ice a-1 to 27 fundamentals
TRANSCRIPT
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FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
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HISTORY OF ICE• JJ LENOIR (1860) PIONEER
OF IC ENGINE
• NICOLAUS OTTO & EUGENE LANGEN(1876)
SI ENGINES
• RUDOLF DIESEL(1897) CI ENGINES
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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES• The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that
converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy, usually made available on a rotating output shaft.
• Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal energy by means of combustion or oxidation with air inside the engine.
• This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of the gases within the engine, and the high-pressure gas then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the engine.
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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• This expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of the engine to a rotating crankshaft, which is the output of the engine. The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission and/or power train to transmit the rotating mechanical energy to the desired final use.
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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
VARIOUS TYPES OF ENGINES
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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION
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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
1. Application2. Basic Engine Design3. Working Cycle4. Fuel5. Mixture Preparation6. Ignition7. Combustion Chamber Design8. Method of Load Control9. Cooling
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Application
1. Automotive: Car, Truck/Bus, Off-highway
2. Locomotive
3. Light Aircraft
4. Marine: Outboard, Inboard, Ship
5. Power Generation: Portable (Domestic), Fixed
6. Agricultural: Tractors, Pump sets
7. Earthmoving: Dumpers, Tippers, Mining Equipment
8. Home Use: Lawnmowers, Snow blowers, Tools
9. Others
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TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINES
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Basic Engine Design
1. Reciprocating (a) Single Cylinder (b) Multi-cylinder
(i) In-line (ii) V and W engines
(iii) Radial (iv) Opposed Cylinder (v) Opposed Piston2. Rotary: (a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor
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Types of Reciprocating Engines
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V Engine
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Working Cycle (Strokes)
1. Four Stroke Cycle a. Naturally Aspiratedb. Supercharged/Turbocharged
2. Two Stroke Cycle: a. Crankcase Scavengedb. Uniflow Scavenged
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Uniflow requires an exhaust valve or piston to operate.
SCAVENGING
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Loop or cross flow relies on the piston to open and close exhaust ports
SCAVENGING
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Turbocharger
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Supercharger
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Fuel1. Conventional:
a. Crude oil derived : Petrol, Diesel, Keroseneb. Other sources: Coal, Wood (includes bio-mass), Tar Sands, Shale
2. Alternate: a. Petroleum derived: CNG, LPGb. Bio-mass Derived: Alcohols (methyl and ethyl), Vegetable oils,
Producer gas and biogas, Hydrogen
3. Blending: E-10 or E-15 (ethanol Blend)
4. Multi-Fuel Engines
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Mixture Preparation
1. Carburetion2. Fuel Injection (i) Diesel
(ii) Gasoline(a) Manifold (b) Port (c) Cylinder
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Ignition
1. Spark Ignition(a) Conventional
(i) Battery(ii) Magneto
(b) Other methods
2. Compression Ignition
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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Wankel engines• 3 LOBE ROTOR WHICH IS
DRIVEN ECCENTRICALLY IN A CASING & 3 VOLUMES ARE TRAPPED BETWEEN THE ROTOR AND THE CASING. THESE VOLUMES PERFORM INDUCTION, COMPRESSION, POWER & EXHAUST STROKES SEPARATELY.
• SEAL WEAR & HEAT TRANSFER ARE PROBLEM AREAS
ROTARY
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Combustion Chamber Design
1. Open Chamber: Disc type, Wedge, HemisphericalBowl-in-piston
2. Divided Chamber: For CI: Swirl chamber, Pre-chamberFor SI: Compound vortex controlled combustion (CVCC)
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Method of Load Control
1. Throttling: To control mixture strength. Also called Charge Control. Used in Carbureted S.I. Engines
2. Fuel Control: To vary the mixture strength according to load. Used in the C.I. Engine
3. Combination. Used in Throttle body Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.
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Cooling1. Direct Air-cooling
2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)
3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.
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Applications of IC and EC Engines