icd 9 cm and icd 10 cm

5 Introduction to

ICD-10-CM

4 ICD-9-CM Chapter-Specific

Guidelines, Part II:

Chapters 11–19

3 ICD9CM Chapter-Specific

Guidelines, Part I:

Chapters 1–10

2 Introduction to ICD-9-CM

ICD9CM AND ICD10CM

P A R T

I

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Key Terms2.1 Explain the structure of the ICD-9-CM manual.

2.2 Describe how to use Volumes 1 and 2 to determine diagnosis codes.

2.3 Define the conventions used in Volumes 1 and 2 that help coders identify correct diagnosis codes.

2.4 Discuss general outpatient coding principles to select appropriate diagnosis codes.

Key TermsAlphabetic Index of Diseases

(Volume 2)

Encounter

First-listed diagnosis

Hypertension Table

NEC (not elsewhere classifiable)

Neoplasm Table

NOS (not otherwise specified)

Principal diagnosis

Secondary diagnosis

Sign

Supplemental classification

Symptom

Table of Drugs and Chemicals

Tabular List of Diseases

(Volume 1)

Visit

Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, students should be able to:

INTRODUCTION TO ICD9CM2


CHAPTER 2 | INTRODUCTION TO ICD9CM 37

IntroductionDescribing medical services completely requires the use of at least two out of three separate coding systems. Two coding systems—Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and Healthcare Common Procedural Coding System (HCPCS)—describe the actual services provided and are discussed in later chapters of this book. A third system, the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM or ICD-9), describes the reasons those services were pro-vided. These three coding systems can be thought of as the “what” and the “why” regarding the services provided.

The ICD-9-CM coding system is based on the official version of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). The World Health Organization no longer maintains ICD-9, publishing instead the ICD-10. Two federal agencies—the National Center for Health Statistics and the Cen ters for Medicare and Medicaid Services—maintain ICD-9-CM through the ICD-9-CM Coordination and Maintenance Committee, which publishes annual updates of the ICD-9-CM manual in October of each year. These two entities are responsible for converting the ICD-9-CM coding system to two new systems, ICD-10-CM (Diagnoses) and ICD-10-PCS (Procedures), scheduled to begin on October 1, 2013.

Correct diagnosis coding facilitates payment for services, tracks disease and associ-ated healthcare usage, advances research, and aids patient care. Diagnosis codes should be reported to the highest level of specificity known and accurately represent informa-tion in the medical record. It is important to review the medical record sufficiently to ascertain all the conditions treated. The ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes support the medi-cal necessity of the treatments provided to the patient.

Reporting diagnosis codes will change significantly in 2013 when the ICD-10-CM code set replaces the ICD-9-CM codes. ICD-10-CM will be discussed in detail in Chapter 5. Some instructors may choose to teach ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM together, whereas others may separate the two. To accommodate multiple approaches to learn-ing the current coding system as well as the future codes, exercises in Chapters 3 and 4 will include answers for both.

CODER’S TIP

Many payers have claim edits in their adjudication (claims processing) systems that establish “diagnosis to procedure code” relationships to justify payments for the claimed procedure. Coders should be familiar with the specific requirements for each payer. When preparing a claim, review all diagnosis codes associated with the patient and visit to make sure that important information for reporting the particular service is not overlooked.

2.1 The Structure of the ICD-9-CM ManualThe ICD-9-CM code manual consists of three volumes. Volume 1 (Tabular List of Diseases) and Volume 2 (Alphabetic Index of Diseases) are used together to deter-mine appropriate diagnosis codes. These codes are used to report diagnoses in all settings. Volume 3, which contains both a tabular and alphabetical list of procedure codes, is used by hospitals to identify procedures performed on patients in their facilities. Physicians and other professionals do not use Volume 3 to report procedures.

Each volume is divided into chapters, tables, or appendices. The chapters in Volume 1 cover codes describing specific diseases and conditions. Volume 2 includes several

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38 PART I | ICD9CM AND ICD10CM CPT only © 2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

tables with information necessary to identify codes describing particular conditions. Chapters in Volume 3 describe procedures on specific body systems. Each of these is discussed in more detail below.

CODER’S TIP

Coders must understand the basic structure of the ICD-9-CM manual and the informa-tion included in each volume. It is also important to understand which volumes are used to report diagnosis and procedure codes in each healthcare setting.

Also available in

Use the ICD-9-CM manual to answer the following questions.

1. How many volumes are included in the ICD-9-CM manual?

2. Identify the volumes by name and number.

3. Which healthcare entities use the codes in Volume 3?

EXERCISE 2.1

2.2 Using Volumes 1 and 2 to Determine Diagnosis CodesVolume 1 is the Tabular List of Diseases. Volume 2 is the Alphabetic Index of Diseases. Coders use both volumes in tandem to determine correct diagnosis codes. When selecting a code to describe a diagnosis, coders actually use the Alphabetic Index in Volume 2 first to identify possible diagnosis codes, and then use the list of individual codes and their descriptors in Volume 1 to select the most appropriate code from among them. Because coders should always use the volumes in this order, Volume 2 is presented first, then Volume 1.

Volume 2: Alphabetic Index of Diseases The Alphabetic Index of Diseases lists diseases, conditions, and injuries along with their accompanying codes. It is used as a guide in finding the correct codes. In most manuals, Volume 2 actually precedes Volume 1, and the two volumes are al-ways used together to validate or refine the code selection. Volume 2 has three discrete sections:

• Section 1: Alphabetic Index to diseases, conditions and injuries. This section includes the Hypertension Table and Neoplasm Table, which coders use to select the correct codes to describe related conditions. Figure 2.1 shows an example of entries in the Alphabetic Index.

• Section 2: Table of Drugs and Chemicals, which includes an extensive list of drugs, industrial solvents, corrosive gases, noxious plants, pesticides, and other toxic agents. Coders use this table to identify poisonings and external causes of adverse affects.

• Section 3: Alphabetic Index to External Causes of Injury and Poisoning (E-codes), a list of codes and terms that describe environmental circumstances, such as acci-dents or acts of violence, and other conditions that may be the cause of injury or other adverse effects.

Tabular List of Diseases (Volume 1)Volume 1 of the ICD-9-CM manual, which covers codes describing specific diseases and conditions.

Alphabetic Index of Diseases (Volume 2)Volume 2 of the ICD-9-CM manual, which includes several tables with information neces-sary to identify codes describ-ing particular conditions.

When assigning codes for neoplasms, begin with the Neoplasm Table that appears in Volume 2 of the ICD-9-CM manual.



Diagnosis codes that identify the main reason for the encounter should be listed first. When coding for professional medical services such as ophthalmology (rather than physician visits), usually referred to as outpatient coding, the major diagnosis is usually referred to as the first-listed diagnosis. For hospital coding, the major diag-nosis is often referred to as the principal diagnosis. Because this text primarily ad-dresses outpatient coding, the main diagnosis will be referred to as the first-listed diagnosis. Additional or secondary diagnosis codes may be listed to identify other conditions that are present.

hypertension tableA table containing a complete list of all conditions that are either due to or associated with hypertension.

neoplasm tableA table used to select correct codes for neoplasms.

table of drugs and chemicalsA table that includes an exten-sive list of drugs, industrial sol-vents, corrosive gases, noxious plants, pesticides, and other toxic agents to identify poison-ings and external causes of adverse affects.

first-listed diagnosisThe major diagnosis used to identify the main reason for out-patient or professional services.

principal diagnosisThe major diagnosis used to identify the main reason for the service when coding for the hospital.

secondary diagnosisAdditional diagnoses used to identify conditions that are present in addition to the major diagnosis.

C

Cacergasia 300.9Cachexia 799.4 cancerous - see also Neoplasm, by site, malignant 799.4 cardiac - see Disease, heart dehydration 276.51 with hypernatremia 276.0 hyponatremia 276.1 due to malnutrition 799.4 exophthalmic 242.0 5th

heart - see Disease, heart hypophyseal 253.2 hypopituitary 253.2 lead 984.9 specified type of lead - see Table of Drugs and Chemicals malaria 084.9 malignant see also Neoplasm, by site, malignant 799.4 marsh 084.9 nervous 300.5 old age 797 pachydermic - see Hypothyroidism paludal 084.9 pituitary (postpartum) 253.2

renal (see also Disease, renal) 593.9 saturnine 984.9 specified type of lead - see Table of Drugs and Chemicals senile 797 Simmonds’ (pituitary cachexia) 253.2 splenica 289.59 strumipriva (see also Hypothyroidism) 244.9 tuberculous NEC (see also Tuberculosis) 011.9 5th

Café au lait spots 709.09Caffey’s disease or syndrome (infantile

cortical hyperostosis) 756.59 Caisson disease 993.3Caked breast (puerperal, postpartum)

676.2 5th

Cake kidney 753.3Calabar swelling 125.2Calcaneal spur 726.73 Calcaneoapophysitis 732.5 Calcaneonavicular bar 755.67Calcareous - see conditionCalcicosis (occupational) 502Calciferol (vitamin D) deficiency 268.9 with osteomalacia 268.2 rickets (see also Rickets) 268.0

FIGURE 2.1 Example of Alphabetic Index Entries

CODER’S TIP

It is imperative to use both Volumes 1 and 2 to determine the correct ICD-9-CM code. Always start with Volume 2. After finding codes in Volume 2 that may describe the condition, refer to those code sections in Volume 1 for critical guidance regarding the use of additional digits, alternative codes, or additional codes.

CODING EXAMPLE

A patient presents with a migraine headache. Turning to Volume 2, coders can look under “migraine” to find a list of four-digit codes ranging from 346.0 to 346.9 that describe different conditions associated with migraines. Each of these codes includes a symbol indicating that a fifth digit is necessary.

Volume 1 includes additional information regarding codes 346.0–346.9, including lists of conditions included under each code and specific excluded conditions. It is not possible to determine the correct code without reviewing these inclusions and exclu-sions, as well as the fifth digits necessary to completely describe the patient’s condition.



Volume 1: Tabular List of DiseasesThe Tabular List of Diseases (Volume 1) consists of three parts:

• Disease classification by etiology (cause) or anatomical (body) site • Supplementary classification (V- and E-codes)• Appendices

Diseases are primarily classified by their causes or the anatomical sites affected by those diseases. This section of Volume 1 is divided into 17 individual chapters con-taining categories and subcategories of codes that describe diseases (see Table 2.1).

Each category is designated by three-digit codes. In most cases, this is not sufficient to accurately report the diagnosis or condition. Subcategories include codes with either a fourth character or fourth and fifth characters to identify the diagnosis in sufficient detail for reporting purposes. Figure 2.2 provides an example of entries in the Tabular List.

The second part of Volume 1 is comprised of Chapters 18 and 19. Codes in these chapters describe supplemental classifications, which provide additional informa-tion beyond the diagnosis codes, including:

18. Supplementary Classification of Factors Influencing Health Status and Contact with Health Services (V01–V91)

19. Supplementary Classification of External Causes of Injury and Poisoning (E800–E999)

The use of V- and E-codes will be discussed in greater detail below.

etiologyThe origins and causes for the development of a disease.

TABLE 2.1 Tabular List Organization

Chapter Descriptive Title Categories

1. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 001–139

2. Neoplasms 140–239

3. Endocrine, Nutritional, and Metabolic Diseases and Immunity Disorders 240–279

4. Diseases of the Blood and Blood-Forming Organs 280–289

5. Mental Disorders 290–319

6. Diseases of the Nervous System and Sense Organs 320–389

7. Diseases of the Circulatory System 390–459

8. Diseases of the Respiratory System 460–519

9. Diseases of the Digestive System 520–579

10. Diseases of the Genitourinary System 580–629

11. Complications of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium 630–679

12. Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue 680–709

13. Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue 710–739

14. Congenital Anomalies 740–759

15. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period 760–779

16. Symptoms, Signs, and Ill-Defined Conditions 780–799

17. Injury and Poisoning 800–999

supplemental classificationAdditional information beyond the diagnosis codes used to fully describe the reason a patient encountered the healthcare system.



FIGURE 2.2 Example of Tabular List Entries

4th 585 Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Includes Chronic uremia Code first hypertensive chronic kidney disease, if applicable, (403.00-403.91, 404.00-404.93) Use additional code to identify: kidney transplant status, if applicable (V42.0) manifestation as: uremic: neuropathy (357.4) pericarditis (420.0) 585.1 Chronic kidney disease, Stage I

585.2 Chronic kidney disease, Stage II (mild)

585.3 Chronic kidney disease, Stage III (moderate)

585.4 Chronic kidney disease, Stage IV (severe)

585.5 Chronic kidney disease, Stage V%

Excludes chronic kidney disease, stage V requiring chronic dialysis (585.6) 585.6 End stage renal disease,

Chronic kidney disease, stage V requiring chronic dialysis 585.9 Chronic kidney disease, unspecified

Chronic renal disease Chronic renal failure NOS Chronic renal insufficiency

The third part of Volume 1 includes four separate appendices:

• Appendix A: Morphology of Neoplasms • Appendix C: Classification of Drugs by American Hospital Formulary Services List

Number and Their ICD-9-CM Equivalents• Appendix D: Classification of Industrial Accidents According to Agency• Appendix E: List of Three-Digit Categories

Note that there is no Appendix B.

CODER’S TIP

Appendix B (The Glossary of Mental Disorders) was officially deleted on October 1, 2004, and is no longer included in the ICD-9-CM manual.

Volume 3: Tabular List and Alphabetic List for Procedure CodesAs mentioned earlier in this chapter, Volume 3 of the ICD-9-CM manual is used only in hospital settings. CPT codes are used to describe procedures reported by profes-sionals. These will be discussed in great detail later in this book.

The approximately 4,000 codes in Volume 3 are divided into 17 chapters desig-nated as 0 through 16. Each chapter contains one or more two-digit sections describ-ing particular types of procedures. Specific procedure codes include either a third digit or third and fourth digits for specificity. In each Volume 3 code, there is a decimal after the second digit, and coders must code to the greatest level of specificity if more



detailed information is available. The 17 chapters of Volume 3 include broad catego-ries of procedures designated by one or more two-digit sections:

• 00 Procedures and Interventions, Not Elsewhere Classified• 01–05 Operations on the Nervous System• 06–07 Operations on the Endocrine System• 08–16 Operations on the Eye• 18–20 Operations on the Ear• 21–29 Operations on the Nose, Mouth, and Pharynx• 30–34 Operations on the Respiratory System • 35–39 Operations on the Cardiovascular System• 40–41 Operations on the Hemic and Lymphatic System• 42–54 Operations on the Digestive System• 55–59 Operations on the Urinary System• 60–64 Operations on the Male Genital Organs• 65–71 Operations on the Female Genital Organs• 72–75 Obstetrical Procedures• 76–84 Operations on the Musculoskeletal System• 85–86 Operations on the Integumentary System• 87–99 Miscellaneous Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

Also available in

1. List the contents of Volume 2 of the ICD-9-CM manual.

2. Describe the structure of Volume 1 of the ICD-9-CM manual.

3. In general terms, describe the process that coders use to select the correct diagnosis code to describe the condition for which the patient encountered the healthcare system.

Exercise 2.2

2.3 ICD-9-CM Conventions The ICD-9-CM manual is constructed with conventions intended to guide coders when identifying diagnosis or procedure codes. Most editions of the manual include a guide to these conventions at the beginning. The most common conventions span a wide range:

• Abbreviations• Punctuation • Instructional notations • “Use additional code” instruction • “Code first underlying disease” instruction• Update notations• Additional digit specificity indicator• Diagnosis code-specific color highlights• Age conflict edits• Sex conflict edits• Hospital-acquired condition (HAC) indicators

These and other commonly encountered conventions are discussed on the follow-ing pages, including when coders are likely to encounter the use of these conventions in the ICD-9-CM manual.

Some diagnosis or procedure codes are only appropriate for patients of a particular age or gender. When looking up the code for a condition, pay atten-tion to the instructions listed for that code.



Abbreviations NEC (not elsewhere classifiable) identifies codes that are used when the avail-

able information indicates a specific diagnosis but the listed codes do not identify the specific condition present in that patient.

NOS (not otherwise specified) indicates codes that are used when there is not enough information to allow a specific diagnosis.

Punctuation [ ] Brackets enclose synonyms, alternative wording, or explanatory phrases that

may be useful in identifying the correct diagnosis codes associated with a condi-tion. Note: Red brackets [ ] appear in some codes in the Tabular List of Diseases. As explained below, these have a different use than black brackets, and the two should not be confused.

[ ] Italic brackets indicate that a separate code included within the italicized brack-ets must be listed with the diagnosis code to indicate an associated manifestation.

( ) Parentheses indicate that the enclosed words may be either present or absent in the description of a condition without affecting the code used to designate that diagnosis.

: Colons are used after an incomplete term in the Tabular List of Diseases to indi-cate that one or more of the modifiers following the colon is necessary to assign that code.

Instructional Notations Includes Conditions following this notation are included in that category. Excludes Conditions following this notation are NOT described by that code,

and other codes must be used to designate those conditions.

“Use Additional Code” InstructionThis instruction is included in the Tabular List when the code is insufficient on its own to describe the diagnosis and additional code(s) must be listed. When this in-struction appears, the choices of the required additional codes appear in parentheses following the instruction.

“Code First Underlying Disease” InstructionThis instruction indicates that the code describes a manifestation that cannot be used as the first-listed diagnosis. The code cannot be sequenced before the underlying dis-ease. This instruction only appears in the Tabular List and requires that the etiology or underlying disease must be listed first and the manifestation to which the instruc-tion is attached listed secondarily.

NEC (not elsewhere classifiable) Identifies codes that are used when the available information indicates a specific diagnosis, but the listed codes do not identify the specific condition present in that patient.

NOS (not otherwise specified) Indicates codes that are used when there is not enough information to allow a specific diagnosis.

CODER’S TIP

It is important that coders understand the difference between the “use additional code” and the “code first underlying disease” instructions. The “use additional code” instruction indicates that the selected code is not sufficient on its own to describe the first-listed diagnosis and other codes must be listed. Choices of additional codes are listed in parentheses following the instruction. However, the “code first underlying disease” instruction indicates that the code does not indicate a diagnosis. These codes cannot be the first-listed diagnosis. Instead these codes are listed as secondary diag-noses after the first-listed diagnosis.



Update Notations ⦁ A bullet in the Tabular List indicates a new category, subcategory, or code. Δ A triangle symbol in the Tabular List indicates that the category, subcategory, or

code has been revised. Text Newly added text is indicated with underlining. Text Newly deleted text is indicated with strikethrough.

Additional Digit Specificity IndicatorWhen a 4th or 5th symbol appears with three-digit or four-digit codes, an additional digit is necessary to designate a more specific code. In most cases, the specific codes with the additional necessary digits follow the code with the indicator.

In general, three-digit numbers identify categories of codes. In most cases, the three-digit number is not a specific diagnosis code. Most category numbers have an associated symbol indicating that a fourth digit is required to code correctly (see below for a complete discussion of required digits indicators). A few three-digit codes are sufficient to identify a specific disease and no “4th digit required” symbol is present. Four-digit numbers may identify a specific disease code or identify a subcategory of codes, each of which is identified with a five-digit code number. When a fifth digit is required, a “5th digit required” symbol is added to the four-digit subcategory number.

In some cases, multiple codes have common fourth or fifth digits to indicate the speci-ficity required for correct code selection. In these instances, the common code designations are listed once in red at the beginning of the code section. Not all of the common code designations necessarily apply to every code in that section. When only some of the com-mon code designations listed at the beginning of the code section are applicable, those that apply are listed in red parentheses (#) as a range or list of designations following the code.

Diagnosis Code–Specific Color HighlightsIn some editions of the ICD-9-CM manual, certain diagnosis codes may include a color designation to indicate that the code cannot be used as the first-listed diagnosis. A code with a blue background describes a manifestation of an underlying disease, not the disease itself. A code with a red background describes circumstances that influence an individual’s health but are not a current illness or injury. Codes with these backgrounds are not acceptable as the first-listed diagnosis.

Age Conflict EditsSome diagnosis codes are only indicated for certain age ranges. In these cases, an age indicator is included with the code to specify the appropriate ages for that diagnosis. The age indicators include:

• N (Newborn): 0 years of age, newborns and neonates only• P (Pediatric): 0–17 years of age• M (Maternity): 12–55 years of age• A (Adult): 15 years of age and older

Sex Conflict EditsSome diagnosis or procedure codes are only indicated for one gender, either male or female. When this is the case, a gender symbol (male: ♂, female: ♀) is included with the code descriptor to indicate the appropriate gender.

Hospital-Acquired Condition (HAC) IndicatorMedicare and Medicaid are prohibited from paying for care provided to treat or correct some conditions that were not “present on admission” to the hospital. Diagnoses with the



HAC indicator (an “H” printed on a light-blue background in most ICD-9-CM manuals) are not considered secondary diagnoses for purposes of hospital payments unless that condition is coded as having been present when the patient was admitted to the hospital.

“Other” and “Unspecified” Codes“Other” or “other specified” diagnosis codes are often indicated with an 8 as the fourth digit or 9 as the fifth digit. These are used when the information in the record provides enough information to indicate what the specific diagnosis is, but a separate code describing that diagnosis does not exist. The use of NEC in the index indicates that the condition should be designated with an “other” code.

“Unspecified” diagnosis codes are usually indicated with a 9 as the fourth digit or 0 as the fifth digit. These codes are used when the information available is insufficient to determine the exact diagnosis.

“See” and “See Also” Instructions The “see” instruction indicates that another term should be utilized to identify the correct diagnosis code. Coders should refer to the term identified in the “see” instruc-tion before choosing a diagnosis code to describe the condition.

The “see also” instruction indicates that another term may be referenced for addi-tional information, but it is not necessary to do so. This means that the term that in-cludes the “see also” instruction may be used as the correct diagnosis.

Signs and SymptomsICD-9-CM diagnosis codes that describe signs and symptoms, rather than specific diseases, may be used as the first-listed diagnosis when a specific diagnosis has not been established for the patient. Many of the codes in Chapter 16 of ICD-9-CM Volume 1 (780.0–799.9) describe symptoms.

Signs and symptoms commonly associated with a specific reported diagnosis should not be listed as additional diagnosis codes. However, signs and symptoms not usually associated with a specific diagnosis may be listed if present.

Combination CodesA combination code is a single code that designates two diagnoses, a single diagnosis combined with one or more manifestations, or a single diagnosis with an associated complication. Individual codes should not be used when a combination code exists that accurately describes the patient’s condition. Combination codes can be identified by the entries in the Alphabetic Index, or by referring to the inclusion and exclusion notes in the Tabular List.

Each of the 17 etiology and anatomical disease-specific chapters and the two sup-plemental classification chapters have specific guidance or instructions associated with them. These specific instructions will be covered in subsequent chapters of this book.

If clinical documentation indi-cates a specific diagnosis, do not report codes for associated signs or symptoms. However, signs or symptoms can be as-signed codes if there is no spe-cific diagnosis, or if they are not associated with the diagnosis.

From the perspective

of the . . .

CODER To code accurately, it is impor-tant to understand the symbols and instructional notes located in the Tabular List found in Volume 1.

1. Define the meaning or use of the following common ICD-9-CM conventions:

a. Includes

b. Excludes

c. [ ]

d. ( )

Also available inEXERCISE 2.3

(Continued)

signObjective evidence of disease.

symptomSubjective manifestation of disease.



2.4 Outpatient Coding PrinciplesOutpatient coding includes reporting professional services provided in offices, outpa-tient hospital settings, and inpatient hospital settings. Outpatient coding is also used to report hospital services provided in the outpatient setting. Outpatient coding is not used to report hospital services provided in the inpatient setting.

The major reason for a health system encounter or visit is reported as the first-listed condition. The terms “encounter” and “visit” generally mean the same thing and will be used interchangeably in this text. The first-listed condition is selected to the great-est degree of specificity that can be ascertained from the medical record.

A specific diagnosis may not be available after the first visit, but may be deter-mined at a later date. When no specific diagnosis is documented in the medical re-cord, codes describing signs and/or symptoms may be the first-listed condition. Many ICD-9-CM codes describing signs/symptoms are listed in Chapter 16 (Symptoms, Signs, and Ill-Defined Conditions). These will be discussed in greater detail in subse-quent chapters.

For example, a patient may present with nonspecific signs or symptoms that do not allow a definitive diagnosis, even after a physical exam. In those cases, the manifestations of the disease (signs/symptoms) may be reported as the first-listed condition for that visit. If a more definitive diagnosis can be made after the results of lab tests are obtained, the more definitive diagnosis is reported as the first-listed condition on subsequent visits.

2. Distinguish between the “see” instruction and the “see also” instruction.

3. Distinguish between the code definition of “other” and the meaning of “unspecified”.

4. When is it appropriate to assign a code that describes signs and symptoms?

5. What does it mean when the instructional notes state, “Code first underlying disease”? Where in the ICD-9-CM manual is this instruction found?

6. Describe the meaning of a combination code.

7. What do the symbols 4th and 5th indicate?

encounterA patient’s interaction with the healthcare system for a service or procedure.

visitTerm often used interchange-ably with “encounter” to de-scribe an interaction with the healthcare system for a service or procedure.

CODER’S TIP

At times it is not possible to determine a specific diagnosis from the medical records. For example, a patient may present with ecchymoses on his arms and legs. No specific cause could be determined and none is documented in the medical record. The first-listed condition is identified by the presenting signs/symptoms and is reported as 782.7 (spontaneous ecchymoses, petechiae). Lab work is ordered and the results come back several days later revealing a low platelet count.

When the patient returns for a follow-up visit, the first-listed condition is reported as 287.5 (thrombocytopenia, unspecified).

If a patient undergoes outpatient surgery, the reason for the surgery is reported as the first-listed condition. This code is reported even if the surgery is subsequently can-celed because of another condition or contraindication. The other condition may be reported as an additional diagnosis.

From the perspective

of the . . .

CODER To correctly report surgical procedures, it is necessary to know the reason (diagnosis) the surgeon performed the procedure.



If a patient is admitted for observation of a medical condition, the medical condition for which the observation is occurring should be coded as the first-listed condition. When a patient undergoing outpatient surgery develops a complication that requires observation, the reason for the surgery should be reported as the first-listed condition, followed by codes for the complication necessitating the observation.

Diagnosis codes may have three, four, or five digits. Diagnosis codes must be re-ported to the greatest level of specificity that may be determined from the medical records. When fourth or fifth digits are necessary to accurately report a diagnosis, in-dicators are included to alert coders to this. Three-digit diagnosis codes cannot be re-ported as definitive diagnosis codes unless the three-digit code is not further subdivided. If fourth- and fifth-digit codes are available, they must be reported.

Some encounters occur for circumstances other than for the diagnosis and treat-ment of diseases or injuries. Those encounters are usually reported with codes from the Supplementary Classification of Factors Influencing Health Status and Contact with Health Services (V01–V91). These codes will be discussed in detail in Chapter 4.

Specific Guidelines for Coding Outpatient EncountersIf a patient receives only diagnostic services during an encounter or visit, the first-listed condition should be the medical diagnosis or condition for which the diagnostic services are performed. Other conditions may be reported with additional codes. V-codes may be used to report lab tests and/or radiological studies in the absence of specific diagnoses, signs, or symptoms. If the results of lab tests or radiological studies are known at the time of the encounter and the report of those results is available, codes identifying confirmed diagnoses should be reported. Codes describing signs and symptoms are not reported in addition to the definitive diagnosis codes.

If a patient receives only therapeutic services during an encounter, the code de-scribing the diagnosis or condition for which the treatment is provided should be the first-listed condition. Codes identifying other conditions may be listed as additional diagnoses. The only exception to this instruction is when the primary reason for the visit is chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or rehabilitation, in which case the appropri-ate V-code is the first-listed diagnosis followed by the code identifying the underlying reasons for those treatments.

Codes listed in Volumes 1 and 2 of the ICD-9-CM manual are used to report the diagnoses associated with professional services provided in offices, outpatient hospital settings, inpatient hospital settings, and other health care settings.

1. What is the major factor that determines which code should be identified as the first-listed condition?

2. What criteria are used to determine the first-listed condition if the medical record does not include a diagnosis for the visit?

3. If the patient currently has a condition that is not the reason for the visit or that is not causing the patient any difficulties at the time of the visit, are those conditions reported? If so, what codes are generally used to report those conditions?

4. If a patient is admitted for observation of a medical condition, what would be the first-listed diagnosis?

5. What would be the first-listed diagnosis code if a patient receives only diagnostic services during an encounter or visit?

6. Diagnosis codes must be reported to the that can be determined from the medical records

7. The major reason for a health system encounter or visit is reported as the .

Also available inEXERCISE 2.4



CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

Summary

Learning

Outcome Key Concepts/Examples

2.1 Explain the

structure of the

ICD-9-CM manual.

Pages ••–••

The ICD-9-CM manual is divided into three volumes.

Volume 1 is the Tabular List of Diseases. Volume 2 is the Alphabetic Index of Diseases. Volume 3 lists procedures reported by hospitals. The codes in Volume 3 are not used to report procedures on physician or outpatient claims.

2.2 Describe how to

use Volumes 1 and 2 to

determine diagnosis

codes.


Volumes 1 and 2 are used together to determine the correct diagnosis code(s) to describe any medical condition. Coders begin with Volume 2 to locate possible diagnosis codes in the Alphabetic Index. Volume 1 is then used to determine which of these codes is most appropriate to report the diagnosis. These codes are used to report the diagnoses of patients in any healthcare setting.

2.3 Define the

conventions utilized

in Volumes 1 and 2 that

help coders identify

correct diagnosis

codes.


Several conventions and notations are used in Volumes 1 and 2 to help coders determine the correct diagnosis codes, including abbreviations, punctuation, notations, and specific instructions regarding how a particular code may be used.

Specific instructions list conditions that are included or excluded under a particular code. Indicators specify age limits, sex limits, and whether a third, fourth, or fifth digit is necessary to accurately report that condition.

2.4 Discuss general

outpatient coding

principles to select

appropriate diagnosis

codes.


General guidelines are outlined to select diagnosis codes for reporting conditions in the outpatient setting, including professional services. The first-listed condition should identify the main reason the patient was seen. In most cases, this will identify a specific diagnosis.

In some cases, a specific diagnosis is not known at the time the patient is seen, particularly on a first visit. In that case, codes identifying signs and/or symptoms may be reported as the first-listed condition. When the actual diagnosis is known, that is reported instead of codes describing signs or symptoms.

When a patient undergoes outpatient surgery, the reason for the surgery is the first-listed condition, not the surgery itself. Sometimes patients encounter the healthcare system for reasons other than to diag-nose or treat an underlying condition. These encounters are reported using codes in categories V01–V91.

Using TerminologyMatch the key terms with their definitions:

1. LO2.1 Tabular List of Diseases (Volume 1)

2. LO2.1 Alphabetic Index of Diseases (Volume 2)

3. LO2.1 Hypertension Table 4. LO2.1 Neoplasm Table 5. LO2.1 Table of Drugs and

Chemicals 6. LO2.1 First-listed diagnosis

A. Codes that provide additional information beyond diagnosis codes (e.g., V- and E-codes)

B. Not elsewhere classifiableC. ICD-9 volume used to validate selection of diagnosis codesD. List used to identify poisoning and external causes of adverse effectsE. Not otherwise specifiedF. Outpatient/professional coding, major or primary diagnosisG. Codes used to identify other conditions present


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7. LO2.1 Principle diagnosis 8. LO2.1 Additional diagnosis 9. LO2.1 Supplemental classification 10. LO2.2 NEC 11. LO2.2 NOS 12. LO2.3 Sign 13. LO2.3 Symptom 14. LO2.3 Encounter

H. ICD-9 volume that lists diseases, conditions, etc., and acts as a guide to identifying a diagnosis code

I. Hospital coding, major or primary diagnosisJ. Term used to describe an outpatient serviceK. Objective evidence of diseaseL. Subjective manifestation of diseaseM. Table used to identify diagnosis for a tumorN. Table used to identify diagnosis for hypertensive renal disease

Checking Your UnderstandingSelect the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. LO2.1 Which volume of ICD-9 would be used fi rst to identify the code for a patient with congestive heart failure?

a. Volume 1 b. Volume 2 c. Volume 3 d. CPT

2. LO2.2 Which instruction indicates that another term should be utilized to identify the correct diagnosis?

a. See b. See also c. NEC d. Includes

3. LO2.1 Where is the Neoplasm Table located within the ICD-9 manual?

a. Appendices b. Volume 3 c. Volume 1 d. Volume 2

4. LO2.3 Which of the following should a coder use to assign a code when the outpatient medical record does not state a defi nitive diagnosis?

a. Signs and symptoms b. “Probable” diagnosis c. “Rule out” diagnosis d. “Suspected” liver failure

5. LO2.3 In which of the following settings would you use outpatient coding principles?

a. Physician office b. Inpatient services c. Hospital services d. Skilled nursing facility



6. LO2.3 A patient presented to the outpatient clinic with cough, chest congestion, and a fever. A chest x-ray was performed and a diagnosis of bronchitis was made. The fi rst-listed diagnosis in this scenario would be which of the following?

a. Cough b. Chest congestion c. Bronchitis d. Fever

7. LO2.2 When looking up a code for abdominal pain in the Alphabetic Index of the ICD-9 manual, the 5th symbol appears next to the code for 789.0. What does this symbol indicate?

a. The code has been deleted. b. The code is new. c. The code requires additional digit(s). d. The patient required moderate conscious sedation.

8. LO2.2 Which convention means that the physician’s documentation was not specifi c enough to give the diagnosis a more detailed code?

a. NEC b. NOS c. Includes d. Excludes

9. LO2.2 Which convention provides additional descriptions, terms, or phrases that are included in the description of the code?

a. Brackets b. Parentheses c. Braces d. Colons

10. LO2.1 ICD-9-CM codes identify:

a. The “why” of a healthcare encounter. b. The “who” of a healthcare encounter. c. The “where” of a healthcare encounter. d. The “when” of a healthcare encounter.

11. Which of the following qualifi es as “medical necessity”?

a. The procedure does not meet insurance payer criteria for coverage based upon the correct diagnostic code linkage. b. A preexisting condition was treated under HIPAA Administrative Simplification I. c. The provider was qualified to provide the service or treatment. d. The medical service can be substantiated based upon correct code linkage between procedure and diagnosis.

12. LO2.3 Which of the following information is used to code from a physician’s report?

a. A definitive diagnosis b. Subjective reasons for the visit (symptoms) c. Objective reasons for the visit (signs) d. All of these



13. LO2.1 Which of the following is another way to describe V-codes?

a. Poisoning codes b. Adverse effect codes c. Supplemental classification codes d. Morphology codes

14. LO2.2 Coding to the highest level of specifi city for a disease means coding to which digit?

a. Third digit b. Fourth digit c. Third, fourth, or fifth digit d. Always the fifth digit

15. LO2.2 Where would the code describing a benign skin lesion on the back be found?

a. Neoplasm Table b. Volume 1 (Tabular List) c. Volume 3 d. HCPCS manual

16. LO2.2 Which of the following statements is true?

a. A coder may use the Alphabetic Index to assign a code. b. A coder should use the Tabular List first when searching for code assignment. c. A coder may only use the Alphabetic Index to Disease and Injuries when assigning a code. d. A coder must reference the Alphabetic Index and then assign a code from the Tabular List.

17. LO2.2 Which fi fth-digit subclassifi cation is for use with code 550.1, bilateral inguinal hernia with obstruction, without mention of gangrene or recurrence?

a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

18. LO2.3 Which of the following would be the main term to look for in the Alphabetic Index (Volume 2) of the ICD-9-CM manual when the diagnosis is “congestive heart failure”?

a. Congestive b. Heart c. Failure d. Disease

19. LO2.1 Where in the ICD-9-CM manual can you fi nd an extensive list of drugs, gases, pesticides, and other toxic agents used to identify poisonings and external causes of adverse effects?

a. Alphabetic Index to External Causes of Injury and Poisoning b. Table of Drugs and Chemicals c. Volume 3 d. Appendices


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20. LO2.1 Where in the ICD-9-CM manual would codes be found to describe environmental circumstances and conditions contributing to injury or other adverse effects?

a. Index to External Causes of Injury and Poisoning (E-codes) b. Table of Drugs and Chemicals c. Volume 3 d. Appendices

Applying Your SkillsFill in the blank with the word(s) to complete each sentence.

1. LO2.1 ICD-9-CM Volume 1 is also known as the .

2. LO2.1 ICD-9-CM Volume 2 is also known as the .

3. LO2.1 ICD-9-CM Volume 3 is also identified as the .

4. LO2.1 Third-party payers look for diagnostic codes that are appropriately linked with their corresponding proce-dures in order to meet criteria for reimbursement.

5. LO2.1 Agencies that make up the ICD-9-CM Coordination and Maintenance Committee are the and .

6. LO2.2 A coder would look up as the main term in Volume 2 (Alphabetic Index) when a patient is seen in the office for migraine headaches.

7. LO2.1 The three sections of Volume 2 are , , and .

8. LO2.1 The three sections of Volume 1 are , , and

9. LO2.1 The code range used for diseases of the digestive system is .

10. LO2.1 To report a congenital anomaly, the coder would use code range .

11. LO2.2 In Volume 3, the decimal occurs after the digit.

12. LO2.2 A bullet next to a code in the Tabular Index indicates .

13. LO2.2 An italic bracket next to a code indicates that a must also be coded.

14. LO2.2 The abbreviation for a hospital-acquired condition is .

15. LO2.2 The age range included in the age indicator for maternity (M) is .

16. LO2.2 The age range included in the age indicator for a newborn (N) is .

17. LO2.3 If a patient undergoes outpatient surgery, the is reported as the first-listed diagnosis.

18. LO2.3 The instruction indicates that another term may be referenced for additional information.

19. LO2.3 A patient’s appointment for a service or procedure is referred to as an or visit.

20. LO2.3 When a patient’s medical record states that the patient has a diagnosis of rapid heart rate, the main term the coder would look for in Volume 2 (Alphabetic Index to Diseases) is .

21. LO2.3 If you do not know the definitive diagnosis at the time of the encounter or visit, it is permissible to code .



22. LO2.3 When a surgery is cancelled because of another condition or complication, the first-listed diagnosis is the .

23. LO2.3 If a patient undergoes surgery and develops a complication that requires observation, the first-listed diagno-sis would be the and the second code would be for the .

24. LO2.3 During an encounter, a patient receives diagnostic services only. The first-listed diagnosis should be for the .

25. LO2.3 When reporting lab tests and radiological studies in the absence of a specific diagnosis or signs and symp-toms, the coder may report a .

26. LO2.3 When a patient receives only therapeutic services during an encounter, the code describing the diagnosis or condition for which the treatment is provided is the .

27. LO2.1 The diagnosis is defined as the reason the encounter occurred.

28. LO2.2 The symbol that indicates that one or more modifiers of a diagnosis code follow is a .

29. LO2.2 Conditions following the notation are among the specific conditions described by that diagnosis code.

30. LO2.2 Conditions following the notation are among the specific conditions that are not described by that diagnosis code.

Thinking It ThroughUse your critical-thinking skills to answer the questions below.

1. LO2.1 How does a coder know that a code from Volume 1 or 2 requires a fourth or fifth digit?

2. LO2.1, LO2.2 Why are codes carried out to specific digits in certain cases?

3. LO2.2 Explain the necessity for the designation of a hospital-acquired condition (HAC).

4. LO2.2 Using Volume 2 of your ICD-9 manual, find and list an example of each of the following conventions: NEC, NOS, and Excludes.

5. LO2.2 Using your ICD-9 manual, identify symbols for the following—revised code, new code, and deleted code.


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