ltea lQ':f de 6i;J.istMlp-t 'iSl!. pun~"p r.e sb i:te ri - l~nreaU :in o ra :§ €:" c ee a :( ;Je M 1 n . c l r ~ t a ~ e ) l ; t ' e ' l i la ' c . o Q l I J : d : : d . c c l e m

ci l ! 'm'C'~ mai:t i le de &f.b~tua .e l lOc i i a pO ' s to 1 iG ~ r } ]l ll m J 2' J .e i d, ~ : :p]: \e l \Y~~ d,r.: i l~i:SCi@,p']lrimooc IseT'.:sultn ·oore !Sint Eiill'lvs:C1Jle ma i ; ti :r lt iu .D Jp ,] ' 'eft .muj,tm,ag fuu1t oo!C:H numele, interes eaza fune t i i1e ! ; l : i . dncstre.a~ J 0!.r e, M sin ldeoo r e l i lHe .

~~ewic]jJl ~p'Clst£l lUc _G , t l i ! : ! epl!&cop de _~ti('lhiao, S!pN- slIh1iii,tll15,~'C.]ilC'ati:i . [; a eele tIei c(I.ieg _ s ll1£rton el!'ml~hine ,aif 'el'el'J.tta:t~ ·.[01 nume ,rn .ar!rioutll~j Ca. dn$~e., In .Epi:$lOla ecrUe Mjagaes.feni',1{lJ. S l : : n t u . : 1

T'QnaM:u-a:[rma.~ e,v~il'crJpul ti'fJ:e Io[;wlu.i

Du!Inre~e:u i

,Pteotii'~ in l~ cu J

adUl'llllirli.. Aposml:11or, hit d j 'b 'CCl 'F l i i~ t ': e r: a :$ . a r dB du j · cr . .mer au. .fast ' tirel.e-. tUn~at l i s :e rv~ r. n {d.i!J.c;o.nia)hli ]:isusffih,lus;», I : l ' { l ! a s,e.rncenBfI,~ in J E ' p i . : 1 3 : raja

cl:iffe TruJtell'i" n, Stmtul Ig-naji:u spufie e'fi. cre.sU:niJ 'tte'buie 2a 5(; ! . su-puna ·€'pis(lopul.uf C:H lu i IisIG'8 HrisiO:ii l.l@I preotHElri -C ~ A'f ; IOs, ie l lkJ1; , Dia-c . o n i . : F s~nlt fi[ldill,i~] 5 , , · f f i ~j'Iea Bi:.s~'[:iciL T c : Q i e r. l'ecpma:ndii oc[:~:;:;til1.nor

'in E?p i~ l o 'a . c a ir o S,m' f ,me ' r u , \ l In , ~\JrlilM.d ;~'S.upuneti-va C'U to,tii ~pLl!i-copuJ(o!i~ p re oo m 1:ls llS o S- asupu~·Thf~lui!.S # u , !ill preo;_mOf e a _ A J P " 6 J · s i i t . a U l u r ,

C~n~UU p~ d i :O "C I am c a . pIE:pon.Ul~ h , 1 1 Drrmn!eJ:ell,~Snl'l:hJ1 al[~fit Romanil][. (88--WOL in ~ln:ma: . b , a $r:rfsQ.ate; eMf'1E!

C() . ! "fn ;hi !nJ:~, s . c w ' i s a c~ri'e1l:O;-!i9!i!, ~mi':Ilte~teoele treI t T ~ p : t e ~ 1 1 ; > let.ffrhl.el

cT'e~~.~e ,.e'pli~~plil . P:ftE!O~f , . $ J .d1'[!boni~ .~. Cll~i com'Par:{l 'c;ua:d:ilfireii,p:reotu. !;i:l !. .evltJi dlll Vechml T' ! l $b - amen t ) ( ca :p . 4Q-44) , A:c~sta. dl'jer.en-U l !f !e v, em f llH f il l: ]] H 1 1 'l pi U! l Qpi l ' . 'O Ip1i i l t al8jjQstolUo:r. Ba :a r~ t~ lj :to ..R ~d i2 ~ 6

~is€O f.lii;p'teo,tiii :;;~. di.aconi1 f9rn:U.lJ1 11.Un e:!!JIp OO11du~ t t ;;l l i: :Nl .Ri~eii.cjJ ec.re$l:i .ne" eEaU a : : : ~ $ ' i ~i h:iiroto niti $1 ~e loUeunu i ; i ' f \ 1 j Cl:ll:St;e de'O~1ii tlfdi n] p ' i 3 i l ' l' .eac:reiltncw.s.Uor. .A~a Xl!U.rrI f t J a ~plti!t1itte n.m"l,te[iSW~~ d e r n.~ ~ v or be :s cpro:l~t!1i~ ~il., (it! rir.ept al turtmDI cre;vt:'i:uilor ta p ' t fE f! . i©G!" reOl l . euv1.trtul ule V< lng he ilic ~ ~ l a . c : onch .. l ce r is a r. BliserIcili: t e!>~ rasfiB:lmacir~ um ii lluvintcl~l'I!Epis-lo\lai Petru. (fit 9j, care un e>#Je1 n : t e ' ! ' p 1 ' 0 ~ t in l l u i r r u i T h C i !S th1.i deF : a ! p t d in .B f~ rl .o o a ~M l !'l H c il ~ ill ~:N €!'ristoo. ,~p@ .s:~ oo~ : I i i ~ttU'rmi : i» .

- D i l l . 5lcli'ie.ole-. N ' O l 1 i . d . l l 1 i T h s . t < l l I T l e > l 1 tr c a . ~i din be!e .tlTI'€:ciialtUf'Iil~~oar~'t

cmiW es.t :e . l ' t i V a J o t u m tIle1tU Hi ! Apo.gtoli C . & . ( a : a : X ~ ) ~ r :e z lW l t a c :a ~iseo;pU,

pT:ealU ~{ mac·omi ,~' l ! ' I 'e.; l !U in gril~ :s~Y!riJ'heiJ! c r1l '~U]l:li t 'P'r~dkaIlO!a €1!lV in~tW.U~, ,~~inistr~Tea c!)1f!.u;nU~t:ii, ~era c.€Il1it. i~:j;: ij, 'S'l1!PMve~fih9rea vtGtH



I1II~ ,1 k '" l lmplme:r~ d t ' 9 : ; : ; i J p U n e j r:r~'$n.[l~ I?~: liuga a:ee~U sJ U j it~Ti ainh r'lh iI, ~~1rs,ta iaiThcaput Oa1lta .c.at~~qtie'(!e ~l!litori dG,u 6 .; cu-\l ' l n t u I LI L Q 1 L l j, ror rol . 1 i I , . f Q c S ' ~ ' i n ' 1 l : e m : n . a t 1 : 1 1 Bi lS f i lTICoi l a.pOs,tolic~: ha -

II u l t 1 U r : H ,1 Jw'l~m(ilt:kdl &a'll T-lnevHl!aU~ii '9r~u 1i11ll1'l'OIe§!jni lli~tr'a\i de' Durn-

III '/nn r.11 d: if :er it .e darllll. ~'l'i.pouted .!EU ~Latte:r t(lpl'elJetnatW-l'ai. !ii. .admi'eiiil.1III Hhqios~ (L€I>cg:eI

j"p. ian, n"limi i t€h.nri& 'me"~ j(O:'~:I~C:~). m ! ' ! o 1 1 1 . &.Jl.U

dw,.1 U ~ CQllJlliJ1:1tab'::J nJrti a~!! I .n ~i.n 11'inyt,m1i,e~i lie bucurau (Ie. ~.:rfe

LIII'tn pantt'll b.~tu1 f£lTj.lli1i1nd dre;pt L a darurl dill[ ij)artea CI~u:llfu"r~srtnb..l l l Arpos.tol PQ 'V'el :nt:lJll~~tBl1e .mai .~l1';ll.t~ ort as~ill!leDeGb;a!:

r I '111H'. Loeul r;::ei Illai t~emllliTht e;st~ eel din E~'ls'tala 1 c~i!!Ke Cori.IltC!l1~~ ) I{ II, 2e~O}1 ill oare . Ap 0 's t- €l '1 u l s p1 .i ln e e l ;i Dll iJ [ l ;n"l22l@u a P 11 iJ S;e t!l1 :r il 1 :n

1\1r;t'rk3 Ap~stol i f D G . alri P' lo 'Q . r l ,oo; ; i; P! l l a~ti:iinvat:;tollri.; ~P & _,~oe ea l d J a r n l. 1I II I . ull~r j al tamadult: ' i larl" ' , PE:al aj'U.rto.a:rei(!l, pe ;u c !_tmuI]'!loI, . pe &\ 1n rl" hH i n 1 1:m b i. "lo c( !f fi -P . . R:fI.m.~n, 6----8 rEr~:s. , lV', 11). in ilu;ea'.Siii bil . "rga

~'I1Um('rti.f~r slur' ctlpr.inij,I :;;lo.teddi~ ill'Ctil;ati. pr im . Ul1e're ~tdbtl~ ale1fir (ajuto.rffij) 'C1'rmui;xi r I : C ~ ) ' 1 " . X1 ] ~. 2 1 3 ., I I ' ! mstat.iit0Il: R<lm:~1]. - 8 ; . piliS-

!or], E Jes, IV'i 11 ) I da:r J1I[ i . l i : :sm1llt i( j j prtrlJriu~~i~i~ I1 id IG! i =.UlVJ!!StlJI de .nIIITHI CY2!!1il d:i]et:!t en (ir;11fFlll'i S'pe:ci;au e.,eN&'B~Jtl:O naJ~, ~mt nee le.lc:.!.te c,a..llB-

'1 (J r l l d e o ;; l 1 !l ~tod. .IJLntr~ei sint mffi. i r l lS lemn>at i A~@SitQml dUipa a£'e~a !lirofOdi. a;P~l

tJwlt~,lIl.oril (dfrl~~~calii), ~~PG:h:il~i ]JIQ;sed,.au~j mw"te $l ma_i ~~.~ dar_un'pu L t .n d sa fulV'f!tCJsa~1iId. ';:1 illJ'l1!JalllJ;, a ll at-Dr] G ' ) e ~J 38. i : r i l l \ . t l ] ] l a r i ;l I , ,- ~ all-

q!w 1 lst'li», p'ff)f~t:ii~~:rbea;l1:'~ D~;'t~ElM\J _q]:l.il~:rl~lE Dl:mnez~~ ~I' ~f~~t IThw., c-erM.'ltr pnte;aiU$~ ·pFeZl'Lab.6bii!r !.em~lr[a. r~~e~eq;e:a.~gbeil$t~.:u.~:11n IJl I (tU a.l:onu.l} lJut~au s a aKtfa haTis I r t~ j)'r:~'O!t',~1C:e1..b'lIarscaltl e: rau 11t1a ~

~ ~ t nrU t'o:munifaiIIGl: r lliiii tns&:m' i ' i l ) "U J J ' ~ cI iea l lLdo : j> l ~a ~ dH apn'}~e lQIs ,u :

, 1 ' 1 tI 1L1aj,a t1 . lir li '~~.TI1QJI'1.;;i cr ,e~tn: \1il . H arLs~:.:~~ep,~1~!~e aJl€$~tl.Unearir , J i U011il.lmtte~aN;'J. Cetcl~ h1il . ; ! : lsm.e mmmilit-e de ~frnllll ~;PC~l!(}l .pavelIUU euneseute I~n&l~be:tQ':curl. ]iJ:ar ·t t fl ~lJSt n1ai ronU OOo;'l:i;tonl1tie~r piro .•

l'j'I.MH. ,/'1Tnrj~mele an fast lltL de..r ·sull~C!na.tlln~l sped:al mC'll'l :BiseTIci1m~

CI'P~tt~re! ;Pe'n1ru};:t~$l~Q:[ ~ ic ~h ~o l~ d: a'r e1 i. ,~ , }E1::eli~a~IDar'~ rill:pn' rit t'l ti.SUlyrm:croomc] Q.$lltllI' ! j > l e , e : m : a T ~~ ,n n~re~t;u:Ii~()'I' ~ a Lrageau 13: , .lU

~I r' I t' I: I ( ;, !i futar€~u p~ 61e~:irn1 Tn ci~~b.$hll'i•..Dupa. epo-ca a'))mfolic~.1 1 nu ~t1ns lI,~p:tllct~~~ cu . t . fe e~ r :- e - a tbnpru~~ ,au ~~etaI sa;li". '~~ll~h"·:n:tS§o~.~[ 1 1 1 I ' L 1 L'lh]lI~Eilln smt m.a.'i.~rrzl:m'proIe.oofl ~r:~~b1U, cal'.e 'i.n'\\i"Il1~tlJ]e .nfh.

'11 11r~' l ln~11l l ' ~a'lll in w - c ' O I i ) • .

2:, ' Ra po rf ut Ue ,e u io,d.IIJsmMI ;stI:II : '. lm a d tr -L e e Je ~ ii i iE:!J:!=f9T l> t t r. rtepIO-

hi!1m" tn jstmia ]l.i'Setl)~ti pT i;m ~' fe . ( S 1, r' eu t: ll ~n e f lIUmpi [l iO l iL e de S~:nlll1

ArnHtQl P8vel dill p~t:1iit i;u~e:ll.or~~ll1~c;liialfl,~sfQlic•..d~~t.l€l ~mtr~r i cv ' " 'I ,iPetru 1a J\!tl t1011':l!.6!,r'c.ar~telr lz:ea ' , ' l .n BlG::este raporU!Tl :$I ilos lJaa'Z~

U'*W:l c l ~ s,piri t vre-da'lici ' .de c'll!t1oiscut. _.' ••Cr[ i~Hl1 i sm>1.Jl eTa 0 religie 5p.irihIaiJ.6, 11be ta .';l l!l'lllVeT~;i, daT d

h]'H"Sl~ T H F 1 J l t l , t l t d~ Ved1k,1 Tes. t.am.eui, Hptiru~,e m. ludeea .:j~ e~ra pr~~d I~ 1 n ' l hM l hl rtr!llt"l'r. T n romurJJtatcea de la lertHloll.liID, [:entlrnl rehgl$ aJI~Hhl~~,,\nll rie l '1 " t1 J t{lq,~l cu rnn:1.£I~srnu], l)fin mmger,es cre~nnHor la

l~frI'P tu . ."~[.pF.Lr:l: ;()h~BIl.f;rnr:eru ·~'r,es4.Tip~iiJ.Dr I . . g i i, tL" 'U:da.iz;l!j ] t i : i r:er'M u ca

~~'.C'!~~m~l. .~~£mt~Udi:n~~ iP~,ze:ti~ ~j P~hl~\h_~s a r~~Gt£ t¢g:,~a fDC~~~1C'C,. A0ea:~l~ pre:t~lie bgI 'U1i3 . rmm it ,ccm~E~,tt. i .rBa:pag:lJiHQT ~t denG iH t r asenruI n~¢;H::tiSm1!lll!.n.. aoolvintiu.-] l. l!16, 'ahmmlUi.

•. SHn:l :i ll Apootel: l. P~' ilel. a : i ' F . l ~ : EC i € ! S d.iutru !nl('.elp'l!lt]ie ri .cohtT ;?i a pre-d J:~ at .~ . _~'~Iar:~Cllt- b0ia:rue «I~b~t,tca~e,j3» lE:waJJ:gla.~He<i\impGtri 'Vtl {( fra~Q'Ql '

rru.nclj'lo»lI.-n, l:'.are. Wt~fliela1il l.'eg!~ 1t:I!61J:PreSt.ls, dB Ev~~h(!'Iie '~i 'CQ;tJ.ruti0.~fla.u cre~ti'r<i' ll~ d.e l laizirea Leg i lr Ql 6i ire:i . l':Ql r e l f : g t C l i S $i . rgtort:;:' - t iB iE 'Use.

. ..Hmdrir:ea sj;r;[ldllilli ~t«1:c dht' tilQ1U!50 a actus lumbia '~ rrrin-g:He~ .IT~l i1of d in AJlLi.{lih.i:a. $i d'inaHe ~o:mmlita-t11 ti:!ili.t pt~jrrl1iea ~!lIrl,a l-M'll~IGT .proril'!c@ in~,l;I un.elG! fit"_ii.l:iI.~E'!g,eri $1 Aemulf'll.1nir"l. S;funpill A'PQs~t.o:]~~c'l;f~l a;;l~t S~n:6~se~ gJ~u\~;a:ti ill GillatlQ, ~i 1 a CO T ir lt .r t1n:d:et,u:lai-' l~ - : ;: ; :tn ngu [ , .C1~l rel.d~u sl; l , ·~:dm;a pe cre$t:nI La J . .egeamo~ 'Z . a i'Ca~ '> :9poo indC O ! nu se pot mtr: l i l JU.i M . '! E " a i f " ' ~ : : ; 3 i T B& ei.Pc>ri€'o~ul il i d a J 1 Z i ! l r i i ue~"Bru5n.m1uiS=aJ .1Iruerrti\[url ~li dnpa.e,Lka c~~t~lk.\"i, lin opmltntf4 t i J .e in c are c l~=U1entHJ. iuffiU.c 'e .r~ml.me:rQS.,

. .E ve n:hne nte.le lstoric.e ~utm:fttibwl l a o l~ :) c '11 .H r ea sHlillt:l.tiet sapGll1ttd

to~ D'l i 'U inuIt cr~tirri-SlDn1 de ' iJ1dais;m, R Jl rn h; oi tl l. d E ! w b biE!I'OIEl :m'ditivat

pleeerea CK~Ji IDIQ:r din Ie~t1:Slaliln.!;lld.e:solidQ!ft'ZR,rea ! lUi i1e ~mp<1£ri-otii:~evol~a t i . D'upa,. anul 1 0, l.rJ:i lBFllS9ilim s~( j J .infi1:n~at [I eOeIllUlli:ltaf.,e J :l jJ j'1 t i~,

in c a ir e l E ;" J er n en t nl lllclauant rill mll. a :vea puteI;®:. Eve:nimHnri!l:fl aa ;vut

r'~il~el. ~ [ . : m .£:el€~rule·1C'"omlmf~~:t i trri:~fjne., tn c,1l:r,e de aHlel mi:Lj®rltateili

C'Fe;~ncl~~IClrau fmiiIUl!I~O on ttm:pul C€HOOliLVerfi~t dlliU\il meamlni : ; , ; i3l1; l ,

l!2I',ocr~1tj:ni. '

_ . _ . 3 , I lC id le l ieaJ~eru.s:a TIi. . ! ] l u i . -fip'o:ela a:pO":Stol i l .ca . SiB ' C Cins ic i ·8 ta t m : d 1 J € l ·

lata eu c:k\ .d.el'ear1e'.nlSalllm...ului ~t ai'Strug:~rea t~lililp'luhli. in: usma - F a ~ wb.~h!lll.l LI.i~U.d.a..:k 1( ;1)6-~ .~~. ~pur l~ooa . . .. . Plr®,eur..~.t. Qd l.O.•~ I,o.marrl: ' ~.· l14eO\E.lZbi8.IL U ~m.,;;. FIOTU,;; ~j ~ :2 i( !I lla . ff rn :u a; te 1 lrO-Il1OOll'@ Ir a [eJ'us.i1i!rn ~wfi~

nenm1t::mriri Intre i ;u\d:eil din P:a1~:L'll'a'JDale SUP;Oc l , ;M.U ·gn'lJ. sla11il1i1.~'a~nmffi:la~i i .~~etc~n misdirj d~ el. ibet~e. !i{llbn ·i .mopra.r:a'lul Ne(ffl, la ei).-..()i~,

l ozbUe .E l : este tn Pa!. ,es. t : l :nt i l i 0 [ , a s a < t l a l . - . J . oar& s a . t~bnna fu t:r- ·u n . r " ! i : i! l b : O i

9rE~:U, £'\"rmala W.ffilOllHi. ~ub ; eC in r dul £ . ~gen ie l 'i a lu h ti ~le,..~aTl1[)UOOre~'te

l !l na c it e- u :n .a r o e~~l i i . ea p . & a : o o _dYe \ ' l l d ! : B U ' : f f i . a I : m 1 2 L t ~ lincepln:d c i : i : n . Gd1iH.®~"Dupi5i. rn@<~lde~ :[SJpa:ra~ltlul h{ em (fiS) ~. a gene nu:uhu VUeUL u ' S (69) 1

Ve~ja....~:e; p:lroda.mat tm~'~rwl~i liEf$,. I i JO" l " ln1 lioo te . f l : ra :z tbo i [ l1 l l ri fi.ul ulsa n Till:. . . . _

Inlre Ump rfudei[, $,Ei : i ! .~tj!i;ril:s:e:r~ muJ~ f,tJj I,e[l]1~!Mlm~.tTfta~tarc.a-l ora~~ u l r c,a;r2.<;l!.!·ei1~.ta~ l!J:n:l!li 1 l : S ! ~ . r n u de dIlCiIi.J.m. 4Llptete ~ll J(;.1str&ar tegr:eJ. 'e 'P12'n-fi ' !!;I ~jndlInla ll'arlile. _ltlid.eR, Slt reri in 'd de ' f~a :m8! $L de b@li,

:;-,~l!!ap~ [a i : t?tl~~'i , ,? @ . :telJ<i!~ltate.. Uimt~o.ra~.·_.or.a.'~t'lJ1iI.c.)' l' it.· cu. . : e l i . C ~ . ' i t ~.i h~.ID.aIIe .pamm n::r;stms m. lI:mpuI lU])lfRtoE't lar :~~lua.r5"'( EllI.I~Jl;.S"t ·7~t. '&e: : s , -hui de t1Irma;l l i :iiu,d~k~ a~ ~reRu·ngH za:datnk cHeval luni d:trbQlu.l lla· M a ; i , e . c l a h " e s t d .e . jl.ifaf~ J j . l I 'O l 1 I . m ~ ) f ' i l 1 i f ' i ; i J i i t a s . e . . G J j t a l l . $hXilJ.cigiIl:cl.u.~ - c : ~ , : ; . ; l ' i

rIU ~e 'Predejl! T(lD"le:,'II..'i..l'O'r.

Iu deH. a n avu '~ in_ ra2!bo:l 'a~~o,<;Ii ;pe L U l m3l tcm d - 1 1 l mrilI ' li ~i. ·111!JfastluaU \'reo sut.ai de mi:.~de Frt".~imeTil eare in p:a.rte au rC i l ' s t l v'inciuU eEl&cia\"~, t n p ad£! en foot trIrW~i 1~ m 1 i n e HU 1a lU'IJ 'te dl!: g o l~t li&torl. T~-



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I,('g ti. s.tpf~1~ f;all.c:luaD ..dulj o'b1e.c;'k!le $a.u~,! ~ IMt !uate t:iilpT:a.oa d~rlll.hal ! i J t di1Jl~ M R:om.;ll, q;rnde s...nltu,l ' la t!: un 'are uP.: t!l)'~.um!In ,aruilltir:eavh"h:: : l: r J<~ 11L1 'fj1;., fntlmph;;l.re\a toc t ! dar ' @ p i t . luni f.Iliiilfub~ de di'S' in1g:.e [leaLI'I'MtlluItti h _ u ± a i , c J . $ ~ a [f~ di'£t(l'Ib'S de ill'lc€diu Ia R.oma. ~p~t~iulil ro tam~1)11,1,['ui J~pHet .~ j;nm1):rr~ (dlSf:. 69~•. ~e1e" sanduiilJre- ¢l9In :(i i i c.el

.[urI!lie - dls{p.Nl"<OOllastiElil in a~ la $i tL tlllJ:Y .D 1oSitrucg~ tem p 1W ul d e M, I e : r u s aUm r ~pre c oVe r t s us .a . Sp'J I3:s:

•nw vararnlnea piJatr-a lle p.ia;t:ri;l ' lO (Mawi XXTV , 2 a .Luea XJa. 6) ,~~,~e11n ~verr i ;m.ent I:oog:io..~ ! ; i i i .S J tl :5 r tc II tI "]Z Im> t iOn .t . C :. u < ft £ ~e 'S t~ ciii,e implil';l:ea

W'lntru cr~~tini 1) rp:rnIie<~ll1!.i1! Mil1l.hl..1t(:)r,ului$.L sa mt~reta 1Z:.:fil~dl]lta 101.'.

e''Ill tul iud~ic c~rltm]i care se '5~vlr~ifi 1 Ja t.ern.pbtl. dtn Ier~jm; . i n . . ,~ . ot a , G l : ~' ~ ;~ im1 :smu iS f ! g e :p > l l. J1 ' ll lertnit(iv d ie ih.rJa,ism • .R~bojni R v[ n1 ll .. U ! 1l '

l uracte r ll}'e;Sra;Jt~I!;:! 4::re$!inii. au . [;, . ;~nisClliu.a,ti7~t cu . t;UitlI.!ltirn'lali.i IOFf dn LI lllr:~i t E-e i l ! .1~aNl1l . .u l , Ind . de !aln\i- i"_;P~ !fi !Ii 41.1]1 retras pesbalo[da'!l!,lormt!fl.d oQIDurutati ,nai 1:Trl.pD.[tafit~ Ie P,@a~i hil. Kokaba. Cu dad-ll1iirrel1l ielll(l11:l11lli d e v en :e a ] ;m i pQ : s1 ib il i3 o fu~en;"!lIrBH l eg ,H ciitllale. ][:ud.eo-

r'rf '~titdi ,:it:! ' lea:z~ o: u [':enal~i1 erre;:tin.ij• s'dU for:ill]l'l;e.itl;~i 'S~~e iud:ai-"' , i1! de p ' l i4ZC.we i i , 'eMonijil) . Prlliii la ,£:lTf,$ii"lll .secoluI1IU!i. 'iufleii m~lI:odil ! l lk

rlh~~i~nlempQtrIva c[~~.ti!l .i lOE in ];g;giilcitJ.nea ' S mQ J l : e e'Sr~.Pen tru i1.)daisu i di~tT.ugefei;'i ~;~ml'pll.lh:d~:i p1eJiderea. lerusID;iMlih.! ia

~tVu l 0 imp.O'li!tan<i~po c~aIii. Cl! l:1tnlm0!Z;altr : : C~l ' sacT iUcf i fi"jngeTiflaile"d~~

\l1'nea im po$ltdJ Iiiinedrl,ul sede'8titnla:~fu,n~thl]ll~a. defnare preo,t (!itl:~h 1ureu ~! dci l ~;enN., D ale~ S,aill bdrnt D tlt~ tem fD'lw driB. . lefWsa:l i lmi l lldl r l r 4 1h m a ) 's c .; : "p,e i .~epl!1l: de . ; r C L r n . ' l inainttB de c~u-,e . :! j, ti il tu l r am .a n . (:fiscu.sIwlajcb!s, CdnQLl[lilrea spl:r:i.tb1!i11li.;a 'iu~B:isnruh:dau pl l '~bJl lal , t "O ~eflmeral~

l }l n .h :~ ld l: n nG i bd1o l1 ~i Tib.eri ias;,A . !O;upri : I lea \~ i [ !~n:orudTi le 1: lU te tLn totu!;li : ;>p"eTa ' !" l t ,e lem,eS1amce. Sub

,IIIParj1~ii n1rl: !Nl, p e h1! 11ij~Ad:danJ tn~h:~ 1.3,:3-1jI5,~,e P:[ ! ;oo'ul : : 11.air uv OU 0 j u:clah::e. Sillg.e:):'O'a'5e, Gaf~ SIft! tn,s I ;H]}$ine CUiOT ~a';. Cmrl i ud~UNlU~U~~t!~ T<:l'CUcerea~iC~,w'V~~O:litul~rUl5,O!1imt iL· S: iIl :b AJ! ) lr [al le , ~l'Bg:lije~

f'l1f'sllrll1icRa'f-Cothbn, 'fle:.meeuil:aw '" Or~yl ereb:lilt d.eroruan.i!;i I rro c Q l ' s l :l ; 'J l i i1 : s ' I 1b nume l e d e . ? Ae:kit i l i to l1.rlr. l, . l ii lld ee ,6 ,d e~e la :pa .r~edUmJ!:l111umperi .:I.l"m pa.n(';!$ste bQIQ~Lllat,a ~,i ~'l:e 1 1 1 ! 1 m U I lS"Tla.F1C11e:sr~

, l nn (5 1 r'i.~ F i U . s :t e T I i il O c r j . . lrul"defdi ple~t1.-e~u u l t l m e 1 e resturl J [ h ~ , 'Viatl,8: ' P i 2 I U -'t IC ' 11, de1'Ji~:rrivii ~~Ue: rcll'1gioilse de eaTIE ! 00 btre",t :au sa men~.hiJ!lB;a.u.L-f!I

~eru ~ ~U m , s ce rid ic :a templ¢ jJ,a'gfue ~i Se , :i;ntemce su.bped.eapsa d'!l!H1!lurt~ s~aibmr,~. l l l i c l ID41;" · I m . OT~U I mouJ se f('Jr:mea7,:~Q comun.it:.aterr .,~tld d·ln. p~'gIDi fton,\ri€rtirL Impo['talJJ.t~ ma'iITIilll,g,HlI are lns~ pen:ttu

~It pv til ~~;kQle [le 1'1 di IT Ce:zareea , care deviln~' .!m~;l:o, t}la ~'r~~Ufilf:i ,a

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rll/nNr~ bfl (J l[CMil id" ~" Ed, 'SChwa.rtz, 1I'lGlf~Ch, e\llirl5~LscbrSn.< lvol~L,eiprlig. 1:003.1 (lO U, 1:1]0 0. A .. J !!u bm t, !.e s JiI,n!liIbill!l ctlJ'~lIelii:fI' ~fl.8, l l i i l lP I' It, V !, e 'l l1 a fd , R@ ~ lI 'i Ie 'J '~ 's

~~ hi ~ I'l rI:I'JJJ'!I~~Pit! 1a Ro!~1 i eM rU:nllc, Ro.mHI, 1000 I M. GD\lqb, 'fhe Ii:tlJrly c:hrlsl{lII(ts"

[ fIIHllnl~, !~IlO, A,.~1, l.1I n~IIIf11!! rdUm:t~ c : 1m"~Jo11/1U~.11 Pf"lnl~rll l1~dl:lIl'. P i ~,~I II . 1 0 .5 1 ~

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piinn. .?ill1iIi~pe 'SLdpl~imill'!li:i~~Thziua illm a ( L d - t J ; i h i .eale.,;n~uIi.u:~ltl~c), cate~5,~e .Z;1~t1t DanmW~I. Dm:m~:c-a., Numeleei de~~tu.a do.IRneja~i~~ [ Y;tlPt~

I ! O I : J i ' . ' " ' J ' " ' i ' I :I:~~~j ' . .Ell] eare 0 ,gti..~m :~IlA~Qc:aJlpsa ( IJ l; . . l® J ~i in Iqrvdtat1. . l1Q:c: - : :fo r . t ; lO lSP. fe i \ 'eveAPClS1iCi l l1 (XiIV, n[ lJ~trm ~ A ~ti~ jJ e ca r 11 p n ~l!tiu ~e.l 'Itit~r.,. p:rfP.co!ll;Smnl ~:[tt~l,re~lfl!i I'll. , s e e : C'~l[e

1fil~ar:ab1~T rmaon [c.. H l-~.12}ij' ~,,, i i i , 'inca rlhl. ~~~~ a " P . 0 < a k J J ! l . c ~

! ; ; ~ [ e . s n m i aut'i'nut e a ~ . d e sa::rbiitoan~; s a i , l * a : m ' i : n . a . l '@ , j7)ifm cult 1eitl~al'l5U~~.l eu milSili. fJb~te~2i,. :Mua . i~vi.i.etn .Gl~lhttuluL TI)~flli.IFti'rea ~hllS'inag'oga

~irea.,]!ltaJrea. C1!e~m;mibllr mat mM'11tdrll tIe. prQz:e.f'itii~i pa:ill'ni". '11icean S ~SiE l po i i . i !r~sea$ IC~ . !5-ab:atu~ bld~,i(:, . L Q , ]em'SaUml t ' \1 . d ieQ~c ; f , e ;; t il l ij 5 , : il rb~ t .o f 'e : ;; l. U

del;:i9}1r. l? ~ ~albaWl I:U lncle1l ~,l zt·ua i1t1tii!~ (I, $~'Pt1im' [ml i . . tu eeilal\i,~.re§ti.Hl.,

Ce TugiiduniIOst~au. ia ii~utf're~til1':i.1 in. adtnl.al~a. IQi'r~n.u~Hm.~1~ e:rral l d ie r~u:l. i: i ' i~rt?,r; 'izat~ $1. 'P(;d:r i l , i -H;e en IDOmeTj.i1tlll ~,i 'eU '$coif£u1

~O.i; ur,:eleel'<1~ fli l l.gith::::ll lUl!I euhflldstllC'Jij, >ca;l"~ prOoabil JSi~atl Hxartde ttm-PU~.i'J!l1 ,cu'm g'ils~m p]'oo frumQase tn l!'!li~tQ:.tl.Ira ceJiOt dolspl'e.Zece Ap~S&

f:fJJl~ilX, 2~1:X:l ~ tl!Uele, H.lgi&d,uni o c ; a : z . . [G ; f ' . I i !1tlj• : Q ! 1 l , c : e r e ; r i (Hl.1X de mnl-ttlflliLI:1e l t ic iDUllmJll :zeu. , In I~Mm,a 1[1:1 lIJJe~/oi1,e' ~:l cu pu;ct.J; riUe 'c:rE; ldk:~ciQ~~lo:r. sam. aJ.e Ap'ost,rj. l:i. il iO[! {F:a.~·t®1iYI 23~,11.([tu.gad,tme~ CO'mlln.i!!i. ;7ii.ob~1lu1t~ell;! 'C.~;~ ~()mn:~as:~, ]"I'fdl t:~B:SUU,

pe ~~re Ll'v.fi:t~hu:rll! ce.lm doff i;pr~ze'C!e .~pO~H <:'Ei '! ' ie~r~~tillnO:r 'S~. ~<r.Q=>~~e:aoca d e - lt:ei o.l l ' i ,e Z;I (VIn, 3}. 0 Illg~C.lH~ .cJ~pt'in~i:fuofilr,e.~i ~9'firteUl1ter~a~tar SOC()~~tii r ! . m g : ~ c l u c n ' i f lnurg:f.c:a, aa ' Ol '8 ' tIL e~ t: RBl IT1 . a rt u l rn E p . ! $ ~ ·~D.lasa rciU e OOfillteru,l(.59r 4-€i1,~311 .

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i i 1 , i I . l ! 1 insistent CIlediri:ci.o~ilor ~ii Ie-a c.e-reau.~:i. ,P.'tl'ltru€:i il'li~i"~l.. . O.dud ere~tln ~a ' LMeJ ~A U'l1'e'Qtl'r i'n (1!p:oc,i11(}.$t:dLi,cl!!J ,d e tn~iIlfj;s~~ffirl !(lid -ca;;,ader ·harlismatk. '~n~Sint adeve:rite ~entrl1. B : f f i ; e r i , e - l i l din CP"-!l!"mrnt(r. Cpr .. X U . I ~i 14). S [ 1 i J 1 J . t ' l : 1 J .~(J.iS tal ' r e a v el Dreyj IU1! p,e Q6,rj;ptlmiwmpotthU:1 i!!:.bnzt.11m .SflJ]lId.e~n!:'!il:l1tiloil' i]1lQ s1 i le . .

Il'~fe-ZHJ. III CQlUnnita,te:a : p f e ; . : t i m r a SO l itl.h;i]" dup 1 li ma:Jrtur:is;ir,e:a {ire-

Gfi~~re11fI Fb'1.!l$Hrts• h!~ S l i a 'p~,~bEhl(l!, " p I . . .T h.. . 1 ' . ' ali 'ina...gfJ:~hUtl... B > 6 , 1 : e . . z 7 : e r e . , ~

g .a ~~r :o o eM de reql:]!l;;tscul'ili;li. $'11 J .1 l ,e nn IS le ,r~lil!eea 1 8 . ~,ul'bH'~ Ufii::lfpl]'edk], Botez:ul ere$dn .se - .d : fH~s~a ~i d~' b0·teoZ'l i l iu da ic , C <Q lrlE !~'1l l un

~it de ,curii.fi"re ~i de b@r~2ul pra :oe ;m! l . : : ! i l t t . die uC£l'!ntali lui I ,( lGin €'a botez; al

pooai inl ;E; i . .1 totEi i1\ul c,[JE:¢m el'ra mat muU deeU un rit sau sm isfmbol: el

i iiL've\:liceraeter d.e T ! l I J . m a . , !J<rin 'l':ilIte £'~ ie:!!'t~l1[l'~catele .~ ~ ; , e c,comlln.iJc~hii!li:w dUlnn~ei:~. S:II:liIII:uliAlpJi$ltJP1P,avel 1 :1 nUme<$ t l § ~bttia III.Oi~'terUdillT 1 ( w U prtn lruiQ~~aJ D1 !1 .huu[ Sf in l ; " , [ T i t . m : , o } . . IiI' e . ra { (D ,~ :? ,~ ,e ' t ed in : , t ip ; !! ,~ D'l !J ': i~, cewtar d e Mmbilllit'Qntl,ca. Cl contUtie v~Fitm a : .lnb€l. ml .mIP4~r.!Ua hi!lDu'mne'1..au UOfIli Illi 317). ,]3,ote~u1]!lu~ea, (I '$;&vlr~it ~idedhi~Qllr.,

Nu avem 0 f:ormul~ a mlriuri l$ , l . ; r1i de c:rre.dtnti b i3 i .f l, ti sw a l e< o d d n 'W!,(!-

.~8ApQS~Qnl().r. 51mbaiuJn,ul)II:U apos'[pllc, euncscnt dIn, secelul a '~n~]u~ iJI("eprobtlil.bU ~!.llbed 0 mlirtu:ri'S~re de oe~ln:l~ oblmui't~ t i l U i &

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Cl]J]t. din vremea :SfintH.lIl'~$taJi. bL iifalfa. d~, : imp:reJu1' ,aE' i l~ speei aleIDn.intite Oli31L sus,)se po tea itIl:flintef de sfir~iii:'l!Ll ~ol·ulu'i ] in zt.le],eJdeR1.1~l 'Curi ! ,> t viner:! :J .~dllp~~ ll1a,rturi.a nWd~attH:il ceJQ.r ~iJjsp:re~eiC'~_,ApQ~'loll fV I • ij, n:lUI11k! ",tJjes sta t luuu.TI. ) ' ) J , care. i Ie deO'sabe~te -cle :taldeEfePOSit ale iudeil'Q[ [Iunt ~i JOL). Poa.t'e ea, in ~tle1e. de post, ,tr~~1;iniiSaadUJ:'lo1ilu~i pentru cult, oblcei !p'e ,care-l 9~iimmai trrziu t ~ e I C . luL 'inU4le]e Bisedcl, de exemplu in .Bts,eTita ~4fricii (Cal'ta.ginll).

~w~) _ . & \ . m a .mwr t ]::tr,fli susJil.U~ l!J]ct.tia, :ga 'pt ijmmU i'lld,a.i~e !: e it l .:z . i de <i:dllill!liTe ~i de cull cre!itioti, lnr~Iil ~,i «:qi'Ua (l(nunoo$c.4» sau.~lziudD am nm Il!1 Ij:.i ( .Fa ']1 le X X, 1 ~ I . f . t :Q : r . XV I, 2 ~ AfrO-c. 1 . 10). , JnVat~,tUJiQl oe/o,raois.pm2:eee-ApQs:toli 0 numeste ~im. dO fU l l . e a s c i l ' l El' J)1ii1llnu~llb (XIV,1) Ji [ ' , e l : l l J . ICre~n iJQ.m: ' s a $~ 8 . d u .: l€ ! - S i J5,~ s ay lt~ e8 $c a Il i<f ln t.? El ' lhi :l :1'1,9tt~Ia aceasti& zl. Sem:iJJi.calla. et C'l:e~lilna. ""' ij,teScu.bJjniaMitle Sf. .lgnaUll 'GlkAntlrabi.ei r~O'1J,care fa:ce dtn 136.l~ar8Jct~rb.tk,a yie~li re.·iyi'o'!a~e t['~~-tine. m-chod d~pr@ C'l'~ii:Il ca '~'isnu t 5€1 lba : t i'D l ! ') ! lza l e t trMe:s:c 'ditrp,aziua;Oorom:d [,. (Ep, : "illgnezie~ni I~ I)..Sfi~tu I)Jn-atl~ 0 p.lHne-$:t~zi.ua Ittcare a :r-bilrlt vlala! p.:oashat,adlci:i a l'n¥u~it H n ; ; s , t C l l S " \ ,

I nd eo -C i'e ~ti n:i i v or r fit~1nutla iocE ipu t ; ; I i s,jl'tMl:trri\l.e : t1! l1da :iee , .Pe

ce.ie d()U~~~,~:rbaT~orimO llI m ,M l, PG ~e' ~ CLnc12i~~ .mlea , lC:~,tale.!IJ~~ll~~deae man e\emrnenfe crestlne, eo-au tinut dF':h.mP'U~["lll!. r ; ) 1 c'.m~tmu.j eunoua lor semnfticap'e: lnviel'ea Dom.nului ~ .Pogo:rif~a Bllntu.Jui j),u;h.

Si'intnl A . p - a s i O O l hll-ei ~m: in te?t f : l . .d :e . 'p!I:' ,azlilicnl Omc iz l1 ! i c j )m ' l (J .co r. X Vl~B. cotnp, Fapte x,x~ ]6)~ iar in: dbou~ine t'erorUoa.re la dMa ?.n~mlJrmmsecoJu1 1 3 : 1 tl-Iea, ~til:d.i s e I ln t -e 'l 1 J1 e :i aMpe ' t r ; a d i ' t . l a apo,s.t:alllCil a : Sffr-barordolI.

pr'Obab'l1~:n sec{llul rn , se ~ba . in: On£' llt ;~ 1G ! 15ialQunile EpHIIT.nirl(·'E"r.'l~:i'o!l5I,~f :nrnnL.i:a ~ - l i Theolcmia t a '80~1IG1;a) {),ijtb~toa,l'ecornu;nA

pentrn fu:L:tml.pM@~ Dom.n:ului ~i -,artltarM Lut, iill .ElmnUf~ n,p.$'i2Tii ~Ihetezulnl Mtnt!Jltmullu~ ~i a descQ-:peririi Sale dU'm.ne:l:eie~tl "Inl i t i iL culevenimentnl bot.ez~di!. ill rM Icrdannlu! {Com!p. Male! Ul~ 16-17],s i1 r ba to cu ?e I ;. ;a ;r e <1 . trerut a'Poi st in ·Btserica Hg;mei . ,. 8 ~rb.atq a,ir~e!iteru en tio na le . ra fucepu ul secolului IV:"lea;_t in. <'rctu;lma:r ttrk a~ epi :sc .opu-lu i ! J .Up di e Heracleea (y304~~ .c a 1 0 ztsD_fi~:Hrda r sa. ,un.•@ ra ' ge !U1! l ' aUiL

. 'tenlru prima., . data. jHl d l i J : S : P ' , i l l ' l i ~ t s . i \Tba l :oarea Na~ter!i D'!iIIllm,tl~tde. coo. a B.cfl :ezl lhu, 5 'erbindu.-s.e· la 2~ deeembrier : i :nB 'JJs 'e r lea d.i1ti~.n'h-

ghI~~ in j.nru.l ~ului 31 -11 a lpOo i I a Ca ft s it :a n ti T I .:OD ; ~" ) in. 9D.U;r :319 1,<;:iI1niSfl'lm GrigQ!Fle de Nazi!am a tinut t}~ebra ,sa ~I(;'d re'sti~: ~rTis-tos se na~eJ sJ i li v i' !; i i- L 1 Hristoo din cerun, rh l t i i l l ,p l I lHU-L,a ( : P " G. ,36~lll~3.34). In c:uvintiillea ~g,nut~ i'll2-5 deoembrie 386 sau 38~, 'la r1lirM=toaroo N~te:rHi D o : J ! i J i : T I I i l l T h i , in ca,ted1':f!lla d i n . . Ail.U~Ma, SfiIlWli io.a.n G u ' r ~

de Am spvJlle eBi ac.east,~ .s·'l ·ruu.citi; i sarMt.oaIe 5,-a irntwrlus to Ra'Sadt~e , arpi 'o aJ p~ zet:e ani (:P., G.,4 ! ,@, ",~~51-3n,2ll.~'H.eTea O(l. 'JitLr:u1u:i. - ~ ' h . * : ! ~lis Domint _. sail C'riklUflUl, sarba.itor!t iii . . de.ceInbrle ill .tieeare II!W

a lnlm:uit skba'lo!il!lrea pag~na,a sQIsU~iului de lama rntl tqj .t.s: 'Sclls).C,iue, din secolul al ill-lea, $-(1[ cq,mb1'na t en sal'blHoarea zeuluJ. solar

Mith:rijlrrepreze:nt.a:ntu] 'soarelul p ee p ID n 1n t, ( de tl s 60118 fn'vlctu.s:). HlIl.s-

7 1



'1 0

)

... 1f1sE5OCU!p'ile tJfdp\f:iu~l:]t*, e'oele mdllla~e d,e c:re~tift1i. dlI iL.pa:r t( ! !n la.1l'l~tlmU pag'me. fino a1lltoritiitUoiC ro 'm~u ' (e r i l iIU fQs;~H!IUI,tmai grI 'Ble c l : ~ hI"""~~ f J< •• .. fi. • . ' .'""<1u!. l lnr13:(" ' iil -a u pu s , u ne nrt ~ iIJS ~HC 'ia in gre:a cum p.~n~, , G rrSB 'C 1dme SlfflEl'€~

mas;e eu hicepu t s il l: ! A~, e: f, 'G(S °4 !- -- - -i I: :® '§ ii au dl1L1\Iil ' t pfu:S lz±~;eput[ll sec: o-ltlil.llUl,0000IIV-~ea.Prin ' ed tc t t ru ] de la Mn~ din. i a . r r l l l i / i K r i e . ~13: , c;()ir:l5itan' f : ' :e l

~~m:e_ (3IJjj~11 prun;e t;~;Jlit J B ' t ' ~ l 1 ! ' r r : a l t F I l g l l l ' . it:! ll'l'lipE!lhll IG lm . . ~l::Ue U-dU ~s t {:~ti!:mUl~ d ar .a u ~in:Ul M"'''. 1I:I]tQ.i MUU de j ff i '1 ' I.at rute Jciil1

bDlFl':ul c l . e . I ! C I fiI!. la:l13.P:er~e(;1!ltii[lesin! nUjIDJ'b~de dh1 lee~ dUfPil.tro:pllbJati .. N!lm~.m~ lor

n , .g , l os t so co ttt ~ :o et~ ~[ .~ L€i veL ih .L La:O(atc4i \ ; \ s<ovo;t~te ~ a s e j pJ;11P:l~1uoSever nQlU~.AU9,LIIgtm~l PaJIl Or:@i5iu '{; ;ocf;} .~pt i. car,~~enl l "~l l graVi~t;,a:~ealol', per:seeutli];e· 'Se ·pot ifupar~i.ill di.!lI.~.°san tre:i -:perinac'iE;l', InCl)i .n~te

d.ce fmnamt~ .D&" I. ?- f 2 .49 - -- -- -25d :L . P er'5 ~c u:U 'j l~ a u f~t i~d:cW-1]f~61}e S:i ]0.cale. f ru:e .pmd ~I]J ]mp a :r !: tt n l Ue l E 'l l' l• . ele a1ll1:1e.~E$~t i t s ~ : e ' m n l : i i C ' . e ;1 i ,g~8"

f'me, ~d1ca s~ ~p]ieau prl:rr~:r-un edi€t. lmpemt m tot Impar i .U ! l i roman.L~ tutu] p:rimB.iWEl J r to a :de r d €. t El I N: .. em ~i1l '~Thl 'i Ia Dom~tia!n ('81-90)!

,ailll f(llSt I £ >omt i :p CI 5J'lC'bIi i ;uda ik~ ~ic,OIIlf~md~Ucu. i1!1de'll. Die I~[)omit}aill h!aJIrde, e~ s lu t deo .sL ' ; lb~tL < d i ' ! 2 : ij, i;d€;!:i : s l i j11~n~~ut1&~:i . ~g r telfgi, f l !

nou~ ~l:nep;exmi~~ (fleligjJ:j,nncUq).'

01]] aLtpmnd; de l'ederel, l!i:omTI~a11!:1jBJi t im:i .u S e . v E l r r tl~3~211} sepO'aJ~ ~ocoU ~e aserne:TIleg!. ·caO.rJ: mome.nt nou in i:~filJlia p~1:S~u.~ril0'!~p:till inteif:7.ieel:ea 'P!'o1ll~itismuJui cre~~tiiJ '

pi n ~ laDectl!lr cn~~fbli1 a u , t e slu:r:m~Fitli m~im.ult din i n i l ia : U ' i { 1 : I :

I:m)l~inilii p:a;ghl;e. ssn a ,Uffor H;tItrema'~O'fi ;T d~. Ia.D€clll.m~,a:, 'pf:r~ecut1n~S. iEt dLe~ij:ntuiite de autorHafn~ romance ~l d:Q;hNal~[ un c la . r ,a ICI'8:rrgr~neral.

in .secolu~ I, Isg:isl~pa~e'I'l'ieC'l1;toill'tee n.esigura :'it ll2Cu,TI!lJSl!I:1ata.lDe

ta . T ra ia n t'9g;._ll9'). : S . ! : ! ' aflli't1:ii d< e teguli:! lot ) l1dec![ t . :rr .ea c:.[e:~,ti~n'O.r Je~.·cljpte bnperi6Je .. Rescri'pl:ul esote 0 1 d: is~·o :z; i~ I ie iO ; : [t i ' i :: ia ia i - , pporv izio;]:1e 9] Ii-

m i:L a t~ .. Cf; !T :e ~ ~ll.oo in.tt~@ eelare· sau 'G ! p:ro1ii'i.n.c 'ie:,nu in i r lh :uZlg1: l ]

]m!l~u.. .. . .

'. ~e 16 Dadu1 .C,lrB~.nn:i:i .S~nt iurmar,Lti poe ' bo itZ ie ·de edi;~.e; s,pec1a.1 e .

~d'krU! 1 ~d_ U,arle:V~f[lt ll J le .~ e d e '. ~t~!Ju apJ15!aJ~e ! i g~ .nerQ.U l 91 ' ~1;1ga·tmlfr ...Pfua. 1~D.ttlu~ sHuef~B ~reshmlqr. ~. '~e\THnsm·@1 multt de di~~1J;tl-tl~~pO:POruJlH~_1 ,aJaut :OMt, i1t l l ( l~; l(jjt,[\l;le~'lDedu.es.~~ . ee l dinttt .i.m;p,qultromam ~awec i3! p,ro.mlfllga t unedlt,t od e }1Ie, ! 'sBDUt l iE !- ge.__'r1el~l~ t::Ol'ltr.liLCe ~~t.in]]o1r,~e!l;-3 8p]ja~. in tG'I Tmp~Yinl RcQma~ D:e'acull't}na:inte, , t ' ) . t ! 1 ! : t t l !

!oml1l.n.i'Pjs~i iare rn'0e~ire:a d~ a ~~tTUgte laiS.i!l!dca,:-' In tpt:timptll ded01i~ ~ocrui€:' ~l L ji l iIl l, iitate, de pe [ i s eC i !J~e ' l l ' c [ , e ! ,7 t l ni t ;mu J ,tl f a s t S '@cO \M t · l " e l1 -

Yle ll.e}lermiS~-feJl~i(tl UJidta;.Yotu~i. u n i l m - u p ~ 1 ' \ a U " emn a !cst ~ame'.mrs f26~~mIO 'S i 'umigu'te:r~J1tf'i de'pr.Ovlf! lCt~ eu ~vut f~~i;1i d' B t ' J 'e~· t1n je 'antudme cafe mel:gcaJ de . lea .itlilfifer~nliii p i n 1 1 i i chia:r La buni3 i , t>:rHt1~lI,

t ) a a :2 : t e ;l e i I !e f . li ! e l' iI l I. l :ea ~ e : l t e t : : s e e . u i ; t ~ H . j ' J J ' aM : : F o s. t d e m ai J:ti.u1te ~ - e l t ' l : r l :a, c,[]t~·e teiigitlaEl:} _( De-~tj, ti .l~m.ul era Q te'li g:l8o n:ouiEi~molt 'Oteis t o l ! l

?=,mID~(Ilh8'o.!l~ta!_~,e ~: [' Il 0 p1 agh.1 tE ID\u t ~a.D r~1ig~e y~'}iJ;1 ~(Dlite,is~!,Hj:.ola.~r~. d . e ca3 . u~ a~~CQn:~r~s'l'ulera eV i l d~ l ~t·E!S i £ I ! l~ lm. l"ilt:glnii ~llav(laJUr n t' !l !l e 9 ~r e p . e nt ru . O J re l1 l JJ ie f a I a remple, . f ~ i l ' . . a I'@p're'Zenffirt phlsti'C:If;f ( re iaH} ,: ran i ze:l. ~li JerUe. RaF!ll~Hln toler;all cerelayttl ;nelig-ii, chi ( lr~u:da i ' sf r :n:u1~ a l i i

73



t n rre ~ti.1ni~ ~e.d Balll ,0["0 l5upex stiNe lM; )UQ §i f:alit!dlcdtu.~:t< (Sl]je~ml!.."1.L) rul ig~e sU$Pect~,a:ll'e ~O!i? l ~a tn!:lituFB;P.u taatn (:~lelal~e~ 'mfiu¥llniil ldn I'icr:!EHl: ' u , t i a tul1iw1'.

C'r,oo iF lJa - ~ _ ecrin.~*t:aU ~~, 0 ,(I/jl)U1;5: asla de Ia nlUgi~s'l;I\";,'!mo~

? t'Il:5C 'lli,atei:Scful u i:re. ·Nec~.m[lfl$rtetr~iiiI$i. ~emtl'!legeH:B ~nva~a'l:l!!I[ii

(1Il~L nil, ~ ail :ale ;s, intrl llP;ai~ 1trt DUi1111Ue7:e' I . l , Y i:n'Viom,ea. . lnOl"Utnf, $ .a{ ' a l t u l 'u ,~I ,!\h~!C'e 'a,1 .B [M,talilu-~!cirl: ~i M. ai{;UrZ~lil grave cere f~ceau d~ nI!'m.-sUn ism Uln ~ullt ~C'ret~ip!l'!:ti"Gul.;1lcs, magiet farm:eGe, CI cat icatl!lraN.1'1~l,rHil!s~.~e ':i.:m:put.ac'i l"~l~n:il 'O:T Cd _~l' ,e~ntia lu! Lm~iemc~_E'lectlll bJn.e~

fl\c'Mali {I i S'amm~jno.r~i{l'i~~e. ~r,1G:,e CilJ~rnlLa1t:e ab~t;fi GSlJpr~ III1~

,u'rhllUi r6m~~ eu . t~m . iU ' e t inm~d.lf!,ii.,vr,eruB' I!~.,rn:j[tu:lrl, "s.~m;&. roo. -nwl~, epi:demii, tU¥.llzri ,d:u~:malle"tOlflte er,glUl 6.)mhuU:e; cr:e~tlnllof, L~re

P' r] l~ disJi)il'et4.11 kt llEa~id d e .. I w t~ , d' e tel~ s; trl l l .mO:f , \ iH.or " " 7 ' " mQ8 f fl a l n~

rum, tn. ln le l li~U!1ii tti:l1J it its' ne;rl'Ol"LrClnaSUil'JT'G. oarnenfler;

St,:rmQfn'l ~e~Ni! T"~it,tUil't~:ne a .d1 r~€ l i il .: £ .da r i: tf e l romanIlcrI. ~nltl-!4u.l'e ell ir;oDJ~: «J)a€li T'1Jl1:W t:tlil lT?:d;~ dmpUh~~dac:a:, diu a:mll'a~ Nnw!H.! !!i 'ef~~['s~ pe;s1;e og'eax8, d ac .i i c :: el 'u l . r: iu P~OU\i!ii d . a c : i l i . se cutr i l l : 'mmaf1firllintnl, d:ijlC,~'e f0anl,et~, d '~ L)£ ~:S :.e _ ,,:;e elY [ fio l'lm ;i, V ' : o i : st dg ;a 'U ~ .~d rrti!: (~l;r '!3,¥nn.H.- IIl1 1raul _ _e~ $rld I~fie'i'i'~ ~4,titta, 1a ! t IRulIi lngm ~ vs 1'091 inj;!:i':nt~(hi:'! 'ilrllP'~I,a;tul.Ti:beriu, ruii'cia. die, ~tenif€'g lUiHrt!'i~O:s, ('~1'i:l"ne.:r@roclIl ll"iBft'l:o'Vlt Im14leElul ~i ceetatel3 l Rome) ~ (A~{J!lo·octJ!cum.~, ~). ..

'b. CalJ~e p.o;r:ilic,e,- SLtr i i1 's ,~ lEi!9iibn5 u ln tJ i~ rle~igie, stat ~.lIia"ap o l . ! blka is c : & t o o 71ma. i i . i::!:uiJ.lt,m e ' 1 ; r . E d e : n t a c o n tJ r~ u 1 tlinrr-e cre~Hnlsl i i l~

~l p~urn..[!l:1tiL,ea 'tran'Sf:O'J! '<mp ' \8<om:b,at~i 'ea" p~lit~is,ru.l!llni ~i i!i idolo;tl.rle;lcl9 c . n Y E : : Cl'e~t1:nl iTILa,{Ui\.ld):n,edu~rna'rnoa:sAfFilp~. de stat ~ l de soc~et~il:.e.

' I . " l l '5meism1ul 61'11 i l ' la.'aeV\~ a .:m le sit~ t fn 1l()lC!)tiElm~l~iresta:rileviet:ri ptib1t=

~C ! ~ f d , e s t, ft ,L Q I D lH g ~_ t1 ih ~[ je '11g1Qas~ fl,TiiIIU adie 'v i ' i : rOi l t !e cli!~t.n:Uct'!;rke tipBr~

'II[llp~[1e1!. ,~.a,a:E-~je d t l: . c ri lt , la ~,"1'b~1 ~1 mC l l 1 i i i e l s 1 Z i . ' r l re1igioa'Se]I, I1:'laj ,al~

nontru JU1 l l~ t1D :nuX ] . J i~m.iHtarL _ _ __I deBi i1 " p , a > g ~ i m : 1 G i t:ij,s,t,a:t\l,l.lEist'ep'wte~a:t §1 ,1;l!]U~lIDI.~ de : : le i , e-ii 10'r li

l'l da,hoj['e-~t~ pu teroo:;;i ~l'C 1n.a JmpeIIUlui r1Ql:t:l.ml~i (:ij nen.crfocc:lj11e'V~ ' f ' l c l ' t I i ca: l l~a ,c:~e~mit1H6~; ca::r,e j igne-Gj j ; ~.S'U'Pb.~~~pe zei.~ice;a ea_ p;1i~n 1 1 : ' 1 !t ~;liv'acd:a i l j i . e re $ .t in :i d :U$~l 1 ft ni . a , . i ~ f i< i 't lJ .h ti . l 'V J 1 im ; J ema. ~r~til!lismul ui

~l nel !n:l~tea, ,U aJE:eBa. 'd nn w pe:riuGI pu:bl'k.,Nu Diirl1i~j P.OPO!lRt l . , c: i ,,! GDI~!dhliQ'~tOt'ih'pf1epti:~ $1 :ri~!az:o:ti l~IDm'pMllLli

vf'd~n1U1.n gel'J.~r.al ~N!. crle~ti.<;Is~l a 1,~Ugi!efune '5M: peitL«u _s:t~,t,lJen~1[1][~(jo["h:~tate~1'cult'!:lt~, Oamelfl.ii l.f1t~ligelll~~ ~i : cm:~l, C;;!!fiJt07lVfli Ge!'S. (sect.I n ~ l Po r. f1 r. iu ( l i > e t . In) t nu :$~~;lJ: 'pul i l l t l'idlrn p:e-ste. pr: le . j [ [decd: t ; i~ l iE! mul-

l' lmt m !1L'j)ret:iErB,a CI'~~LttiF>muaud ~l 1:IBt,ean dl~t..mgefea: , S i a _ ! i _ c:om~-l'f'r-~8. lui. ! & e . lC:d'mftl~~ ~ 1 E l ! l ;rn;tliJ(TI.0 nOl;:1.<Jmh:g,h ' : l s ~h e. p ;r ;a ,c tk :a Ji im . parn-

C'U~~ r , . tIar C ll:l'e -g ,p et:b ll p u bllcal ' Eunulu i Fa~ir,j £'Sea C~ :!I.U ~. "Pui'f!'Jit

( 'I ln p lE !. !" tM Cfe~tirin()l,o:"'Cnti<ca ~PI[.a, P' l i l~~aralCre~t].uri 0 r,~r;e~l1I , ag~~i1.I'!!llmUui, 00 C o t 1M~ ,- lr ij ;~ , a. ( ir ~ , L lWe la :C :L . tr n ce :d~<lmo:r,corl1pt.m, 'iWM-

rltl) :; i l TrIal mutt 1p1~ ipagi~t.t't C u/h jJ im pd ra tW lt r, l < flf€ J's t ~pUB- cIilUZi_e:le per5eCu fU1c l f uJ ; l a djn

f:plo lTftlt de ~2H]nl!i. 'B constHuia 0 :tu l levSi. tat !1 vcliqie de sbli t ~i era 0

I3~H~aJtie: Ce.t~·l;eneaJs~ii,Ef!Juzul of~~ti:I1HoT d e , ~ p1T.[iUt.1p.a lin - 0 u J J t u : 1 im-pa(gtttltli .! .ext(![ SIO(:oifri1 ~.;' I U lI

l~ ! C i t d iE ! i tmp 'i . e ;b a t e r s aC' f ' i t eg i jUJJi - &~~E.~ rz . )

~i. ~ Q:f~nsa~a"'~~fe5tf.Itnc ..~ e .t i~ 1 ~ 1 1c ;r if iI e~ _ l E ~~e ma;j~ttltl~c). Illi!.j~5bate.ma~ .augJU~ta deClt a zenOl' in~~~;~l!l:ea rrerac Te:r$nhffll. RtlM iod 5jBiCf leop;1:epaymismul : in geIIDe:ra .i l : t?m~ttnI5muI @H!! ~;OCiC"Ut·iCrlrn~. l<asa~:reliqton~$ e t ill'V~JI.ni'l!H's~fC:r ' l I l l ; . 1 i g l e ' : o : t e : n ; s ,& ('I faligi€i ,*i illi dti.v.irrit,~.tHrFe'~n,j1~,!\l'ologe,'.iCrn'1'i.~vn. . l i) _ .

d. C~UZ€;_miOrn}~.saci:at~. - tjimejC~rd~~a:t!f}e:: _ ; , i . UN 'p~.gilln();f 'SiC rneni-

fe.!i,l~u wnajlllie:derUe lo~ O1!,IOl1.J'p' f( l vietH mOfa~e 'a G,DeJ , l t i l l i lor .Ause.siea S~l:lt

p",:a;t~' cl'!'le ma.ciCiurioos:e ! ; l~ mal p,ericul~~.e: ~V{lrt'urt IILBcontroI-aie, 1 1 : : < 1 -

]~m~lL a lbsuI1oo, l(ar~elli:~l!1ti1lll!l : s a : C(;Jlmp:i:amit~ pe c.r~~tinj) 91. s;a~i fBI:c il !.

cd'i~o~t SDeiE.'i~:i i' ii .ferest~'[ij l ~au I!i !,[uzeattc1\; ucua ropl:i.ii I ii . .cu~tu:l 'lot ! ; i fS e : . hr~ eu ~1ngelle $ ,i \ _ ati!']J~iR lor ('c':!ipete ;~b,y~tker - 8'~~{I:e;,~1Z

"~:th~lj '~l')_ n:e'in$e!egind ei "fam<l! Sf~:nrrn Imp i! .. ru rW3 ll .i i, 1 ': n < : a 1 ' 1 t e lJEn.aa ~i'!,!fillbllil S~l1t pi[eif~O;lre-J;l,rj]] h<ilrul sfImttO'F al Sf1TIt1llIU~DUl}]" tn. Tmpun :;; i

Stilge:le ~m]lJrlN1Hl!"Is~o:s; ersu sOQ ' ~t 1U . L r n o J1 a li , f i' i. ru d ~ ~ C : : U W i t i ca. 1 . i i I

Q$p€'~ele.lm C~ml.l2n~ se d ~ ; . . " I ~ · H l lil deshh.l" ccmtt 'cblal[ in(:.estuJlj CH

'~edi'P' ~o~lIl~~~£.(I!L)t 1 " ' n ~ l ~ h , l1A2:'hIte:leerirrd nosl~l $ J. ~e:lils~l alg:a:pei c~'S§~

bne,c~ .:ardo:ra sp-arrNe .s1itu r n 1 ~ m (e<nf!l/r.J:trie1 ('~du1ial1' A'PgI'Q:getj~C~1r XVI. ]r 12-13'), ca ~®vj]"~erSiC alh~~f~ple.rehtJJlica:, pe <:aie :crle~~'[hIll m~r'h]r i se i l ! 'U ca l _ l i ' l l ? ; i u . d sEi arl :mi t .1 . c;;~. le-ar :plltea ~~v:i'l'!1il .dl1:1':1:1': 1 , 1 ~'glnicF ( . E ruseb i l !1 . l , s :~ ' o rj TQ hi~rariee.C!8cd:; v; 1. 14). G!G!vi~Latea -~i perilPolul,~cesmI !l.£Ma.tH ca~oij~~ de 'Crime 1),€lneie (oc:eItiUIl'I f:~i;n,G;rQJ era

fOI~I"1~ma;re, ~cenb:!!le]'e!iUID (TeduJLanl A : p r E l ' . 1 J C l g ; e t i c m H , VI!-lX, ] t : i : TbsHnMart~rn]. ApG'JQg.io: IJ2fi; f )IEl ' i I1agul ell jnaew. rr1iQn~ te r At1ri!n([g 'q' I : ' f l . !

Ru~awJDte RentruC'fe.$Hnl,. ,31-3!,; l' 'e'Dm''al Ant:Tohi.ei, 'Catre AutoJjc,

In •.4!-] 5; Mtnuci.us FeIL~ Odc;!vlu$., g, .3.0:,.3 : 1 . ) .in cre.~til:lj. eei d:ems, vsdero..U 1elemerrte vulgare ~i-i d.i's!pl'€~ui.a1],

penb~ ta oooo:~ll'fulJum~l [ l)!uif l t din c~i!!~~le moriffiSte.CriL:!ft~l1i '5nrul era_J!.ocohl ca o-reUgle r le Sf laV:l ' l de igl"1'c l ' [ 'Qfrrt i , de oam~nl LFlfe ri G r' i ('tels:)..fl 'in ,.1e : ~ i1 ! lOT lIle~t~r 'Pri.n Gj1ht inerea 1m , l i te la lll-m:l:mHeme§erii ~iuncUID1Ji.pr~J'l crifka 'Pi! care 0 :flite~1l1vieUi p~aina~prin ref ' l :1;pMl uno.rad

. .J' ::l

e , i i I I pnmjfu)m:ltl!!llnis~u nil ! . ( : I . $ 'L !1 ~ plu;ne:$e'I:V Id:ului miUta:r ,e re~1Jf:tll:lPMruJiU ~gJHilo:w o c a . LnutiJl s :o r i ' E t l f i ! i i t i : l . r Qunl dle ni,m~ '7(~hEv.udiblo~l Ueg>o~

t ii s , T e r l. l! J/ 1 'i d iJ . Apo1C9g.e:f!I:.!1n:J', nn, O. Nu num oi'l tn '5,ocier~~"~".1 ohifJ!r

iIi f:runme sedbsen;;a 0 sch:imb&l"e de l'rupo,l\'tiufi 1.nt:re er-e$itifti ~i ~I~g-ini f

di! ! l ' !cu:U: i t i ' i nemultil:lJll].ri , impu tan eb~._ } l€n.ttu tU iilte €I:cesIe motiViE!i ' cre.~ti'nii ,erau. vtItt de pilgI1'::Li, ~(l(€QJ"

Uti ple'rk<nlo~i, IBrn:z .a ; l !Rmp~t[nd~ri l ,001ci t lle!hld'llr~ s:ubvel'S;~"i/il c:ol1S-piiitatoJrl

~fadiHofi; e[if~~ti'n.i$mlJl1:~iI wel'igt[~ O ! C I i O a . , g ~ r J{ 1 J : r u U ' f i l gem. e 't i s h ' lU ' ll .B tn i. ' r H ~dt). Q ~upen;Ufle' !r,ear'SIU~'Pr~t1to ~1UaJ!jJ, i" t 'l5tlpeTI§t'itiQ p: l: 'arva et immo-drat M"lL"lilu}, f;JIe~tinnr 1!t :n ne~H' : t l d> e Gi !men1 ~m. ;' 5t i: t~ { lj ;i i. . $1 r~mt!i~a)~O'r,(S1)1etofiim; gen~s ~upelrS,titid'S:1:lID ac malet~C'Um)l_ dt~ntani JlIuhLitt:l (bolS-t~ JiHlbl ic1.}. (,.ili.t·~T' l i I UU l : m . p d ' : l ' a t i ~a:l\l guvel'''l~tarJ., c,~Jre 'r!)] ' S4DL : : o t eaH P ' E ! :

'cri1l;Unlpericul~~l di n ~1lI :ct d vf!tl:erllll. ' iiI orume! mIH,aJ·e ~!d~ :it!) t,

c'ed.au pfBsiu.1l]lmulUm,n ~ r pElfSfilicut,aM, pe crifi~Uni; i a . : : r mwFmeat D,~nlrLl

' l 1 1 ! I i EI:Ioti~v S:i ic l lJ dlim,~I:1' ["'(I,Ie !:J!u~l ('W1;Oa~;:'I;~ tuh: !SI1I :una, h..1Jct1.~F:! U$flt



11 1 ",(rigale CQifi~l r·a Jar (ToUe sacri1egb',s i .c.b:F~ian.os ad leonaum, ~rp~I~~' IiO!;I).il~ =a moad€!. eu u~1;inH I).

Le 'ghJa t l a ~i·p :ro icedu '( ,1 ' ! !d: le . ,u . d e c :a t il i. - Ca . sa poat i1 Iitolerate,'Ililt le strillne treaailau de ·regu],1§. s ,a fie i'1lg~dU'l..le prin lege,. Phui Ia'ottsta!_nt~TI_c.d. Maire. cr,~~ifi i l.Sm:u] af?5' i~s~ (I . t eH .g ie nepe r :ID: is l ii .-;j

h uta. d{~C4m , 1 L f ; l l . j l i 8 _ loegr1d: El pute~a nnrlant pe ba'1~a Wlo.r door-ele·'J;I,legi exi;s.(ente,. LU ap'licare-ill g r e n . e . t - a l < 1 Sa u S:l le :c~ii l la la relig:i'i.:J:.egflurIo; 1'2 lab Ie in~erzjcefi cu],blie. s~:rai'lle (tergion~ ~e:regrfuile, rel[.'~

qlnnes lUk:ita~) ~l 1Jeth~p$ea magie" Ui];l decret al senatului (de b~ccha-nalt bus; 1B'9 d. Hr.] ~i '0 lege a 1ill ri3Jiial'l. "Dntla O.8o.e:iuPiJor nel@!1(l l .e

tl'te:riHar) fnter1:iJc'eau adun,arlle rroctume, L ex Juliu de ni:l.lJe5iUue'p;e~c I -p sea m· i ll n it J: .. '1>U i . rt iedu~,i ifina!5'1il f at ,i lJ d e pY1] l tOYu ! j J[ () ~n . C re ~t :i ui i pu~hHm fl f lC1, lZ.a . t1t ; ; l ' u1"Jnij.r iU p e p ·a z. a U fio r ~-lI1.enea leg'i Si decreta, pen-

L ru 1 . t 1 1 . ~tiV' sau ..aJ.tu t.J~ . '. .. ,.Afa:m de legl.!e eXi.ste te, m, ,c:,a,n~.e p:E1toeamcadIu delictl11 de a

f 1 ( :1: ~Hnr 5'~it.u . t l a . t '? i lc-g:i s-peciBll 'E!. pr jv iTI ,d anume pe 0te$Uni. C~re alost prima l~g:e :si ~,e pTOl:Jl1:!dUT.i ;i-.a urmat f 1 : 1 jude.odrea ler ~ SHIt pro-

blame i.0i(J~ ne'eil lddii lte de i·~Qrid.

In j'llde.ear~a cr·e;:tin ilOF, se nutea urma or e jIIDi:edura Teyu_latd(Judicatio)@, 'proc(!1;ulu: (I_e~rim~r cu . plerd~se cepitale (p,.ie derea Ubef-illtll, a cilreq)tuluide ~eta~e;tJ!Jie, a v:te\iiJ, pre-vazute de ]egl, peu"'ruc:eti itenii romani ~ "fie I) l "Oice. . - iura regJrimiir:ii delicle:.or, Oilll<i18pe dte.1J-

h tl j' "i oH U e ol 1' e£ >c '$ 1 1udE-c:ahJT~.s 'Cal fune't lona.:r .i1.o,t reman i suaerlort, delEI p. ' :i$ i . d in ofki.u o sn tz a n ec et ~t e'l ln o r ; , sus ;peeU sau ~rinov·!I!ti de tutbu-rarma oroin~i Il"Ublice..)(ju OOCf(Jrarrifi', O O € o e W o J . ,1''1'1a;p:reeie'!'~a \Omei ~pedepsei, ,ei ~ 5 I e c ccm:dIi:ceau tie: r:eguH:i l l i 1 J 9 f f normele p~oceslJlnid.e cr.imi:l.(JtldiC'(lHo), d.a! a"\r~;~ li'bertatsa de a&'']J:ceei£l 5ii pmeau proCI. 'W.a u:neodarbttrer :si abuziv, las}ndU.,se imluelll;.at,i d~ mwti'me: 5.00 de p.uim.i.

U:ni il i 'S t o. ii d en~-d ciitmpot!rivaae~t]ldkir -6 P'focetiat, in pri-

mete t!(jiU.~ Selt: :O~~r :UU pe o o t " ? 1 i de 1e91 s'P~ti3!le sau de tegi penale dedrept ccnmm (j!1dicoUIO). ci 'Pte bar.£1icie mijsur.'i. admfuistrU'·".' e ~i PQ!l'ie~nel;ltl (co,eTcHlaj .. Fa.ra oa delk £ul e re $ tJ n s an f ' O S specifieat jtLridi'cde legrr eJ ~~ urma.r11"i'n'. ,rrrtillif.J3la dl:e-1l·uJuinmnit jus ( :oe.rcentU. Rles~L"r~pt'el,e impffl:itlle erau dear n:nisUrl a.dl'I:fi .nisUa.li : E: j• care reg emeatau8G'e'St Gre;pf. ~ThelJdQf Mom1I:lse.n). impo.triva ifLCoot,ei p'~reri se poateobi eta c~ dreptu! to.el'dUv se· ap Wi! l'lumill in [udacarea necetat'e~

ru Io r ~i di u n n C ir 1 ? :w r r n ri€flffiU G : . e t ~ ! e n L !Qmam.Altii 'insa cred ciiii la juda'Caf~:a. eJ;~~ttIlHor se i'i lPU.cau leg:i1e peiuill~

de dre~rt comtrn: cre~th.ui €l]!ii!tU ailic~ ,arcltt!;lfi ~i 'l::ondilm~ali~ pen.'[ 'rl me p re va zu te ~i p<W : l 'e 'psib : :~B~agile hi vig;oau: - nwg !e . sauileghjlrc.rim.€J;l laesae. .m;aj~stI(l.ti~, a5Qdatii llO'pern;Jis-e sau iegea -:Uperioari ablnelul pubUer @omt . .r t j lI .e 'r 'k I it al d e l ';.1e.!?ti'llb;;qJJ Imp-01: r iva at:~tQr pare i.

Ii pml e Invoca JO.driurlo p.n?,(:~saa . ,avologBo' : i l .or~ eli !!I!cnl,~t:i:ni se tau-tau ~i condamneu J ; L U anum] e crime, fif'evii:t1JJte de lege,. -ei doa.T coli-11too ~l numele :'0'1" d.~ cre~tillj { O : & & -;0 lfl'lG~~: lud:in !\.Jartiru. -4pDlo~

t ; i ( l r · r . J j 4 ' } . t" 'l~ res a c i.e d';! U 0 crim,Be, ~i nmnete in15~j: m:mle.lJ l l_lsum.11 mC:'fI c hr is ti,{ ;Ju um ~ c on ie ss lo lI~mlro~. nOll e.xomjl l ' lcl ' t io crfmiw , -



slnqe, Cea mal mare a $o'St l -a . a n - m 64., etad &oma a F~-t m,a i muU dejum!tare rl'stwsa de Uti iJ!:cel'ldlu, l~;bu~n.it II I 19 lllUt!r care a J.Hg'rD'l.i't

sl revol t at ;p~waU(l,CaUM ·.ncendiUilui. nu 'so cunuaste, dar oplnia pubii(la. so~ot~a yln'O-

'Ylat pR Nero) '(!gIej eu v:anicbJttea Sill de (trUst incrn:puU, ar Ii \':oJ' s~admire un 'liPectaeol unk;?i si'i con'Strllj:a_sr;~ 0 c:ffiPitlB1~nll'luii l i i l Dli::i-reata. Ca a potro'fH1Sca furta multimiI, Nero a -ab&li~utacuz,alia a'Sl1fud.

cre~ti.n·lor. toc;lutriiil,r:iiro[.fI. 1 1 i . lnC0pul 0 vtol.enla p'r:i906;;ng,",, ?'>Je:flinrl do-

vedHat autur! a~ ]ncendh,du.i, ~1 taU fus~ [otU!lft 0o:ndarnntftl ca du!)manjpub} Id. Gi tme :n: l i pe.rknloSI pr i 'n ~s~eitsH'tLa;.i!f' 1Gr (~:ugus,t 54).'PersocL'1ia. it ill t ne 0 cruzime 111 tS .p 'a tmin ' fJUoare 'pottivLta 1;]] ne-

bun ta imp~'iil ~u:wi :s i e l l f ff n :(h t is . :~ :nu l.13op oml1. .H iniu r:iIalt. !~t6ri:!:ul T~ tsmme t:ii uuji. .cre;;l\·l!ll~ll lost irrhb~acg_tl ill pie.i de an.imaJ.e salbaUceJi s i li \ la ;U_ de cUDl, iilt:H rasttgniti;. a l't ii u n~ j, eu r ti ;; ina . • . ; ; i ars! l1'e TUJJ):'Ie.

' ' ' i i i ; ; lumi1u:nd noaptea 1 9J ' . 1din , e lui Nero, care da spectacu.fe de t h l e .•<\CefitE:!, scene de gWii lz'&. au r if rn ,ru; ; ne$ lbe t iSe 4 I amtntire,a. €TMti-

rulor. Din echea tr.arl: tie b l ls e r i ;c ; e r u ;; , Ll l i" 6 e : ~e c$ au .l'nllirit snb Nera,fa R"Oma. Sfu 'l r- l .J\postoij Petru ~i PaY!?1; faaJ'i~e proibaJbU In anul 67~Dupa. marrLruii_cT~ttne ~i pegme/ ll1nmarulv;ktimE!lo;,r ,B i fost mu1t mal] il )aJEe.Tacit , 'mhe! i. 'te de. 0 muUima uria'~l\! ~ Jr&eng,wwm[,~rta, Iar ~le~' lnent 1\tnmanul d:e 0 ma~e nHlJl~ime d~ cre-$1ini~ ' F o ( l J i . ~ ' I t ; ' , i I laQ~ !i-!},e:!....t~j.,

UnU~rl:i:klri c:re~tin- c:r:edlca ~er> GlEI . da r t n._ dacreil.p;rin c ar le : l te rz ei -

eea c:rle$finism:uh com::reti':7;at mrOl 'Tn;w.a ~no.tl .1icet esse VDS. l '~ numtt..lns,tHutuln l\reronJa:nlJ11'i~ (T'ertuliao, Apoiegetj,curnt II, 4: F SuLpidu. Se~\lter, HisloriQ 8aCl'~~ fi, . : . 29 ; Pau] OroS i 't 1 . , 'H i st o r Ja e ' cllivei:5US .PClgall os,

- Vll,SJ. Sa crede di pi l l 'Sie 'CuU~ s-a li.mila, t 1'0 C l " B ! ) i l m 1 i i din Rarnar 'tidro dat~. In;cepu.' ,~, ~, l3J e pnnaa pI.e~l.;lfjndeni pa cre·$~ill.i ~~.ptigoui.re din

partea p~gnulor.

2. Domltjllh (,8 _ga),. fiu 61 lolli Ves;pa~hmj era nn am ambHlo~regois,t.g'e:oo, ra~lb1!lDtatcr ~i :rau\l;.~eidS.E1 este eel din'ffi .. llnviratl"ornannne s .. :I . flui:odi viniza'l, nunriedu-sa , I C t i i o . u U nus ac deuSi~. D0nlil~i~n alins sa oe:nbalize?;e .adm1n1strol l : i1L lmpe:r'i1l1ul !jil 's~t-l face' Q niorrarhieabsuhlM\ EHirnuitor :p i despotie, e~ a prlg'Otlit E '~ ittdrai1 - p I ! Cre~ttni Si~hiar fie mozou ~ m.(!Item&tideni 'asttologil.

CtlU2ele persecu~i.ei lui contra cre:W 'tinilor paJ:ill Ii mai mnJlSl . t, Xli !a ftOStr:eitlZII] cre~tIDila. de a pltl.tt'i «liscu& iW:klieU:fj,~;.adlc&. i i :m : p O Z , 1 t u l

pe.F ~ep ut de la ludel. d u pl d ~ rt i: na :f <e 'a t~plu1.tlt d in I ~a .U T .tL ( '1IJ). ' ellaces! r em7 •• ule~ti:l'In se ru :a tcu l a' ._"11H hIdei ~i asci ~hud6:au dP~tulde tolecr:a.nlij, d 'e . {Care se bllCUlau aotEl$tia. Dill la j s. tj O !f 1~ u I D t ( lI '1 . C I lc ' S sl ot :lr

se- ma, .i ~;He c'i petS9CU'~i~a lova pie mrii ' i i i .(;,Uz;;;iJt;i. do e i .(1l.l lei~ml>j ;!1cllz;atlead.usi:i de obicei c:r~Unilol1 Mil de- IDQrervurl In'd,~ic~, de inertiaj de.mnire de lucrurl ·Roi» (m:oUtores rerum novClnnll).

Pe rs e e ntle a a t::.n s pe r '(JeHle l i ' i , o b l o o , inil:te .GaIle ~i pe i U l ll h l- e · !' UC l a ·alllu J: <pAr ar tu cl ui , P 't : " , ami lui . FJ'avi'tfJil' Ch:M'nC;ll:S ~i PIi! st l t i~a : ,~c ,eSb_d. ,aFf.(,lViaDOll!lWla. pe ms, t u J consul AciUus GlobIio ~1 pe m.ul~i HIUi~pe carl!DQmrU.an :u UJa seu ii fibula. de Opozitt,a. Rangul 10I ~odal Ii fie: 1I

sl,tS,pectI Im.plTahllul. CiU~ i~ te-mea trenul, ID.! l l ~les de I r"restbl l . bUiP&

7'9



7 1 - 1

R~tfip.hl lui "F'm':ian cMre Pliniu nu scll.imM s i :t u a U c a :Cle~tl'N.tlur;db contr.ii. stabilen -~ a t ~€lJ..atrfualteij lor, nu p.e:ntru crime di e Gh:'~"pt

comun, C'lpent1'l.l Illrmc.lmpafatLt1 educea doer U . l ' l: c l . o e p.roc:zl:ld p r i v t -

t.o~I'e Ia mo d u l de a ]liwceda :idla d. e -cre$HnL Din pnn c t de vedere ]U ~

fidic, s1:tuaUa C"l'e-$tJ.nUof r~mJMa. ~esI~lkur.\t ~J e;(ihlvo.i;~: d~~ uu tre-bUli i iu ut<l:nmi1'i. d a r ofkiut, pu1:e:atl i1 ! p eP ep5 'lV daca 'eng: t i I . d'enurnla11 f;li(kn..'edrU. Rescriptul ~ 1 ! 1 i . Tra.ia\tt era aslf~l tl <;clum,&,iillte de lnasYra~" ElVOla . pfo:ba.bil .sti. pro.aed eze eu bl1:nde{e, dar rescJij.p Eul era n fond. a'Spm

~li crmtradlctorfu, Nnmat i.nterzkerea danuntur! or auomi.mH. usura oere-cum. ~tuatia. ue~i"t:lliJor. 'f:el'w:lian (Ap(lJQgeticum~Il, 5-9) a. csraete-r .ka l 'm c l lnd .n .b~: ji l rl ]11.e d e L ro :n ie ]!1Ieol'is~venta r . ~o cT i 'P J t u l l 1J j hl~T v a · t a m .ne~L cotltradictotlu. resrr.i.ptul a 'lillIlHlS ll'dl';mati:v 'penttu £1l1 lP~mt l iurmiitorri .

• \PersecU.Ua. ~_:mcu~ m . 8 . : b t ~ T l L ;; i In l alte. 'f l ' t (H,i ,r l , .ei i . . Mat cun,QlSCl l t i sintepl"S4tOp, l i ! . ] . fg:naJrual Anttoh.ie'l~ ,cnr-e ,a fotrl ; d ;u s 1" 8 R:9ma ~i aruucat loaftare pe' ta H' J r 1 -HY t I , Jn Ilmpul i~ulril<or oiry;an.i:ta.te . I TL cfreul wm.ffn (l€!

Trai_ .Lit unna lric.;o:riel sale asupra doaw'G'r:r din anUi UJo5-]0'0, ~iepisc"opul Slmeo,n a) lemsrnimuJui, dl - .re [Uchlle };jfintuiitorulUl r in v i l 1 s , t 1 l .

de 120.de ant .. .4. S.ub .4drian (]11-138h s-a menpnut situatia c: rea i :a . de Trffian,

A d rn ;i 1l lu ' er a u n i'mp"~raleElptit ~i. re ee , i· o1 tu ~i. c u s..p irit destul de Iarq,

lnbi tm daculturs ~i de orut 'Ut ;1. COl '~i TUiaTI1 el ill 'ip'1'ilni1:o ,scri:SQ.(l.rede Ia nn guv~rn!ato:r do e llIoviru::iel Sr;;ltemUs G!(:wJonr;L$, prlvirtoare: 1.;1cr~ti.1D. Ad:dan at rbpurrs lll':ma~ulur acestu.la. • .i\l1n[)cl~s F!Jlidatl.Lt~, iniSe ! ' l s l . ! l J' les:cr ip~llI1ui1m . . raian7 tB l dmeo; ; , fe cs 'oamen'ii : : i .~ l l 'u·,e "nlburati

de . r l 3 i u t a t e a eetomatetortlor; C L a Y I c i a c i l [ d. 'enl!m~i: j j tQ>rH C,t~tin'i.lolf po L d o-v:e [H Io1! :C 'I ! .1 ,Zi l I, t li i e '()F ~rbe'(l I t; riO ii ll 1a: 1u 1 tU , . 5 iu t HI :H3 ti . s- o f B , C . E i , I.mpar;atul

Cl'pl!'~te tumulrn; c,ol ' l l t r ' ( ; .cr~tinUor. :M:artiri . nu f O I S t ~i > sub _~lfl< l:u. L ui

iJ . 'S'~(l.llad.!iesat prtm:elQ. Applog: iJ Li 'e~t l.ne: de Codrmrls"S = QU'aJdr-atus,li)Q;ate• . : ; ; i de .. ;ristfde. Ia Alena. RasC'fiplul lu i _I\!drian SI@ ~J"ase$te laT u st in M@ i r ti fl !1 1 ( . A , p o J , @ : g . i l l l I, l E i S ; : : ; ; i la Eu.sebiu, Isioita b1seJic:eas,ca~ lV/g.) .

J~ . t i lmPI· lui Adrian, iudei.li s-an "l:~cu.lat lntre 'fillIi 1.31-13:5, iSU \ ; lconducerea U1I1li:l'o15 Me>si;a '!'lilt-mt Ba:r-·~oOO;hbili. fPi; trl S " t i e l g j y ) ca~e. in_,eepusa 15 pet,secn;!te p e : ereWtWl din l e 'IuSJa1 tm $~ PalesUnp. ,.Rbma.nri .au'recuc.e~lL .1~nl:s ru iI:nulr an u1.nri~it 0.1'. at;>uI I.~i p~ rol.nele ILui ~.u dd~£a t un

eras P'ilIfg'IO eu numele de Aetla Carpitob:lil.i'l, lTI carle, cu "tilfltpulr ;;I. luatfi'inta. ~ ml~ Btserid cre§iin~.

3. ~A. l1 . tD .mn P l a l S ' l . . U (An~onii1u5Pins, i . : i l 8 ~ 1 6 : 1 ) ~ utm..~$t:ll lui Adr.i!!l.!1,

, 1 l I I fost unfiJcrpiilra:[ p~c:, lnt>e:lep.t." Q l t e s t . : ; ; i i : ponde:ra'l. Sub el, ~re~ti.fi.u

Bill avut 10tlli;'i de suIe'i['t !'N-rSec:utli,. 'datQrit~ p'oporul:tIi ~i unor 'Y~v,er-natorl din. p'1'Uv.incie.. ipoP-!Jru] IDdll·le.sta. zgomat!Os impotdV,(l 1Q{1 aeres-

Ipe.c'l:.im:lescrlptul i l ! l . i Adriau.) ,f ll li c : :: u u oS CU 1 r -; ;i pe;!;s9!:utta n l! la Smlrna, ui llde 'flU mor i t 1 J Cl 'E l l i ) -

t lIIi $1 a 'fast liberal tm aJPOfiij, t6it L a ~eterea muntmu. , ' . C i \ fo'srt c:lutat J

t rre!Hat, judec;t S ,l tonrlanmat tn a.nal ] 5,5 '~ r batr inul eptsc!orp al srntr-I . P n l lc a rp , ,1 1[ 5 ~ ~ str: nun ' P I;:!ru g cu un i J 6 I ' U mm l 1 ' 1 1.nclrrul di n Smirtt ll

til



Jus, Vivlia:d'f/ A ul1etit de , ssemenea m oerte , d1Jpii gr,el~ to][ ' [uT' i, ' O a -tl! '~ nu ] I 1! pi ~u p d e L m jd 1! 1.:i'I ll~ . Po t. i: n~ d le 9 '0 d £ ' ! anI. Ca:<d.~nele· cn:~till.i:'orau r o s t liisilitJe e . . Y pu s e 1 : :' 1 te v , iI Jzn~, ~i arse, t a r c e,nU fta lo r alUlllCBlilii n .H uv :u l RIl'Il {R-olianllii_]J

Mar:{;u AureUu, Eiind hitre;oot de sruv~rniitojml Gal:~ei~en 1prilejulal~tei. persecu~ti:. a d:ait U'tl r~sc.ript' 'prin. eare Q'rdoill'a, UDerar:e'ilI H t l O O -La~Um ~ CO!lil.dill.llL area (jelo~I.Blltl. . E'l a i!!;~s:pril!; }egisJiatia. contra r:re~tj--nU<Jr,~a5'~flrd[r:iu libel" udi pD:porulul, in.tmelud.nd.- s i s t<emUl ,cdut~r!i lor

~l ~a.dndfle,ft~ t'le:nunt~t()nlor .din ave-rea cre::jlti;nilol: c · c m . . ( : l a r J i L n a t i , Con-tr ar] y legiilor W ' O ' l i i I ii I ' G l J i J I { ! 1 sub Mar.c:u ; x . .m~Ut1 S d l : l J .pMnil it mirtu:rille '&da:-. vilor . .:6ntra: stanlni:1ar lor.

Q.ui M~cu -AureUu [ se ah'ibuie totu~l ua ed i c t . de: mli,;) ' l ' ,?ntt i peIl-tru ~r(!$t[~ E 1 e ;PUiS in legetudil cu d$Uga.l"~~ 'LInni. r~.'lbo·l tm4JiP). rr ivaquaailor J,\i] mfio]l:c:o:melillro~ (c. 1 't1lJ , succos atribt,.Lil( de cT-€!$'tini {li iuga:du-nflor .l5oldatiJu1[ cre~t;iDi d~n ermata rC:lll1'dna,,' sca,Jtata de mo,Q;.rifl tIe sete

ptinir-o piuaJie ( le~fD f l l f m i · R a . i . - i i l . , fullq l inea ssu f . ti lm ina tr1 :x : ) • . '-'tLrea e s t e,ley!endfu't'l (Terttllia.n. Ap-o~~ge-.ti'Gwn. V , 5--10).

il't.faffin' eunoscutt, in drarli de eel ilLim1'H mat sus, au fooS~~piSlf}Opii~ub . .ii'us (~ 'en,_a) ! S(.l9'O.I.'i:5 tl.aodkeli!la). C(f ' lP lI '&; diacon,u] P«pyll1~ !iii. cres -bn a Agatholl,.kl (P ie'tQ rirnllJ .

"I~~30--] 92) , Uul lU I Me Feu A tI,felfu 7 n 1 !1s-elTIiin.a iITt:m pI ~_ie c~lu.. dac:ai era fn ade.va.r fiu~ lui. ~e~i e;dru::;a,tcu multagrlje" el eT,alYWgii[, despoU.c, -crud, 'Qrgpli .f ls ~ vil ios,. ducind o vi,a.'ta

sCaindaloa;saift:ur]nUnd deIDebJ!ll1t~ ~i ' ca ipr idU,1 ' i ! lui N~r,o. ,f'Jif:>t'r:il.rin.Au~

gtlSfa [X IX , 2 ] n ccH ac;terlz,eazii eel a~nem~H:t . i ;J i t~1ect l1!S;f;It , 5.JiJ'uT.eaJ La

g !i IL I Ti i.m l lt < ia r ~~ des:tri .!5lai" mai crud dec:U DDmiti,an. ID-aI eC;Uf.llrt ,deG;it

NerD:.. - t cSQev . . io r D'omifiano, impliu;lo.r N~one».Ella ' ldlSdt I : : D l 1 ! . c l u c E ! r e a[alp er.~1 U : i . p e mll!l)ai unnr 'iia1i~O':r['~jaq'llzhtl ~ co.up4i.

Ccrnod BI . lost: ,asocia,t'IDai tutti lfll dorm ie" d~i'i"'a tinl, cu taHil sau,Man;u Au.l"eUu. p'~r~kiphlcl 'iij,5.:l1ela poUt\i~1il.tni -re.igioasii. Suh Cerned,

""-aconttnuat perse.rul i,~ eontre l[;;[e¢irlnOrj iacapuil:.tl. de Miiilft:UAur~HUj

q;iU.fnd mil!: Inll1tima,rth'[; La Scill, in . A-hka/ au su.fe.rit l:B;'Qar:te mar-

tirklf. in Iulie nm , 4;f}fUpul martfrllel sdmafll~, CJli lo~sp:rezlecela flUmar,

Actlill lor marUrfc este pr'ill1ul d o c c u . m e . . " 1 ! t cre~ti\n del1mbdi l~~in~, AI~j

! i I : J I a : r t $ . r l <IU c&zut in. Asra l l ' r0 iCi :on :suLaral R J ; ; l g i a o , S, iTia . . . eal ma t inse.mn~tmilf.rUr e:ite un roman eultt 'poate' selio:to'ir, ApI;).jiom'us. 'SaTe, m,nd de-

~un.ta~ ,de un SClitv. ~~. ju~e~at d'ep~ef~ctul rp,~toriului Per-ennis,a. fostdecjP;1,a~ lQ1Ramal rliloba:bd in anUI 18:hJ

'Q :u p~ d ti vC I I jjUtl de fI€'rsetClI:~,e, Com(.itl. a Ul.sat pe crlff:$,tin~ in paca

Pi~ l1 'PSi i l. lui de illt~~c ~ 1 I I 1 ! ' J : ; l h ' u Itrebur,ilec ' j i J u b 1 i . l : e : , fi e influe.nta S01':iei

sale MQ!t:Cilill,nmnHai ~c~n:CUbiI!l:Iil):>1 pe.ntru di. eT~ ~e :rang'iSoc:ial U;iferhrn:

IIIt. C'ar-e av.ea '$1 Uitwilie p e~tr1!h ~ti.n.i~ 00 'alit€'"i:nfiY~n ~e c:. ,r~~tin~, au

fiili>ul Ca t impruratul si: 'i penni tcc i ~J.i:ib€'r<!refi C;rti~tiIl!.no:r cQil:Idamnati. List,!!

lor 0 ceruse MaroC',illplL'obabiI epirs,c:-apului Romel, prtntr-un prept c.re~-Hfl eunoseut de ea . .



B.].1lIII 0 GIU\.~I s

barbari e slgb!i :la:1cne:tm.~el11B·~'fU",. de ratzo0 ilIia, c o~ tr uc U. i, I nC fa ri deiltp'i::I];',a,Iejslelesc ~auru1 -st :a: tul 'l lLOt~gra.nj:'S'lnul de stat este OOrundnal~ll uneorl atme:ni.ntat el l prabu~.L!;ea. Criza. este lIU n um oa i ;po1itk.~~.~im-lit:fI:ra, d Q1ene!'aJ~.: fina neia tn, eeol1omi1tilt, sCld:alii, .culturala; rell-gioo 'S : i ;i ch iaro

Cmentul smeretist ,lIe-ville- .mai p'll'ternlc, inilu:errti1l cHlt~lorot'len-

taJie ere~te lnu1t . nnele ajUng CUU~ de l S ~ t \ t l t , 'cae fn1trahnllul (,cu!tul sca··r,eluij. P:EII l~ de t;:re~tblis:m. ·5e afillUi '01:i mat mu1til atentie, ad mal maredu.~m&TLi~. A.ve.tS:lunea .Jijj}uj1 J l : n : l iI fillt'~ .d:~ l;T~;tfui se men~:ine,.d prr., i l rweJ~e:S'~ca1daj. Initia,ll'va pene-cu1iei tl i1ll.u 1mprH"alti S;iiU guvrertatW'il 'pro-vlru:,mo,r. Perse£:lJt'0tiic.a'lltt1 5& Icveasca U 'U do,a;r pe c:le91!i:nl ca Indf ..~.fzJ.; e i B is eo ri .!C 'a . a d - t e a i.nE1.Hutia organ['21.act.ili.

2. Din~sUCli Se:veri/of (illlr aratl "5tri~.ni.t lB3-a35). SeptJmiu 8e'v€"tt Hl3i--,211). urmasul lui Clfm~)dta _ ! i U ' tl s la tren pri_11 ihratur{]l"il;ld rrva-.m.o,r ' S i,U . Bl era- african wmaill~q.!ili1it;;;l_r carpaibH t energb::t ~ru~ bunjlclmInis:tx'CI~;o!~P'el iI .tm ~"'~ erea t) 'SlbJaUe mild fav~r~bna ~a'-~i eon-.solida tTlGlUtl, 'S-a dec arot ~iu iiOapttv al lui M~l'cU Au'relit ' ll '$i , < I . a C O i r ·d , . € l 1 t oaorur], divine· l1L1iCamoo t l\egt'liu:Lu-s astrel dB € l i n i l l ' , S · H . a Autllhi~nUoI •. Prtn disiUor·a. en lulia I},omllii.j ffkfi un'll! bogal preo:t .(p"~gin d.eIa Emesa (Siri,iii), Se..p'timiu S~ver: a .illifiinlato runastj€! !ho'U~ in' i .lStoriae8ireia 1emeiJ,e ~j cultale orientale .~U [neat Iil ..:nmate ]:'01.

D ~ i c ,a p;;lb ~J , £ 1 ·1~ . lA sa t I m'P l" .. Ji. U! l;u t,Q, ID~t.;enj]'e ~)ti~g.; pa . iiiii s,a.~,Cor{[el:lll l'a ~ Getor bt:utaU ' : , I i Crwiii, eatt:'e fie ursu de mOIEU"te. Psntru .a

dl ;) l:nn i s~ngll1:r. CaracaJI1~ !211--2U') a Wi.Uur;a· t I 'pe JrillteLe S~ll Geta,~sasb:I IDdtI-l . a . :23, feu1:u!lIrie 212, in HI ' I i r te1<emaim:~ls l i iLe : . In 212, Caf'a~c?1la. a. ~coM.~t drep~ul de cet~teme (om.:ana tU it uTo r c . ?tA fen lo r . libreriO i l . ! . Impert 1 ! l l ; / rn. unele ~~[!ptM. Ar.~as~a m iriSHit' . des.fll'l.1~a deoc~ebireatJ:iut:re remenr ~il prOlrmciaU,aduceil- eg1l!l;lit,ij:!:e,de d reph :u : t ~i contrtbnlala nivela.rea pQpu~a,tie.L D e a.lUel, sub, dina :ti,fI. SeveJd1of, nallS! p h u : : d . e aprivUegliiJe ;sale. iar -puterea. senatnltu s:ddea.

bli3i.mitt prln asaslnat, Caracal1a est!'! UJ!:fl1,£ijt la tJomnl,e de M{'!eflll

[ 21 ' 'l--2'UI1, nepCl!ttl I .u li e' t D om na , u n. alrican, 'Plrillnul 1m~~r,at care uuera de ,laDY s.a:latorta1" Mcamn 10 . f.o!5it· in1lilbilTat pril'lIT-Q omi~carr'emilitiiil:ra.r.:ugraniza<ti.de prmcipesele 6i1ri"ene. A<c~tB l1l . au . .ar liUiS 1 . < 1 iton p£ : f &u l liJneiadilltre d.e. Avi";[,!s BaSSlanlll5, ClltllQI.S.Cllt S\tlb ThumeLe zeulul aJ tafJl,l pt.eot

e r~ Hel iCJQaiJa l s a u E l. a ga b la l( E .I . gilbf!l ~ 218--2~}.Ptea trl'lat . :oJj€l i t tb'udol:mIi·e, av-ea 14 a . . i : l j 1 a s u tre E ! pe t f u C i l , d.e D cn.mp~ieprecoee ~i $Ca!:-

daluasi.Heliogebal a '~~-t !) IN?ine P€'l"IUIUImpertu ~i "P100:t~ un mareperleol pentru ~estim:sm. El a l iblrodus la R.qIDra C1J:rtnl 'Zleului stria!'!] rkli-

1=1ndu-i temple ~i YOiM s:1-1 m £ . ~ gle.me:r:al ~i G f i . loa\. OU!if:ui Z'eu]~:solarM'i~r:a. repr£a-entaJ:tl'i!l:r soarel1ll'{ pe p.amirut:, deV1\ne pr.ep·Ql"J.:derar.t in trn-'oerlul TOlman, ~i lmIi ales ! p fi n lT i e so , ld a \ .i .. l leg:hmHor de pe vale-a Duniiri i .•

D lW - ii H aU :oq a. h al, ~5 a1iOJ:n~r tmpreun,a c u m a n ila 'S!~. a urmal va'JI'ul

H:c~1u(a Al~.!(:anml.! Sever (22.2~23:S)f ot asa de tinaTj numai de 13 aniand S"-a 1J:n;il;t p e o ~ ro l3 . , d)~ lns.tfu,tit 9i blIle erescnt, g~n ~o.s·jl i .m oral .

.E1 iii damna .aliu~G.t de IDaII.HI sa Julia Mm:mnntl'o ;~;l de un constliu d~ltlfi~ti " spmnaUI pF inu l?' eara mai c'1!J'J1os{:nt ,~;le I)omip!u WpJ'an . II!



tlrupul lul Alex.~tldru~t~1i.'-eTj s-a ..C l f i g e : T 1 ! I Z < a t ll'lf pe:l'Si;a. un s~l unmca t

til put€lrnicr ~u~ ellnas~a ~a'Sa~d€\ .5~fft' ~erk'~]()s cle" il.Cll'm p~m Im~pcrlul ruma.··. , 0. ' 1 " . e v ·Q H . 'q m l .U ~ ' l\ ;Q . .[ :a~u;l.l.aturat~ ~'rm a s ' G . ~ ~ . ~ a : t , pe. jiJ~Etl!:.and1l"U'.;t:lVN ;;;1 pe mama sa'!; Uf'rllmd~-l Mo?\ , :fmJ1:i : T:rucuJ (2J~438~, en ,c~re'

~,! , E l 8 1aV'ea,zJcr'i~a . m H S l q E l li . •

~J. PvUt i r :~( tQ! .t~1i'g;ioa."'QQ i ID pW G ! J .U a r S~'vfl.rl. -La i n eep u t n l oom,n j<e i

lu l Sep'Un;H~' " IS\evef. G;re:~tiTllHs-..all blJotltat de~e:1fli:~ptialW. enI. ucn;Pi!i\t.~ L~ hll]:rte penttu U~n ca )'lvaln. ' S , r u ~i mil. :m,amles,i=a-o£fiUitate p!;l-Jl:[ll'~e[e;;,..

th ~l. T ll !rt rm J 1~ ~ u'n ~~ a s'F;fp:timJu S;J~VB4 1]ne~ la p~~t pe_ I ruQ :CJleS;ftt~Probull l 'S , r,~r;P1]jClo.n~ !E:dr~~l VIlli!.~I;:QSC de !O ])!DaHl, ca ~~ P Ie fiy ! s~u ,~~1

IlllIie. ei1Lr:a~CB:na ,ELai~'lilit CillI.·.doiea f) c:r~~tLn.;a.[.n .~enatj S€! gruoeilu «e~ij;%l]J

L~pl:! ico<pln. p li t; E 'l ~u j i: nl e : e i: n! i! B1 .\ ll J esTnte.m. '111n : :m . p . u l eontrevetselor pascal,e.

'Dupfi. ';clti.V~.al11 de ~,p~rse:G;U~6 a. .izbuc:nH. "ioh~']~{,in Africa

p 97) . :. ., ah . l~~ l:H. it . a1e.' l 1I . ' . • .p 'QPu l .a t _iB i p&_g . il le . ~ iC l . . : 9U l !r ,eT~ .a t or I] J~;L . . ~m :p,m~boL lh'lSU!?l deVl!'!l6 ~€rsgCll1tor. Prlliltr~·l]tn ed1.t~.sau I~Scn'P[, 'dat. d~:a Orient1~ 200 . se U 2!llL in u.nXl(j,l!]U:O't ill ,!»c,i:i:rIdin P; ( I l e c s :Una . Sept! miu 5~ve , r j.

(1 01U1t Rm2ie.U-jJ~lIUJ!.l Judaic, C1:ldud r;hllJ~'~cc~e~\I dupg' a vtzitifi in. J3g [ f p t J '

(;I lost 1 1 1 te ; 1t ;; fs . ~ :pmzeli t ls .mW C:rh!i 2b! sau . 2 ~. 1'5;b:¥~icl]j.l,Sp' i3J . r-Ha n u s . ie1;ate.a~l I { :' e l~ ' d ,o : u ,~ ; i1 \ li lJ p t e .Bi.S !\'JlIldaoos bens.ub "ra'll! poena.V [y~u.u.~ 1d em eHa.m de -chli'~iani'5j, ~i;;'Mtt::l'" (fU'st"'J:jg Augt.r.;:f(l, .sev,~~rus, XVIi).

M;~lh;mSi lU' iSe,pt tmJu 8€lv:er tI!ltd pBm a. d~. l e lu l ,a . (Ces; ta : Cambl' i l~:ejf ,e!: ,e.te$.linismului prJll' .i n:t:etzi~,erea .prQp~9tPJl]d~ Ea ~l 'e ' soc[)tia. d~..~:t1rca IncepHt~lu'J:lei nei -;per~oade. ~.n'5i~Drja P E tP .S ~~ tu lo I:.E r,a~ lQ _V ;[ ti1Il.U~ i (! J ~f~nh i rudl .¥ id .,u ia: l ~l \RIEl, l?a~a de denun~J el J : ' . n I O.oH hl~lf~~noo int'ri!!~~efetl! ed. Em:!('tul PJtvee.!. lTIai iillies peeearteh~U. qa~ehl!lme:nt ,:: iiI p.e c:e~E' B r e e:tG~ d~ cu:dnidbil,te~ati, >t;laT !;rill su.:f~rH.b'thrr)~ ~i ma~th:iu ~i ~t~~,e~ttIli" D'in fe:rrdre, per'$~lItlJa.. .n-s f : Q : s t g en e:ra U LL .E a ~ lC ac ut V1.dlmern td i .a1 es m j ' lae~a'1' l !c lr , ia" tn Egip~ ~i]]. Africa. .

L.inA],~",Qnilli;a~Qu mtlril: pa tnartiri L C i G l , M ] " Q a . , . l,g:tal lUI O ' l ': ~ g . e n ~i ,a1t!1:[['Stinl Odgffi .in:SlJ;.~i s~al 'n I~ul\lu rrat 1mJ. . Nl.1 :0~: r tJ t ! .d.e ma 1:Hr ,~caM1 8 .r na S i iI . n u . l~;alf f ! a sD l iD :8 f ,hja:: i.l lel~, ., ]~b'~cD1.l! 'eQ pe:.r- se:c :n'l~ la .~la~anil:d;a~

tI ;~.{LIJ:sl:nchhi6(rBaccilH ~te~tm~ r u e ~ ~id. r n . . .dU:C:1!lOfml e~. C:lem~ntI l . l ex ,1u' tQf i n u l (1' 2 1 5 - . . 2 1 p) I a i J X a _ T '_si t . E g , i : 1 ~ t u L ; ; {" :().aL~.1lI[os! r " E ! d e ' S ( ! b : r u : S ' i i

C 'U Iniii [1 g:re'if~4ide t[n~Tl..ll Origl : i in . U lJ ii i , d. in e i; ev i'i t ui$ ,L m n < c : a t e t l l l , :

menl !IU sclJerit m,axtirh,l~, 'i;ntr:e alce~tiaj -0, tiT.l~d P.oti

o'1:ninJ1ll1.il:n"j}!rettD!3[ 'u ms:mB,elf! ,alta He:i'etJS:, u n s ol rl fi :t , Ba'S:iJifte. m~v(l!~Ut ~,e cu:r:aJUIl [or.

OrLg~n i:rtm:~~ era uml~rit 68,Fag~n.[:,DiTILiaidmira:tie -pe'n.t:ru. e:i. dthr,e_1;I,rjg r n i.S,~au c r€ !~ Urr~ ~ !i i i i1I,ll mli i l !N t rna :r1 'irl. , ,. F £Irs~GUti;a: a fa/Cll t dea;s':E\me:n'ea lna tU:r i . in A.f(jC-B"lllncle<lu.suh?":rj t

I'no~rte(l, la ,eaJt:a~iin'1i",uJ21, gruf.! il,e ~r~~:t~b1~i~ fru'li:ll~ , , ? 1 J o~ :D?bJl~: .~~.ffirillTlli. I de 20 de ,Pin'l.hrpleitla:. '~f ~tl FE:1:l.c.n~s~dljn -:SiElIVH:ru:.l ,el. .HI. matb,,:201~ san 203, Adur 1!IJ1:mi:littLf'i'c 'e;ste ' u ' r !ul ' Jd i r I . ' ce;e ma . i i nt e. re Si ;! IJ i. te ~ ~

nU. l1 :r l' "u rnoase pe care Ie I1i l ' i , i 'em,tn m.eJ~lt:!lr:act~~1ina... 111 ilhe. p'rovin!l::~ per~tta:tL1:l. 'ei . ,c ' ; lna~I . ' l~~ mftl pc~l!)·n.. El~ _ R 't~cu1l.' lcUl1wln C~plju:!ot:::l,a·1Oi iL le {~l in FnlJHl. iJ iooe mo1t~anu!>.IIIu]!,prm y,rlIulr,!'1u ( ' ] ' 1 . - ' n~Q'p1'6[et!SI1l1~ ~l,n~l'htT!l,ta spi.r : i . t l l ! le f:N~~~line" MarUr lu[ S11nwJ.w

Frineu (T 211'2.~epTsli:0p'u~ Wg:t!lllRU 1ut (Lpn)~ d'±n 117 sau 17'~~ dll.J."lt!C o P '" . . . . . . . . ,.. Q~J.n.nne S]~·tH.. I

Snb Ci3Jr , [3 j~ {2n-,2nl~ .a iz ,blU,Cit l' : i.t ; r l iIT n ou p er sB e'. lJ 1i~ yi:ol@i~hi.

] : ! : ! . _ ;l lj" :r kl lJ . M c t ji 'l ,l lu l a lost rei .t1.'ZulMtlui t l i , l ibO'J"i te '] ! " cr:e§Hn de a purta'pecap ;(.I COirD.<liIn~de ],agri,~u p'l"Uejul U'l"~~:iof';~roon.ri en Qai . f ' e I l g ' l - o s "

in einstea :IDlP'~fiil,H.o:r t a :r @ , t :; ,E l ! l la ; ~ ] G e t a . P e J ] : ' : 5 e c u . t t u lS~a . 'S i'lil p:rq~

u in eiH e,,"'ec ::m e ta A pu s, 'N 'gmooia ~i Ma'Uli : i t i5mta . Y'LDt,elltaJ ~eil '$$'lie lZ\'tl~

U1.Q s~;:"U'ladin scrleli.~elui. T . e : l i f l ! J l d ; m n , (Ad' Strlpu14ml.

OC>Il£lfl1ia lU i ~:futr]:!I1. (:g.l'l-:tlE) a fGkst scum~ ~t.1;[~. p,erko.1 ' P E i ; l! u , t r : u

c rI D ,i ti nt .H eU cg al ba JI f 2 l'8 -- -- -2 2 $ ;) ei ; ' -Q l<: l . ins~a , si]' ~upllJta ~~ulu~:llau" 8O!~ rtO ii lt e wJ : te .Me. . in. cgIl;sed.nt~ ~\[pe t : w . . c]:e~,tln. Ae ' l11 il s LaT I 'l l) rU ! ;t u : ;l , ijl'onra.-[ur ii !! lI d i D Rist'Otia J.tUgruistiil, lU, i12~i1l~:1la: ,r!;~r€ @ !. ea ,a wut $i~ xlrl i lc:Ol l

peP'tlJ,atin un. He1rogu , ba J .U f f l , 'uncl~ ar n !eunl~ S,t'tllbQl;trrH~ l lUEULr9[ C!!lt.-

te.lIQf, dliar ~i pe ~ele W e" <lZ'ul tuh-f, .('\r@~t,jn- ~b!"f.!!t.i'.m~a c!e ;\! i ]Mo., PoJ; llEicahU rejig::o-asiaave,a sa. rez,~fi',e cn:l,~m~~.s'J1]lf.:llut g:rele :iIl~erc ati. t-{-i'I -a tvutt.imp ':S~ €I dnc~ piMi la OCIPa t [ f r i l t i e ]i!1tHeli~~fu<altlgt SevetinEl" era. prie~tena e.:I"I'l~tt.ItHo:r~i s.i@!in 'c©reSlpt1np\E!l l ft,a ,~~lqlaTa cu s;erMo' ro l ~'!;I~~.

tim Ip ()~1!t.,

Su:b C~rm: : : ar l] , ~ ~ H,elioga:ll:a1'r .~ u r J i s J t o p . . : : s u J ; t u l rQ:ma.'n~ Domn l ' U u . Ul-!,~,Ejjl)1 a irrtocmit o '~Dolec~itiJ"-'deo1fdin~: im'W'l\r1a.l,~ !mpt'lt:r~va cE®~HnUoI.

Slit! A le x. a: E1 d:r u S e ve r ( .222. -2 '35 ) " Sf!mBn'~i~e i rm:f1u.e:nrta. s lr fa n ;l jj ~oI'1ent~ti.li a~,up:ra po1i~Thi r.eli:gj'ioase' 1ll 1,Hl'pe,r!u:i,w• R~1tgiai. Cac,s,e1 11'tl:pS~

rl,~leesre 5.~ncreH';m1ll~.A~e"::m]'Ldrn S'e:v:er a pus 8~ . fi:tl dTlSil:i~~i ID 'Preu . l '1~"intr. .o : sal~ d~ ntg~dlJl:l:i. i l1J~hi l1aea ~ranCfr I ,t ft I - l .a ] '' aT. i 'un~ - pe" Od[?ltJApoloniu l li Ie : ry « c I 1a ~AV 'mam ~i H]: ' is~ Q iS"• oJdturi ~~ Al!ltx:cmdTu c : e J .MiM!1]

~i deu~ii impiiir.at] d i 'V lt l o iz : aU . • Er~ ' M J ' I feil de cu.lrt . e J Ei!f lo i lo ir , Re ! ~SireMI

( } ap e :i 'e 'i .TOm~ l ) 't e- / n r: o ri !I l1 " lj l o l. & l \e tm 'piina m se F 'U ,g~ tn f l>OOa·red [rrd f i ' ® 2 : l ' i: t ,el:'aJseris llIl.J)liI:<8ce.pif. evail1g:n,e.lk ra~a llu.m:ita .~regura c le . d tu ;r » ( :L u 'l :a V I I:n l]\lfate:I V U~ 12 11 .~i A l ex a tu d nl L S ~ ,l 'r er t 's e O l !t ri h u te ~ ? -t ~ r id'Be~•~ ~aB 'V ' :rrut sll ! ' I' iidic,e un templuliui Hrts't@s sl s [· ~r i 1L id r ur .t & . nflCI.aJ iutre , l ifl ' i!l-

njH!t~le ~m.'perjuluL t:nfapt l:lQvede~te mar at~s in:~erJ3sUJ (i,il simp,·a;tra.h.d neu·t['rn c.T'e~:l'i'liS:El1. '[~tr-u:rup:r'eoe'S ~eij,tru 1'm ~efen cli:s~tl t ; : l ; t de 'QGf-

poraHilldn:illmo1ltillar ( .pOlp :Fn IT. i : i , i Jt~ I ~U 1pe .c a. re n : e 1 , i ; ~ t n H y01<i1U s;)l.;ridl~:e(11 h].'S.eEicii , ,ela ~ff~ ,cis-Hg de' cau;zi!~r~tinl1.q'[" ~ 'Pun:i~. pe 1Cl'l'r®,r~ lor:]"(!!z:Dlut:i.a:iI'\fri1a,illl lIi&i 'ijiI lloe 'ca. DU!mne : l . ensc f l : . fie adolat 1:fl.'h:·U'll dd p

o(l j~care pe tu:;rts.tloc, dec'l i.~sa-l da.H<:~i~rl;h~m\Q:n~~ ". ..' . ..

....Al~~irJ.ndrll s,~V(!(f acn::.Q-r.d ai t ~pnVillegLi ~l 'U.1i~ll:Q!/ l~toItN?:ul l.CI!m-p:rirliu:s: zj~ de~p.lre, e] : ~ Ju d .a '€ :'i <s pf\lvile:g.t.~ .Jl'~I[YilV.j~j. chri.g~r,-",)J.u;s e.~:f'

p as 'f iU S e 's 't l' (Ale:!:s.OOl'U Sev'el'.'t:ls.~~2J, A~Q!sta CII f a ' E u t p~ u . l ' J .H . sa v e J e ~

it;.d .' Ui1[:"f.e$:tii.·.fl.i\- JU:]l tq ' .~ . l a . : . ;n m a t f f i! l .. ' J ~ ' I T h 1 l . . . il?d, l ; E n . · p ~ r. ~ 1 1 Jl uQ ari l . " I . ; ;~:~,arI l. _ s ~ . . a s ~~m : a . . '" 1 e a . u r n h r h : ! ' . J r e : s - ~~e bttcre~urF$mruull:" E 1 ; l t 'it a v u o t , GOllV·Ot:JJ.II:l C !I,

(jlp]lt ] , 1 " i 1 Rama. ~ 1m O[~gen.Ta AIl.ti:o.h:ica)~~m.ll~.~JJ:~!e .T?Mtrn~a~:asta.)~ lCunO{iJ:e&p l !l "r ii ll d bH ' c re . ,_ 'i l! ;t n 1smu , 1 [lin 1!:;ifiaJ, ' lu: l !d~ ~ta ~ult ] ' :q, .<: lpmdtt

C \l tnrutii!. ~rnd'lll~en.~Oll~rusleI hrip~:rra:ne. penton.! c: r iEl :$t ' i l l l iS i i l l , IClJp.t ';11djudsM f6ma.Jli Dominus. UlpialI ll ,UlS, s[ie1nk im:perral, 111.:odili{!at l'l.d1l;::t~losi. resc.tlpte~e darlle lIi:l!l.a.·a~un.d.G ' O : n t r a cre~tmi1{)r 'uaf,jj1 d. s:pIFflul :ro.rn~,l1.rOi ! ! Je ,lOliii fi~S.tfe] c 'on ira e e l uii E l ' r t e n t i ll , ~ l ' J . c:re11s!t ~ tob; l ' r ,anL

66 " '



4. ,."taximin Tl'ael!l (235-23S), ridk.il 'l .!t de trll:p~ contra cHmisLie:i. Se.-ve.rnOl', a dus II pbliitka Felig':o,B!S1i OfpiISa: lo:r. Inca de Ia ineelJlrutul dom-nlel,el a . dat un e d i c t , i l : 1 ~lI'rtl poruncsa . U ' C i d e ; r ; a a 4:.oOfid~c{U()r:nOf Bise'-.r'idi,vinov·ali de : lnVuU i . [LUQ ceo dupu I'iv'!+lJghe1fe~. :nrc€! ist:.o ·cu1 ruse-ric esc Busebiu I(1st. . b i , s . . V id2~ In iap lkc-u ,ea tr l . mlwJii aceiilsla $~ai l l t i i n s ! i i i la Jjrie¢# .~~aJr i ! l co ru . Pa][ : i l . r; : ·w. , t i<l!a;v E l ' 8 . IDO'1:iv:e poll hire, nu. ret i -·g'l.o~:sel $1 era rlPO~, m al m uJ.'~ 0 i a l ! : : lmB jn l~ te f~ti!: l d e clce~inii" care Oi1.fe1l! :U

sLmll,atie iJt~l'ftm ~J\le:x;arn_dru Sever.t. tll !iUri~rit cei c l a : i epi8l' .::opirtvaji de la RQm.i3. P iO ln lh lR { . 2 3 0 -- -2 3 . 51

~i fpnJiUt23".501. 'P(),ait~ ~ urmasui lui JPonpal1, _i\.u~e[DS (235-23?J. fUnde..xiIa\i in S,~:!idinia· «'lmiuljd ncctva», unde au. ~i mntit. In OE~Jent. ausllfeIitindl!soa:n~ preotul Protodis-t ~i. diaconu' _4mbro%le" prill\lteDi ail.lui Orlgen; acesta ihs~i: a f O i S t mma:ri . t , d~r re:llt'i' sa sc~a Au s.l!l-

fe r it_e a'S~,etlSa ! :~ _ eJ ti1 :li i. di n ~ Cp pa cl o,c ip ._ D u pa . oce ,as t a petseeu\te.(;{,tfl~Jtlldi aWl'o. mtr~ 2 .3B }i :249 uuspre~e: alll de ll:!::I1~te,

5. Fmp ArqbuJ '244----:2~;g,]' ,a . rost t ol e ][ fI ,R rt . ~ bi '!' leV'Qirof. ~u er~~~i,ea ;:] :tJUs,an(lm. Sev'er. III ~i r sotiCi ~a; tmpl1ra.tea'Sa. ()~a~iha, Elau inCDr e' 8< p tH ! :d e n~ oCUID;ueIe tooi(}g a,J:e,.a:nm:in b·r[.9~~T I i e r o . u imspune G~i .ar rdl ~ Filip Ar<a,bvl a~ ft. IoM p rl m ul i :m p ar ii jt r reSlf ; Jn ~ "'primm d ie mgmu s

R:omQ1i. 'l:Scht .. ..kti.,!TI1.US.U.,.~"*~.,!)e V·lrl:s ..mUs~ib~ ...5;jf.!Jiu:s,.ebiin tn . 00.' !;i i c'rr!~ilEca ilii .pa:ralul era. na~tm ~l ca, varna S' astste la cult, In noap'~~i'lJdePa:$ti, 'in Bisericadln Afi ioMa, a 'fOo\itn l l ip inJ : . de: ep: caput Vavila, spre

a 'E i~c i imal in':1 p r ! l ' ! m t . a n . t a , ipe,riltru. udderoo lu i Gordian al Ill-lea, ' i : l iNl in-ta,$l1l .c:~ll., .Fa'Jltltl nu se ; p n . a : t e - ooafirme. In ti.m.:pul dom 'a r lui Filip Ara-

bUl,~.j,Z:buoni.l to rc:..' 1 i : oe•..n tra c re. .-~ .·~\lltlor i' ? E!J1 .~!l . Ia _mstigati~ .~uimag :~1 poet pagtn. p~]'JSe.Qut,1ii l..a (i{lrSt iom.1'e, v~olen!!.tgerbarea mllemu-luj Romei[24;S) • . J ! Iubh ln ' imp .aT,a t o,rienta], ta'' 'TJrJarbil ' c re - s t i l ! i1o r , ilTJi),vod

i : ihu~mir~ f , iuaatlsmmm :romran S ) 1 t g i : 1 4

6. D .e ciu tnu rnd 1: ~ ~.Traumas Decius . 249-251}_ E : 1 f : a : un UmilIl. bil'aV1acti:v e:nerg,i.c, iw bU d,e: fJrupe. El a domTI . i t 'inlii-'W'L tiJnjl' de 'Pericolp'en~t ru E ~' l~ r1 u, c ar e£ : e r< l3 iQm (2 ~. ta ;t d@bmbali.'(gop),.Voindsare!ltl'!filleze

: ! j i J sA cOIlSoli -d~t.e IIDpe,r'uJ, lJeciu 1 3I.ntreprrins 0 reiofma "ui iema. 'P'ootru

lnUl.tufare9! abu.Zi1l1:rilOt !;Ii a \ps lupte orml:f,iillr1V'ada[oruor. PlmtTll sHl-V'litea I'fi'i.p:eriuh;rlr nume~te un C1enzof, pe Valerian, spre ai. p!rave'Qhea..

mOl'lIVUrBe' :S~cie:tatlL D1fi dar[n'~ lui de T'El-furma. d ie~it idlee(i lUi fi~lud@ a di'!ltruge. el'e~tiuis.mul. Ca ~i Maximin Trac.ul, 'el reac\io:n.a eon'tr.apeUU(!ii r .e 1 ig i ~a . 13 ~e a n},Ei:i.nt~uhJJI ii,lin, (:~Ht t~v<oriZase c'r:e~linigmu1.D'edtl 'lfed~ tn . 'a!oeB..sta un le:h~.me;n[t dj;Z'( ' jlvpni pentru u:nI't~l:ea fmpe-

ifului,B1Ls~rr~N ; s , e - ' : J : i ' r t ~iJ:wse IDWlt Tn if lt l1.iA d~: ~ce ~ ;p\a;qil1~i paldu ~'i se Le,..

llnl~.t:eau. Orfg'en ave ' i i l l p resb :n j, l r! ea pe . l' l( ! , ( ll i f: l li I Ji' e~ ('orr.lihate carl ea. l'~iC e ls t o: nt l. "~ a c::rc~ttni1al' rn i K . a . ' I t ~ K!bol;.l. DiFl '[atJune d!. ' l 'S~'iiit~Oedu \'rna

. l i . llJ:HitUT'1! cr ' l1!!,lt i 'ni&lIllJl ~i i.a 01 masuT,1§. gnrvd, 'DUUl flU e ltJ~ ,inca

pIlla. il ,t um : i. E l . d ei :1 A n\ ui e (l pers'l1i!cu:tie goo:erala. hotilriU'i l i ' i m:g:an1.7..ati

prl leg'e 02 rstaL A:p1:l.cirrd T.1guroo masu-f, i severe, . 'edu credea ca V ii

r l ; 'u!;J1 descra$tln~Ze pe C'lesUni.

De ]a De'dlL,' epe il tf'Ma pe'r:l0ftdij aUnitlll;. care -s-au e 'ecuta't 'Prill erli,{:,te ap:n.C'u~e de imp,l[r-aU p 'e totprtnsul lmperilllu~ remen .

D'e.du ' t I . df i t edklul de rp er:SecttUe. ill toamna a !'IIul Ui 249.. Nu spB:sh:e'~ate'Xl"] lu i. dar ~ ~tie cum a fost apUce;L TQ : t i c.rel, 'i~lU, dortce s~are ~L VllT·la "~ chl~r t : . ~ doer li lrnu'i1i iii fl c:tcc:;;tlhi l eJ:a u o b 1 i J ~ J ' < ~ . us~ se lI<tez:]nte inarniea nnei ' C O t n : l ! s ,U de 's:1at i\>l sa.: :.tac~ o ct o! d e ~ ,' tl c€ !i ih .m ela p a. gfr nti:s m : sa:p :iHdi , Hbafi t11Li ; 'P artk'ipa. 'l'e lE I ,o;spete- l rE is a-cr:e., Cte~thli1; . . :an i'ost tLhem(i'· nnminal, dupli liSle illt,(lI';:;I'I1He d~e a:utiO~mHi si tnvita.ti~ 5 €i lc .r 'i fi lC e z~iru ! intr-UI! amrmtt termen, Cei~orr(! 'e ft it?!e:au eceasta, Ii,

s e @ fi,fi,e Ia u cM fifia ! e OibeHi). F~g&:rLOit lise -coOnlliIDil '11 l 'Ve>rei i l ;Jar la

h\toalr.ceie erau net L eel care n.u V~ eau singu:ri erau adtl.~i GU ;fort,;;I·,iii:r fitn€:UarwtH ~ndu1genii erau amenint:ati. cu 'grave peoo.pse-. Au fOli'( 10 -\rill de masurtle llla€: rna" ales; deneB l?I cI'e'!iitiLtl mat de soom~L M~rt.UmrisHnni C[redi$i c'r~nn:e e.@.'lU ~imH'§,U in l '1lchl~nri ~ todur:ijLij. U nUe ra u c hi ,1 !lJ .l'llH:E$i'; ~p.re: 8 i~t_nt:im. idaU celbrlti "CI@:: ;i , ti r rLAuto:r i ta t .€ZI ; foma,p!i

U\ i . IDMe , f I_ 'II.U n:umlE l : i ped~ir~ cre,tlillloJ'ir ci ma. i · ?I,oo: ~p:ri .ts:tas~e:re 'a 101

dB i i i . [ ' 1 ' € . ' C l ! . i n t t ' l l ct'e(fUni. ne~aJea l ui H tH; .t o! S " N e '~ili ma , l ; ; Ih l I :i f ;! i n 13·~iv in t 'Qa(:e~~ Ortg\m, care spun@: «J1ll'de.C~t~I:H ~el in t ri s t i; l ,f [ z .1 · , i I ! l.c~ chl lJ.titesillt :HiPOlt~~E! C'1l cur@j; dlIDp'otriva, bucurle lor este Uir~ de· Inargird,d :. rn i p o t: triumfa a su ora u :n uj - cr:e~ tln " (COllUiO .cel~um. "V IU) .

E rllct1 ! ll rlu : D ertu a !pT 'O vow t .nu -eroa.~ap.QS,t~:sfj. M u lii C 1:I [! .~ Hn i

au devedit(J

mabid.tlne deploIabild r 1,Uli i se ofere'au s lHgt;lr ' :5~ sa rt-flee zeilor, pe i)ltii fi b·fl!J,iau b:;r!ttllTU,e; Un e.piscapi .EvdErnrQn al Smr-nei, a apost6iZia' cu un numiiT tn'Semn"'t de ere~int . E s f i . e rll 'Bp,t en. lep,~~da sa lot era dear de forma. , r o da:rit'l'd ~i 'crezi· d ~a roo ' $ . i i ramlJ1acn::e~Uni. (:ill ;pn:!\u] un , e ' i fiJFmalittt~i impus;el d a r ea ,era d ; 1 , J : r e w , f ! . l S a 1O'env:uB i s : e r i c - 1 l i .

A;"po!l . ta!~1i (lapS'l. I!II~1'j: l'ilB'.! 'i&-';~(: = ci; izut; j) Mifo'&b O r :g:red PJohl~ma,dupi1!. tr~cerea furtunU, p:e·rt!mBls.eri(,a.., T i n ' 1 ; _ : rl s.eamj \ i cLEI g : r a . v . E t a t @ ' tl

~itul lnl d.e apostas'e, au 'Emf p.atru rC(Liegotli de·ca::tu\1i.: sQ c ri 1 i' caU " mo ,i el 'i

eel ce au Sl i l I c rmcaL 'lei ,0,1' : thurUicflU, t :E!rice' au ! iU: t l ! , l5 sqc:TI: f i<! iU 01.1 -

mai ato.erea. d i e ' t. 1m : I. ll e ~ J't1;JeH&tLct; e e L ~e ia u ohit tnUl UIl c.e ,riU ic at -. ;l be J1u! j - d i lJ pOO ' ; e a a . uf o :r it a lUo t (lB au :sacr::fi.cat, 'ffu,ti is.a I i i ld u :: s j ectf~l d olE ! St i. , o b ti nu t ne bani,. aG'ta rae/en.Ms, cel .ee au dedarat a In,tel'O~gal tor tu cti nu slnt cre.! j>t. ini. . Bi'Serica i-a obliga.t In ~enite,!l~iIi, opotdvit

gr,;l!\'n~tn y inel 1m . . ~rd 0 pe:rsenrtie nu tulbu:ra.:-se 2 1 L t i t M nmlt Bise~r ica, rna; I lles c : i 1 . eatveoUeH. dup.& (I pertoEtda de, Unr,te ~i era.:G ·surptlz,!.

Marttril ~i maTlb.u:ls'itoiU ~u f o ; J l i ' t nwnel'<"~i, ~l i :n\S;emnaU s1 ,t e r H ' s -C'OPl l Fnbfa.n a] Ib:liI~l:'[,Al'e·x~dfl.l ~1 recru~U.muh:r1, Vt!'vij~ aJ Ami.ohiei,SairJ'Tnin ' 1311To]o!l.'e ' i , p l' E. 'm r u. lP 1 0 n: it l' s l oa S rn :i !r rr :a .' fT c mult i :altij., m _ .EgtptlGT ' e c l a ~i w:te U)oT'Ovincii. Or] ; ! ]@. B. 'sl!liel"i t: hlCh'is 0 a [ e $I fmturi .

in muf: te ]Q curi. ep iSICo,pli - .] a J l H c 'te ~tif1 :i - \€! !u r eu !lH S o'a .5 ~retOgI:~~E- .nriamna,i $i aj;utaii a G o ' cralineiO''':i: CipFi.an 'a! Cartagi1l~f,

DioRisie a .l A e.'iltuliiei. Grfgare' al :Neoceza:l'eei i ei na.sl'['iIll legatutCi e1L1

B'lseric!l ]0'[' prill corespondentii' ~ '01ilmBLJ:l de: incredel'el. Credlndc~iI

\'lzUau pe cl!i InchJ~, lngr:opflll lle WtlirUI·; tnrcur:ajtlU pe (Cat:!llll.bLDUp.



un an de Igro8za:.petaecuti,a .fj''''i! ptlWli t . . ~oplli urmarit ]1U fll~ese'idins,urn nlzatla ms·erici!i ~e l l ' lOM1et l ise puterniC B " mra.jul cne~tmnor creste1~II'.lt~i. In noi,embrie 2SJI Declu dld€. li ij. lupiinld co tIo. gO{ilOl" in Do-

bmgai1l r la AbrJ.t,t-u:s, mind prlm ul im p.~.r~t rem an eare I c : i a . r d ea pc : dm,1l1

d~· I1Jpt~ 'j;l,elll:l1J .ap;'1i;ra·l"e~a. l lL1l']qe:rin.l:u i ..s .u b \ ln n~ 1 ii ni lUi D.edu.1 TT,\?Z:mniut Gal.lus· (2,SJ-:25,J)~ dttpapltUlliili

11r1:i~(e.lie. reia ;pe. rsecut ; ia , E';;l p;rin ii:p]loalif~'~edidtDlu! ltd Dectu, Henrtntr-un ntG u -edict. lll:;,.-,allll ba:rbafer e![rm.a. f;e:runctea, poate sa fi pI"<O~

OL.at . f . i ID.u lb . t i "S .n :n lJ i~g iu contra cr.e~tinnOf". Pa;re_a !.~sufertt ~~t~ultBl.serrtza.Romel ,ti;p~pu1 Cornellu a f1])st aroesht·t il d'epo.rtat, munnddup! eJt€lva lnnL Ofe~t1niis-au dovedlt malt Hlai cUifajo~t

7. IY'Qle·r iQ. f i~1:a53-2t lO) era !l,J'1 om bunli'i onest, dar stab, i.hI1uen-

t ' i l1:: iH~l n~tart>pr,nf~" El L lJiS .e se c ola bu ra 'l'O l" ijl ]u ~ D ed ll. ln c :,iiE ta b:l C lec~J!~ o(J el F:non:vurilm t pencru C I i . se da Im'P®duiiui roman 0 soHrd;[j,o oIga~

nlzare. El vInJ1\'!:la conducere $n Hmplll une1 mar] erize eCOOlomice. L a1 n c e p ' u t . T h 1 . domnl ~~J 6lKill t .0 : 1 e r a t 'P e c rel j l tim. i , care SjE ! g.ils"eailiX n ~ . m : e r i a . s ichtar in ~e;rvrici<ul ~liabulul, 'UI. (r.J.a!~mn1Jl l1:!IU) male demniter, ~efujltez,B.uruIui ~tatlllul ~1 pdi.qb'l f!lllllltiC, .~a,c:riQJnt ValerIan a de-:idii:ntlJi,t per-~~(;utiil,. :S e 'tf~a coSiBismioa a1 $p u.n f'.a ~ marl o\! .ver i, lar. :siahd eni

atu nci S ·~ l'acrm , nm i'e C I"iz~ f4nanda:ra.Pl"iIl!tr·.;U[iedJot dat ill august 257'~ Valenan cest::bide. un rl1z1 1 oi

nelndurst contra Bl's.€ridL Cr~nnU erau din non oblig,aU m siiic.lifid.

meiales eleticii ~ adunadle ereu intffi:zi5e !Sub p ed e. fl 1) sa ; d@ moarte,bum:t!"Uem~e:fidi. confiscate, Multi c:tetid ' ! i l l ! . CFed-l'iIclaljii.incbi~~. cnn-

da:nu:;alila .min~ s;~"Q.~xnarti .BEedel e adi.t t1!11ll. i eu roo;t i'll~mid. lat anu~ urma:wr {2581,'impa.~·

'[~t:uJ. ~i S'€:<nfai ll .t le ;u un l' l0 lJ edici, cere ;ag.l'av~il ! m~.su:ri .e telu! dtrrtii,·pedepsi.ittl 'cu le~HlJlr d.eg:radar,.!a~ oonf1.'i<C<lll!:%l. al' ,@!clii ~l moartea, Edkm]

ioyea .r:I:Hlf ales 'P~'cre!iiUnii demnrfh care . e rn te : spr$jilll!JI i'U~grkitA~h;'P~t.!idle pe,]!'secut[H11mau. 10<.51 ' l l' l .~ ,a~e" BiJseti:CH a:ve..a putil'le averi :m:abi-ItaJ,(i!j lar E iU o e l : e . i t l l G l ' b 1 l i , q . T ' E ! statuI fin ~ut€llilface mu1t, tleo<1i 'roce se

vlnd·ea.u g:r:~u .A u ro u,rit H16rt1ri , epiScOipii Sj:x;~ 11 a1 Rom ei ., C i pI i. an al QIiTtagtncl.

r tUc·h.1OsUS,. ( ;U d Ol dta~Q~ir lao lauagol'!.a'J 'In S~tlniaj d i , a c < C I I D u l i.aure!ltiu •

18 Roma, atUi in ,El Ite, "Parti'LDionil.ie, eplscopnl examirlei, }l. so~.,edt mua .(La Uli.ca I in Mn.ca, din p orun~a pr'{l:coF1~ulU1qi ValIer-115 Ma.xllnus.

em.'12u d'ses€: j1 ) e Stln tu.1 Ci.1yrhutl a1J f O : : S l aru.n.cat;i t f1 tr - 0 g.roiili~lcll ",',in

l'Hll'!'lti:l1,s 153 r:l e p'~~fi:ru,,e u JlQ:KU ti ca .m!g.:!' t ifi 'SuID denumkea de· ~.rl1aSh1(lCQl ! 1d i . t f u p , Al iT · t T®~N111 i ,~Il suJerit fH,ricl a :nnru~j i l t i "in ~Lr.c i ii. Jli .m a le lo r s :M ~

b . I i U C 1 2 1 t i g r l l tttl;'4 mhstreliJ1n 2 '1 3 0 , , ; al.eri:an a '"T 'm . ! 1ua t tp!rl1b;nieT fn : l " a ' L m o l u ' l en pe.r~i1 s t. llI.

Jl"IIJ fit ill.C ap."ti:vita.te,rP·~r;: ~i1~,a, jupuU de 'v hI ~i i '~au pus c or -p il l U .m f l1u(r'U fuLie tIl tlA.lll '~e:mPiu, ' s p t < E ! umU1reH rdma~ (Lt'ldan~ju5., De mot :u -bu 1 ' : j , [ ~ r§ ' ec . [ ;UQr t tm. 5).

In anar:hi.a mtUtera :care iamen~ ~a, 'i::U ruperea. u. Utili JiTIpei!ulul.QIJUlCl1tJ'5 ( 2.6 0-2 8B JI. flu ]~ i u l"'m a~ lrrl 1 <1dumn:le eJ lui Valerian i clJD.vin5i

de 2oiiftl':nltj6! persecrrtiilar ~;t: i : l :n t l , res iouat de searta ta.tfiIur sau, ac.mdapace ,cre.$VnUo-. il ln:g·.fol 'a t de -si: [uat;ia g, :re:a. a Imrp~riului ." iinih:1~ntat, j;l. i)i;!te:.;;. i de SOUi;l SalSalonina. fav~abillEi. n~"~Hn.notl Gi l I ' U i e nMS a d.at unn~~~tipl de -l;o.le'rQ'f1jo.emunlcet prin scriserl ep l - s ; cQ lPUo r . Bta pri.mutJ n~ p' dl a~ f um f[ice-a a .c :e as Jq . ~ e~t.t:Jcl re-~I'ri:llt.U Inin . .u s . ~ p i !i .1 J jt rE !' ~ ·~: 1 " , ,GiaJrse

euno.a~te ssnsul lui. ~ crE!~U.nij e-1'~. Ub:erl 1iil. : ! " e mums ~twcua.Ri-5e...r1.~'!l!rim eG b'tunr[Ue conttsca t~

I~~~ed pentru cre~lmi IiJ mzri 1UI19,1[p .e d iO a d iit d e ' paCA 1 pI!! catre,p m a c Ia pe:(sE.'cllII,t ia IUl Oiocle·tian, a ~menintilt S- Q tnrbnre doar_4lH~~lian (2fO-~15).AGe-st fiiI'Ian clestodnie, $1) Idal caU5t~, imp: l i ] ' ; ,a: t . capahi~,en, fiul unei jim~otesepCi.g;ine. din Smniurn. Preo upat tIe r,e'forma impe-rhrlui, de· pa-t i l t area unit:CiiUi !iii de i .n t. ~d r: fr a L u i, pentru a rezlsta po-][r1Ja.m:eh:u lnlgra'~OiJI.re, AUfellq_na. Ilu a)t ~ ' rnasuJ'i ell c~:r1!!cteI f:'~ig.105.

ji:~. ~dop;'t~t .C'~~UUls?a,;~lu!J ffrdnd ..din el .t~Ugia "lmptlnLt~lO'l~j~na 1,~vu;:lmrlla C:F~I;i.msmulm: ESt~ mopD~t£. f . ' ; .mul 50}'(!f, Ip e ca']''e "a. lnCE,rcat malnn~u Ba.-l tern.vie Inlian Apostatul ($lH........Jfi.3). Mithm" r~Feze{ltantullui So] hrvictus pie [ptflm:i~l~l1Ld€\¥eniJf' ze:ul ~,r~ncI! 'la1~1 Imperiulnt ro-mBln, 1~ sHr:;>itw S l e c : o l u I . u t . i iII, lmA.g;a ~i i'ne:eputul fS'e~<lluh:d.aI rV·l~a..LBI.tom,l;I. s~a r i ·~Ucar l : un rempl~Lnl' :!oUiu isoene, -1!!4 ilbhr i'ac:um- pe ceres-apus. . inscrtp ~ia.: "SoU mV ' i c o o » .

·I n ptimU Clni de domllie, Aure:ll ,an s,-a atatill tol'~liii;tnt h't\t1. de cr.e~~U m . In timrpul sau, lepiscopul An.tlohie·, PaVe'l de SamQ-s.atar lubltor de

renume, fast ~i g one, ajuuse iminlstrul regionai Z.eno.bia, ~are iunnta in2'1'1 ,];:eg:a:tul Pa lml '1 ' ,a - . s j j j J i~ i j dezlnpindu.=I €;Ie ImiJe·riul roman, Pevel de

Sa1'l1o~'H'!la.:az]nd in erez],anrmrlni.tilra, iii test depns din; scaunul A 1-

UnWei ~i mlm:n't prlatr-un :Silloi1, in 268:. ~I! epi;wopul Dernnus, pentruciili ru . ·lCefuza ~;ijI ~·ar~e<liilca t:Wr.).n I, e ! pi .s c op a ,l . IC .r e~U I li l d ~n Al!1(iah] 8 a:, e~

la ta hi AWfe}j .. ;m, h i. 212, AUJ;~IJ] :~ndii.9t:rl;:tsle 'eg:~tl]l Z ! , . e n 6 b i e i i . . ] 1 6 1 r pes oau-

nU l d .e AnUOIDili rezuaeseu, III i J: q cu ] l u i Pavel .de S {lm asata , 'P ~ Domnus,AgreHah, la'U:rsHUlI doo::ml'e'l ~ale,. m274J ' a da.t un ,e-d l i d ~e p~r·

:;l.'l!c;uUe~onLra ·cre~~·'nno:r. dar edi .Qtn!J. n-.a ajuns s~ fi~ ~nt.iil.t ill Vwa t e

plrovi:ndile.

f6jn cooslde,aUi de orrlin :s,trcttegic, p·entr ~ a 's:cuTla fJ[}nt\.~ra ImlJ'e·

riu! L iia ,apw-a fillbill!~bi'a-e ff"<OIrti,eIlg Ollll'lii.pi,[,' Au:relian a ~v.acu~tl1i2 :7; ,1

J tl Up al e: r OMa ne 1 :1 1 11n or d1 l1 DU 1' Ii l.r li , ~'aJdlrele adm~nis;b'iilfj"'t!~>ipe eei ce

au \"flJlt db popll.t laUi31 mst:ap.t~ de ta O "f8 r$ ei - s - a t e . " ill s.ud:u1 - 0 1 1 ] 1 . \ 1 . r i 1 ,

l U i i u de ,a ! cr 'e ,a t DaCia Aute,/j'ana. impa . r1i t > i \ . in d . cm a : , ~ D~cJa Rip € ' l f l sis, d e~tl

};IHlIg..urhmB-r~ rn r~rli'I l"ta l'a R ll1 ,~ ri.'8 J ' : ; l i Qad ' ( l ! .Meflti.~@ lrane'O,i (I.n.te.~s" - I

1ttiUQ!fa)r i :n mun~1'i ' Hatl11ili!l$ ~B'!Ilc~U'llh en : I ' < l : $ e ' , c l . t n l e . la S.~rdlciQ (SoU,a 1 .'\coo~.A iIm,pli.TtiI('! a J@t cQl1~a[r~& In. 29,2 (h: ! U~o~;:.t .etj i i i i ' [ ! [~

De~ Auren~n C i! ~oS'tun burr miliita:r, lngrijirudu-se d e a pr c; .a 'p e d e

~pi3tn ;u :e.g \ ; i i t r@l)uri le imperfuhri, a: fm"t i·usa a ~a st nd 1 ft C ~ en .o f)h ru ri um

(ICj;!.;::;trlli!DOU). ill a.flmpierea Biza;nlullll, de ,un gI:UIP de oftl·eri, un. ltoinCOll$tiente:aleunuJ. 5ecre.i€u; "\"eros ! ; i t rltzbun ifto f, ca,Ie s-~vtr:$'Ise griiveincoJectltudlni bane~U :\I] Clstepta I l l ! ; lie pedeposit

u n!H



Su b u r :mM i~ 11! li . . .: tJ : l ' ,e1! iaki. nUll'Ilti <§cei trei'l.eci. d ~ . :n !a no iJl• lmpe~iu1.tl [tlSlt gray ~dmncl:nat oerii'iboa1!~ In 'tel l 'u€: ~i de nliv,ifim barb:me. pitl~111'11rea'1.u];ul nou :impillIat enefaIc ~i ca'pabil. care va .~ si el unner-

s: "tutor c1 Biserldt[ Diocle~tmrn. {2l:M,-30S) ,.

BIBl ndG.:RAFtE

V"'7.;i ~1 ca.pi.tt!ll"'..le 'P'(e,o~~n:'e d~I~ per!>~~liI1;i.i._Sepl/ ln.iu S(!i '~r (1~~ru .'~1lIIm!~[j slit ~ J. 'B~IH~1i, Jmp~1td",es sl'fJ',elJ!lia~, ' P: ' ' ) .r i!!; i ' HJ:'ii1i.J.~P•. ~.O(Soo .• AL'rO~ilOmi'eS

III C.hfilstiutliS;me dam; f'Atnq:ll e [ernalIne •. de S'eprlme~S:-eorel~ l!I J 1I~\'tlS!1lIn 1i'and!i~.

r~h;, 1!)~ 4156 p. p A. C <!l ife 'r tn i, J Si B~ .e tl . L I:! cdsi delJ'fmFro l'le:~ fU '8I.tI!loj',f], Bo101QEl i ] ,

[H).I9)I M, Be.sn.ie:r. f:tjsll[l!j,~· to~m!li~: T. T:\~r 1•. !.'Emj! il fre .lomain ~e 1'~~mll1~Ii,1 d~s.'ill l'fe'S, d]I,l CQl"Lci1I!'ee Nl c. es ( H l' St fJ fU i l. !l1(in.eI'~l~dill! G, C;: ; .?LZ) .par1~. 1:93. i A. Ja;d~ • .Blildilli: G 'J 1 ti qt .! t' !s i s >L !. r J~'ltIE! ,et r ,e~gi! i IJe d Al,e;tillttUC 5e>1'e~,€. P il~, UR25; J, _ H!"- 'Sen-b r m ; ;1 > . t n re rs L iChu l lg e . if l ZU" G ~S i3 llj ,th :I '~ . de 's J {, al s'e cs r lS ef. iH 'm iu ii S ev e r ut . • "mrlelhe:r,g.

1~~1 r' M. H!3. tm' ! l1ler, 'n~ U .£ e _ a fh l :il .l\9i~g!l oi h1€' .~~p~!TQr ~du~ S '.. "f ;llmfWi l.Bev~I~.Q.donl. 1911:1.AUe§h!d.l 'l la l J. L(!M,I:l~OIt tlt J. 'Z.~llt-et. De It! t l T o 00 2-e s.~&l~ a,..11 1rJflIlx cOtVl1'(iJnrj'niMlttOl rr. n d o e fH Jl !s to 1 re . f lI "e l 'E g I ls .e pill .~g. FIlobe . e ' \ ' . MaYi:l i l l ,

'~~d!i. 113.:5, :p o 1~J-~22,N5-1'6D I .V. ~,~a;l'le~C\~1 O(l;u;z.ele cQntuotn.fUa poml!~i r.r!:r.eWrlerrca ere~tInfi, , i s((]!r.d J'BlJlan, sub Jm~JjatJr Seviiu, S,li;: re~ 19ZQ~!L~ _.eJi;in:,l Ju 1 lJOuy , . ! '. .a P'Ci~5J·o.1f'llc.s.mimgsPe.rp-eh!'e :e'~ . F · e H r u { e tlI1'!lI~5 203". Cat~m~J t9'!I~·,.Vezll.~l UJ:id.mm,ba ·dieI{lt!t.t st ,oi<l l t l . B"~u."Ie:~Li, l '~ : i I ' F T ra d . din l~t~!le~e ~I q:e(!~~le. ~1 1 1 1 s tml iu : int ! '( ) i: : 1l l !e l iv til'! Pt , 10. Neam1;,u, C:UU1Y!l, 194<!, f,mmrun Trocw (?3~J.

0. - t ; : i , Be~a.n: (! tt t S ll il rW sl. lH ' i!n~e1t!l~o{e- I~!tsimJl!l:O if l ' r C ! . l l ~ . RGm~. Ul~1:B; A. ~~M.

Ml\I~~jm.tnQ, OTI~cer Ge:Il.C,\I'I'i. 1964[. G1ILW!!fiUii{:wt}-Z~Ml' 1 £. Ma:.n.n' . LIlIIpeliO< oJ GaJ:HMo. C O[ltr;:ibl-!!() .G!lIi!lI sroJf'Ja p:~~1U SE!.IM'~G. ]R.OID!II, Hl~ ~ L. Ho.mo: 1.,eill,po.ereu

rGt]}

I IN I e ·1 ilO - cr iS e d ~ n:mphe ra ' f f i la fn. ! l '1 ! f m~ lliecle. l . l ! l . • ltg'I'U~ H~ s i&_._li!f Ili3 ..... CXU (. 9131",

r. 1~ 2 et 2 2 5 -2 - 1 37 ) . AL . l, { oe ', I~ ~ 1 il27 'O---Zflii) 1 L. HolIIlfih E ! ss ! l1 B , Ll r I I ! ~ de l ' IIlmper,e;:1

t lreJll!1l1, p,,,d's. i~rH,.

Pe rs .ec ll tiUe. s tl ,b nlodetl:aD,~ Stl,b C D f l e g e m t U '~:!mm.a~:U hu l , , ,

Sflt~Uu1. p e r - s ' Q C t l l t U1o f '*

t.mOGret.i~1 (2~4J2ll.5-305i ,es'l:,'!c~l mal r :nsem~ d1~t~e' ~arali~111,I ' lenl , e E l : ~i & 1 " 1 , eI ;6 ;aJUM 1 , 1 ' 1 ' t i : em p rilfi w cid e~ eJ ~ a!. 1m .Arrl~~ Ape,r("f',:it •. 284) t ~i dq'Pa I n] ,a · h 1 ra f €: ,[ l. 1U l i CartnRSI iiI£~S d~ sOlrla.tl ~{p.r2..lIl~VfiIa~a51 , Diodiitian 8'~a :ii~h;~at de. jO's $i. ,Szd distlllS ~l n ar~atd. ' f re- :m~'eEa-TI1I'nt dE mi1it,ar, ene.tfPc" Ieee, c-a~qbl:lrCU vede;rJ larg:t .. e1 ,~ HI~l !::In

'. leV~I.'a:treo~anlz.a.tor. al ImperrUllli:n:~man!,::9ll.d~,.u~ de _ Ull , s~;{ l l deQm~a crizQ,,'[ief.m:na. m~eput.a. d ' l i ! e]!?l desivII~!cta de Clllil i~annn .~

l\la.rfil, a da1 ImperiuilUiL roman un ca:n!tcJte:r. de stal .mo:uad'uc il.bs~eu rmp~~"(l,l1:,!lllrodqt~l'ir 'tnJQ.e:D'tI.n js,too,Q.lmpetiuluj roman. 0nOlJa

11"flOt'dll:l;. B.iste :n~.ul ,poii1it . 611., J1IiUCijmllli., [ r l o , :inO?g!ln",i~ ,it e . .!~~. gu sL, ~-~transforma.t tn ,ad .mmalj l1J.1,l'nJt astfcl pelnt l'lU Cd Imva; rO; l ! tu~ : : .mgu~ de\' \CIFUI..te-ea. 5uprt"-.m';'i!n stat. ,?l1·hllin'l:l.au~tlTitatea s'e_a~~ui _~i , ( i I nu;U~tu tl lo l' ro ma n"e ' tr:a!diti[ll;l.,~lel fund ~;Ql i i '~J.de [ 'at -donti.nus~J.D,up~. mO~-lliIn, nal'hH 01 orlent..a1Ie, Im1pAfia;tu]ui 1 6a prasteJ:n.;;lu.1• indifemnt de

• . n qu l iid e- c :1 J asa , so d ,aU;: ci! l f 'B i i lJ q.'j')1il'lineHu.

. ?e~tru 0mal u~o€i:ra o5onciuc;ere.[Ql(}de\ian iii ' fJ'atti~ sarctna de'l1:nparff[.:._e ll :Il~ "!echi c~ EI.r'a,d, d e arn.j.e,~ iYku;cLn!tClnl b 1 . . l f . J 9,e-.TbB'rl~ OBII'

.CflIRdu(;d~Or .D&e n 1 : J T . lui .DIOc!Ct'I>llU, Ilumin.du-l inUi «ce~dr~i lta 1 nrart:Fe

2 8 ~¥ a p c l: l . . ~ .a j ~I !; lU ~ ~ ! la [9 : s \ I }pL ; ,ambr te t; i : l8'6:'f) ioe le ~ d e n , 1; {1Yr -Q~a , l ! i~ I iUS»t ; ! .

p,ti3tra'~~i~\,li!I~Va .~li,.iii IuC! t £o~ducer~d Of i l e . .n~.~.lui l M i l i :X,im i an a.. prim",ll '~a Iii O.,icJ,~ent!rlu:!.:luiIJipeDul eHi! socctlt unital' ; 1egile : S l : l dad.eau in. nn -roele. &mbilor aug"U~U. c

reel d l 1 l t i : i lnpat l iL t : . '~halu lUillit in 2{:)Qca .ajuJO'f-cite un cezer , mode-l'ian alu.~t la . i, ;l,~ mal 2'93 1 1'9 g i: :e re 'le , s aU l Gq/eri l . ' l (nlJl'l'l1it ~l lVraximidn< : : " u : : d ' ' e r f U ) l'~:tMarxbnjinJ Herculms a 11lctt Lft 1 matUe 293 pe CGlHs,tantJuw'~~':i~ p:~.Ie s-a !tn'udi:l: de aSE!'lflene'lir prin c1lsa;tmil{l, en i ;I :U .gU.8 t,u l Sd .U ,h~bufiK[" ,!l6 Sf; despa~ d@ sQt:m S,g' Elena., de 1£1.taTe a a".·u~tun iitl,

pe COl1stant in c,al Mare. eel. (loi <::of::!z:t:njrtmeau ~fJ:re candurera dte [!

.parte dln Impelln. 1.a n;u:}~rr:t~asan re.lra:g:erea augu:~mo;r, ce'Zarii: de-~~,e~eaua JUW1S' L i ~ illIoeul lQr ei numean i!l'lii cezari, Aces] $istem tre-blU,iil sili.,~[g-u[~. S'~ocesIU.l:!.o{\a I~ t rott . 'P'el 'l trU a 'se puue capat leva u-

'llilor nrllitare '1 l~vIt;u:rilor de stat. .Putereil. r.iruperr~a:!.a ilL Iuat un earacter mona'fbic arbsolut. Dio 1ertian

a, ~d~ptn.t ,~as~uIOll-entiji (dr~.Bml;l1 ve$!rnirte ppmp:oase. ceremonial conr-plicaL, tr<'hnd -ret[iiSi fa palat l. Cet care se epl"Qlpiau de el trebu:iau. sase :pnJs-:i 'erne h::i rintea lui, 5a-'~ salute margllnea IIl'cmt1.€!i, s : a - l iiltlDi'e

c~ pe un iide",:i1 a t zeu , E l a did 11 1 El. !dav.6r careeter divirl . putei"i i Im -

pe'r~aJ:~, luS'nd tlUuh de J?W ' fUS , tar M~zlmtan pe eel de H'e'lcUlius, la2~ l! : il le, , 2 c8 7 c . _ nU ni ~t ra : I II fm;peTiUlui era tentIaiUza'l:i ~i strlet il?'I 'flr-h'UCllti:i. III Irunta, sa ga:se~un ,wn:&iliu ilmpelr.t'iill, numirt ,~ConlSkitoriul

a£lu~~ ~mpefi~r a ~WI~t. f1 .n~u~mpart?'.'i~anul 1,92, In p~tm 'PI 'U:(t~_~]. ! ' l l Odenhtllm,. n~n('ulmr Italh~!l.$I GalUlor, 12 c it ceze, 9:~P:FtI-l?'C]] In.~nili~oestma c, cre..~ut ,HlpO[ I i i . peste 1 . 0 1 ) J I . Capnal~ erau~}COIDl~Ul (Otten~), Sil'Rliun:l rInrlcj~MediQ,ila.nl:lm rM"I~n) ;:1 Romfl, .tt.C!l'lrz;iu Raro;en ra, UtaJUa). TT.ev-eri {Calia ) ,

~ .~ l?rin ~Olfll'i:nil~ 'Pe:rsonaHi . $i rat. il:m.~ de siat, Diodelian era! p,1!.gin~at~ E~.e:ri!l.]1lSi;l.;o~ran.t en ':!El~ti~mJ ~a[e ;leegasHi la : lJ . np: IDer;o~t haf lmm]'st ra1!e , . 1 air,]JI,a,I.a. W ental' [n fj;e'rwd1J~ pa;iatillm. CeZ!; i r :ul (1iil-leJ::1111era in~a. fa.n~.k : e ; i L 'f! .t o_ erMlt / lI 1c :, uI ~ l? mt aJ ~t snpe .r . 'i ! t1 nQoS~ d~ r

oIUer ,ile 'val-Oii e. Ma .m' a i il cf €; st ul a, lUlDU~ ~:omulal." olrigl.nara dll1 t:{-~-

t~tea ! i lOD1U'J ( l (Re~ojJI. eap,i laI1 l i . Dtul : ie i . M~L'V~.Ds.ib{QJtenia.l, S, · .m1 r~t]]gfa;t

e' l im C~U:ZH n A va . Iir 'i i c a rp U q t i M 81 1<11udul DOO t! T Il . i _D a da Rh)e~:sis~ _•• • r ,

~ f1 ~ ,e _ ~ -a :n J! .! m ~a ; i n c m st 'l l' a, e :: i. o [: aJ ~u l Romuiji;l,llum. E a a inf1u~ir1tat pe ._.u~ 'f'll Gfilenu 'S a pets-ecule pe c' ~tin;1 (ladantlmr, De n'lol'Hbus per,se~cu1:or .um. IX]I.

In u rm a I m - e : i . TiictDri.j ~fi~a }l.ar~ ilor t~!;).? ,,@ateri ,t ,l a Yp1'!orecla t in

~"D!'~98 m Q :c"n\a~ke,. a " :1 II In . .a : te t rp:erse£.rnlind S,El .U t n . t a t t m ' i : n . 1 t t 1)'6 , c .1 [ ' !e ! i J ~

ti'~ '~m MJna~. La DurostO'iqm (Siti"St:ra); ~lJ p,tent dlf! tIlc<d!\'Jt~jlurrti-

li~;a:. m a.ce-.sl I f ,mp, veter~.llilll .!'w111'~I :soldatii HesfClfJf l .1i: ; ;~ Nfc .w,duzo ' .NI:a.r~clun, Po . . s icmte . Va.lenHnial'l.)

.-~ :sn[~itulS'ecIlI~Ulnj ut II1Ae,;i, i'l1tr.e .290 ~['300J s,uufe:liJt moarlarrtind Ia Halmyns, pe 1Sratul Bff.::ltul Gbecrrghe all Du.n~rnl p reoLu

. . . . -



.bt cnI5iul u:nU aprilie 303 . s-a: da t un a1 2-.ea e d . h : : ; t 1 met asprude-clt eel dinm~i 10 ea mal ales G'1en.d,. Bdlelul ordona s . a . . fie pusl 1£1iucb.hoote ep.i.soopii'. prnolii. d:iaC(?,nil, l ec to t ii " ~ exanti~-tit d i " l . c , i ; i , . nu apos~t.hj~~ de te cr,edintat ne~t i' IJ .:a :. Gelce ];e!m.au "!l,a l 1 , a U < : : 8 sa..crificH ze'i~lor El'rttliU u·d'ii~'J .

In b:l<lm r .,g, a,nului: 300, s ;, -a u ; 5~ rhiltDn t 1tlc€'Jlnc:il.ia,.· aut ~~ :20 de a n Ide' dlRlm-n.U~ at lui . DrocleU~l:n., eu ~GGa:s.tA oe ,az1~{ illlparl3!tii.. ,[jIU . 0 1 ' o r i l ' 6 1 : tI) ! limnisUe-;. care au s-i 'i; tnti.RsIns~ ~i asupra. c::re?tinHor. Din t'Ontl;,i'§I

dupa. 2 ' seiltembr'il(! .303. s-a fl,ubn~l1lt ali 3-Jaa ed!c~ de ?el's8!cutie, c.ar~

pom~ a ·episco¢i, p.lt'e(J~Hfdiaoonii ~i membrif cl.l1!JfUluiinf'€,ri'oI tn-,chis-i. daca adue sianifi.cl..i :zen~n:~ He pru~i in nil'lHta~I'iar de u jg

Ue pedep"Siti ru .moar ea.In - p,rimava'nl. a u ' Il l 304, G~ll~ill srnulse de Ia Dioclettan puhli-

e~lei'! lliiIl!I:l..m ,4j·iea e1dici de- persecujie, eel mat grav dil:t piTh~ acum de

m:lJ~faUj TOmi:rn.i, Cafe imita 0011:1:u1 lut Deciu din 24U-250 ~i edictulluI Va,ierIaro :d'in 2 . 5 J B . prin crrre $;e declara l"dzhr()i £ r e ; ; ; H l 1 ; l ; s m u l 1 . : l . i 1;11ni-

nnclrea lwt .. . .~11 a.vut Iee exeeutt:i. In Nu.mi,(U&. se iSta'bili.sera 7.11.e de'SiH:.1!iif ictu de: '~j~mfi,e:re r di~s ~hur:mca:~iams;l.S-auaplh::at c hJ ar p ed ep seneprevfizute d,e le,gi. Utiit.i Gl'e!;itJn.il au ap-ol5;[Sl.ziat" altH ~u predat cidtlece;tute (tccuii,lotes). aJUi in lo,cnl Sh:niei Sc:rl'Ptn;t : ; ; i iI. ·ciiqUor de cult

au pfedat dun ,e:re:tke. spree a salva IP.~ cele bune.Martlrn i;!U f :ost 1'IU1iiltJ;o'$i, mM· ale's in Orte"Thtj I:t1;ll:i.ii,Afrlc!l'l, pro-

vinciile : ;ooduna:um'e, Sc rt:hictMinot. Astfel AnUm, ~~co:PUil ?>-;;i .ccQll'li-

di:el, a fo.s't d e c a p l J L t Q i . t i.n 3{J'3. La ElioPQ1, in Eg' t.ptr i1 I . sufer.tt $J]li,(l V ar-vnm, InCmda. an :merit Co'Sma~r Dnmtcm,' dol medlcl cars Ipradicaum.edi.dml din carttate cire:;;tina n' Ia . . A . n 1 j , o h : i , a P.isidei, a. :l!1u!erH lY!aJ."g:CueieJ

"iecioaI(l,_ in. ca]lad(lcii!l. au sw,e£'i't 81intW aheo[grh~~i Sijhta D()n:rteea.

L~ Tes!1!!I~ir.:~ aUUle'"f'it S:finteie Agbp:t" trina ~i :Hliona.-r~ffi:!:i.'l[ea..fl~." ilor s-a apli,ta~ CU SleverUMe lIt prhnavrara ~i:var.a

,anull.lj 30~t . In :w .ales· in pr'O'!iii1l'ljH.l~e r. 5 uddunftn!t~ l a . l e . HirioUQHi , cere se

illiau sub conduceree d1oodi. a xu i Galetlu, unde SratU Ill.reg:~g,trC'lt nu -nle.ro<~] marUri, .rolliU (a - t i l l SI]',!Il:-lllID r n:~$edl-Rtat Iul Galerluf 11 s,IJJerit.

m~rt(nul Ia I ! ' i apriUe 304, SHnlu] l"ninel!. ·e,pi:sc@p de Sirmi un : la '91

aptille 304, diacoDlll sa'll, Sn:n(td D-iird tIiB~ da Ia nurne1e '(::~rUla S ,X-

mium d "p!rimit numirea de Mttf!(),'Vita, $i clnct ~'au l ; ia,pre fecioElre, «qua-rum uomlna Deus sd , : 1 1 1 1 1« 15 san .20 iuna '304,a snfe1'H c:re~tim ..d Be -

Bl.mdus. loa ao augn t 304" filldotu:a B a : s . i : 1 J a . . la 25 oc;tom,bl if2; 30.)1;

snn~aAlfa.das:~u:$ i alii martirt in ,[jIlte c.eUIlJ ale lliJ1'iculul. La 2S martie304, l1 ! I . mr~.dt la S]11'g i i ] ;~ !U1Um (~e]g:ra..dl " prea ' t I l . " lNJon t&1lJ lus . la. 2·nolembrfe:304, OJ ~me:rit eptscepul Vi'L"t~l'in. de . P 'O~o t o 'V[Qc { F etl a,u , > , In ..~hl:s.trfal'. L~23 leli;lntatrie. 305, d . l ! l p t l l i . . ~e(lt~ prcIJtHl.bhl.ttJiJ.tl!!a, "p~t1tnH la S;im:dml~ r u , r a -din.Q~u1 Sinero's: S , i i iO . S:illenJffiS. !n 306 SHU 306, au , : : ; . ' I l f e . :n : t t nitl1:tidu1~ lEI

]ocal num.i t Fruscka Got<at" tn ~tDf'QPl,~rrede S1rmium~ Sfi n~li:nu:mit i f.Qu al·,

/uor cOT,cjnati»=iI(':ei P!&tru mc.ormUl\:l)'l, in reruit~te ,dnci Ia num~ r,

'Culptol'"1 d.e mesarie,

n scurt~ jnscrJlJ\ 'ie -gHlaG~de le inceputut secolulu:i r u 1Y ...1ca, des-copemSi Ia AxiopoUs (Cer.navmi4), m-el1t1one.az:i numele ill, 'E T I 'l]HJi~!'1'1

3. E'd iC"~nJ detolercmjl~J oj lui :Galeri:H,. i o l l poma ;; va ri :j 8 ! lJ !l 1u l 3 1 .1 J



gFf'I.I. bolna1;! le Sardka, 'dljJp~ ' te ~~cus'e z~oontic: ape! La ~}Sdit.i ~.i Iaxej. GOller·u de. Ia 30 a;prrUie. 311, la SaTrdka., ua $dt(;lt de tO l ! 3XMl t~ lJen-tm (.fe~tml. de seord ell O:m$t:a:n~n ~i cu UCrnlu, careCl;J.pril:l.~ie pst'·mlsiunea ~.5tlent~i cre§tinilaf"; «til de:Ml.10 sfn,t ahristfanf et COIlV~.n-

:tl~l in sud co.m ponunb -« ,si§J R ;x~te. d in nou crestlm ~l s& sec P 'O CI_ ti:itine adunmle Ior» (Lad,a<1i t in-S7 lJe .motUbrn;. ~e'r$ecu~or'l:Im. 4, Et lSHmiy18(0110 b&erjceCUicu, VIll, 17). Et l1c'tul ,e st e surprinz,i tl'or si c .:w:l ,de.r~U-c

p-euinJ} . tatoo sufleieascli a lut Galerln, EI imp'Uta lnt1i cr~~UnUo1 elt

.~ ~neh.ul:lia~1:orI n,u. s-au tn:tn~s.,_a .te<lig.io l;h'~'l'n~'~.ikl;rl~o:n$lta . l&ai,ad,ijf-mera perse~uuno. C())1rrlllor, atPUl le .arc,orda. lltH';natea de cult, .encondiUa s~ se TOiil:g'e lU1 Dumneeeu p.entru el _I panlru st.atl ;;i ~ilL rtutTIUJlt . l 'E! o.tdinea publltih "GCl lem.n IS n : r w t 1 1 1 ' 1 5 ma il 3lt.

Parsec _lia Iimce at deo,can.datoi. Crei}'tinii eu prlmH e:ilidu! cubueurle, M.I:lirlu --UoTii sa Intnmean < :I 6ill inchls ori, din £Eu:iberElr , ' ) i t din

mi ne, 'cJni'iJld. credlincio~ii li. (primealt cu d.rEl:g:oste~

In Qr·eHl. fnsa, MaNimfn Daia ill re'inc,e:put persecu1ia, .ara~ele c -'reaD pm. petit.ti alunqarea 'Cre~ti.(ill()t; dtmlau '~~mnete9j'Q.f1~e a : :l ! ti ~cle~tlne. sa tmeeu conIerAnte contra t:fB$tiiniIo:r. Totodatl MaximinBaia !caua !ill. feDl'garu.z;eze p 'i lg i ni s' IT I l1 1 , d i J. ll ( JUA, (I ierat lei al,ia cumav.elilll U e$ ti J'l ll l h lI 'e O 'i - : cG li lt lm :'a lQ lb l in Q1".a~e, man preoJli »es~e Pflo~vincii),. .

• D i n a Jc l. ffi Sf a peJfwa;oil l;iint eunoscut l ca mart.iH cinei ·epi l . ;<:O'pl ~g:tp-

le'llIin tta cdre,Pelnl al Alexu.ndri'ei $1 Ph ts erJS

de Tbmui's,E1J

~ iD inQ

1~ e:ora$e. TIl lIlID1i'lir de preetl au s:uierH in diJ:ettte. 'F!l'(lvlnciij Intre careP 'C lw H. la Ceaareea P ~.esth_ei l? i lucian 1013.Nic.oUll'd :ia ( t :Utl) , S9'CO'1:t~!l i ll va .~ :a " ul p r em Lucien !de lao J 'Ln1ia lThiaI c'e:ea'[ 'e nu , e . s t e . t~tu:;;i ~l~g;uI,

InPalesU 0, eu sufeTit ruatUriul nutnerQ~i cre~tini, NemuHumi , t 'Murmsreasca ae cre;ijnJ Tn Ilnperiul roman, Ma:xtmJ.n Data a ~'ornit I!l311 un :n;iJzboj ~ oonlm FegeJni Tilidah: a1 AJlrtN:!,niw" dewBllnti e;m~Urt,dar ,ribboiul nu s-a incbeiat cu t:in5te pentru roman],

. ! ! . Ne"m t,eJeg:eri po1 iH ce au adus r , n confrict p o E - MaNiimtllJ. Di! l~a1 .cuLicb.iu. In c~utaren O:e ~p:tij'in, Lldfilll a faicut iiij(lel lBc Ct.msial;nltiR/ iatM~"'iLmin .• li _ ~axenUn, r:eea ce ;a adus pe Oonstantl:li ]1'l la.zhoi ell

Ma: entia, a -c:irul a:murline era 1ign.itoare ~i allie'nilI~l!::fiodre!

C~:a'!]tin, . c~re. era i ; r u Galia, a trecu t in H;{! l l iaj a b~Uut anr ail,elehuMCL~e::Utl le Turin ~~ Ia Verona, ,apei it mars a:s,u~a Rome,. Lupta

djecisiv~ S-,1l1 . . o< l : ' t .ltng'i:l i Tibru, ill. pall1l.uI Milvhl'S< ,(13 krn, illsus de qpJ-~a1il $ : i . a 1:ost gn:iii!. Armata !lui M;axenthl era mat numeroas 'a $1 t l l ; ; !

o ,u n ij c aJ it am . c ill a lost "O.tu:Siin. 'V-ill;si:1; Maenti'u, ' in.re!rager~ G - a .mecat. it'. Tfbru .. Cons{OlPll.l'n a UJ' ITa;t t1 t i l lm1amr in Ro"ttla tiB octom·bri.€! 312).

T tor:di l EU5ebIu ~t t !. ' bc "E i :I ll UU , ear f ; '~,att cu r toscu t de a:( l : ra ,ape p,eConstantin. povoo.tesc ctI lmp.~valul 9-t'tt:bui>a vkJQtla. ' S ' , ! i ajutolftilui ltri.

Dumnezen. IE! UF-rra nner se_ one m~nunate - ve.delei1ll. un:ei 'Cruoc,jluml-

noase pe cef iOCOIlljUIL8iM de eUl{fn.t~Ie \~nlru~~lasta vet l.rtV'inge~ -

hi bee slg11D vinces ~ ~... 't ,~~':l!fI illi~a:j ~i!iii! tlnU\ vis, in care Hr::is os I-a

' B ~ . m _ S _ T _ 0 R _ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . _ ~ _ ' i _ s E B_ I _~ _~_ S _ ~ ~ _, _~ _._ ~_ _ ~ _~ _.A

In] mnatse pun~ p < ! ! s'tteaiguI',S8InDUI cmcHr ' ! ' l I E ' care CDnst~nt in l-a p:u:s

97

/(rttd (361-363)' a. neercat d'l,lipa o1tOee.a sa resteureze .pentru scud tLnp



tb Iorms mrmoqramului cr:e~til1,l',ez1dUB.t din ini.tiairel,e ll.Umelui de Hris-tos {XPj ~:UP('~J:Hl~e,el ;g ['~;IHat depHndiucted!1'e iOnVI ;tor~,e r[ ~ .~f:llg~t bUalia. Euse"biu spuna ail i:rnp:a.r,ij,tul l-a uu:~redtnla~l!1 JUfa.n11nit 'i u sPH ! a te a' s. ta , ,:;l.~La"p;tn} nu b:ebute pus 1.11.jp·dohdii. Este ~Ul_l.t Cd dmll('~!:t mome1:rtCffil'SIftntLn s-a C11ahrr -a i ~u t9tul CJ"~ ' l : inUoi i ~i Id~ in

,cur,ina a s ,f il 'v i I: ;; i: t adlJ:l :h()t.~lna~t iPoenln:n. 'S;it:ull~t.a CT e ~t in is -m u ! ui ~ a ce r-d indu-- i '(;lepl!l:na ! ? i 'di!#i:pifiv,;;i 1'J.bertate,

'\ tE is ,ta :c t a {~st e:c!icl:mde1a JYied' lol \ ' !1h: tm'l (MiJ(lnJ~da] la .mcepriilulrJ J1 w lu i .3 1 3, Im l1 j; e un ~ cu.tler n . u I 01!Te- -lntff~' ·tlmp cU$0S'eblp:i;e (!O?ln

lui Maximin Dais, Ac:rul de Ia Mil.tm (textu,i Iff Ladanliu, De~~IOIUbu~

nersecutorum, - 4 3 ) J fife 0 import.antiiep,o(:aHi. p:rin ho't,a.~i~ea ~i ~~~!!ll

urmarlle lui. Cei doi illlparali aUati - Si -da aCUD:i .rudltl prln C;ir.i .d-tcrria. lui Liciniu rca Q £(Jta. (! 101 Constantta, m,lrtu!Li:seau interesut l~r

jlentm chestltmea Iellg.l_o:asa Si.p:!'ot1.r:nlla_u.Jdr'~htl tt~buoi'. ~l HI ~n~~t[-ni l Qf I 1a U b e :r f, a l e· i' l! tretUn\'eI ~i a n,J1tullu,. .E l anul,ij;u t c a t e . hoUltlr'1l ean be rlo are 1ru albe ooat r .a C l'le~jnjsmullui '$Uleddtau. l1be.lia I t re·oar :ea .L'1ll:re~~tinilslIll . G I & < ! . c - - e '<lL'Lula'cc.eOlt1!M j~ad\htl15·. Pe ];inga. aceastaJ, hil'J:p~ratii ordo-neu ce tGa'te 'bulMurlle Itlaoo bii6!e]'kl1nr :;;a fi.e r e ~t U ;U i n e b d a .t ,i li i/ In 'o:ricemtini s-ar g'~,i. Aetul de toler,a.nta ,de la MU'l-n acnrda cJ:'estinn~ nunumai llbe:rta:t,e,a; $i ll'unuril~ birseI'Ic~tl lujlb~, i i t ' i : : recu: . cl le alSl!~~nI

~:i Intercsul : ; ; i ~-piiljlnuj !mpar.a1i1el ' . m5~ricii 'I S'It!!ecu,no~te~ OfiCl~,i[",llHtatea de imHtut,ilj! ['Rigioasa mQdIllzatofi. Cr'esUnl'Srnu. de. IDe cell-'

giiil licita, a:di-c8. rcll.gie 'Permis~ tn Imperiul roman. . ..Actul s-a t r , a n s m l t s . ~i lu.l Maximin DaLal centra c,iiruiaLicmfn e

trebutt s,a 'continue' Fd'l]).aiuL. Tiranul, infrint Ia .A!.drianopol $~ v~~ln-du-se sbim'~orat( a co::::sJmtit de ]Jie' '!Hile si G:U lnUn:i.,et:e, verbal". ca '~~.:veEnatn til 1) a d.ea 'P~-e c:.u,l1jiHnilal. ·Ille. lost U.lm~r:it d ie Lkinu.! Pl?'~~11CUid:i;l" 'UIll't.le 1 " 0 1 ? jUl ll s 1TI~~ p i S . jrnniit~t'~.PQ~lj1 (313 $:<!IU.31J).,dup,ice itl'tlreCll$e j_ni~U~Q_te' '? i ll,a 'i ima pre tot1 Cl~11,iillJ~ ;perSII3C.Ubil:l'1.. _

Dim. l1.e:lteridg:e, c(;m:fiidnl avea: .~i;l izbll~nell.sca du.p,~ a.c,!rei:l,. di~tntet!1!'se poHtk-e. mtre CO'n':stantbl $cU' i I l ; jnatu l s~u Lkiniu. Mnvins !, n314 dg Cqn:stan(illt Lkimu ii eeclea~a lUria, dar conti Ud s:a-[ dUi,nil.-nlei;lS~ ,Imp.~tl';·v,~ lu i C on s: ta .- nt ia , -ear,e -pro;t~j'illl p~ cresti~i, S]ii!I at:,~~lut de tol<erantd de la Mila'n, ;Je care-] S!eIDIl.~e lmpreuna ell eli Ll~-ni.u 11; ince\put sa· pe_~ecut.e pe <:r~thu, .mtre anH. 320 t'i ~2~. -.11 mfe'l:l!~tn a,cesl limp eei 41:1de ll'i.l.uJE:,illd c,ate g(ILm,gb'Bjat nOiiiiipt~_. . Ii t Lae~~

S'evrultiCi ~ alfil. Cultu.! c.re$tin ,(I ( 'ost diu Reu ~burat : s . t sb~,g,be:u:r~fldtiJIadb:: cr~,N:n.eau fQ~f i lH1'piedk«te r unit t>.resUHl il iu ' il l.pt ls tat;},at. ,

In mnUi u : n e i Hoi mhiIl~,eri I , a r s '$~tell.1brle 324. l:a C1u'j'sopoHs.ltngl ]f1zant, $1 8: . 1!,1n.ar in, t [ ' i~i. cO! l1: tr.a 1ui. ~Il5J!;a ! ll in,.ValNE!:[~i'U lJc[ I:IlJ. t l afost condamnat la mmute $1 e.~ec,lJitat la TesalrOiwG 1.:11324. •

D in -:3 2 4, G -O ri st ..niIn a ~m.a.s s;in!]umliJ:rllPi:!rat 1 m itd:re§ulu, Impenu[CHTI.antpina lQl,moartea. sa in 337,. Cf1e~U.nh'~lil:lls-a l;m.c~at de p,He:,In, ,eot ImlD~tiut Se p"8. rfl ca ~Hli dat 'tHl ll.Qll ed1c:t de lo_~-a:pt,iL OlInreh-

~l nepe,m~isa: Si persecutii~a, Gfe;;.tiJusmuJ deV}ue, .duP,a.313 ,.de [keip:t

til d {"Pt, religio .li'Cita, b a. o eM a r l 'E !U g -i e fa'llcaruda. NUIn!! ! i I u lu: ; ul Apos-

pag-mi:smn), in 5Uua~h~ . ui de f!eI.igl'e> iaJ1i 'oiil1,aUl a t ImperiuJu! raman,ersecutrnd I;:rest:inisIDul, da( ih.ce:reElfeo sa a e!l;uat 60tnplet Conver-Urea luI CD _ ,t~nth'1 eel :fjf,ar;e < I J I : dat 'L ID nou curs istmd1:li nni'versale.prIo :ineerea~ela. S,(iI de a il.I'IDoniza :i.nte<I'eSele ' --supertaa.tE;' j~,Imp~Tlultli:romMGl interesele Bl'serldf c r e s tine. .

~ IBt TUG Rhfi'JE

V2z;! ~;JJp!i;o~-ah;cp'Jac.edenh! t!.e' ,r;i1 pef:;;e:;lll,,1i!:!.li;re;!jlm!l,;~ SlllD tmp,l1'rat;il rom'&nj,

..nzvo~e ~ ~ ll! .d il~ n:f~ P I!lf.L ll'u .per.si!,~utia. lui D.lo~!eotiall $ , i i . i i i ! cri 'J::I!g',e!Il' tilor 5~i.,5 - S ! qa.s~ m st'tlil!hlb Pr, ,plot r, El,amU!!.e~ i iU, S'Ul6CI.Li'cte dela S~'J'mi[~m dlnU,f¥ ' O Il iJ ' :1 48

1j;.na. in ..S t ll cU [ T e -O iJ 0 9 ic~ XV f l96;lJ . EI~. 5 - - - - : a . p: 26fi::--;.:n1, II'! $~ec'foil~j), 267-21.0,nol!;!l", 5-:ll,lt

Alte sfudl:i: H. M. J!m~ Le ds.d [n !js m[).ilae Olll!fqUC,2M---6HJ. TIia.llui1 del·...'l_gl'l!!is'~r A. Se-r\'OIid;liInr·DapiiirC, P,~rl:;. raiD iM,. R. C!H!tl1dreU~; La dli la de1~cdiUn

o ! " I j S'!!'Idi'cl i i e 1 'VicC'Wil ll l lj j l II! Ga.terl(l, ' i ,1l dte'\rjs't-a dil Ct l l ruTOI c!ass1oa e [UJE!dleval~~i X!R!oml i, ! ! ' fOOt p, ~1i i~28.5 I It. RJew~nctml . La. crise ,d e l ': Emp ir l l! ' l . ( l! ) tf1 :in dil!' Mac~A~re}e

a .MIiiS'J~e.P~.r.i$. 1.00~p.. Hil:--li"l, f A. MfiPO!i!.E. Ki'rs,ll!llii, ar~, DDml't!,Pl(l'",;n:;;et)"fn•Re,BU~,EiCOnhll MIlke I l Im I c : .h r . ls t f: . ~P> l .m 'l , llI-9:ail IV.Stult:g'~:rt, .w~~ .eel, I ~;;:' -, [, f11Ji 'I

J- .G i l l ud:l!liI:I~t. r.1i'gl~' lifu~ rJirnp:i:; ,e ,il:mtl!TI (I V -'e!--Jil.e ,s!i 1 ! el e s h P!ilris, 1 ' 9 5 8 , ?i'O P o lW~l I ~(m S~-: ;iOll, i i J " . 1 l J IS ' i de - .l l u lW! I , . b i . I .mll~xltm:t ~U " Bd., m, SluttgIlI. t , .m,se" eel, I;~ fj~

~'Q;52~ JkI~,l)j~lctlel"j! el I'~ te-lr'! 'It:.crue. !; Gt:e~'J:e et re-ienme's l~4-30[l) , prar. is , l '! l4~l-;V ' ! ~ .EllsS1I'EI~rt, VaJ:r!u.'l Dlo~~l~anmj:. rn ~aulY-.WIs:sow<ll R!!<!lI-E:i1evdllp!!jl i 'l ie der ~l,as.sl-srn~n .I\UenuDl 11~1.;,se1!l.oc:lt !- t~ Red'i;tl, 'i 'lerz.eb'li!te'l Halbh.!!mtl, vn A.2~ Stull-g.nl. lf l~B. 0001. 2iltHl:o"".2'lSfi. R. ParI ,i. 1lil D/O'c/e:zlfoJ:),D alia cad~lfl delnmp~r.p d'G'Cci-d 'en te_ . i ! :1 ! j ]O§ ·n a. 19~1; J. Ltl'brel,on t i lt .l'. lemfiit, De ' l et J i n au 2:oe' riJ~Je. 0 : ,If] .pat;: eon-

stll'll [lirenne (l. I:, nis!lJl-re de l'i3'glls£ l)iIt A'LIg. P ·c:.be st V. M'Mtll1}.P'.Il.ris" Hl35 .p; Jl!l '1 ---479. Cl:I b -Ii. b ib Logufi.e-, R FLori<.lll, [ , t i l te rsuohotlge .n Zut Illtlltle jan/schE!1lV er ~o .l. .l! iu ng . G i@ s se ~ 1 9. 28 ,K. St<a,de, Del PaUU,kr :r DIOk1c! j' itm u.. "d d ' l 'e : 1 . '~ I 7 -! ~ 9Y,os.s-e-

C~rmtel'!~ e:ifia~gung. P.raakfur,~{ U12 i , J. Z~l~lef. l.e:il origines cilfeUefllig:,f d'M~ r e o s pw -\'Imre-~ d!lmfuleru:t~s de J'1iim!l'~mmmttJll, POIr . ls " U l fU l . p, Sl-.I'2:<hP. A lla' l',d , L a p'~[.se.cutio,lI de. D.loc1~Uelli e! Ie (liiflroP.he G le tl:fghre, 3-1r;!ed •• P ari s. 1 :8 .0 &.

P~~:llt m!l~UI'U 'e~ZLiU , :sub, I i 'j ' o a . f .e - : f J \1 n : , ~ . .\ . Wittmil.M,Kru..fl'lm t l l ' J d Ea.mr~Ji. flul-

I:!i!Sbr~nUll~' l1FIdY l!I ' Ii ' :.?;;d\ .e\ , ,1iI,U,~' :n~Ber1L!I, lBl5J' ,n S.Cb, iI Ulro!tlr, :5ttjjue Cg1hc:li1tr~ d' A1~)(Jl1l1'-

,lri:e. i\l,I!;rilllullril!,.t9'46 " P. ~f1nLieil!ll'x.Ltl v.edl~;b~e.1~{feJlde d ' o : c e e , fl<ld~, Hl28 i [i. De -l.eh'll'lffi, Le'S, marry.'Si d'E9l 'ple ' . I!·mnIles., 1 92 3 : ~ ~diem, l:es le:ll'el1l!li~pgE e cquC$ ' tl~sstrliIlf!OmUJltlr~ ~ FilJ]s. [ 1 K I 9 .

in l fJ l1 iD I! I ._ lO. I l ld ind 1,Je',IUlti m.amril .lltll .'ilcYUli a . l'! &J 'n o'. t : ~. . V tl J: pe -J em .Bflm~a, Ro.1 ! r d l ! 1 ? 1 ' ' i If! DUnwea de J ' 4 i J ~ Bucm'i2.$ti,l~ p. 3]'8-381; [~]3;U:.Il;e!l, Oe~'!.;ni~mull~S~yt!U(! l"'Un~rd·l.rp.a InscdPl i.m "Sit~d:l:r Te'oilogi,c@,,, VI 'l954~, I J ;X, l~,p. fjkUlh.i1em, N'm-infolltl" de la 1!ilcI:JJf,~e/.tl ~Bi5.Ort. Rem... . XC[ (l97S~,!ir. 1"";2, p. 2Hl-2 28 ~ \ _· :Uor R. >BfIII lmil t l l : l ! , ~jJiw. ,~(1 ~miO.rl:(ri:co'U~ cUr . cepem rQh.~ll$iiM.tif tkzii ,leo s.c6pef,U!l l'~ .Nic:u.JFfe:l (Jud. Tlli.cieB.), 1~ «BuieUn'llL ~1ontlme,n:t:e[l'lr iSl~[ri!"e,." XLI 1 1 9 ' 7 2 ) "1;1'( .2, p. l'lf-28· !em, IVouv;elil.trX l-enroi.,nlll~~ cn:rlii{]er!;> ~~r11 ! i f 1 r e : E lliufifhc}'lhi~iJle =

~~~tnill'liM~a f tI Il lr lyriu:m di! bOsS'~ ~P.DQ'~r (iIJ!lilaiJns ~Mt'(luv'!!:rre i f 1 _ Nie.lIuffilil r~l!!p" CiaTJllee~'J, i l ! ! . cf-l!l~iI~ XV! Uif.!'flJ. JI, : tOO-OOZ, ] J r . ]l~i;i.i, I, nAml1r!C~:[JJu;M!lWrli C:reft im'fI\: 1~ i'l.rj~J,ef. de~!:i'peliU .1n ' . t~ i1'1> III . . . m$e:ri;C~ Oil ' f .O;; ; l ,oo :A R~Jnaniil~! X e l : : ( r i ; l 7 3 ] ' ,,[1;1:. 3i-1I, p.,~ "~1;, ~d:em..B'I:iItdJ~1 m,i:llfJr11a. :romfs·C~;5IW.fita, in ~,I;ns,On.Rq,rm.;~,XCII {197.<1J. ,l iI !f . " '~ . ' P I . ,9:t5--]Ollfl' .P, ~L N~s,h1EetI, OuuUe ~~l''lvts G : N'crviolluJlum

ts.-ytb:!'!: _M~n :~ .. n11 I , ~ir "' ' \lIi!l~taJ. B:oll.lll!lilillln·~,~,l ! ! . r1'£113~" 1'l . S--.s, j ' ; I , Dii lWn:t1, Desp~(l'~DkI. paj'iIIDl'!)., 1m Zo~k~.An.alDS •. KQ!rI i ' a~, i ' " .~f' P 1 d l 1 . P . P r l J S , .In "S:uidH ~i ~'e'metllr.'l delS~.Qnewelle .., 2 \1 fJ9,J). 1!Iil ' • • 1. p . 6Jl--'1l\U; P:r. PrQ;;.~, :;ie'rbhes't!ll, Nt,qQQe anl d1./~. ptlml!l _m~t'rw- iQ d\:II::lJmellj,,(i~'Qldl)'llP!~.e;xf&:l,ellrl!i. ep'soopiei TOmUll]uI. 1n ...B!ll, Orl.Il:o!!ll.IIi. LXX 'vm 1 1009), m'. ~1IJ. p. 96&-l{l~fi ; P . l DavId, Prlrn1'i murl1rJ cfe~tJ,"1C!Jn~G[JU pi]' !luiloriuJ pgrJrie~ ntl~~.Ie~ lr! orM'itmpol!Ei Qrlt,elil!'elil. x::nV fHJ1f2I, nr. 3 -4.p.2.ini-2Bl.

";I

l U i _ ~ _ _ ~ 1 5 _ c ': '_ O _ < 1 I _ lA _ S _ l _ S _ m u_ . . _ C _ i f . : :_ M _ . C _ " " _ , _U_1'I_I_n_,~_- ' \ _ I _ - o \



E\roh:tTia r,apod.urUor' cr,e~nn:ismului ,cBp,agitnim,u:l.- Cmlbd m,ar'Urllor. Acte :mad~l"ce*

1. Raplort:urn~_c ,u pa -g io i, smu .l . - In 'e}I 0 ptfim.;ua_ a . cresttnisnm-Ju l, p .E igln~s inu l . t~rill'Mai:l.'e\,~oia IDlel ~. u n e r e. .U : gt i. oC ls e ~i morale.tvea:stil nevele 1::~,~~t.eap:e !)n4 '$ut,11 IL,e cre~ti;affimuL se p'rez~ti!!ca a,r Hgl€!. reveJ.a.t~. sptrituala, mOl1otei'ma. ~ mof~la., Sp'.r€! reiorma p~qi-

IrI lsmuh,J, i lmdeau unele mASurci Imp~rie'le (August, A l l e J l , ' : , i : n : w " 1 l : t Sever,Aureli.dH; n1fodetid:n~ Mfrxhru.R DaOO). ' l D - u : l J t ; € _ h e oriental-e ~~ l l ' I i s te re . . e ,

mal ales filozQfia"ComefiW Fro1' lt~n~ pro£e:s:onl1 lui Marcu Ameliu, Mr.ian!.:.!:51Cres-

c.em u reu i!j>.i~i n c:~ u p e r .]'e~ U:rd , cu!'zlilld c hla;r calo.m.t.ii le ~a:re ' r , ; i W'.cpl;;!,upe sesma l'or, fn s~'tIoO'ul a! H-lea. Smlricul Lu.cian d~ Sumo.sma (~".120-180h un epieureu de: mare talentl, i r o r u . z . a ~i. rid"lC~ C[ed.n.ta

in ;]1eJ'llUrire3 sp_fie:1;ulllj, I n r k5 .p~ il '\ t, ii iIv1it'i;)lUe" di.spnturl crestlniler [all.u e mo-nrte • . Q - c rr ln t a r o T ,d e rn,a,rjriu, ~redll'},iti:a.le~iuiiil'E'.,a lO.r f i : a t l e a : ; ; . " C a .

pn serterea De,spI,e moaflea lui peregdn).E~ ....dea In Ci'e'ilini.snl nd~-lift unor iiuzJQlli~ti,ca. ~i altti. Lu:dan , 6 " . -criticat de OlI:senll.ene~supersa-

~ m e i()cr - , :; ida~t soilstica filOlZoiilm p~gttJj_ (ciniJ:i J.

C el m a ti b ts em n !'lJ l a dv €lr ,s cr ]: ' p ,il '9 in l inuinTte... 0 0 n e( ji p_ at on ic l, a. lostee.ls" utt Hlozof 'stole. sac ,~ctBd~c. El a scrls pe la m 7-5-HIO (l seri~iillSii

lu cra re o erlti.:::tl contra CI;g;;etinisIDulul, inLnIUda. ...ClJvllll.f Gd.evmab~JUto,~ ~~"Ij&' i ]~h C!:IIe nu sa p~U'ea; l: jj r, :dar .e cunc;st!lt~ in Oe!11!Jai. mare

parte nip cQmbaterea ei de ca,tr~ Orlg~r, Caltt.ra J~ pelS 'K~iIi~,,It!;~Iil\D'}Jin lIllul 24.8. 'Cels, nu astacac dIn ~relilttn'l!smpmde tzolate ~ei cUjp,n.llde~..l1 : rmca. 5~ 10am l-eligi,a cre$t1ni!f fie cere v rea £-0 dlscredi:::eze ~i c~m-~rommi! : E l l ;$Mote:~e cre~n8j,5I11td JLm, i<Qmes , t ~ rl~ e,~r~va:9!Hnl.e l ud I i iK~~de ·e.tari l :e 'C~TI1. 'C ~i dl!Bio,ei ! l l lO l l " . a . iec , irm j)m ID u ta .t - e O ID t ilez,Qfie ~H aenun~CII. perlcu es st!;i~u!Ui~. sodeiiiti i i' ,eu.l tuti i .. p~ li~us Hn:s'~~s.11 crede ~m ag iudml.

l, n~s(,.llll t1in HdUlier, p(! Ap'Qstol,. nl~!! mnAglti SHU d111~.1:

~Qrij pe c.EI~tln! 1i [n.1.Il1'~t~ ;Lg,n(n:antt, t r a : n , l . e : l ' 1 . j i d~ l'b:I.d- [!lc~,a, \fIJfe~miH1 copli, - viti.tI~ ~l r iditolri . In (!redil ;n :(a lat, Cel:s: fa i:omoatu: m.u:rr-nBe, d.ogUla bl trupal :: li $1 invierii ~ <n tn Ho .tl1 lu ii .e u ilrg um cc :.L e S CIlli:tQ,1 ind ra7:!:l.etet in parte io 161'lHe~~iizi. Impottan tn . s:crI~ ii. l~i o· dOire-d,e~'t,efl:lptul ~,6i (;I, cnml:;);atul.·u d~pa '!/i'D!10 ~apbaeca d~ sm, HI. 24 81 UrimatB teo og,-?,-i s.criitnt . c ; . a Or:igen. .

Neoplu!'oillsllIlul -g . !ost un cu.rei 'i t i' G- ' l .d~c rcligi05. care .a c,~t<l.

!Ill r e< fac a . I P ' H g l : l 1ismu:1 D1tr~u n sis~~m ilW;tL ~l . I?~flJt ~ I ~ ve a. . u D !c le !ida

r ( JU~J b: :a ! l !ie .~ ;m 'ora l ,e iUSE!ni l lOf te ~u : v?La t ~ : E i : uUl;f lOf : t l l ie:r ! te : r edJn te pl -Iino V o E ~ c . h i inu-o [e11gi ,e ;'I(traf t. a tic mrhut, de scandalufl, de snper-

'ItUB, r,e'llerrllld 10. mvat . \ } t . Jut l rellgio.ase pe GaTe le credea C.6lWlne aUA-

ut ! l ' l a . \ i i f JJ~ j [d~ru :ooo~t j ; l l ereliglel.. 51~L , e ,mu l ne0ptatonk e ra pIDd;~sUc. Con--

'll' IllplErr a. ~i e:.."!Lt,~zu.luciilu mare rot in n'E1!cpla tonlsm. El da lumtl u

• ',pH Il\ie interesauUl, tnrudlUi, ell a platoniSmulur. ~oplalonlSmu]

• C:~'IiIIL~'1'~tl.a~'I1\CI~ J't Pl'flr, fQ~n n~mYl'~lII'It.I.

fiI,VlJt idei ~i term.e dpfin cere !3 J iIiflu:ent!;lJt in j'JIarte ehiar p~ JirI]t teO~logjc;a '" Orig.en, ~[ mar. ' , r u e s : pe· a u lo r' Ut ~n e( ;U f io .s :c u t. n um. io t D~G :l 1i ife: :;:Ueo-pugit!1l , ( sec . \I).

Pf'Eme~tol aI ooopl,atO'lllsmului 'Rote fi. secotit PiUlUfh fl' 170.-125)~ iu intemeHor .Amill.Otiiu$' . s . 6 1 1 f ! < C a s t t c. 240 II €:a p t r n e s o r ' al e : ;l i' a n ~

ddF.lJ p e C - Bl l!' e I-a aud'l.at ~~.Or.iqen.S:Siternul neopictl.o:n:k: I-a , (Cg); 'v.olidat ' elevul lui • mmontus SaoC,i;liS,

Plotin (c, 205---:2'10)'1 un eglvtea 'l l, ca re s~'a.dus 'iitl Ita liar. m a seris

EQI'l,eade:1e..noua ' enicle ,c.trtij d,te n:a:ua lu·m'~A. tn neeOl lIe S \E! rie~, de d54 de cifirp, .I n ,car~ . i r a ! atUudine contra sceptkisnnllui, itla.leniilHsmu-h i li S , l g n~ ,~ ~ ci s ll lu l u i. Plotiil t r a . m . ca un aseet ~- i u r- m at 'e m s ,1 1 .alba $ .1 s ,fi;inve~e nu ,]1ttliJ!'i;(jj aUlfijtint-eFl1o~i·ce:~;pe:lil1J'i6M-e. d s a du(;a. ~i .n yi.itt~mo,ra l o 1 : ! - Pt;!nUill!. aeeesta en. era mu It .res:p,eda;t de ,~tti' s ~ , ' l ;

Elevul lui Plo'ln, a fOS·p,b:tiit'iu ru n Tir (t3041, J . . f t ROIi')!a){ despreears ~, 'Cfede eli: atost 1 ! . I . , n ' tl lnFl ' cre~i: i.n. E a cDim1:Hl i t cre:$Hnis.rn.ul di-lee-to en urii! . ; j ? i t eu pa.t' imi;'i , tntr-o ;s,:rie'I,e i l : iJ l : i l tui l laia K ~ f I l a ; 1X , J ! l t : ! 1 ; ; I . r : t ~ , w ~ ='"

c:COnlra Cfe§:.tIRj],(.I:f~'. in 15r i i :, ~~ t :: t . ; c l omp 'w ; [ 1nbfa Bin . i : i 290 ~i3QO. In,a.coost~ tuerare, Porfuiu a,dunii.·to'at,e cele 5p 'U se ' inHin~~a lui deFiles-tn~t ~ de Ceb 'con :Yii CF,e~:i.inilo1:'. m ,iillta~tt si:stema:tic crestlnisrnnl, in-deos;ebl. gnn i .B l :Scliptl!lr~ ~lltn'W~;~Mllti.le: :reUQleicr~ 'Cln,e' l ca . I J tind Go~tra~

rz:ked inlreVech'i.ul ~i Noul Testa,ment prilclml ~i intn;l Apost9mp~-U :U $.1Havel, cQntra'Z'ic:eri P'I2 e M ' l @ le-a fclos it in secolele XVIU ~ XIX

c:dtk:a prots;tan~ -rarionuIistil. Bl):ffirlu. eomeate rmnunile ~i InvlersaMiu:,ru:~tClln]ui, eom bate Ve~JJlicila·pecloe]]isclo:r i~cl:l:lltl.t lii.$l ~iima,~e~k! vi8,ta,lui n~us H.r istoo ~j opune oCn;l~ti:!iis'mU:lui adevar I ! . I rile fl'ozo(ke ; W ; i un

p'a:gmi!1 iHIl epuf',l!I:tde mUnrt.

Tnt aJ: d e '~lob'mt CI a t a -CG 't ( 're~HlJl ismu]. cu 111s;ul~ ~,i 1l'f'laa.evam1ilfilQ:z:ofitl [Ie'Opla.tonic Riera C 1 J e ' S , gu ~ h l atl;;oJ:uJBi tini ej; ~1 ap;Qi l , a n .Bgl~]Jini. £l .aJ. ;lieriLS A01G'~~t~~fj1e~~ 'lllpb~XPli;;1;t!l'.lJ'oii; = cG' t l .Vu l te Jtlbi'•

loon~ de ade-var cmre cre~Hf l . i "P i Iii 30ar in caon' adona to,~,te c,aloiro,nii1e!> :p1! l:sedeCehl FHos. t: r:o{ ~i Pm;flrlu t;;o.:i1tr8! ,ci"el7tinismulu] $i i.nj,Q$eilit~

1 l e rS~H. a lui. lis.1 lS ~ . punU : vdu - ] n u m ' Iue jo>s ' d -6 Ap.oD . . ' ) [ c f i u s - . d ,e

T1·ana.iSlevtll. lui -P'm::fif1:uj Jamhlie IJambIidn.ts ,.. ~:3;3,)a mmbiltut de c:se-

I11e.ne~ creflin:iSlmuJ.

Tut: ;.Ut d~ ,-iQ ent ;~ alacat c:re~tin:i.s:mUl im~p.!Iatul ltilian .Aipos:ta.~rule rl&!-:B'G3). in i!la ta tu ] K(l't~ ~ljl raJ.~).it~UI;~ -C'Dntra ,GQJl1,r! lenj:I51.rlPJ in

3:o C ' ~ . t t i . C'mn .li:lWi'1111!O el jn de;rld~~ pe cre~t.tJli. Au .m at cO Jn bi ;i lu t cre~,U-

n i.s;.rtJ..ul. :ill s~dbJ1L al [V ·,be;a", r et ll :) ,t :i l ~ ~ SO:Ij~H i Uba:n i~ . Hiirn,~du ~i

Th'Bl ' l1i.s:Uu ..

P.r]l1l pn::lienUa s.~ d e, su;petimitat~, •.'Prin , ir l'Up[Umtl. tul gaU de idei - r iru m iitle~ pl f .m. !:!aJrac te [w s~u de .f ilo:wi'i~~-,[elighi!1 neQpfa toni'Smul a f i : i ,cut

I} Si 'E!:r}oa.s~concureut,l9i cre$tini~mu1'~li ~im:ult r€l:u ~Bis'el]:]di tre~tin€.

trnpotrlvR c:re.~til:d].'m:1 'p aq in H f ,o lo se 'il ru d e lisemenear (;(1 $i i :udott ,, rlelUe orlioo. pe rue hili Pilon AlexcmdrJrml $I p r e : cele .n:w:niie E\]e lui1i'("Hner'!;' ?·dsmeg,i8JOS. pIe'CU!1n $1 off.l,eotele p !l gm e ' .

7



2, Cu'~~ull.mo1ltnf~ 10 ,T. -Dtn 'B:"pO'c;a ' -e~uliilcl]:~ Bisen.l!,a d mo~tenit

~llltl,ll marti:l:1ibr; Istori ' .ci 'ir<1ll\iiofi ialli;i;ti . l~,lluS~!':ltit GI- '! m it i: U i3 : ll e u lt ul u!

mortJ h :: jJ $ 1 ewj]a:f iTl Pii!l:g'lRi:sm,fl:i8 l:ra',lJI u!f):BI a5emiil1~ri e::r~LerioatE;! ~t

d e fa rn ::t .1 l:1pl'[v:i roare l(li lnmornll.n:!:.'i:H'Bt3, bI~me.Elifea, EbJSUrei!lJ ; ' ; 1 ] ill vo-

e aliBI! .sfin;~llocil.Cu.Ulll mar'til"nor 1 i I . i~~U tao ma.nHe.s:ta:[{! ['[[eliS!! B : : , I dill. vH~druc~iiI

ma:r,t.f.Ho:r ~i d1D er~d:int 'a cm~ti .ni !i"Ei .ia ;u ~uJe:r!t, eu un ~Ula j uim.itor I

~.ndit[j to rtu rtle ( ;1 1p~G].~f,I:s'elehnagln~t~ de fallaH~u.l ~i brulalHi!!iea '.!lne'~1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 , ] '€'g:re ura 'Pe cl'e~tin:i '? i p,eT:!.I'ftic~.re v~a~ I £ l I uu :pr et u : i , 1 i l ni:mic.I.a8.tlJeti;pt~l\Q; fiz:Lce ,$ie. acl,Fmg'il.!Jo~le merale, pentru<1i lor. Mart!:di 1e-,au

sup ort.a,t cu un e-r'oism : Y : n i - c , Ga~e . a .~OT' ta : t chieF ailm.irg ~la;J~tgtn:lil.Qr.

At i ' tU ld :Ln , l i ; )11Jeei ]J('IIOJ',a1fi 'in *at<llmB1~li e;l:& de a s ~ , .n , e ll .e a v ][ e c ln i 1: '~ de

teaut lau~€I, .m mnreeu eu htl:J[lUrie, f€i.~ m'lloltll, fii:ri orgoUu. ro.ode~H,c: ;ony~. l1:~, inoezateri i n d x €: 'f t! tE l re a . ; e a l; l1 J .o o lW diul:i1!r se."Il:;rir mgmdu-:sa.

A t lt !id1J1LBiZIufl~le a:5G:a' a TI1,al'tiri l or , e I! :l 'Ct el e ma:'I't~:rj ului ~,~a:u. da:t

.vfll,gip.i.e ~llo~getic:~. C:r~tillil (a1J v~t 1 1 1 . el pe drcpt o dova:dl5i a

p l . ' 1 i t : l e t i l : ,Clnhme.oz,ed:e$lira ~][:;ediEnt@i l or . C u r: ,i il ij Ui wNiil '!i lllm 'Ii ;a:(:f,uspe muX\i

j;)ag1l1i le a n .e '; ;l io l:s w ~ · l I~eVll 'E! ' : r i e :> . t s t ang1U is chrd£tian():rlml~.="· Itsi llLgeleo

c:re~x;inlb~r~ste ca d 'S~mi i1 'tacl il !5c ' fi , a Tedulian (Apo.iQfleUcum. ~O, 1:3).:Rabflatea ' lTIHi1!~€;SUS de puteria n~.$tin.il:o:r se excplic:.aprill era -

Uin;ta 1" !J 'r . De '$ ll nt i ~1 ' L 1 ' i f l . ' U . c ; , ~ '5.uf:eri:i ' p e : n r t t b l llsusH~s~[l~ ~i oea s~uiaSl~,tat i d.e Dum:Jlelz,eu. Miu'tuHaru;l Ie- S'pllsruoe ta vnr n pr'igurJ\i : ! o ' i : - i

,a;~l.g~]:~a:seW va fi 00 9'1·{M:aM X, li9i XXmrI. 20; M~U:CljXlII. t3, g,~.C:re~tinul hlpU.~i SU(EH'ii! pentm U s u s EFm~es, care a. $uier;it de a!5e~

nlE3l "J.~a pel1trumintuire'o. TlOi\i8tr~.

Prin i1!!Ge~t;a.,mio;lr-tiruX dobmd~;ie m~:rlte deos:eilzri~e tnain.tea lui

pumne~eu q; i a c:r,e~ttnIl ,01r. Mnri:nd pel1trili. Hri\i;~i lna1l1:!.rul Ie;&~e cnnsj~

d~at llu$JGn t fiiing®le vadr.g~t ~t.~r!Q,elgalepacn~ele: eleste un bolez,

~6.tleztil ..sIl1~etu:i:l c~[;e Une lot de: bmt~z l~ c,g,tehtmJe'nL ~i:i1FhrI'1siio'ri.l

rt::rau p1Bi!erap 1nC'le:r ~i 'PU'tBl1!USa clea seriscrt de ni:;oom:andare p€enltnl.

r:ep'tiJtl"~rea_ in Bt.seridl: ;;I celer ! t a . Z i l l t i , ifip.ersemlU (Japl i i l 'J. Marftrlul

a v e : a c l .e '~~ ~u±e re .a ulJui SaC] ! . cH : n en t ICe. $firrti~ I D , aTtidi VlIJiraSlsta lIa j'lirle-

C\3t 'ta lnmll, tala 'a ma-1ft judecQti f:eil~ni l)a:meui (~,~,€detK1X, : l . i 0 ' 1 · P~l-lr u ,a,~,a)Stgrr ,CJ.'e$!iJl!~1 i , . ;;au 1:llls'iI,t p e I D tt itT t1 ri . co il } 'J ~ SI'i 'r. ti ~i l e -Q ! t l adre-

seal mgd'ii.unirspl'le a :s'e rm.g:a la o i)inllur lor lui D1imllB'2.eU pe'l1J.tm ei r

L e " , a ill : , a . ! l r ~ " 5 ! 1 i 1 J 1 :d f ! . Ul'!,O[ S t m Q ! r t ~ : r 1 , ~ ,a;d lUi' [i~ s H t is :i li :t s (COmP . ~ p,te 1 . S ) .

M a [titifi - e r a : u · 'inftfI'OP:®.ti. " C n d'1l15:!;e. . TrupurIle~ m51uyUesa.1il , ·05e~

mi'Dte.l~ lor eTil.U aQllP:ate ,d e -cf~~ti'ni au mal'u:l,gri.ja.,thn;tSoS1"te ; ; 1 : "pie~a.t 'e.

U'It!arHrlW1Mui . P q . L i e U1 ' ; I L l " 'XVIII), .LBLPlOrlliinrul :rn,adidlQf. 'cr'~~llili~see:{tunau. ~i 'S~vlJ::~e,a,u ) G n n l A I ! , 1 ! . . Z i : u . ; ; l alI't'lalll i ll mii ltUJ lor" PSI c(;lre 0 ilU'-

mf:!iC,U ¢ZI:li ar tJ~~te ' r .U II (i'lll'~1' 'fa·~;S_lJ~.lO:~, d le .,s. n Jflta l~ s) ~ -I}1 (I ~emmllu

S !p re l 'Une r e d e e minite. T er tu 1 ]a ll ~ ;l mb ;J tl E !~ te G~ er~tiIlH me;e;:lurug~chlni

' in f !.BGSre 8J1 pelDtru ce! mm~tcu OCi l .2Ja anl\.rersiirii Illil~tgr!li lor spi.-·

102

mll,'rB pEin i~. ',crmi~l'ta ~iviia.p Cf0clJinciOr;:i1.J)t, in r epacK pefSet::uUUor din.



I! rnpul tmp~l'l"~,td! 'O:rrommrt'i Ele se citlfli,au 1a eult, pentra mtbffi;:oa;taT~

~l ~diff;Ga:t5Q 'Crecil[!!iJmlCtl';.>ilfjf,

. _ A . q o e ; ] ) f ; l: m . < 8 . T t - l : r 1 . r c E lorrqi; rul l1e r ;Ct.dirc~. (' ;O'pl i ' i le f a. · cu re d .u p ~ p l r g e e s e 1 J . € ~ " I t iM : -

bfllle de juiJe~a'lll3,au (M;t nUICfHi?:raa'Se4 dar mnlte din eh:~ a,u rest: djSfrn.eSlE!

1u Umptllp '~ . l 'SiooutJ~i lni [)loQle~li:an, ~ar€l i i l . om011lat d1:slmge-r ,e i i ! : itFfu'i~

vr>lo:rrJr~~"tl~ fntre l B . - n ; H . 30G--::2I03.

c. ) In ~Hit jc1;~ . i a ;t e :a : 5 t1 li " : s ~a . u s e rt s m l Li . H :r 'Z :l .u n nm e re a s e $f io lve:s ' t .W

c!e:S"lu'e miEi:I 'Lit i~ ~lJ; dlr~cte;r nes:igu:t seu 1~1£l~.El:1':, ,c a Uts:rMlIiHi p[na.'S,ai.Cll~V!l! m:aF,ttFii {\ale Ira Polka.rp~ Perp.ett~~.,_J'q:; roUo!l iu~, . MOO It :~S .

Daf l ' i Us~ ' au . f 0 J 8 : t t nHI 1l E se ~~ x n UU~ib;am:EIl@.]1i!,

B[I'UrOGRAP1E

PO!~' l~C8: o , ] : n H r e : . , ; e ~ t i i i; ! ' i i ~ 1 & , MamIljiliacmJJ. ·U cpI11Ui'l:vltl[! ~<g!illle:llmD ~ -cii!;JiIlr.hI:!:.!:imQ

nll1 ~ee. N, 1:t:lI,l~Q, ] . 9 E i i j ; l , ! , " P . • diE!1L!!!br'l:~U~..lC!.nhll.cMc.m p~ewQ. £trn!e sm J i l l p(if,emi-"tile lliflUc!tl',e!'b.ill;!L'1:ea~ i"et ~ i ! J ! V Fe .'ji.~cle~;P;~·rri'li. :t93-t, L I;~h~~.o:;. .mSr ,wle I !te I I1lI'MQ.;u~.phfe,'.t J. J'An1:JQlJ!j,[e - e : t Np'te-n ( i;ge , Pou'ls, 1928;p. '-t l.5-46$ •. Lucii ]D de S:!I.~

m~~~til, r f p . : # i . J j ~ mij;lIiil'll~ Wi Pie'lf"E'~ ....lil{l.~, ~11 sc~;~aW:i?s.~. "f'rt!II'l:!1Gl!!l'i!! i ! ! t ! . R;a;dl1 Hffillli!l1'.

D I l I! :' 1l r B t ,, ! ol . . 1fI~';p. ~8- - - 50G_

Pe>1lm filo20:i!j'q !s.tloiClt'l: .~. &fo.~@~':llil, Tetl!.'l.e.~,lu,i!kIils, p~rl'r_ .Brehie!, P a , i ' .i ! % U'82;

N. ~Tld I ln .e i11 t , t!l ,$' , r jO: r91~'mei iesPE'; ! l ' (~s Id ,e ' r :E 'g1j&~. ~~ Cleme<J ;1 I l i J l l i1 :QID 'e Ii Cll'ment

tJ · A l£l~el{ltf' . ! i ! 1 ! \ I"<itJ)i , r~5'.

.P~rllU~ i : : " J l f s : . : A. .A'n.iil[&:>ell.; NQII'lClS UTi'" l . tI'9!@~" me PQ/,~mik ,!li'.~s K"~UGS W i d i ! 1 J f

(~C!l Chf.rS[lJInlil , BerUI!. ;.UI i55: L RQ!I!grO!ir, '(Sels au ~e ClQn'tm d l1 ' E aJ d\l1IJiSf1j'l<Gll 1lli1!1qti£

1 '1 t : i r J ~ lu i; s trC ! Ji jf . smep dm i t. i t, P : a d s, 1@25 .

p~j,!lrn P,II~Ulil(t Z , ? i O J ; .rI{l~';!ili Q;l;l'llt:ra,~. ~r" E1i.!il;!:~i~.sv.....:V. JEd.P. HmlI.;y· ·et".oR. S'i iJ : lwyrer, f'ia'~s. '¥\nu:~~,t95~;,:E!fiI)~itdi£!'K:reX'l!e, ·~~.I! IbU~~. If!l.dIlU p~j[ e .. Bre-h ! < 1 i < . r1 1, I-V ' 'Ill, 1-2, 'l v~t. pi;[i~, l~]g-~ i 1f'll.d f;i1g1~ili;1i b;\'" S- :"~. 'Jc.k'ei[1' IlIiI. ,

'~Iul ed, by B. S. p.o;-ge,LoIl.drol" 1909,. Stud iii! a FiS(lhe., .DIll _ ! .h ; !: uW .Hi i~.P1QHn!S . MI i !l . 'l -

dHl1 l1 r~: J. Troll . !U,:ai !; l.a ~U'wlflc.aUlO,iI'ip/lril~.:i·ll~llne, P\llti :~,UIM IG r . T ~ IJ ~ a1 !i ,JWozo. i inlrd P}OUIl,. lid. 3-13 ., 'B1l!~~>r;e~, t1I ,ntu.

1?!~l7U . l?Pi rJhi ,u: .Pb.1J' .pi~ 'tl lus . . .Gl2ge:f i t i:ie C h r ! 1 l i1 ' ~ ,J : I; ; o ,. U i ' BD ~ cr o 1 ;wW , Ji ': s: £ e' , P.ag~

J'JIDt lre J.~f1d R02I.h;:f!!l;te, e : d ! . A. va n Ha!Flla~k,Bett!nl 1-:916,' j.m~,\r!e de ;I;IOI"l"hyre-.

('.(ll"Id., H i l a , .

P·f.'.iltru. l - . t l l l iQ , " i Apo.'lta!:r4: c. I, N~h!m,a.l!Lll. .]:~!!,t lm!l ; ~m~rr-a:~!&il.·/~!r ~bj1{l r1Ml'l !;oDlI[(ill

I'l~J.r/~llllno~. ,q~~~ .rnp;;e.ifs!1i:1tLeI~l,g, ~ ~'r :~ ', P UIp elii. ~U:C;lIi.e~'m.l~tuP[1l . lmpq,mtul,!I i

WUt:l t I ]mpetnivCl Cl !e, r rrm l< ;; l! !~ i~Tu i .B i ; l c -u : re~U. 19~ . p.22:l-25{I. ~JI:d]~g.<Wi~ !1(!!I:l'tie 1IIa,;' t l ~ 1 " A ~ t~VO<lrG;~;i ~1:ud.H.

P~.l'l l, ·1.-l ~u~t~q mll ; l ", t J J1 'HQ '1" ~W (lC~e· JnCi!mf~C'~,vt~z't h i 1l r( [o ); !' I' a ,r 'l <l ! d e : l O ll J;\ilJiI CuItal ~l

,..fl'l(iJ ,c.~~nAil, pre.eti~ ii~.u:u'l~t.6l3Jfe]eIUll::rA_[,i !Pr:, · P : r .l i J. rOa lD . IilAmU[1ela!l!l!l1, CjJiljlltiil!;'i!I

,~Untc!tJt itOGliii.!' i J : l l prlrm~te.~~"i s , e , ! : t ! ll Q , illll$l~!ll.n 'J1eolog'[Cil!JI, XXiTn : (I9~'t], n'!!". ~IQ,

p. (i2]--. . . .4i) 1, c\ . t 1:ilbHG§"~<l.ne h(l<g,at'~ j fl. \<6cn. de;r M~@ r ~ ! C ; h : ; r . :'\.f;®htIDillll!l, L'4:'gt i's. { '

Ir~ ~ mar t y r ! ! 3 0 - - - 4 U '3, Pa..T!$-, H H iD " M , L 'O d : s ~ Ot;iFire'~m o![ m O J l' tW l .- s, ~

L.I·,~-~Lmm(f'~~ l!rQ-:plU::leil ,dlin:;:J'8g !'ie;s. ue\j'~' ]J'r~m~ems'ied~,'l~ ~ein;lla'llE!i1.. mEl! j'

Il H4n·n~Jfl. ill r r~~~eo!'e~ 1,~I1l(.[·yr.s, l ? l i i ! : l ' \ j ' 1 f f i ;; l 5 ' ~ f1'r. P·r'O~, I.Milll'ilc!55lJlI. Cultd mfl$il,i.

r J J i ' U lu pillaTn ~l cU.ltl.ll i I1 l lr : lr ~ M 1 Q I ' . 1 G cr~'tr;nl. ill ·~al~" O'l. aOI:b.~'.XllU p.9215). I l ! f . · l,fl. 2 2 . · 2[ 1~ r dem, CUJbiJ: Jtii!::!rtlrlio.w Ci~$ti ru .$ 1 ~ lLJ J ',e-:t:~l1Qr pi:"!glm, lbU!em, :tU U (fM S].~H 71 p . 3 S H ' j . .. . > \ · L ( lO .

L C!On\1'~:rUre;a. tUit - P'l!irerfl~ ist,oMdlo:I: asupza llai C;r; l:rr :~tJ't~nt i l?e i 8 ' l1\']we (305----331) YHJ.fl:aJZ;]'! rrmlt, Pe dfi~ Bf$'~r-r,a: 01'todo:;.;ai n ;etnst,g~l'~e1M . ~:ITnt. iifi" oea Ro:mdiw.-~t'GiHfa lI:€culIhl:M$d:ec;Ie ~D1,>arem~i rof .as. t~ ' : l : r~ i1~i · 1 J I . n n <::er-c:eW'to:r~~:l'Jroiiij,n:[v~Jj 1 . ! ' : . . eI f l . o J l t : r l l . u . jIl.semnal Om ~ . Q r t U l 1 2 r 1C0I'l~

rlus de iptf!f6e person ale .$11d,~ : s :~ " ' t J 1Jp'0:ll!;lWsjlF c~u'€!a ~e!nlitrliS:€!Iicil,perrtru ~i~o eserv I, Un;li 'Sfl f;ote~'C" t;l:ii:a1 IJreia5 ta t p'eTIrtm t~,~~ti([![~'sm

palLU: tL"a. lU i r e : H g j : o a : s : E i . Ca 1 : ! o v e : z i , S , B ' ac l ! . u ! c dUer i t e m a ' 8 l t ] ; r - ' L $1 actB,CQJ1"etiL]' ;1ttaia c~ ],mp~.nhtl ]iI.~aro d c;re~t[llJ.OLd~~ant: tE'd l. pf .l:s t :r ,atu nul reli-

gios p ! i g m . de !l1Zlm'l:ti~ maxf.:tl:JU5}l· ~ la toler.:!! t tnca 'P:~-gi"ld:SiriJ'U.ll' G a . $ < - , ab~~ezat dpiEoap'e de mQdrLe de difut['e elPi~[fliP'tll s em l- ar ta n E h:n .'$ ~b iu:deNh::omidia, cf i "" ·avn.~.'ll~eOrI.aUElld~lle· echi:voci faf.r:ec;t\e~H:!l~~/I'l,!~i Ra~gifiisln/Jnhe Orkldort]~~t(!i.i~l;Wn.

CereJ~t.n(lr-i] mi!!l 'Ob]:I!t1:n'¥i recU'nlil~;(' ea at,este a ·p r r. oc ie r i' s In t UfiUSJ.~

tl.era~e $le:x-a:g:erllm't 'eli nIDI tin SAeaIma.dlll Keal l ' t i ! ! t i ~1 Ci a c !e .$J rn~~ i :4B I :~JI;T~ l~mel e'~(}gnle conl: :emp:ora :nDO[ i-a1idrJe,sa lul .. eon$~ant~ (lE1;t~e'bjil

de: C~reeq .$1 I .mdaG. : t: J iu} . . Es1e. Hrte:resruii[:~ 1!lnrj dirr c ; e d ,eme au cri-

tkffi- mail. mult J l E ' l ();;m$taLlltil1l liIll foot olstiU ~l'e~,nut~moului ~'iistli~'i~lauscrls, d! : i$pfC.1 ~lcy. path~i: li ~I i de iL p' l ' !2C-.Q" l1I_; repl J l te . Unli':run (!r~ti,t].i { : e i . matinver~uMlli ll :i peroo(l ll il le'i . ; ; ; 1 . ~~er.e·l luI C{)n-fil;~~nti.Ji!eel M4te· IiJhl'iU @e:hiUl-

' b a t p 1 i l e :r e aJ mat t t . ' t . r z h : a : . Nume'ro!;ll l"S:to:ricl t : : 1 . 1 n I ; ] : ~ cffi . UHl;i c O O v ~ d ~iQMedhr i a J !l ,w e da z a f ev om b- il p~ { :ous t amUrr . . ~ € : . 1 . Marr,~~ CB O ! l' l' J:de COTI -

V ' i : l l y a : r : - E ! f'eli,gio~.

Pen~nl a m.te]!~g e. C'o.n tV~.m:red lu i Co~.st@;~tfn · c eJ M1lJrlel 1 a . cre$'H-nisrn, e@ nu lre'b]]je~;ocDHla ~a fiindtQt a]";!!!tUnlr II }l"tcepu t, ir Jl olitka

lUi IIflHgio~~i'i fiU trebuie jurdffiaUt !'Yumaidl,rp~ un:ele l1I r; : t~ , BSt~, f:ir"~~t-f!~grellJi de enneseut i:nm.ti.l:lttil-at~ifi .. et, e~olnti!li lu\i .rel:lgioao,S<1 r dar ~Btl:!·

~nut d~. 0 0 ,dMi!! dJed;aJIJl!:t pentm Uhe:t:'ta:tea c : r: e § 'U n + s m I D u [ ' 1 C:cm£;~a~1tLn

a pwgr·esir t l {;ontmuu1 m..c-eiptitd m l u p ; t : a . ;~UM:af·~i[tlitl r l i I J : 2§ $ ,©'l;:UJ;rrtl~[ie."

3 ' . 1 2 : lillnl! laoofezu] Jui In mill 3'31. 1 l ' l ,i:lILBlSt ' Hmp , ( : () tu s t~ n :1 l "n ' Sh';l ap:iT)~

P.'jat~ot IDai mwl de cre~linIs.ru ~l s- a 1 5 ' s ; a , t t0t lIIEaf mu l1 l ), ,6 1 :t rt l. n: s~ijnflu.en·,ii.t de el .

f:Up'rive~t~' re,alf:latea ~l s,tl'1J:ifrtleQ 'ccroverti E lt lUi 1~ L:" re~t i l1 i '5 ' rn l

'e a e ste eVme::::tt 'a, fllitd martuJ"b;]ti1ll: Id le ' cl. in ; ;S iu~r !iii d e - t 'b t 1t ff il \l lJ U l E JF1 ll'sal I : ; i i i .mn£ihnat~ ih . ;geil'l!.el~ld'e poliM.§:1iI.Ul :relrgio:fl!-&fl"

Este ~1gn'r L~ in,~i.P[e de IO:ttffi'l.\Qi t l . n 1 ! ] l u t 3'12. d t t d '$~a produ·s, :schirJ;l~b afe i; li lU i ConstaJIIUn, 'r :e h gi, ~ lu i era pi1 .g1 l1L~: : au cu1fll~ JSfl'l.cre1ti ,s~tclj! l

!S'©'iirelui- Sg~ifiVicru.s, int. t'odU>5 ct:e im:p~rat1i;l. Aurelral1:,ij'J'oate (J!]

uue-Ie influ~ lte6jl~a[OOi.te. I~m$ra :rl~, Ccm!s;t~T.il1.n CllHl:0rS.;;;j;t,s,t!: , c ) I [ ! , s i - ·

gUlf cre~Um. 00l" .nUse t"lIt1~e mai 'd.ei !Plro~;PJe til l£"11g1(11 lar. Nu sepoate S]lunt:l SiguT 'nici de;.~:r-e m5!ma lu~ .Ele:n.a'i. c·1:[era C1l 'e~~i:n~,III

inc:.ep~t,

' 1 1 1 4 [0 5

In anna. B lui Con tantln; fOfl'll!3tfi dtn Mt,a,~ dill l,i:l,lh:~ Ckddru1tllllui,



I re;;;Hnn erau a und praa pu~l.nl. Chtar 'in .d1:!llboiul eta Llelniu. ih aI ;; a .n ii a r m a ta recn.lJ~d_l1 dID tiicile Orien: i : l1 . lU! erau multi Ne~til1i) Con-: S '! .a ll .t :i nm s s e Jlutea h~ZG anu: f ' ' ' )€: p f ' ! ! dei. 'cpu n..ea tor In .[fl,iW,a]:'l!:lill lui,. en11'"ila Invinqe pe Udniu. Ceea CB Consrerrtin apr tcia m~i III t 1 9:

C'['e~tiDiera VIDOalLea lor mO.nlilii , \ i t mal ales .eceasta a r;l~tq.galInteresul~i sknpat1a ltd fatAde c:r~tlnl'S'l1l,

Cd' pe imp i!:irn -e u hl,!l:lu~m~il.rt e!Ln('a:~iQ ~. Ee}f4i . ' :1 ' l lp:lu l tat81ul salt;COfi5tdTI~'U [ 'me s-a ilura~at Lolerant cu c'!:e;;itinU, sau G.. mamei ssla,

S'ff.nLa Eleen!;!, dlac,jt ~ia cr~tin.\i, c~ l~a i lnpl 'es.' mm.t fLr~1lui _ u i Galerh..l.~i al altm JleB9C'utOtrl. ca era ctnHrjns de rrer.eu$ita pers;.e£U'~ln01;' sl dBdecamienla p'Jr'ogTes:iviiJ , i l l pa:glnis:rnttlt!i~ i 1! .-L f .as -ta 'S1l p F ( ) a : t ! : ' ~ , a,dm.ite. Daraceste f[l[p~e reaJIB no infirm! s:ine~ti tata.& t.Osll'VilnrJ~r-ijale. Jla.pt e~tt'!ca srlli..n:Ji'l'arr,e:a IbotartIome: a lui Censtentln ~H}: pr(l'dllS i ' D . momentul

pmholog'iic din 312, tn ajunul IUpte' GU ~.f<lJ.:"entitl $i este tnWtes;ant c~e l ,atd bu te. vid"IDria Ob~illU Ui !;!:jl"lO U11ni _ui Dumnezeu. Con . v e r ti r ea lui, ~ f o o, t r-eerta. $i :b~'ocl:oca.tl}nre p en tr u a t' B~Unl sl 'n . .

2 .,',oU tJica hd r eU g : 'h Jl 1 a Js 'D i - e st e c;g, !a:cter: i .? t ' ! ! t t l m : a l il-les d e c:iley,afa.pte de inlipor~~a. m ajm :1 ;I': a:c tu J d e 1ibel'tCltl3. reH!Iioa~·,a. de ta M<i 'hlD.din 3t1, fnfr:~ng!ere,a lui Llclniu, aleg:~'l:ea unai noi r~ed1n'tei:mpe'l."hle,canvoE 'aroo S 'i:nodu iu :.l1 I -ecnm enlc de la N~ceea I ll.n 3 2 :5 . Prin edict .1de l~ Milan. Constantin (eJ M~'il'e< a:styura pentru "mOl' 11l]numai liber-tarea d ~i v.ieor·i,a c les i in . t5 ITIuLu. i . in Imperiu, Dhi toleran] fa ta de

I .O<l; ! ! te.reLigi~le, Constantin de\vine. p : ro1~to r 81 1 c~s t in l is :muJu i , Et ta u narklpa elta m:fisuri fa ' \ l "or~bne Biserki.i. Chiar de la _t t lc, !;!p i . :Hi . in j . t " 3 ' " r fmpa-retul 'S 'CU10'$ te pe d elicii cl! 'e~ H.n i de o b 1J ga 'l ~a 'g m € t ~i ICDst :tsi tDrITle afunc{iu ilot nmn]dprue, ra'ilo~re ,del care se bl.lcur,r'm precilil piigrni,iieiii Iudeilur, merrcU ~ prme.soriL El , acD l~a . '5l~bvl1!r::Ul fmportanJe pen-UU I Dr re 'p nerea derwu~,pi r-e ass r p n . t t e . 1 l " ( )t L FP~ n r uu cH i cu ·~lt,!.jiitEla i s e -

· : r ] , ceasca. ,

Constantln eel Nla--.re a inc:epllt :! ' i i i lrrl.£tur€" d~fi liE'igHe ,pe.nal~ dlspo-zllH ~j p,ed.ep 's.e contrare sntrimlut ,cre·$t lIDo.smului; rasttgnirea, .z.6wbir

Te~ p'ctoare 101, 5tigmililt 1~ared (".nlerea, cu fleru 1Tb~tll., S~·a.imbul[a tc i \ " t tt:ratameuml i i· chi'5ori.,-,a! ll~m·ataUbe-ral'"ea sclavflcr, recurroscsndu-se$1 I t " -1 i liScop tW I $1 IptenUIOI dtepttul de a~i preclama Hbe d , in. b-iseri 'ea., in

Iiit;i!I. c.redincio~i1m. S~au hUl,t m~su]"i de protee lie ~i de aJ U.bJr pea:trus.lin.c:i , erfanl, V~1In"e ~i balna,vt. S,~au a-tlus r'e'STric:.~h.Uti lupteh:li': de

g'ladiatod ~1 s-au t dm i. !; c o na a r nn 'i il tU 16. miner m Inc d e e sa nre ne alUpm. S~a TnodHkal ~n sp,idt 'El . "e~, t in t.~gi.s at ; " i3 I'l3Fe:ritoare La (!i';i 'Sa'lt:lrle ll i l t cO! :lIba l.a f i, r a parin\ji filll! 'C@'! lH, 8-11 ingI'Eluiat di. .vol't:u t , .a ' ll ped~psi 'i :

adlilHeFlil ~i sU . u t r e a . So-a i:ufterzis arlinC'ClIe:QorE'lpiHor ~i5-'ill \n.gf,a' i i t i t V1n-

derea Icr, p,rln a:lntoare dart 'e: ,p,at in1Hor: 5~raci,

Constanttr; eel Mare a gene:raIi:t.at, -ca zi de repau$ hr "[mtJi.;tiu_In 32]. Du:001li,en. ,afh~Oilnla 'l5~ptamlnar21 a (;iee:tinUor. in care Sri'

'pf'f"mRe'i'id.D~rlunui la 2:m:p~ 'fitLhld fund ~l lC~ . -airilult pagIl'lJ. 11'

a.ceGistfi ~i; 501da{i i il.sistaula slu.jbe.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - -

fmpg(atcl a inceput i I ' L ' CB i de la ,;U7 sa baL~ $1 IDonede ( " ' I__. mdno& unLa!tea. cr.e~t'iniismu}t1j $1 a faca din a<:ea:sta mJ:tate e~e..' · l1:eI1t.u](Ie vfat~



ll' r W 1 H . 1 r Cl"l!i~im, Du pl l y lc lo :: ri ~f i. ]1 laM , a su .: pr :@ l ui . Uchrl.ll in 3 -2 3. em ble-lT1l'lr pag.' i ll€, i '! '1cell g~ l f l i sp1n8t m a< Bi llil e f~ v.tJ r'ii bn ,e . e re L jr ni lS niu lu ~ s eInmullese, h fum:tiuni e . :. llalt.e, a1 numeada llJ.!"eferinUi cre~linl. Func-tlr naruor p~ -y in i '1 s ~a interns l'l.'dll('ji;'X'~iiI de S i fl ,cT '~. fi c ii .

on pri'V~~te cultul pa ' u1 .n , COn t . l li i Ln tm l-a -role,ral" resl:rtllgfudu-! m~atrcp tat pfin. .tIinumtt~ mas-uti. Cu]tu] i'm'piiralulu.i a plerodllt sensul hti

fC'lIgios, pastril1td: mai mult &mn:rlfk:Ktia lui ponk~; c:n-s.tirea autori-lelm ImpaIElhllui ca. €iXpon.ellt el puterit Imperiulul roman ~ m iJleJe

r C'c-Hate II Ii d..evhl. ~~alud pu blice".f!l\ ' i l statui 51 fffr~. acrinc iL Cul-t. 'I unifa cu imo.tCL:l it&Ie:a jii ell in~J:;atori~ au. fOSL inte:ni e.

i lmp-i! i i : . , '~i ,0 fa,miliei 'Si;IIIe- ma.m(l sa Elena; sotle salausts: sora: sa ~-'\nas,· ifUc;a, 5: - c - _ - ea ~s.cO:p!i1o:[r nd em 1. m i J , C ) ace' m<aot ;e na le c a S a ti a.-rEi }Ji!fl~ridle s ;au . - .sdrld~cel'IU~Ie!mai Ulan a . I ieiusa 1m: ' ! ; > i ' 1 ' l , a e ,ocuri dta Pa~e~lina. Ia AIdiohia._yr. Nit:olnidia, la Rorna ~i in. a te erase, s-au rimcat bisert~i I D a r e : J ! 7('ultL!1 cres.tin 1 1 }ua~ Q U'ffi,redezvoltere, pe1eiina'jul Ia Lncurtle Sn:'! . letI lu llI.t un mare a ~Il.t. La RQ'JlUl s-a " C e d a l e p I: s JQQ " l l u h .l if os t u l p<1l]arImce-nol i l ( L a .t N a r -" ) I, " Ll'l12_e! Iocurl, unc l e cre$Unii. E!'.HIU illma-jor~tate. £! i a ulua! 1emple!e pligine, ie-au ' tra sfor-mat In bisarlci, le~a:U. :i'ndd'S seurLiar le-an r la , r t rna t .

Vo]nta lUi C01'llShmttn .t'el Mare de. d:sns~hle c;r.~l'ip[s 1111s~at""a7.1fi. ! ; ) i ti l aiegerea unei n o i c a' jl it al e, ill ec:araderul neg-los '1;;9 -iii da::. aces-tu i l a!flt ~i in z.lrdii:re.a Gelbi'Serici $i monumeate CTejtj. e in O£Ci'$. Sestle C"~ R'oons au ma i €1M. €:aipi'tala unlcs a : lmperlului "ram:afl, de 1<1Di ot:h@·tianl ,c.E!'Te( '),mutase LGINt>e,omiilla,. Com;tdlltl~ S-,& botarit sa: pilliI-

51:! , sea dto 'f in iliy RQi ll< l lJagina 1 " i ' S f c ridke un ..a t eras d~ re$edintlii.AI"e-s1"a a . fast BizantnJ" pee Bcsfnr, €are a ~rlJTIiLnUID~ de~Cons·fcmtl~n D p 0 1 = or~ul lui OJn.s~ab:fln~ I - 1 1 I ' au.gilla:i 1ft 11 n ' 1 a i ,33:Q.._

Po tirud Ran~a, era tID. alia.:;;llled mal mu1tpliigi'tt, in care te .nlele,rt:lonumentel'e., SEH1.8tul , . ari$t~rnUa, a1Illin .~ij:U ;;i pAst['auve~heili! reUgieo

( "OJ1 l s t~n l~ in f a :c e din BjZ&fi~ e c.ap'itali de' Imperiu crestln, { "~Je trebuias~ E [Ja ~e .c OO 3st,a " p rilL bi.se:rki.le, ll)nllJ::J l!lent'i~l,~ , a r t m - o s ! : ' e m a sa. D~sIgu'l".

Iwtii:rtrea h:rllP~rQtului tI a:vut ~i alte maUve lied cel n~Ugios Cd: irrffi..e .strate. gke, ,eeQn-omic ; ;pitore~·, dar dOTinta . .:.ui de a £as:e d:n Hi-

~nn~, U A l 1 0 mil.~cr~U'n eSte (:.UDo'5Cuta :$i dIDved i t i i J plin nu,m,e[oase CDD8'-

h'lH:tii cu cauaetBr r e H ! i f' j 1 0 ' 5 .

Mutar-ea r;:~'PUalt!i.Q HYi1'f;:co]):sednte imp0l"mn"e iu isloria lm.peri'U~Iu t $l H Bis,ericil. iIl. COllstflm.fiUOD 0] , l1:l!llIJJit ~t I!Roma cea llOUii , se .ri (nC~ un O'l'~ c'U·mfi1'e vlitolt politic ~i biseFicesc. caIie pLlnea l:n nwbt;l'l,Rnma veche : $ 1 ,E I ;' i. 'e a ~i!i -pr:Qvoace !tJ..elllutl;umi{)ea episcopilo:r eit mi.n.rldlcl.lIfea WJi~r:o'Pilor nail capllatill ~a .rang- de c[ns~e egal (:u al l . n ' fy

prin (;a1lonul al 3-Jea al SlrHJtl.lllui n : ,ecumenic din 38i si canmml ~aF1 1 Sln~du]ut IV ecumenic d.i11 '4 , : ; ;1 .

c.onvocarefJ S~1'Iodului r ecumenic de la Niceea din 325pe ]fugaH m:isll ri d'e Interes hisetieesC', -dov'e:d'e;;te de a.semenea dor- ...ta luir()n.~hmtt n c,~ l } ...ra re d a ft,{l'ka ~ de a ajute Bise.ri ~a de II tlsigUJLiI

Si , . d e ! . I'ezh"terita a J. Impermlut, PoR~ica. lui li'eligio'a.::;ta~ ]ll'ill<1ta In ' 9E !n~~a lde fiUh!.lf ~ de - SJlil{:c!t!iiorH . r H c E l l s > t u i a , ell "ex~~tia !u:l I ull an .A p 'Q s 'L a .W l(361---:J63), a . .f"i>'tU din c t( i! .: ;t in i5 1 , m a in t~ de 'sf:ir~Hnl ser;oluot;i al] V -lee, sub e oclf~'m "eel ~1:ar e t 379-::::9:5) r irelig ie de s t d1, ier din OrtD~iI:ox\l~ . .onf~""irme,a on.dal~ a fmperlulnL Dbl 1 : i O l f . H . n l lUI T~ndo,s1e, G e ; l .

Mare, filltleriul rema dev. i '1 ' fe .un im,tle'rtu ,c-re~till,

Esb! ,ildev~ra." cH pontka re igloaM. ill/itg,"!.lJ'iH:a de Const;a ,nUn 'eelMil fe, a Olvut ;>1 unele ufm1:ri d€<favarabile Biaerlclf, I ' ID . p f a r a . t U s-nu

"'mes'~eci;lt in c-he5!lil!m] e reI:i:gi('Jasel ba <C.h1a , ! ' ~ i - a u impWi unaorl voinl~Hmll. all u5~l_m iUlanisIDul" monoflzismul, moaetelisrnulvau persecutatep:i scopi" olit()C'Oc~irau klfi.tilla~ de pe ~Cdur..e Ierarhi m er

O

t uo1 i<1 .

Inte:re'Sm, rurentl!]lgenen;ll, ~'llu:t"-eat fullrafii In Btserh::&_ aB!ihlS

]a Cf 'e~ tinism pe multi cue nn erau d,e ,ealHatea '~'l;ifl'el'li!tdSCa CtiYl'l!chilt:lfcF&$lmi. Au ,p~lum; in cre;" Um.sm oBlfileni c u s ,u 'j JE l Is J: iU l p ! ig i. ne § ii cuIDo:r ;avmi 11l~~, nive:~~ 1 gen.(!l fIa1 iiI l,r.j)etii monal e a s€ a . Z i U t In s < £ ; ! h l n l , 1 1 ,

a ~uatEIlil!aTe. avtnt IDD:n . iMsmu.1 i!i caTlcl~ import-antti [ :t e~ te o CD JJ lS :l d, B II ab il

in Biis,erica. S.,aUsi!lrtr$it urraor] ,iiiete de vloienta fala: de~a:fl:mi, care

de attool le proeocau ,pTln atitudtnea lor.

M ' eI 'i te -i e c 1" -e ~t In e: < fi le lut Co,n.s;tanti:n eel Mare sint to.tu~lmaIi.Acor-dkd liberta~e, , a : , j i l 1 I o r t ; ! i priv:Ueg:i:i C[Ol~U:f l i !Smului , el a ~iGu~ dinHI~nli)r[tataa urgisW1. dIspretufUf, persecutatH, i!lsti1utia ,(!.@1a mai msem-B~t~. Fa.ra ~qUljUlUI lu.; Constentln, c:re:l)tinisrn.t11 at f1 avut sa 'sufe[~

ind mult, en~'iiUe lUisto}ogi:aer ~p~l'l!lbil chlar In fi:J:n.pllilsi; ' iJ lr ar .fi d e J : J ~l"i"mna:( ffisen.caJ. pB,gmismu] ar .n reZ:lst "Bl t I O C , a mutt ell aj.ut,d!:'uI stat:u-l U i, m a h om . ed .a n is H 1 1! ]I IU g ' a ' S i . i f : !:r'e~"Jn:ilsmul f a r a "pN)tee"ia. UJUli sta troore ~i ,p,u rer-nk. en ajuioml im>par03!ttlu1, B:i!\;erioa c r e ~ma a hl:tratIntr-un .secQ~ de ClILttl l ".

Uue]e gre;~eli ale ~mp'aultuIHi nu pot fa~ ~ase UltB mer-ihsie llU.EI a PH'S asprtme .in unele din actelesale de suveren , ti n~depsit 'SL-'gero5:. perrtru moll 'e de hifidelitnte p(rmLC~ 1;11ne1l'bu ~de de t r ,ac t - f l r e .

l Il 'e :stat. s-a H!:mt '!ue!l:,tat de 1, 1 i t ct tr te-zan.l ~} de .a.rieni/& ezitiiit inIU'I,e]e ooes··IW11 biserk'fr~~L ~i>& 'cimtnat 1:IOte~aJ1llima aptoape de Ii1d',arte.

1mp~rntu dOmDea. m.~r-o : s : i t u e a ' ~ l ( ! l ' g;rea, in C 1 ! L r , e , Lara ! i . L e r g : i t e ~i f ~ r i 1mi§s:uti de' afl~ll!.re, hQilll!l luj ~l unitate(li, tah11n[ eraUc a...menlnta:t~ (dBUel; iU j de BI'h,T.a:nus,). G J 6$ ~:m -e P Q li 1l '; 1h ni lim ,biseriDe~!:i: s 't! Qat-Cfl''e$t<

mal mwt 'ma:rrbHn:r oere]..,al.]

JftlJfIu€l1ct~.ft ~i I·,au sfatill1 (ca Eu1e~liu alNicomidi.e·). Rolezul e'HI, i'lffiiTIi1ILt de. ulti catehutnen[ cu ann, i~r pac5-

t r~r~a iit luhl: ,de pontil€'x !ll:axhnus fii c l l E l dreprt.1l1 ~i Pf~j'b'itl!tateB d - a E !

.suple,1egheaJ ! ; l i tine in [rfu p~grriis:ml!lll, ill ltiWfeSnl e:l"e~tinismulutlnsn:$t Da[:a !mfl~ratu Ji:fsa acesf hflilJ. u .. ui p"d:gi , i J ; : i ~ .riclka 1M lel 'lUl

r l . " o n a J DeTicu' los, care rar fi. gi..iUit c~U'~aM'resi:.a;1:iiloostii. 'ltuati1fi de Ifi.j;I!liTh1i ]n~, in f :a v oa r e. a p-lgtniSIDUl11i r lnca pll tetruic,. }liI':ol1 : :1um aml -.::!re4 n·. "'.I- ',_,n L • -t M ~~ .:I: •

(llO$nm .lll, IlttTI .uwili1lll.\,i1.~ SI-1~~I.a. l'n'U!J!~Otir·a G'in 9J!,.

Est -e in ' ITe :ner~1l ac l r r r :: s , ca iI:n.p~!tatul CODS l . nt in te~MBre a lost un

om cn 0 mare lI)ilUele tie ·';J"oi!l.'~e, un >tntelept btue [nten.1tal1E!l , ~i 'ti 1III HicLllt cre~Uni5mWlJ]L ell pr~,mul lmpl1lfHt C1 'e~ tj tl , e e l mal mare" 'set~

~ O ~ 1 8 ~ ~ . ~ _ T Q _ · · _ · ~ _ - _ ~ _ ·B _ ' S _ . W _ ~ _ ~ _ ~ _ · _ A 5 _ · C _ .~ . _ ~ _ ·_ ' _ ' _ ' _ ~ _ ' A L_ ?

vk[1J, rlllitJ::e tot! impilli6J.fiiiFomani.LtJ,i, m~i aies~ i Se ooi[m~1e lfber-t~tt'a cre~tjnl:smuJui, dl1i j]a111n~ : p e r l ( ] , a c f l l i r a , e ~ersecutu. cereeu tnlbu.-

\~i8p'fmiid~re:a £re~'fiDJs:mului pi lD . i li W fnib~"p1.!l.tl!i l l



Hit \il i5t~jmtnri:8l gFe11jf,l$,~tlt:a.

CQ.l1rS(t anO.,H a ipst aote:z.iit in vn ~ sa. de laAncyrCl'!l;;!l Ia m a[gi~

n i1 ~ N~'C':C'lx.nidiiei, ode 1 ~ 1 : T I ~ ' i K , . ' < l P 1 d: e o m 1 I D 1 , . f I : T l . E u s - e b L l l d e .~1c '\JlfJidi\[1 '$ 1 a X l il'li1'r1d, eu ' C : i t 8 V ' f 1 . rile :lrhalnte rl~ R : m 5 a : m ' f 11'1luna mrai 337.8 iI! .murHc n:rlnd d T h p , a ijl.Cooa, 1a- ' ' 3 2 ma1/ -lfi't'e1a~i GIll in Lhlmi~i .f!;l Rus.a; liHor ~i ,af0 S it in'IJropjjf~ln fM~<E.I !h~;aSfiTht;tLA p G ! S " o o l f {i. in lli"lSEftc NnaDQ], ,e~ltori i : l !3~.

C 'U mar~ f , m ; s ; t .

F e n t m ID ! Br l't :1 li ll e s;aJe~] mali ales 'p\8mllKU.mnn~ seJrVid:i a rd : u :se ; COO - l i ' ~t i:ni\ ' iimuJtxil

BE ern.~ 1-% c1 :r:J::;;H t TIl chip QIt;)08e11ii:.~Dndu'~1 . L 1 ' . ! . JinduJ

S.f:lntUdr sl m.mlini lu-l «ceaintiocmai eu ApQfiMit..la lion: eu inmdtE el t[ei fii. a li saL CO,l1lStQ'l1tJ'fi H (S:37-3~C):l, Gbrt®£llniJru r,13i--30JJ. eo:ns~hmli (33.:;-$50). 1 3 m , 3 ~ n , .C()nsl\ll l~ lU ~ dom:ni t 5:1IiL!!U[ ea in:l.fdir.;at p r n ala ;),61, ' [ernc l . ~ - a u l" .m . a1 I rl 1i G Jl Apo..s:tatti l (316J-.Jl!T3). caresa mcezeet za-

d :n n- .c ia $ 2 1' raC~ clin nou di n .relJigia gr~-rom.au,a. 0ren'gie fQv-od7..irti

! ! l i ImpGtiwu:L

E:nn. IGlG R A. FIE

N. 'H, F i i i ],(I$S, C'~J!' I, i;' i' Ili' llf[JIl l ,~~ Gt>elillt f!iII.d' J I~ e t fir is Ui !ln C~lJjf'i!:'h. 2. . ; l1<3;, ! ! ' / : ! : . L i l . n d ! C I f J ) . ,

1m2. R. M{I(i'. M,lll.l£!1'1 COG1]<ll'llllWl, j~, p' t-e"m}ElI ' t1lmp~re.!ff<JuetJen. Trad.. 1I~ 1'.a!l9~aji~piliI CtM. 'flll.lel, :Pii~t:s; I<,911f J, PI. SIl1.tt l:i, 'Can~~j]I1;~j!il.l~ 'Gt.eaL. LOllldo:ilJ, 1971.• H.Ddrrie:3l. 1\~I1S~1l'1~l!Ii.i!l'e.~ G"WS~<i. :E~i.!Hgail:t, l W \ i B IC. GJgli. l':fmpillt:l rom ....n.GdGlfah.!ti·t :4 i z! o !t c . ;( ; D i o e! e- z iI lI T l' ! ' ! : i l l ' a .m~r1~ c U ' G~~~!ilJlrj.fil) (3(15~a3itJ. !b: Im.I f I , 1958, .L · V o . e k l .

DGfFfa:I~~I f i :011lsfmo1i ,n. . 3~~'JI. Ai1Ii1t;!lsJ1e.fnu .~e-j!""'~tlde, WJnc l : U3 ] }~ 19,3 . '1 , Em~!Bll!:k,9'., .F!til;ffi }!(.~~-;,ilFn1ii~r (@ CO'Ili~iaJnri~le-, OK;~lliIn3i. ~9'~' t J. '\fQgl, C'Oru;itHihf,1i de,r Gf~E!.ill «'RQEl.i~(\i"~cQIln h An'tIke ].:II!Jil. c..blisi'elil'hJ'IlII.~~ 'In t l g j i j : J l l t cot 31>&-3<,e r 1 1 ! ' l l E !m i Cllln-s:1r:1mh]:J6C:. l I,sFmg;e. ill~X-Ii! Ci1lnJ:l:~.lliil'E!flil. S : ' C . 5to.f" Ro:m.l3J,1~ ,AUf. 6, 'p o ~3-7g;'ll ~Idem, Q®p.~i I I :LU,n ~r Gr1: l \Me i[1J;J.lff .~$Jin J · ( i iWhu l l t : l~. r1 , .!l.l1uncmn, 19lii;!. oS . L m~~~d~"ChUfCf ; i 1lIf.d ~,~G:tl$::wn~.Coil~Htl1riRe it) TheoEl@:5' i !J1~. L, , : rrrlon, U5~. A,f ig l! ! l iJ. i . l ! ! I l . L'~:l:al

~djleJ de ki Ique'sHOllii {[Ql'l~flw.fllJ'lti~'!l!.e. t J l3 ' a - t~ . 4 !g , ~ , 5~~tOi[\Il. zei'!l!%cltrif:l ~lif <I]t~

Cf~s~~kht€l"'1 Bai1eol1,UiJ:\ ll 'l ,p,. In- - -9i l i , Idem. j' ; !1: ' l11oim ~lMIa.j(i~'. T. IV. 2_ f , ' : fmpNe

r.Ilr,Hled'l (323- ~ gkn~r!3ille" d ~ G. '[email protected]. P\:ln'3. lMi1~. rd.~' IiI!!, .t'e,mpl:'feI11CL'JItliil~.nUll, 'F\a, ..! A. Atf181dk l'h~ Co!:t1,(,enlitil~! 01 e(ffl~'t(IRUn tIM pQ'i:ia!1Llicome.•O.; l: fOi[d, 18!1S; K. m!lJlJ 1{@)lS'l%.:t[i:il i det G:rQis.~eJ2-~ rudl, lM.l, H. VOn Sie.ooe,!lebeC'~RI;1Ufi lg( ,~1f ae~d ia ! l l l s ' pom!J l i : eilS'.SNllI::l.';G'l'!tiOlS u! i i . id , C,p:tt:' ltan:lin.. ~!; !~p:rlg t , lOO9 t H, Gi r e ·gone, .L tl vi:5'i).)n , C o ! ~ ~ t ' , t i , - l S1 ! l i . ' ~.Ii',yzmtJo.n..XIV ~1939l, 2, ~, J4JI--351.Ir!~m' Na[;fV,eU:~iSf'Fl'.~;IlE;1r¢h~i51!:Dl'IlS1ifl.1lI In d ' 1 : Y l ii l n 1 : i. ! iI t !! • • XIT[ p.93iB) J'l. 1iS1---593,~r r l f ) f f i , I.1lI~{~(m"'et'&'ie'Jh q : e o CDcll11~,arlIjllr, hI, ~:R:~I,fIl~ ! 1 ! . 1 I:UruVf!:r~h~ de ar:Ol!1eUe5"~, 3 - ! l

[19JMl l. Il- 231~1~; ..E. Ger],1bnd, .Honil~o'1Hn li~r G'OSSf! in Gt~~.'irch r~ !1M . ' : I n g . e ,A~h'E!n.,lU3't· E, S61Il'wilm. Klfl i :sel l ! ~9\l.eM,~~n Hl'ld ~;e "~hrfsnid';lIe Ilii:AMil~. :2>-2 Aufl.

L { ] lp ' dq -SB ! t ud . lzyji5 i J".,R, P·.~]ilnlJflt.~,a,HardYr P.d,e Ylb,riIlIH~ •. De I ll!. ~f~. ~~!S!IIMi.a J l j l : ~ ~ n e " (i ~al'llD"l f:!¢ T h c . I G a J ! ' J 1 S e ; _F. II I d'et':JiliS[.D~l'e" de l'Bg:flse· pa. !iI" Aug.Fh~liN;! ~~~V , N lB .t1 n). P i f lr h ; ;, l lWo i j, I l· . 7~rJII r n....;{l:5 ~ L, A§)lkln, l.'Emeire ffllltf1/I1, ~f.l~, HH~;

C, f :l <P ! S 5~W , L il l. ,Hn du p<agil11li11s,Qilifr , :B-1e e!t, 1, 1 -1 1, p .~ ri :E ;t' 1925, :iI.M~w::[~ (;Iiln~ruJt:lll

t~, O r tl nt .i ', P dJ .' i, s. U S 2 11 J i P . 1 ! :a tU f ol , La jit;Iix. ~Gl'lsbjU!l:rJrn2'nl1r!' el if;. [ !mooI~rJ5ml; ! . 3· ~"'~'j POI: ! '~ , 1924, V•.~as.aIt, 'g.iroclN llIi!~ ~ll'iG:t im tomj~h....bc!l:iotE~'HJrulS£lre,'! illPkhe. ad. ~.m f 1 ' ndt~lompDll'1,J1I: r l:Jt i . l l ·. rDmlScJ' i en; tI'iPl1!sE),von. *allr;(~ltH.i!jd~r Grosse .bi~

TIworl ~81'~ I i ! l ! ' f Yl'QJ;8.lf' ~al ), 1911'j t. tllit:hl?s'lIl~ His! o,jtEl tli! J·~.n~, t. ll. ol-!!'

'I'~,! t. m , 3 - 1 2 e . p . , ~~fI~, ~ · \ H C L

III I.rmb 1: 1 t om dl 1, f! ~ Pr. E liot '. 1 R ~ 1l.f,~ilI[j'l], LUP,~11Gfrl'Soxll!!;! cl[lru:m ari(r,ni.!m!l/uj .•••

1r1 ~Sltlldll Tc:olQni~~~, X lI! ! P ll :M l , Llf. j~,P. 1~1, i 'nd.2~;ebJ s~~_dii1e . d :~ 1 1 11 1 1>1 . 01

2 , " .B oe l C ll1g l, p ell '~ diI:! 1. l} fl1 !il t~r:I . ~ t ; J : 1 Go . f ,!~ ]U !1 HJ l ote~ M Q 1 ' ~ $I pol1ilCII lor ~l)Ct ,1 !I1d ,

nII~", 1.035

_-t. 8,eoohdul lV~

Cu, ioBtte pers'ee-u;~1iile dhl 'P'fllimele. ttei 5ecol~, CI-e!; ii~Inis ,mul C S - i & ri;bi~

p1rn.d.it in IDlpertul. romen \ill g: tret:ut : in unt !I~ p:1§: it lpEl5:i<e gra:ni1t~ lu:i,ea singlIT'a re~gie C " I ! . I . :;;:CfiP [ l ;ecteato:HdtEare:»·( dup.~. $.fS:nttLI Ig.naidu.

.l'StlIltia: ] jei1secntUlo.r ~~~H,r:a;f :in pe.:rt-e ,r;~,~l:ndiifoe:a Itrl, M::uti.riw.

illsl!1~i facea. pi[>Qpii!.gan-d~ peutru. cr6$tinlstrl,. dnvHclie~ rue'Vi1IDw5.,j1fl" fll1-

terea de e[e(¥illV~~. de v~aJ~a.. ~;re!JJln~..sJiJ1JJiluLDun S~8U covvertH cI t ind Sfinta Sc : r i>p tu l ' a , i'll.• !:a:1'I:taTea ade;rarru1.l~i.Cre:$t1:nl.srn1,ll] ,adu(;ejl klt·.:i ~~i, , ( ; l tc~rltD~T'e pentru O ~l'm enU . perss-

Ctl:f'ffR, iar alme;gati aJ · IS] E1.o:ralItatea c:r;e::;;Unllor atr~geauc QnHi.l lUn[)ia d l e re . _ i1 . U ~ BIs'e;ricit .

A c t i . l ! 1 1 1 ' l e a 1::i~rr.srn~t.h~ittl:r, r n a : r t 1 ] . r I ' 5 ~ t j indo In a dona Ji[[IT:la~ a . so lE. .

eolului ill Il-Iea (ldl"l'el!l~, 'r mptes1'tm" I f J e . -cei llhe I'IRU@tidTI!nGe.LCJr~tm.Irera 11 ro:nvm~ c~ au plJ'te:re~. ·rh a a l I u . . t t g ' . . a d p i ' : u u @ . m l j i;lidlldf~l3ca gjniL)'l 8~

P J f t f i . .' . e . -a .U r 1 ' ; . r;I .l .U I il e. 1 0] " ? l 1 ~ ~ i . ~ .' ~ c lUe ~ie-c.. . t ~ l . t . h . ~ . r u }S . ' P i : c . i . i . : J . t r i . .H n . : lc z e t ; l . ; n .ci.' i~ti l ' lno:-c~ tn Antlohl~~m. ~u l lui D i 'Q l c l1e'\,13Uj. MJj~®l 'bYi l l '1e . .;S'l~~c[ l :ensnnub~ndjn\~ spre , m O h J J l ' t ! l ' i: i : : sm : ~ ' i . ;pro;p-Q, ' !J ; ,aI ' l~cla. o r n t B l o [ QKisi I i l t "oJe,

chiar pTopa!l]alWaJ EeUg'fca:s~~rijO~;;l~i a filo'Z!aUelt lIj$UJalll prm:ri re,a , €t?~~'H:nismulul t O I i ! 5 : i : I cum t:ni ll il :deie i' ! ~ [ or~ aui:'l aVa Jmperiulut. rmr,ra:n usu-ra u cJ.lcaifl~la ~] K(ispl1u: f ire<l 1'detl:Or z y , d im a ~IJ. ~l'm,em lj l 'W' l ,d€! r>O: ·PPM ' : e · ,

e u lo t fIl !1 !iIa H sn :n .1 1e . v m l o l ' f'f1:Ugii. ta:re . : i: r lK 1 . Clies CfeF€'Si ple:rsE! \6'umt: .~QC'Fe~'tinil'~r lnr,r~mele dOlia. 5e~(:l1B de p,rigoan~~ l 'IaSi1l1.DJ'Ma 'inceput fda5:6jidii ~i fD'0poirul a. lm::eplll t 5,i.t simt@i ~i samm::d fes~e :s;tirrpatil~ pen.trJ,l

em F1:r].,~onili.. CIDd lm'P~latu·j [ . r uC '~pmd cu. D . E !'£ i 'l 1 , .au. vmt ~5 : distrllgaB,if'srric.iilI pldn p~flr~ec:u.pe genet f f iL la : ~Jsi!>tema:ttc:ar era pTEla t irz Lu . J ~: ,a 's ami;l!~ I'l~~ re~~ .• (Z [ ; e~ tm1s :mu . l m:bes,e i1: (;Mn·c: tn . I lm' I,e ~L ·s e ®,:a)g;aDL'l~e"solid.

.Uc.2~pjl \l t iiirea. Gre~i.li':Smulu!. .Uc€,nidi $'fln ;i 1er ,Btp~$,tGli eu

,...!kontinunt o.pe:r~ uce"&t?T~ du'p '~ .~::~od~e ~i. ~~er. Ie.nlo. h .' ;l e _ r . .Tslo:i cull EUl'rebtu sene ca !:1mulf'l dill M . : C OOl'G.J.1; m VLliIt~ ~ ('se'(. J S :1 [l) t~ .: i m p a : r t . e : a . . u's l l Irra,cUooI: ,WEre a $i, .p<leca;u d~pp;Ile.,. in m:J..s inp,~ cr:i\r~tJn:a:, C(lJ;eyauflTie-

1~9ti.L n i> i O1ergea:.u de la p o.p,Ot la R,o,per, t l : i : f u Lm t ii l. L l c o m.uIIi ta}l/ r n : r n ' E ' ! a L L

pre.oU. E u s :e bi .u t ih ~' g~ ii dear cl~~\~ ILtUne, al e :CJ:!lor care aJ,l I i !§:M. t : j i: l

s c 'l '1 .em ~ ClellJ.ml'l: Rlcm8'~llil F:gnnP.U, ' P t l r p i ' s " ~i P : ( 3 ; I 1 . m r , p " d<eci p.a· l7~n~:fi i 9';i~i( !l ;U ; PO s :t oU f b . . j

lt11sp~nea ,ere,st1ni:smulul s-a f:acut ~ipealte cal. f, I,e Ge (I p<!f l ' te"f i.ocdT~ {;'(){muni~a~e cra;;'lfu~ c.rB~e;a fa jam! S f tl lI , p J ri l 11 C i~ ti u ne tf ;l ! i l l mf!u-

ellte! re i .i]lJ.Eoc4J:,tl.tl:rte~;i iID.' lm.pe;r.illI j !p'e ciA aL~ i ie:L(I:ra (;1e !? ti lI \e r~ . 1 1 ll

mis.io 'na:r m . r:~Cl! . ] t si1iu d~ y;j:at~'~,i " l '1oI l l1uc. l '1 l ' lDfn ii£H:: ,olu.l a1 ~~~!! l r 5 ,e

c tmQa~l -e €Jr g<!niozar ,eQl cat~hu<me5i1W)u[,carl!! J1LC'r$RU,Ijje-pralba®]l 1]J l,l!n~.

nlu] Siewl ~fuvi '1 td 'WJ fH celnr doJ&.'P!~ze.ce Apo$:trnli pres,u'ptlne :u n lnc~-put d e i ny : a .t H lT Il !J i ln ! eat~[u~ft.c). 'In Hmpce: mi'S];onroff rner;gBil lu ~l tn loe .

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I ~ I Hecare r . ;O l lH : t n ii ; a " l1 ! o r g ,a l ' i "i zB : mf s i l l1 ' 1 .e a tn inul .~auj aka.g.iud J acrosttnlsm p laiCi .

11

a gasit bi'50fid, eres ini. botezuri, Silnta Euhar}sUe §,1sern:I1111 '~i¢hthvs~-pe~ti2'. Sbnbol al h-fintl!l'tcru1ni, aup~ acrostihul : 'I'i'jt!I!),~ 4-J:lL-:l;O'9505



t1ncori sc cerea Biserlei lor mal h].iS~mIla:te sa limlit:!. in a lt e I OC 1 !J l" i1 1' rS 0 81 1 € c u C ll nU~ t" i: T1 t; eb:ihlirC'e:?i tee.log];ee, care ~aL l,area51 ;;"a . in ere-d .ut a , p f : ! . ~;Qitic .a<;oolo r l'rlllQ:'1lli ~i Cldgul1, pilu:fesori l ,a. : sco~la lC!ai'lebetl:cii

din Ale!xatld,rf~,~u f,o~1: de ssemenea misio:r!,iR"i1 ccazionelt, In $CO~dil din\!SX,Eludr1ill ascultau invitfunintul Crtl:$i~ti l I i J i unll dlntra pilgill:i. ~ 01ti1 SBadnnea in jurut unor Xnv€itat0'ti partirulari [cum ere lu tln MiEiri iJ l:oljTa-ti~!l1!U1(l;do:tij-.Faimalud Or,lg'ci3n ill. f~cu~ ce er 'S~ f l - e chemetIa Ant io-ma:,;18iSculJal d<e-Ju1LIa : : \4 t i l t I uuaea" manra trn~~ratulu' Al~andru Sever~

nli€ a CllT,loseut Iii~ esemenee 'p.e1 o 1 r L t 1a Rnma, La Cei2la~ Palestine -,Or'iY'8l1 a aVIll!t uoaIl'lct ~lo" i, ci$tlUilt. i la cr:e:~injsm fI ~n i~uen~ lui,f~i1re lPJ d~sfi!!$Ural_ <l!:poi 0 intensa aetivitate m.isionar": in pro zincia lenr,j;I Gl'~goIe Tamnaturqul (teo 270) in Pont, ;Scolile si scdUorii rldieauelvalul intalectusl al cI!J'~tini5· ulul sl-l Impuneau atentle! earneni-~or cultt,

MedJu:Jmi:siuflii: , - La: InCi~lj:fU!t cre~t.ini"i pifovenelill,t! eli1 t I:! '~ 'diD.

d-a$eh~,€fe,jes ~i cl:e miJlec.A u f 'O:£j , r t < O ! l i l ~ i IMrSlli,i 18 c[edlnt,a . h: :l r' ~ oGi-

menr de : rang social in;[lU, oa prceonsulu! s'~lr,gius Paulus in Cilp:m. S:i:EIeqp\ i lg' t L ;1 J Olo::rui: 'Eie la Ateoo.. In .c ,E j d to Set:Ol1IIl I. c r e~Un1 t smu l rtru$e~s[ p <1 tru nd i:i in I.l11l1iurile ilti'8;t(IIt:.rati~i romane. Dm ei sa: .recn:rl~zf!srnItar

O

:'ill t'eolog'i. a p : i ' S C I } ' P i , martiri d e '3 ~m .! 'i; [ us:ti;n M ,artiru l, 1 i6Jp -'i iln .Ate2agoraJ. prmeS01"il ~mlli a]eXqudtk:ie, _,1\,pollnmus. CIprian, a:U c-rle~-

tinl aHa ti in fu1'ltl;i ' i ~iVUe sau milttsre, ehiar Ia eurtea imp.e.na16(sub Valerian, Dioeletian].

. C r e st im i , nurnitl71 « .g alileenh sau «Thaza.rinenl. de ·crilIie. lleCre~inl~i d~ j .tl!~ei-I -se deosebeau de ace$fia prtntr-c termlnol '&gi,e",spedal~. Diiif~i ~r:€!~thi'ii Ii danumeau pe !1'ec;J:'.e$nru~ d G ! 'Variate odgitd ~i :pl(nre'fljen~e',.:telini» In Rie:arH, ~ «tJaq,anh i : t 1 . AlllU:i, sau, zu gi !i iPn;~sie , ( i l/PlOst .oUci l,[ m e a ' l 1 ' l u r i . ~ [t~ sfl l ' ",~).

Crt~~. t in i i aV'MU moe,Sjde ' l\ a f1r~ituj s ec :o lu luL ill nle a co~ti:intanU!11arului lot. Te.t: ti ll j,il l1_ sena; uS'tnte'l1l de ieJj $~ ,am UlIlpltlt IIoate

til.e voaslt'r:l: IDl~el<e, .irnul'eie, locurile tnUirite~ mu_nic:lpme.. UrgurUe,chim castre{~, tritf!.lfide, decuriile, p,alatllii senatnl, foru!: nu Vi-.inn lasat

decit te~l1pel-E'b (ApoJogerlcum, 37. 4)oA-.iiI'mli~[a ma,re"ui So -mO l e"'a-geteilz6, fire~l:.e, tn sl<\.ypapGllogelk, dar e:r nil pl!ltea !i-O f t li c j3 J , daca nu

~!1! int.emeia, oric1JJ])" flO Ie.[~LitaLea rlis,pinclhii cre~--nn]snuIlu~.

TntJ.ncl'eren g en !W r a iic i. - Pent!.'ll loc9'putul I"a~·fudJirj,i u,e~tili.ism.n~

hll 1n uncle pr.Dv!ucii 1 ! 1 'e 1ll ' lperi lJ 1ut i r61IH~i:n lp$e-..;:c'y totul ~Li Ii. ra w

rw n tm is lb a- ]e nu. aVem decit tF,a:ditii 11e:siglu~ 'stall lege:ntie .11'IIo,nria1JtLe r&M, [ ; i ce ' ooe :t au rm!§ ' roE l r :e le in.dlCiU].: pmcaDSulul Plin1rr

C' ~l nll.!!t di BHinffi., ~ai1;t pe'le i l l I J l ' 1 i i l1J-112 cUre 1mpa.ralu l Tiaid'n eil

t I : ! l l . l ,pel 'St i .~ia cea ma.re (ailir.J!ue tiuismlllj ~-4 .rbpinditpre:tu illdeni I

Ilpc'ng~Lul Sfintul Ilffilin MgrtifUl 1;)' F i lo z (; '. IIU l ( . .. lIij5 piedzeazff c~ ~

111J xl 'sUi pOpOf, la & a T e S iB n u IifGst i iue;di,ca:t liI[stOS I S fi nt ul Ave:rckiemllrtu r l 'M! i1 pe IB e ;muJ 180, eA d. Ja RQma qli pIni db1cot.o d e Hu ira t

l·~ili~ l i - : - . . l j J l l C~ S t c Irineu diu Lu~tltl:umr (t 202')1 ~ r r r n O i ! ! I pe 1& W O jc a ~crestlnismul 54!. r . ': is p -ndH ~ b:r provinclfle The r l i i i ~S,)Ju'l ITiaJ~AJ 5Il1 anla,] ( '1 : c-€'l~i :rl:in GcJ.~ !? i Brit;3,n'I,at1n Egtp , t~ LibLaj Gred~; Sil'ii! $~ Asia Mic~

! ; < i in O r:ie Itt V!l.rl\"f:!f"''U:S~ h;[lj(i!rase;s· Ir 10 , 2.) ~·,apologrel-ll1 T;.e];'tuUa:ll dinC-lJIdaginatlth:ma,. pe Ia : : r o o , c :~ \C't~tilli.slJml iii cuprins tcNll ' te ·~rne, ll~' S ,j _~d o t .pAg1J rUor .. d c - a_ [ ' t ; erup I' ~ le , goa le, ~i 1 ? S : 1 . e - cu nescu t p-rU 1oT , m '1.rlof,el,(I[rni,tih:l'[t m~stll.u:aa:mtenUot, arrnenllor, frigHt:rr, 'c,ilpa:doci~)'li1of, in Te-giunlle A'Sie~~i Pa:mfiUe~" ill E tJ -W l t, ~ . :n Ierusalire, a.pnl getu.~ilGrr mau-

dlor. pmd spre gran:i.tele Hispeniel ~1-GaB,e!~LBtita:ni i, ! i i i mnltnr u'ea-n~W'I, sanlla'iiloI, iiacflm ~ig e:rm 'tm H or ~ -- se.iplo[' ~'ti muiWa: altora (Ad-ve tsus Juuae-ps. 7. -.1--:8): 'E'~e9~t:nlOrlgen dl.n A1e'.ancifia ptecizel', pe@ arum 248, cu pF-dent~, ca : dIlntte ,h~am, getml(!![l'l, d@d , sarm-al,i ~isettf_. (Ie) Hm multi nu a m.12ILiruc'(iCU,\cintul.J3:'vilng,l1elicil dar n vor i8.uzi?l ineii In DUIS:W seeolulu] (CGl·m~TlJr.:l-l .B9 la } . 1 m e1 1 XXIV, 1.4); Arn:obdndin. :Sic-ca (j 3.1Ot)r ef lrma c , 1 ! ; I;T e~Hnism ul ;.-~ rCls ! )md1t in. 1m pe'tiu.l £ < : 1 -

~iirn.~ ~na!atr;a Iui, ]~ a]1Z:il 'Nimj"a;p,oi La pe~~ - . , i ~ltii{ fi hi. fine Luciandnl }!l.ntl<llli61 r- 3" '2 } atii ta l C a . Ol"a$e I n'lr eg .l s :e cGlmvert~'a,u lQ i c'r~,9-Hn1C'$m.

P e h .a zi1 I. b.lalrO[ m.. i r tu rHio l ' " canosente ~i a eOi ru ::hnUlo .r pasibUe,Adolr Harneck a into-emU o ;l:nt'eresanHi ha:r~a a re~p.indirii . ,C',r~tiniiS~molal ptnii L a illcepu:tul secnlulut al rV-~eQ, inil:-O Ium-ate jstorL ca, ~dlspie:l1Siibitill. pentru smdlul r,~spindlr:ii cfe:$tilti mulut i 1 : l -primelt! ,~.rcisecote (i'1isSion und: _.u'Sbretlung de's Chris:lentum'S in ae.H:elste"rI drei

Jahfnundeltell.Leluzigl 1924).Fe. mghlTIi, Silltua::ti~ ~;epMinUi i¥'tiel:P:tneslina., va . r a c .r e .; ;Uw; s ,muJu i , (I, p.ierdut impo:nanl'a miS:lOlI1'ara rLup~

rm:OOa:ie.lie lud.;;. jce (6~11J, 132- : - :135)1 $iwin~rea Ierusalimuluf recon-

strult cl!eromant ea ora!;;nou, ~ifrifi. (AeJiia CtJpitoHna)" Akt £HiJ. JDtlJJ~to .nou.iCo.l:!!TIlU3].~8' cli'e~H])la, 'di:-nee pagin·. Ma:. iIITif)ortanti €nl.\ ee-a dinCeLia,feca, met:r'opoia prQ"iri'Ilci€ij IGiiltr:e a c un oO O l1 '~ 0 trl!Olie r n f l o , l c a r ' e 1 :t~C'Coh.llaJ Ill-lea, priD S!:IJClla ~inil'lta. acol0 ,de Orig:en" ,sua :s;~ pl~[edin _.i\l~xiil:rutria, ~o prin MbliGrteca. lnfHntatl' :t de t[w~ttit]]l preot Pam.fiL

P rIn O rig-en ~ rp , ' ~coa.1l:1:, C 'e w; 1 U 'IE ! e a ~ , d t a o ' 7 E ' n H Uill ' irnp0l:ta,ruL Co ' n tm

cr~tln. ell ht uen~a in pro-viu!;!e 91. in atara-..Ak'i i i i . cQlmandat COl ' l s ta : : tin-eel Mare 50 e ~emptale rede lux~~ ale Sfiniei Scri'P'turl .. pe-ntru neNuiled tOJrHi'serici. s 'oricu:l Eu:se;biua Hust ..at Cez.Eimea P-a e~l'llel 'ca ep:tscop~i Cal m t omfnarte in.vEl....t. La !nceputul ,s:ecalului ~J IV~le' i l mat [~r,a ;u

scauJile epri:sc~pale ta Ierus,aliln, Galfa, Ema u s (N 1 co " P ,o ]1 ! ll i1 !E l ef te r ap o li s$'i .in aJte: m(jJ~19.

hllFeniCia s~au iormllt bi:s:eric1 la Tyr1· S~dan~ _F:tGlemCl i : idaI Betit,Biblo1>, --hlpolli;; la. T'yr ,a I l : t 1 . :U : i : t -m:i!' lcI~Le' S('' 'r tHo.t cn~UIl Qrlgen (254J.

In Am:b~a cr~ti::.ismu:] a p,~tWIi~05 din Pa!estblla ~i . :d:in SiLl,a In ace-. e S i, U ' ln ~ ~ I n u!.giu1lea invec-i lla;i :L Bi~fie,a. m at imporWl'I.:ta e..lta in s,e~['oM CL In-~ed cca "d e la B'astr.a, cUiuo' t :IJ' t ,a_ rpthl epl~~c'(jpu1~n]C illonrle la eroarea a.1:iHrln1tOlrl ' i de Griqen, care a . 'Pil.'rticilp'at aO!l:o la ' S . i IU : : H l i ell'

-nu mkh,. zice E:u .ebiu tn a n u l 244,

SltJ~ a fa s !: d e la . hlce:piIl.[ Ull1;i di.n. c e l@ J m : a i 1nsemnClie pltovlm:ii

I ,;rc~t[ne ,$t e uHScillllI:()1.1tintUi ip _ j 'wrp,o:rt l l i l1'Vt C ap ita li i lL ~ , A]TtiOJi~~C'Q.11UU.r~~t1;11.irr O[i~:)J4t , .a r:tima,£ iil~enll:la1t €l'1i~r~i d l 1 ' p , 1 i i ee A~e~n(lriff

ll3

~)~n eapadoc],!lI..~ . l ? ' O E ! . t ; n€,~ t il l i fS ] TIul ap:gltruru:~n A r m ~ : l ' : i ! J G rcmantirWld_ e a~u murH Jra, ~ ..~~t!-a C'e~40. d~ mpr,titr:i: l lh1)f; l .J ; s :0c:u~la .1Ui Licin~iu"~~rm ,em p a 'PT~tmit cresbru;Sp;1111lJ1)lnt ales ,luS'eqolu1. al rU-letfl din 'proVlll~



t1 11ll : "epuJL k~~l In tt-ea£·i j r t l l . £6'Co],ul .a t Ill-Iea. Promi ! m epi'5(';opi au .f'G,S~

1,1tB!l1,d a n : A p0 '& tG 'lH OT C Ev 0d nu j ig : r l .< i t ,h l> l .Dm a . do u a rLl lJI l I~t<;!!1le ;;l s e c e -lului :01ID-1e-a, AnflohJa w v . . ; g , 1 ] [ 0 ~ala e ~ ~ l j d In-sarinla.~l C'iilI'e a

_JlIt '~ inflUBJJyJ3: ci~t..a. Slr.iui ill ~1a.r~. Illfb'e cO'mlluHj~~ec:re$ti:ne mal~unO!g,cul:e S'D)I~ <E'Elle i 1 ! E la D :a m~ CI S ele ut:i,! l.1 .B~rGooJl£pam~, Cytus,S B~:nesata, La 51).10 d U I r , e r : :r~ ] :! ! I~ , :dc ( 325) ,~.u , lu a ~ parte 2 : 1 l . de ,epi.sc. t lp1. ~t

dQi hQte'pj~'C~pi ru~~Shia.' :~i C~Lf:siri'2. j L,>():e~e~~i!lif;l

Din Si: l i , f i l , ~f,l l;l~Unt$nms~a I nU :) .! s dE . ~i~ili"j.'IIl pfovmcii.h~JwecJne1u r,!Is~:rit1f Je<she Eu h;.at, in 0 SIOene, Ai l j j ,ab~ne, . MI~S0poJ ; i 1 Imid , I!I.UIn ir ej1'l p~rle Sil:'la:orl.~ntal~.rn'UIDiteIa un lee Mesa~[}r,ru!fija (t!ara dlnitre flu-'IIij1eEllrrM 1iilTtgTu). Centrul cr~H!l. eel ma'i i.'podant iiil:l I iI l lgiul.1li i era

Bde!l@, u , C ) ' l C J : a CrulOS:Cllt t:re~'tln'j.s-mpl de ti.hJil.J'l1tiu,. Eii .1 f ! . !M, e:S~>R u nm amcel..e°dJnMi oFfi(\ie' ~~:pn cere se.. :zt l~ ea aI.~Vtlt un, toc.a~, de ('u~tpll1b1i,c{P(!!~20D).~ pI'H~llh1L~:i '0 ~'Co'al8 Ch~':l:l:B, in )JJ'1m.a jll'na.~.te g~c;oluJulE L l lIT . J ) ~ E . C amuThifali cr e-~11ne m.a.i 'B'IiiiI'l1 la ~j b ~ : S ! . Cascar tCar [h~e~,R~'{a.iRfi r P o e : t ' S a , B i t r o . p . D ! S , M,acea(j~0!po 11s, in Osroene c~~t{ni:5IDul Iii foot

t ol eu .7 i: s ia $juns IeJ1gh~·de s . f u a : t iMint€.~! de a ajung-em Impreriul r,pl i I : irQ.W l,

fUnd rrut:l:odm; d~ tapi .:Ji .Tflu!Ab~l€lt VUl {1'7~213) ~~tlIX.

J:l'iu ),il~s~tamja, cra:;;tihistl1ul s-a tnUni !l!~:re.Est In JI~rsi\(f :s i s:p~e' !; iud .- E s t i n t~gimea Ci l l, l dj ? i' i' J. .n5J tmd~ s- an hTfjHJ~At co;munitali CI'!fr:;;itilii3:

Ia Sete.'ucia ~1(£;tes'if\Qfi. DiD o.poiitle fa~~ 'I£i~~r!lii:liat.li,cere p!!1!:r'Se€~tau

F IE ! c r e c : ; ; t i ' n lr p _ e r , f , l H :!i ~ t 'e x a u . . .m pr0'v . rrN:i i loe A~j,el _ 1 V [ i d ~ Cle~i ' t im.5lnu! era d'eja J~p'md'i~ la "inc,e-

l'lUilUl ,secQlu:lui ~ :l P7-1:ea.. PIeIiI.'l'm BiL l l' r ~i , ar p ; r.cOCol l ii , ul ll~ 'PU 'I 1 ,un ce:~ Tinarin EOTill"8ICi'l. a ca Ct ~~tt:n.ffi'miUil5.~ inLimf; S~ la hIc:epu hil l!eoolull!liclil Il-lea'~Jlordt L a ~ .@ t e : ; r i Cd : re! igi i ' l<e neamUrilrQ[ @,"riiil:ll ,~.:n:g1:lt'm::.1..l1!d e h :ltiiW de rH lu 5"

91t u ~ :W ' a ~Ui :pTO'hlllhil ~.H~a~li~i ttl 'aHe pI:o-vlJllCii, ~;ai aj!E!S h :i eele incare e : l ' d : i l 1 i l i U CQ1nlUll{ a 1 i ( I . { l@ s tcd ' i l ce mai : m l : m . e o r o a ' S ' e . e a . fu ASi i :a p ! i : r o c : : O O -

sul~ri;C B £ E ; ! ' s u l r Sm i :r nT I, F i 1a l[ :h :! lf la ; S a r : c l e p ; J 11:lLyanra.Pel'{lam, C a : T h o o e ,

La,Oc i : iC) l7 .91i l ,H1e'rapoli$~ ayea l l de tinJ;Pfllf"l bisedd fuf lor ! toore . Nioo-

dhnLa ( il l HtUnta)~ T"9;;BditlJa lui D . An, i'lVea !(]I biiffiierk.lli ,nu .clepart:~de ,p~latul i111'R~riaJ., NiClE:£iI. Cal . i PIU'B.'a { iE!. [{ l I$al i aj\~U callIH,mUi!i:p

t ·rlOl~l i l ' le . : r n F:r1§I.<:I, mir: ; ;earBa ~N~ I?Hn i B .l af oa .r be vie" r;: ind : 0 1 ! . . i1 I ] l !amt f f i lOI1-Hmi!l'mul. C[;JNllL"I1:itd~nemai ' in s· enm ii te e re tl P ep ~. t'7 .a J ~ ] SYD fi .a d !a ,.

Pravinci jLe $;'[Uiit:::,8 - c: :m, ; : ; :~: j j I , B;)HlWI.a , l,.:[clii i - ~[ c.e~je jJlllte~~(}an;:

U,:aorr iB. , Pt.sidi 'i l~ Ga'la:t ia -, i i j . ' . . , , - e a J ; l ! CQlIDl~iUi4i : : i : r . rmemQJ5e . T,ars.1~"PHaT1llar M U " ! i L , IC<IJ'tll'jJ, A t t . o o l i ! a , Sifi'€" °lP;ei~.,Lis't:r;a1 DeIbe, FtlomeUoll,

"\nclTa enn.l m a~ m S i e . ' t l r r u ~ T I 2 : . T n P;afllagr.mira . ' , > i P : ( ; J m l:a SlfdllI Matrli Ne -I~Jrf'!1r:l:f:wnism1Jl ~:(a d e ; a JB ! e m e ! lX ~ : a m u l t hl;tins. Saiil'h:ul Lu(lar:. de~rHm~iS ,a t~ ~ .~ ' j ]! lhl ,g!8a, i r: : re c al iu . l ;3)1U - l~ 1 !L c a. i n Pon t :s:tnt mui , t : i 1C~m:D:i.

hlsl"dd ma n ,t:UJ:~Olte aa:tl. L a ~ot:.Hz.a:ree!a ; ; 1 . COJ:D:a:oa. (".a:paoJOdCi, m.l:n,~

"r [lvinl::I'e iIrb;;I,tt'(l!g:.[>a ln p~I'te,a de ~a'Sidrit ~_,~.;siei M]cI r in ~..areeril-~ ti.

I'll ~mu! p.\lJtrllUEeslB dm : : ; ; E ! ' t : O l l l l 1, av~a : m secolul i i l l Illl·I'et'1 c b i ' S e : r i . c : i 1 i

di n c{;l!:' maa ~nlS'i<lnn~lf!Itea.tund in D~iii~rl1i 1a C'ez6reea (M.~cf,!).

ciile'lii'ecme. III IQ ! df1ua JUlllaM~'!Q $'e{:o1;uJ(I1iial m~ ..JCtnd.cs- ;a . >eI tb~r.atde p.:e;[si~ Anne-rI'1,fl .S ! lijCl;1t man 13)~t~~. sub t~1e 'TI:r:i~). I IJ (2161-31",_,. Apo8itoJui ~~ffl~]liei . a c e O ' S i t G e lUWfl€. lootul , c l I j i n_ neihn:r:rl ]'\~gpillal~_ ..cI2;g!-iF.dmf. B~:selti~i1I 'ann'eatla '€ strc'[pse l e ; g a : t ! . l n ell ,t:m ( ; l . i ! l 1 . C A l -pa:dcU':~Ia.m~nH l3'Lu mtraclus l l il 1nba l1 ' a ti tQ i ll :l il ' la m pred~ta.$i ~t. Crit~HF

l !!i i '" _ s~ a tnUm. rn ;s€:1:!)1UJ, '~l IU=l~a 'p .e oE o a: 8i fi e; d e r a : s ti :r :i :t a . Mad i. N ,9 ~.g :m~ilm~ ~ P~.tyus!, tn .f'illgi!Uifiea Laz~ca i piin~.Mcl.e·: ~e i nt 1: nd l 'l JC: l:,5f,~pt~nl~oo :ro~af .

b.]!'lsruele Ci;p.rII.~i C r ~ t 1 ' J , ~'i:Il Mjltea M,~'dtfffijil,l1i§;oldEn.it",I~ ~ MG.-

r ea B j e, e, c re $l :i .n :i !sm " i1 1e ra . t nm o :s ;c ll t ~i:lHl. ol'f,J!fI:nbalih{)ep5:n,d d.i:t:l.W p L aa.p-o~tolic:a..

1 m Egip!t !fi.cejlnttu.rl!e c];e:~H'nis,ruull:l!i s: i:n' t ,e.a $necunoseute, c~eaceeste surpdnzi.iib:l:[ pentru o j:\w¥Ei::lde fIo\\ia d J ~ lQl~Gt.t~.nt~.~i apwa:pede':aJestina. _Gt<~~Ul1jm.ul i l l . ·p:i:itmrt~far;tt ' [ n d o ] . a J 1 ; i " din s:e Q Q : lu l I. . M ; a r e l elIJI~r. de iMdel d l: nE · g ip t. " p ;r ez ,e a :~ il I III ullma Ill. l~r~IDi:m T n zit!;CI P9lgo~:rhH SHnrulu.i Dub. J e : g : ~ c 1 . l ! t i l e : ell W ~ l e . s , ~ r h , a $l!. Si iJ : i i ; ' l i " fat: sigU'f;~ J,~'Sp'In-I~.re:a o t l te . : ji Un : [smu l i l 'l t l _din.b':nl t'!lce:put ,$ i l~1 - l £ , a in. t.utli <tn~:;;r~hi:l-li5t\u]Ioo.n ~!ECU., 11ll seeruwl [a l U-leael e.sii~ irl;o.!E. $.c~- . _AJeNi3!f icl i r. l Ja, B.umi i ru l lmlart i : ri iklT de Ja Sep'Mmh~ &eVE1l I Q)tn;~i la_ tul

pBis'ecu:~llQ'r. epi :s t lO'Pl id e m.sft l l : r I latat ja ', ! l I . l u i. D i .m 1~de \, Di .Gn i~ ie iT PetrucMi~rp:r-ezent,a ~1mpot t .a :n taJgn:o~ ti d t smJJ1u i l ~tliilln~rlr:~ Ri~el'icil egtp't(r&~,

Dm . AlexalI ID.dt i i l l . cn:~mllsl:nt;llS~ .@ . i n U h & lnde 'l ta' \ t _ in 1~gu1Nil13Ju!(fu T e cb6lb;lal, .p ,~ ~tcete m a t u . , ~p' teRalSro\ l i r i t ~i > P F i ; ! Alp,M. f;a.l~.t~p1itulsec :o lu !w ~ N-l~, EgfpUu a 'VE' )a-ep1s,c,op '1 , l i IL ! . f fi i s imCB: . MeX<i , ' I ld : l i .r iE ' i ajun-:se.El~,~Bgt~.al i :Mj}or$anta dhili . !to~ O:r ] , ' ! l l l tm. ee:ntrJa c:r.e~ti]][e m(f~~~au1a:Pelm>~. ITm, A~l['sinoe~.N~oopoli l>i : t y~o .p 'OHs r Herm~rpcl1 is .

DinB'g i]!) t C~~U n l: $m u l Q p ti tu t I P t: lt :r u n{ l e ·" l Jl BUolp:F(I~ d ~[ " 11 ou :ar'te.m~U d d '~ 5 p r e ~ , dct1vHate T I i l 1 s i G ~ i ; l J . l 1 ' ~ 1 1 1 @ ! t 3 e ; a . ' S t ' al i a r : ~ . p i i ' ! ' J . l i in se,c:01:! llIV.El l oi l ! ajl1l'~S: de _t in lp l i . l [ 'h: ! . in In.dj:Q~ pli~n naor~ s,e :1h , te~J l ; !ge i il !~ . Arab1\:Q sU.-ili(}l~,.FEin leoij'llirn.rl co :men : :: ii i il ' E !, ! jl l [prill, m: :l s i,m hB ! l' i" . c le ~ tini'!irw,ul a. a'jlUlsplS,l!J, in lm:i i 'a . 'pmp:rliu=z.is,a, c:i.d. f r i E i i ! :H : ! i a ~m:t~te , dll!! \ptec.ar,~g.A.'jElo:st()~lu~.11~TOID{IL spiw,e ac:es,te tegj~:i..

: h : ! -pJ.ovbroil:e su:dloo ~ P:el1.i'm;l11~ ' B . i h l . : c : a n i ! l . 'e l · ( : : t r , e e i t i 'r i . l ! ~ i t 1 U 1 'S~a

~m t . h t l i din com:umtiif,N.e , fnFt t in4lr te . . ; f ; e ~1~nTtrl .J-\JpoSlm] P a : l J . 1 ' ei!j l ' 1 W J : ; 1 , U l l ~i

pr:i:n lagi;]ilurlle ell pTOvinc LUe As~~ Mi d. In TweEn ~ral1 _fu ,£e..;:~6i"Ulmc : o om . J - . : f I ' l t a ,U la i V · ! l i ; c l i . a , (He',rad~,at__ A f i c h : i a J ) 4 ; S 1 r i~be'ltt1mj Hp:Q:llUan,'ft-

lipop DIe. .tn M~edD,l1i'a, qe~tiIT[slm.t'15H;!. i nUns ~l,e Iii 'Jr 'e5iil lo:!l k: ~li:e

::tera ~i V~, J!le cl;w_nlU'l'He ,ca,Te t l L e S i S . U ('~l lU~.mjOitw. T~iG'I1iG iliVeotl

b~ser~c,1i~a l.Q1ri-Sli!6i.b.~ra a,,"1e§.a, Conn! una fii'n cre:Lemai i m i p l o r . t , a n tetr ilsel iici ' in. parioo i€lm:op:erul '~ a ] .m ,p 'em ,u l u: i. . Me :n.1 t. , Ni<[op o llis ' ( !n .E l~ i. l)

HVElIill!l!1 C:QmuJd t~ ;~ i (j~i"n s:e:l:olul 'I. ;p ~ ;C:CJii;lt$t€.le;G:rede~t' l nt r :t Q Id u l Pelopo-

nesuJll'J inmswaEll~~ e're:$ti :nl 'Simiu] ~-a~ fn.tiru s! de ,~Q!lneneal d~ ns~W UJ! ],

9

In inter.i<:!rul aeester pwvi.ndi, CT,e~tini~nntl Oi l p,-iitrtlus treptiliit inC "e nt te l- e v ~G t .l i 'in ~Dolll! U ~i HI . L n. ' I1OOtul Be:n:irusuIe.l BaIcam.ue., el a



naintat rnus,pre c oe ste :!I'p re eentns, In. porwrne MC!f!sie~ Inferifla:re ;;i,llile Sc. i: t l : ,e i ~id, erau aQ l~mi l : . fp:oce~fi {Ml;n:ei,a.nopoli$,mony:l;'(lpolis~,Callartis= Ma:ngalid, 'fO:mis= Const,g;nt;a r aic:t oie'S'llnlsmu] a. putnt£ 1 eUllosc1J~ dtn secolul I,prln l,egaturil'e c€i'mercia~,e cu pID'vindile y.rofil'-

esU.La Durostarum ~Stli:st;MjI, pnate ~i ja }\.xi'Op~Us, ( l 1 n ' 91 l ! i Cen:u!.v.oda.l,er, 6tiDl'$inml a doJ m.al 'Ud ill pe:rse.(~utia lUi Diod1e;t ian ~j GaJ.erlu.(Da~IUs).

G otH a :;!e :Z ;'6 ,U f n D ,a ,- eia ~i IIII'eginnea d e a norduI MarU Ne9~eisjll'e Cltmee'a1 a u cu noscu t cre~tin.i£mul priWl coo!UtcLu~ Icr I;U pupul'!l,tia

~ndi ,gena: tlema.g,ta: ~i pr1:n pn:z.olIlerli luaU d· u p'tO in~me IclbpeduIui.tn ctl j: re Ia>u.vettit a.jimrg:imrl in t impul lui . VaJ.erian pilla l:h Capijdodiill

(264,). DaCia .ininteriorul Peninsulei Ba cenice ~i. .1 8 nord di e Dun,liEe

< iTB$t in ismu[ <I . piUlt:U E lS r na iIn;cet r,esteGlLtn e a u . za 'Il'rez;en~ei anna~e i . 'n

care er·ll puterntc eultu1 lu· MUI ta. ~l a migr~rei pl)poarelor~lu n%llnih~i,a (H i: ri a . ) e r . e !? ' l: ims l ' l1u l a pui llt t ~iIU:irund~ : U l c a tn 51e-

, ol l, tl1I.La Dy:n:arebill ilI l (Dulazzu) pe ooa'S:t .~ la .scllpi . la Slngidlil'n:run.hI S(jfd1~a ' 'inMDes~d Su't"'e':rio:atii r iS,tnt brseriet in ~eco[ul ; 11 .1I I- ~e a ......, 'r'

I iaii« a tndep.¥inill mare TO ! in. i~toria mish.1J.\1Uj[~i:ne prll1l Roma

t,ll pifiin r~atllfi!e cl cu~'te pr-ovl!i].cii,J,e~e coosta intoo Ostia $i ~~CI-

pol'El, {!r'e$i.i~'_i~tll1' "g lntms din 'S'e.col~lt IIi secolul Hi Il-Ieas-a Intlns

b~ l'e~;un,eJi;i;Rav' f f l l l 'o i I !iii Meil,tQla:ll'um l tn soculw al nl~l~ a inahdat illcestuI JIt:a}iei.Un~inl()d. 1inut a R1}nraloa251, d~p~ per~crrr~ lll~ Daciu,

a Lo.'trunlit 60 , d , E !' E ! ij ) "t SW , p1 i f ta l h t L I u : . S W ' ,U i E l . ; ~ M aJ tg , P Q a i:e $i Sardinia. cres-

tll'l~smul e.raCJlljesrut' in secelul elII-lea. ~i ex!l$ta,'Il ':umemose episco]ilU..

Din rtaU8I ~i 11111'1], pe.ate ~i : P ' ~ ijlte c , i 1Ur c,fle~hli:sm,tll apfitrllrui in.

l i Ia .nnon lQ, Nor ieum ai R~eha, 'tn ti!:nu'tuI de hll sudul [hma.ri i slltJferimU-e.

S 1rm ium : ;; 1 P ,Gl t' !f .o vl eo { P e. tC IJ vi o) au da.t marttrt la mCe' j l I y tnJ secobtlu.~IV,

In Al:r i 'CQ proc@Dsuh1lal coo~timi'SIDUl esi"e' CiiillOiSCnt aco,j;a.spr.e sfir-

~llu1 ' secoluhrl aJ I l- Iea pTin «:ma:r' ti ri i s:dtiarri .., in I SQ, sub. CQmoor Ga , l

e if! mal veohLLa taJ'l~a~.l1liij(!j~ marer 1ft aju.us de tlmpurtu prin le9'~-

L~U'UeWC-ll i{or® :;;1CU, Or1e:nil:u1rma.ial~ cu.~\'Ie.xiilldtia. Blserka me-

l r polel :mEt1~an~este hrfip:nto.are pelO'"':lrernea'lui 5 -ep1 im!u TefluUan. P'e

Ja a.nu! 2201 se tinll."a,u 1Jl.Afn~a 5lrr.oade cu. 10 de< e 'P l s co ,1 . 'Sub O;prid:1

I ! ' I ' 2 08) , 1 3 .J 's er ka . i~,h:iciiera foal];',te:o ~ 1 1 . s , e n 1 l l a t a : . Comll'i lJl.i la!'I:e 'C're~tiJlJla en-

l'Hlscuta avea Iil Harum.etum. ThUiha:rbo Minus a dat m~r'tiI: la' 202:-203lo,rnpul Perpet1!le'lj.

Numidia ,¥ i M,(J,uf'eJania .av.ea:n bdteriej til se.roliU.l III Ifl -lea : SicCCl.1

C tr ta , L a mb es e, R ilJ s] ,c ~d e. JeaJe:s~rel'l;" 1 ' ipB:sca~ 'aU.ele. preeum $l Tingls, ~I'l

M uretania Ting:i:ta:n,a" Pop~lia\Uei. i rudigene i. se p re dic a in I imbs ei~

n ~l Q t'l a !' t I '~n limhag:rea r ; : f ~i 1~[.ina,r lt Spanifl, C:f'8$tlnisrnw (de originij p a . t l 1 i : : r i a . 1 , 1 s~a. tn'Uns 1~ i[eg]uneG

Vl~(;"r n~ cuccaste dE sud, din :~,ohj.l a1 Tl-lea, a.po'i in secelul ,al m-le:a

.erarhfa ~hlserJce'asdi. Aleg'erea ~ tntrejlnesea 1c]'N'.ll1i., Ci~d mal l iniu {set :t llu] IV), 'Fler. Teronim t'i Slintnj Ioan Gu:rii d-a



_ _ _ _ ; ! " Sisteoud f t d t r o i F h : d i : t am , , 1 , S i m l l , 'l , d e .l e ~

. Qrganizat ia B,j,ser i'ci i qJ a , rv-ut 0 i :m :po . rl f ln :~a huUi r itD f f[ e in vlata ~otJ,vttatea ~i. D~:!?i lovlti!ii mai ales inc_sr, Sisericii iI. a .r~islllit In per-~cu~al ~~~'!'iUl€nUJ:l:U1 ~i ~n$Q1:iiti;Il:t~r:giiilt;L:EsIDU~fl di~i'plin,ij1 a de~i-!) lUt! ; i . l 'aotlvttate mlsh ]n aFB : ;;1 v1ata mPIal.,[;i1 dgLll 'rWi coutuJj ;ei ieraJF-!lice si o,tganelor de conducere, fie clnd Impanul rumen me~gea de lil1

un tinrp £ 1 1 : ' 0 , c::rizi;i in 'c riza . ~i 111.'1ii:t iLl[!Cau~ enll amentnteta de uznrpetcrlde t1',oO ~ide ]nva' l. ii 1§al 'ba' tel B l$ en .1 1 !8 . 5 e c l: l9 7;V oi la ~ ;:;;e ilttarl?a. Ple~

tnd de 1~ mic· cOlnuriitaU in1pra~UQ;te prin dte,v,tlI pl'o,vlndi ~i lZQial!ein d~Pdr1:are'~$,i aUf'i'JinQIDia 101"',!;ll~i,ta ~HI constituit in Unitati pro-\'b1.t.tah; ·orl rJ~ui l i7 ia:te sinClual ~ lonna la ' incepu~uJ s~c:abrtui ,iii] I'll -lea uno'i'gani.srn rnre se iUi tindea ~r'O:a~ne in tot fiJ4p,edul, ter in ,()"jelit cll'iar

dep~ea. 'g;ra:1l1tee lui~jcup.rililzj!n.d in- sh:!tul ei Cl"ed1rtC- o~ de alte neamurl.

ai CleF $i' I ' l O r : : l O f . Deoseblwe~. dintle e6n;duf:i£ori ~I ~red.h'ido~t careex hit!l! de, Ia ln lC,epu, t~ s~a a C t i ; : , e n i ! u > E ' l L [ C . y , * l . n l f 1 l 1 l . Dupl moartea .Apuf. :dJ61110. ![

'~1 ell l lfUnge.rM harisITIi ;l lofl puterea :0;;1atri' l: !.ui lUll ! t leruhu ,au cres£ut~

numele ~i hnu::'tia lreptello:r le.r.armee. S~<lU pre·di~t, iiIiport.:m~iiI §i

r~t~'Punrdelrealor all. !Sporn.

. Ucen.}l1;iiApostoln.or eu m~k&:nit o:rganiz.at~,~ d.ata. Bisericii de HrL'S-,t s p rtn , hpo:stnli; 0 f lez-vo1ta in chip Ilresc, pas~dllcldeosebireB cEntre

eler ~1 popqt.Clemen. t l{, (J1D.Q.nwvGlblill'tre. de «crnul Iaie» i4b~~ ; i Bpw ' : O : i j c t ; ; l ,~i de . .¢ ; , ti pu l prootiIoh ( ' l : ~ 1 ' CD~ : ''t~'II' i~pEut,~,.fp., Gorintenl, 40, 5~ . Ig.naUuIII Al'ltlo.fit~!a;rill.ta Cd -tl,(!rul d!li. i.nma:re .c:msle, f,a:~5de~opor U$. MQog~nesbml 6 '~iEp. S:rR'i'llleni 8 . 1 1 ,

Numele de popor (.:t.a:II~,p(!:puhlS, p}ebs) ~i de .cler t "'::'~po~, dt;oo;e-1 :1 es c in to,aia DilSerida pe; CIot':!di]l,dos,i de, piistuli: Credi:ndo;di s.e nu-

m ea u fid eh ~sl fra t:r€ >sf plebs, pletH,}ii pleballir ]aidt framrnHas. denrh:: ;i lse numeau deru,:s, (lrdo ecde:s,icu;tku';5. {sau ' o' r( lines leocles la 'S :t id), o:rdo

I aceI'~.Qt,anS:1('Ccl:";~'I.,Tertu]hm ~~UiZ~ pe €recHc-i. ( ,a nll l. respeclA dcose_bl~Ba diub:r\ ii e lm: ,~1 : popo r , pmruw ~li pa ce;a m.ni : re trepiel'e i.efanruice.(De pt.r;ze,~c,riptlQne .hOl,~ie"tk:o.f[1m, , 41 ) , .

b) l~'radlitl bisedcellSC'G este ['l!lIn am .;; ,pusde oIigj:[lJe d i v m ~ de 1aMtntu.itloml(~I. VITI 12)1 care a '~ndicat rn,tteita f6liWii a iera:rb'ieil~n: apostoIir proo:n:rc:i ~i :i::nv;a.~at6;ri (1 Cor . XII, 28". apoi Apmi,toUi

le.au ctenumi~ pe.ntm.u'Zu] biserke.sc: epiwa'Pir ~)1rf!S-Ued. $i. dia.coni(Papte, XlV] 23: 1l1m.I!l! 1 .!il ia i V I' .l'f iTit It &---i)"

ASltfe1, c,e]e tltcl trepte:' i .e:rat:hlce a:pa!I" £ 0 geIlfe:rat'i,a nrm atoe~e" aP,!!:dnl"llor Ap()siollc1y hin.El,dea:sebite !i '[ ei:l:rBdl!lri"l.ilte~ iocit iillu poa. te fiindoia1! Cl-SUpt ' I! l rd11l1ui ~i au:tm"itAtii IQr ti l . B,i:s,erll:a:1dUI1~ uu n se~con-

LoUI 1a Sf, intul Cletne:nt Renfanul in Ep.istolQ. mitre Col'inf'E!Ri [4m. 9fi},~ISEintul IgI'ia~iu al Antiohlei :itl .EprS:i~J' fJl Mtte 5mJm!1iZj (~ap., ,a i l ~i La

srtnLu l Idtu;1.u al LUgT IU11Uhd (Adversus· haerl i l '$-e,s 5, 1,.

Am pliilI" a V01'bi it! esp:repreotf : : > i desp m ~Pi'S,~~i 16 im:·e]:Jut: .za despre

CI singUd treapUi, el :;:IU n~a. .deQsel'luaa lor, ci CO~tRt1i e . a 'ea er's'mica pe vremea ,Sn.lltilOE' ApostolI, D ar hr impuJ afintllinl Igna ;p:u . , dee-...ebl:i(!;~Intre l:reptele de{ului. 'era d.el." precu;a ~i.1[!.ll.h~C,uta~,!ll£it .i:nl~-'rurilli o'ri c :l e] ud fl ia -1 ~ s a. u e oo l v ( ' i . e , illace.astl!i pIivt n tit

Pmioestanpi alu ctiutat s a ooge iliutenrti.cHatea episf:o'eluf S:f:iutiloICl\en1ent Si IgBa.tiu, 3aIJ. : 5 € i s , fJ un8 l- c~ . !:l le' o.gUl'ldeSt; cloal' "Slt1:l 'a~i,a dQ la

lIm.U~h.ia. _A~U1be!e plill"er'i au cedat i n -: 5 ,~ . i ll h : t,O I evid~n~ei., mnd . ,conl i . i l '>mate de I~Ue 1llW:1:u:rrU.; .de Par fnH arpQstolid SHU de efl i :St (1;opi din sece-lul al Il-lea. POUCdirP at 'Sm'imer, e.fji:soopii :ar()me~~Dil:oni\~i'ie,al ,Oo:rtntului,Tenil al Au iciliie"', PolicElrp al Ef,@suIm: ~i toti ceUaJ' t l stnt cu .nD ~cuti G & ·epi.'lcOp~ tn adevkatuJ iIt te les ~l t ;1JvhlJtull li . "ar li~ fuitfi~ja:tatorir-p,~6.1~'S~~o~irec::unosc:uV ~j r,espedati ai c:'omul!nl.~Uoll I i !)r•• qC'e jgs;~,: i fpnn~ a con-duceliij bise.rke~ti f!Sie·numiM, of!la[ ales de pro, tes ' tanO, «l!!pisMp,at. ID6-

mlJbk:p. (adk1i. lIlnibu sau unic, n1.l c;oIecHv), $ies.te soeotit fl~ ei 0

in Cl¥ atl ie K n oT-g.miza' i ia Bts.eri ' t ' i i ..C-ouotl:t:a;tM'fa ]o '~Tte Hm'pur ' t£ l : ! i i i Ig :ene-

r:ala: a . ep :i s c: o .p a tu l u i. ~mona :r rk c :! o in. geMra.~ia Pi!lrin~:iloI o : p a > S : t o U , d uee,nic:. a i Sf;·n i lol' _ '. smU~ Gj ; r . a E a ;e a s o e st e v il S ;[ 'u ' l1 l! 1. tE l S i t . e organic $1 E t r , e s cBiserid:i. e 'inmta ie: m aw.:easHi privin~aJ. [Ill ~rn .fos-t 1JtrjmUil {Ie Bise-

Mc~, 'am de cl'ed!iIlcio~s~ icm:fliUei ' a l l as tO l l1cce ~i 'un s-ar :fi Jjrutu't intt'll-duee "pretn lindenr fari!. C(mfHm;B ~i tlttbt!.J Atir ca re! ' a r it H:1slit 'U,:rrme inviata BiserkU ~ in . l i i l t e ra tL : IHl : L'lJe~lina.,

o oa:rB~a1l!'e ch~mbe,Fe $:-8.. p tod.tts totu~if cresd1l:.d.mli im uH .aUito-rltatea episco!JllUoll. geueralizl'i 'ltlu-s:ee ce1e· ire] trepte ale' t:l~rului tnto'aJ'L~ lUse:nr,a (.poate c~ unele <:O'ffiunit1;l;ti nu Ia drv:eau- pe to:ati?c la In-cep\d} ~i co~i!xlll:-se e:snpra del'ului slujlti din. C'~::rre.u11lele a;parti-

l1e,i:'lJu'b~islU(lf~~~IIDr.Toata fo:rmele ~i_ or:ganeIe vIetH biserh::.~~,t1 'U avo-~uat. de1.voUindu-se ~imm1:J,ltind U-5 e. p~'treptel-e: ie~arhh::e, indica t(~de.S,flnU,l .A!p os toll , in d lre't'li n~,a;; ~1 spirrl tIl <let de et p'_"j!$,r era sa .se

dezvo1te ~l r.'Ons:tltll'~iOl, adka IJ'fgiifrnZ'd.\':il1! cldta .d e 'e l i B3:5:eI' .tci i , in s,ensul~ep,.lse()patuhli mOillathic~. Ctl~uC'~~u.ne ~pasmli}G'ai..

cl Episcot;v:td 'Poart~ tn Seco . ] , rue U- ", ,- lI l d 1 te :r :i b :! nume iC'1i!e ara1'a

r~nguI ~:l o<fidnI 1 in 1il!'i:slt l:riea: s.ttpril:veghetttr (i'l':i~Xllr:OI1),Insp~ctor

(~OeG~ h [ n l i i : 5 i ~ a t a : w ] ' ( l ' : :po ,b tU i~: , ' l ' C P Q ~ : ; a' o ; t ; ' " f,; ~ l ll r ra O ~ ~il~.!,epLipl'1~!lQtl-oo$lc nid i!) te~.ponti!fex. '1lf, tncep.s, eC'(,1.r~8iue), It tUJ',g'jDsitm 1!i mu "p ,r :n e o v a l

lui I 'l ll lImeZw sa,u III luI Hr1st(}~ (sacerdn~, .De l et Ch:r isU, £leI . po.n.aJex;De i e" CJuistj ~N.tJie}f. Sl.mw1USsaee.ido.s)" pihinte (~.,;, pa:r,e-llil. PQ ~

~rJ , b,lrba1 ap 'Qs[o lmlc (v~l' 9 . ; f J t : l l li W U c u 1 i ) ' .

Ep i sc opul m : : :O [ lm :ni t~ f i.r ~ CO ]H :l tt c ~tO lt 'u l~i o rg a rm l u ,n iU tt ii e'i ., piis-to'riJ1ii pirmbl]e e't snfletesc,. rep:rezentantul eLEl p~'S'tra legaturUe

I:~ cele] [I,Ue BislaJEici. He(:a~re l ep i .~ .c0:)) I ; 1 l .Ylea (,;0mpe"teu~~ !'l1:Dn.8J.i iLl o r ?l€'ric;:asal ~m" nmgu] ~i cms , t~)a . lu i de ep, i'$£QP erau r : e . c : n R o 2 5 c u t e pretuthldemL

In arest se ~, 00:;;:[ episcotau eHm multi, e:pis . r ;l f .. lpatu ! El ' I' a ullie in Bi'Se-rica 1",Ep,l.sCO'pfdus nnus est, cujus a sing-ul:is in solidum pars, te:ne'tur.jsr ih~ SUniu] Ciprhm, De' trnUl!lte Eac]'uJ.Qe" V ).

ibu vol1 1

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