ice flushing from st. lawrence seaway locks · the st. lawrence seaway development corporation...
TRANSCRIPT
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REFERENCE 10 I
llvU.-~ 101 ~ ~
100 DO 101
TECHNICAL REPORT H-76-9
ICE FLUSHING FROM ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY LOCKS
~ydraulic Model Investigation
by
Noel R. Oswalt
~ydraulics Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39180
July 1976
Final Report
Approved For Public Release; Distribution Unlimited
Prepared for St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation Massena, New York 13662
tiBRARY BRANCH TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTEfi
US ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMEN STA ,,, 1
VICKSBURG. MISSISSIPPI
Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF T HIS PAGE (Whan Date Entered)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM
1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO . 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
Technical Report H- 76- 9
4 . TITLE ( end Subtitle) s. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
ICE FLUSHING FROM ST . LAWRENCE SEAWAY LOCKS ; Final report Hydraulic Model Investigation
6 . PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHOR(e) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)
Noel R. Oswalt
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK
u. s . Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
Hydraulics Laboratory P. o. Box 631 , Vicksburg, Miss . 39180 .
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
St . Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation July 1976
Massena, New York 13662 13. NUMBER O F PAGES
45 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(lf dJlferent from Controlling Olllce) 1 s. SECURITY CLASS. (of thle report)
Unclassified 1 Sa. DECL ASS I FICA TION/ DOWNGRADING
SCHEDULE
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thle Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited .
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol the abstract entered I n Block 20, II different from Report)
18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side II necesaary end Identify by block number)
Floating ice St . Lawrence Seaway Flushing Hydraulic models Ice on rivers , lakes, etc . Locks (waterways)
20. ABS~AC:T (C4Dtiaue ~~a~..,._,._ .Ida If nece-aq aod. Identity by block number)
Corporation secured the services of The St. Lawrence Seaway Development the U. s . Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to determine, with the aid
effective and economical method of ridding a the most of physical model tests , lock chamber of floating ice . Tests were conducted in an existing 1:25- scale lock model modified to simulate the pertinent features of the St . Lawrence Sea-
way Lock chambers . A manifold at the upstream end of the chamber proved best
for flushing ice from the chamber . Flow through the manifold was pumped (Continued)
DD FOR .. \JAN 73 1473 EOfTION OF J NOV 65 tS OBSOLETE Unclassified
SECURlTY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ( Wh-en D eta Entered)
Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered)
20 . ABSTRACT (Continued).
from various locations in the chamber or piped through the upstream miter gate sill; both of these methods were designed to create a sufficient slope of the water surface in the chamber to flush the ice. These model tests provided the means to determine the size and configuration of the manifold and the amount of flow required for total flushing .
Initially, the concept of pumping water to an upstream manifold from the lower end of the chamber was tested with limited success. Total flushing of the chamber was not accomplished with the pumped high-velocity manifold submerged, and considerable spray from the high- velocity jets would generate additional ice in actual prototype conditions with the jets at the water surface . Therefore, a high discharge with a low head to reduce velocities and increase the water-surface slope was preferred for greater flushing efficiency.
Heads of 38. 5 to 42.5 ft at Dwight D. Eisenhower Lock (Robinson Bay) and 46 ft at Bertrand H. Snell Lock (Grass River) are available for gravity flow water- supply systems to the manifold located beneath the upstream ship bumper. These heads proved sufficient to flush 10- by 10- ft blocks of ice 1.5 and 3 . 0 ft thick from the entire 860- ft- long by 80- ft-wide chamber with the proper size and placement of the manifold .
Optimum flushing of the surface ice was accomplished with four 4-ft - diam pipes spaced 16 ft apart between the lock walls with their center line level with the lower pool . A total discharge of 2000 cfs was required for optimum flushing. Special consideration was given during these development tests to accommodate a 2- to 3-ft variation in water-surface elevation of the lower pool ana to minimize spray which would generate additional ice. The average total flushing time for 120 blocks of 10- by 10- by 3- ft ice was 15 min.
Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered)
PREFACE
A hydraulic model investigation to determine effective ways and
means of flushing ice from the St. Lawrence Seaway Locks was authorized
by the Office, Chief of Engineers, in the first indorsement dated
25 July 1974 to a letter dated 16 July 1974 from the Director of the
U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), Vicksburg,
Mississippi. The St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation considered
it highly desirable that the tests be conducted at WES where research
concerning application of multipart diffusers had been conducted for
desalinization plants and to induce circulation in stagnant embayments.
It was considered that the suggested application and development of a
multipart manifold to induce sufficient circulation downstream from the
upper miter gate would be of use in removing ice from similar Corps locks
with side port or bottom longitudinal filling and emptying systems. The
desired tests were technically feasible and were performed with existing
facilities and available personnel without interfering with work in prog
ress at WES. The study was accomplished in the Hydraulics Laboratory
of the WES during the period 6 September 1974 to 19 February 1975.
The investigation was conducted under the general supervision of
Messrs. H. B. Simmons, Chief of the Hydraulics Laboratory; John L. Grace,
Chief of the Structures Division; and G. A. Pickering, Chief of the
Locks and Conduits Branch. The engineer in immediate charge of the
model was Mr. N. R. Oswalt, assisted by Messrs. H. H. Allen and C. L.
Dent. This report was prepared by Mr. Oswalt.
During the course of the investigation, Messrs. John B. Adams III,
William S. Spriggs, and Patrick M. Gillon of the st,. Lawrence Seaway
Development Corporation; Messrs. Walter E. Webb and Martin Liou of the
St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Canada; and Dr. George D. Ashton of the
U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory visited
WES to observe model operation and discuss test results.
Directors of WES during the conduct of the tests and the prepa
ration and publication of this report were COL G. H. Hilt, CE, and
COL John L. Cannon, CE. Technical Director was Mr. F. R. Brown.
l
CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CONVERSION FACTORS , U. S . CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . • . . . . • • • • • • • •
PART I : INTRODUCTION . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
The Prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description of the Prototype Problem . . . . . . . . . . . Purpose of Model Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PART II : THE MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • •
• • • • • Description of Model and Appurtenances Scale Relat i ons . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • •
• • • • •
• • • • •
• • • • •
PART I II : TESTS AND RESULTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Page
1
3
4
4 4 6
1
1 8
9
Test Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Low Discharge- High Head Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Hi gh Dischar ge- Low Head Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Special Considerations for Prototype Installation
and Oper ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Prototype Sy stem Designed for Eisenhower Lock . . . . . . . 16
PART IV : DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
PHOTOS 1- 10
PLATES 1- 9
• •
2
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17
CONVERSION FACTORS, U. S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
U. S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be con
verted to metric (SI) units as follows:
Multiply
feet ' feet per second
cubic feet per second
degrees (angular)
By
0.3048
0. 3048
0. 02831685
0 . 01745329
3
To Obtain
metres
metres per second
cubic metres per second
radians
ICE FLUSHING FROM SAINT LAWRENCE SEAWAY LOCKS
Hydraulic Model Investigation
PART I : INTRODUCTION
The Prototy-pe
1 . Dwight D. Eisenhower and Bertrand H. Snell Locks are located
on the St. Lawrence Seaway between Lake St. Lawrence and the St . Law
rence Seaway International Bridge (Figure 1) . Both locks have side port
systems for filling and emptying the 80- ft - wide* by 860- ft - long cham
bers . Lifts vary from 38.5 to 42.5 ft at Eisenhower and remain near
46 ft at Snell . The existing period of navigation without ice flushing
devices is approximately April through November . With the proposed
ice flushing system, the navigation period could be extended approxi
mately two months, allowing navigation from March through December .
Description of the Prototype Problem
2 . In the early spring (and sometimes late fall) when navigation
is under way and there are ice formations in the river, considerable
problems occur in clearing the lock approaches and chambers of ice to
permit vessel transits. Conditions are such that, upon a downbound
entrance into the lock, a vessel tends to move the ice ahead of its bow
and push the ice into the chamber . The proposed ice flushing system
will enable moving ice masses out of a lock chamber quickly, safely,
and completely without causing undue strain and stresses to develop in
the present lock operating equipment . As a result, the plans for ex
tending the navigation season will be greatly enhanced .
* A table of factors for converting U. S . customary units of measurement to metric (SI) units is presented on page 3.
4
- N- ONTARIO
SEAWAY INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE Q U E B E C
SALMON RIVER _...__ ____ _ INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
EISENHOWER LOCK MORRISBURG .... · --r.'-
MASSENA MASSENA AIRPORT
IROQUOIS LOCK N E W Y 0 R K
IROQUOIS DAM
Figure 1 . Vicinity map
Sometimes as many as five or six ice lockages are necessary before the
vessel can be "locked through." These ice lockages are extremely slow,
and each lockage consumes as much as 30 to 45 min of time before the
chamber can be partially cleared.
3. The lock filling and emptying system is presently used for
the ice lockages . First , the ice is drawn into the chamber by closing
the upstream culvert valves and partially opening the downstream valves
to create a current into the chamber by drawing the water through the
ports . (This would be similar to lmvering the lock chamber , except that
the upstream miter gates are opened to allow the ice to enter . ) Once
the ice is in the chamber , the upstream miter gates are closed and the
downstream culvert valves fully opened as in a normal lockage . When
the chamber is at low pool , the downstream miter gates are opened and
the downstream culvert valves are closed. The upstream valves are then
partially opened and a current is created in the chamber by allowing
water to enter the chamber via the ports . As the current moves down
river , it carries the ice along . The whole process is extremely slow ,
inasmuch as extreme caution has to be maintained to protect the equipment
from surges, ice jamming against the gate , etc ., which can happen if the
valves are opened too much. This whole operation, besides being ex
tremely slow, only partially clears the lock chamber since there is no
way to create a current and clear the ice from the chamber in the area
between the upstream miter gate and the most upstream filling port as
shown in Plate 1 .
Purpose of Model Study
4. Model tests were conducted to determine the most effective
ways and means to move ice masses out of a lock chamber quickly , safely ,
and completely, without causing undue strain and stresses to develop in
the present lock operating equipment . The object of the tests was to
develop a system that would flush the ice from the entire lock chamber
without using the filling and emptying system .
6
PART I I : THE MODEL
Description of Model and Appurtenances
5. An existing 1 : 25- scale lock model was used for the study . It
reproduced 800 ft of upstream approach, the entire filling and emptying
system including intakes , valves, floor culvert system , lock chamber,
and outlet basin , and about 600 ft of downstream approach . The model
was modified to simulate only the pertinent physical features of Eisen
hower and Snell Locks. The most significant revisions were to the lock
chamber . The filling system was simulated , although it was not used
during flushing tests . Basic geometric and structural features such as
the bottom shape and ship bumper were considered significant to the
tests and subsequently were accurately reproduced . The model flume is
shown in Figure 2 .
•
~; I 1- 19
Figure 2. Inside test flume; looking upstream to ship bumper (in black) and
type 1 ice flushing manifold
1
6. Discharges through the ice flushing diffuser were measured
with a rotameter and/or V- notch weirs, and water- surface levels were
set with piezometers and staff gages. Flushing times were taken with
hand stopwatches and electronic timers .
7 . A low- density polyethylene material which has the same density
as ice was used to simulate 10- by 10- ft blocks of ice both 1 . 5 and
3 . 0 ft thick .
Scale Relations
8. The accepted equations of hydraulic similitude , based on
Freudian relations , were used to express mathematical relations between
the dimensions and hydraulic quantities of the model and prototype .
General relations for transference of model data to prototype equiva
lents are as follows :
Characteristic
Length
Area
Velocity
Time
Discharge
All characteristics in this
Dimension
L
12 R
~/2
11/2 R
15/2 R
•
Model :Prototype Scale Relation
LR - 1:25
~ - 1 : 625
VR - 11/2 - 1 : 5 R
TR - 11/2 - 1 : 5 R
QR - 15/2 - 1 : 3125 R • report are glven ln prototype dimensions.
8
PART III: TESTS AND RESULTS
Test Procedure
9 . The lock chamber water surface was covered with 10- by 10- by
3- ft blocks of ice to determine the efficiency of various types of mani
folds and manifold positions required to flush the blocks from the cham
ber . Efficiency was measured by the manifold discharge and velocity
versus the time required to move the ice mass various distances in the
chamber . Various ice loads and relative spacing between ice blocks were
tested to establish realistic flushing times . Special consideration was
given to developing a system that would elimi nate the use of the filling
and emptying valves for ice flushing operations or otherwise develop un
due stresses on the present lock operating equipment .
Low Discharge- High Head Manifold
10 . During the initial tests , discharges of 100, 150 , 200 , and
300 cfs were pumped at heads of 60 ft from various locations withi n the
lock chamber to the ice flushing manifold beneath the ship bumper . The
initial diffuser consisted of a 2- ft - diam manifold (type 1) with five
0 . 92- ft- diam , 4- ft - long nozzles . The manifold was submerged 34 ft below
lower pool as shown in Figure 3 . The 4- ft- long nozzles did not allow
the jets to spread over the width of the lock chamber , and tests were
conducted with various lengths of nozzles to determine their optimum
length, which was found to be 2ft (type 3 manifold) . Shorter lengths,
unsymmetrical jets, or improper jet angles created eddies that reduced
flushing efficiency. Photo 1 shows flow conditions with the type 3
design with the upper third of the chamber initially covered with i ce .
This design moved the blocks 200 ft downstream in 350 sec (prototype)
with a total discharge of 200 cfs (60-ft head); however , it was not
effective in removing the ice from the entire lock chamber .
11 . The manifold was raised to the elevation of the lower pool
and tests were conducted with the nozzles discharging horizontally along
9
•
• •
~ ST\IDV Of ICC fW~HI .. c; ,lOOM
ST LAWRENC£ SUWAY l OCKS SCAU
1 n .. oon .. 2~ n. ~Tu~
Figure 3. Close- up of ship bumper and type 1 ice flushing manifold
• •
the water surface . This greatly improved the efficiency of the system
and was designated type 4 manifold (Plate 2 ) . Flow conditions with this
design are shown in Photo 2 . The blocks were moved from the upper
220 ft of the lock chamber in 180 sec with a discharge of 200 cfs ; how
ever , this design was not successful in removing the blocks from the
entire lock chamber .
12 . Tests were conducted with one, two , and three jets discharg
ing horizontally from the manifold. The efficiency of any of these
designs was about the same as with design 4 with only the upper 250 ft
of the lock cleared of ice . Flow conditions with only one jet in the
center of the chamber (manifold 6) are shown in Photo 3 .
13 . Various angles of discharge were tested with the manifold
submerged 1 t o 6 ft below the water surface; however , none of these
designs was as effective as the horizontal discharge along the water
surface of t he lower pool .
10
14. During all of the above tests, the water was pumped from the
lock chamber , 50 ft below the lower pool. Four different intake loca
tions along the lock center line were tested (sta 0+50 , 2+20 , 4+30, and
6+00); and sta 0+50 (Plate 2) was found to be the most effective loca
tion . Flow was also withdrawn from the side culvert in an effort to
create a circulation pattern capable of moving the floating ice the full
length of the 860- ft chamber without success.
15 . Several tests were conducted in an existing 3- by 3- by
40- ft- long glass flume to observe the current patterns produced by vari
ous heads and discharges from multipart manifolds in an effort to capi
talize on any helpful ice flushing currents in a homogeneous chamber.
No obvious helpful current patterns were generated during these tests,
indicating that only high discharges would effectively move large ice
masses from the lock chamber.
High Discharge- Low Head Manifold
16 . During tests with low discharges pumped at high heads , it
became obvious that lar ger discharges would be necessary to completely
flush the ice from the lock chamber . It is desirable to obtain these
discharges in the prototype with gravity flow from the upper pool rather
than by pumping . Heads of 38.5 to 42.5 ft at Eisenhower Lock and 46ft
at Snell Lock are available for gravity flow water- supply systems to
the flushing manifold. Previous tests had also indicated that the best
flushing was produced with the manifold jet or jets discharging horizon
tally at the water surface ; however, consideration had to be given to
accommodating a 2- or 3- ft variation in the chamber water surface and
preventing spray which would generate additional ice. Supply pipes
4 ft in diameter were used to provide the large discharges and accommo
date the variation in tailwater, thereby eliminating the need for an
adjustable manifold. Also , ice generation should be minimized with this
size jet since there was no spray at the manifold . A 40- ft head was
used for comparison of the various manifold designs; however, higher
heads were tested with the recommended design .
11
17. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of varying lock
chamber water levels on the time required to rid the chamber of ice.
Results of tests with three different water levels are plotted in
Plate 3, indicating that the half-submerged jet is best for total flush
ing. Therefore, the center line of the flushing jets should be posi
tioned at the normal lower pool (Plate 4) to provide the best flushing
and remain effective within the expected range of varying tailwater.
As shown in Plate 3, prototype times of 67, 50, and 43 min were required
to flush 220 lin ft of 10- by 10- by 3-ft-thick ice blocks from the
860- ft - long chamber with the two 4- ft- diam jets discharging a total of
580 cfs while fully submerged, nonsubmerged, and half submerged. Move
ment of the ice during the tests with the jets half and fully submerged
is shown in Photos 4 and 5, respectively . Since less time was required
to remove the ice from the chamber with the manifold center line even
with the water surface, all remaining tests were conducted with the
discharge jets half submerged.
18. The effects of increased discharge on the time required to
rid the lock chamber of 220 lin ft of ice were determined with two,
three, and four 4- ft-diam pipes located beneath the ship bumper. The
two pipes were spaced 13 ft from the lock center line; the third pipe
was placed on the center line; and with the design using four pipes ,
the pipes were spaced on 16- ft centers across the lock width . Each of
the pipes had separate intakes in the approach area . Total flushing
times for respective discharges of 580, 830, and 1080 cfs were 42, 39,
and 29 prototype minutes as shown in Plate 5 .
19 . A multiported manifold (Figure 4) which had twenty 1- ft-diam
ports on 3-ft centers was sensitive to jet alignment and produced eddies
that kept the ice in the lock chamber when flow was directed other than
parallel to the lock walls. Even with properly directed flow, the multi
ports tested were less effective than 2, 3, or 4 larger jets with equal
discharge .
20. In an effort to reduce the time required to completely flush
the lock chamber, tests were conducted with two 4- ft - diam pipes beneath
the ship bumper and two entering the lock chamber at sta 2+75 at a
12
MODEL STUDY OF ICE FLUSHING
FROM
STLAWRENCE SEAWAY lOCKS SCALE
I FT {MODEL =2$ FT. (NATURE)
Figure 4. Multiported manifold (half submerged) discharging 580 cfs , 150 sec (prototype) after starting
45- deg angle . A discharge of 580 cfs from the two upstream pipes moved
120 blocks of ice to sta 2+75 in 450 sec , at which time the two side
pipes were opened to discharge an additional 500 cfs . Movement of the
ice during these tests is shown in Photo 6 . The best flushing time ob
tained with this design and 1080 cfs was 28 min, compared with 29 . 5 min
with all four pipes located beneath the ship bumper and the same dis
charge . Since the pipes along the sides would be considerably more
costly to install in the prototype locks , they were considered unworthy
of further testing .
21 . While the model study was being conducted it was determined
that the intakes for the discharge pipes could possibly be located in
the upper gate sill . This would eliminate considerable energy losses
that were present with the original model piping and valves and increase
the discharge from the 4- ft - diam pipes . The model piping was rearranged
as shown in Plate 4. This increased the discharge for each pipe to
approximately 480 cfs with the 40- ft head .
22 . Optimum flushing of the surface ice with a 40- ft head was ac
complished with four 4- ft- diam pipes spaced 16 ft apart between the lock
walls and a total discharge of approximately 2000 cfs released parallel
to the lock walls as shown in Plate 4 . The average total flushing time
for 120 blocks of 10- by 10- by 3-ft ice was 15 min . Additional total
flushing times and relations between length of ice movement versus time
throughout tests with discharges up to 1920 cfs are shown in Plate 6 .
23 . A plot of the total flushing time versus discharge is pro
vided in Plate 7 for three different ice loads to show the effect of
these loads and discharges upon flushing times . As expected, lighter
ice loads move faster and have less tendency to create jams . Another
factor affecting the total flushing time is the concentration of ice
(relative spacing between ice blocks) which becomes more obvious with
large ice loads as noted by the scatter of data obtained with the
245 blocks of ice in Plate 7. 24 . Reducing the ice thickness from 3 ft to 1 . 5 ft had no sig
nificant effect on the total flushing times with fifty 10- ft - square
blocks of ice .
14
25 . An increase in head from 40 ft (Eisenhower Lock) to 46 ft
(Snell Lock) reduced the total flushing times required with 120 blocks
of ice with discharges up to about 2000 cfs as shown in Plate 8 . In
creasing the total discharge from 1800 cfs (3 pipes) to 2400 cfs
(4 pipes) with the 46- ft head resulted in only a 2- min reduction of the
total flushing time .
26 . Movement of the ice during several flushing operations with
120 blocks of ice , 40- and 46- ft heads, and two and four 4- ft - diam
p i pes discharging from 960 to 1920 cfs is depicted in Photos 7-10;
flow conditions are shown on each photograph . During each flushing
operation, a photograph was taken at intervals representing 0 , 50 , 150 ,
and 300 prototype seconds.
Special Considerations for PrototyPe Installation and Operation
27 . Several observations were made during these tests that could
be pertinent to the installation and operation of the prototype flushing
system. Although opening all ports simultaneously is effective , it is
better to open the valves that discharge flow through the two pipes near
the lock walls first and then open the valves that will control the two
i nside jets about 5 min later . This helps to avoid ice jams , boosts
the ice movement, shortens the flushing time , and conserves water for
power generation. For large ice loads , jams can be created by mooring
b it or miter gate recesses , and discharges of 1500 to 2000 cfs are
needed to assure complete flushing . The optimum flushing operation
should be determined in the prototype by using several sequences of valve
openings that might permit reduced discharges with lighter ice loads .
Regardless of the number or size of pipes chosen to discharge the rec
ommended flow rate of 2000 cfs , the pipes should be equally spaced
across the lock width and flow should be distributed uniformly across
the lock to prevent eddy action . It is believed that a four- port mani
fold system capable of discharging 2000 cfs will provide an effective
means of flushing ice from the lock chambers .
15
Prototype System Designed for Eisenhower Lock
28. Engineers for the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation,
using the test results herein, designed the ice flushing system shown in
Plate 9 for Eisenhower Lock. In attempts to be both practical and eco
nomical, several modifications were made to the recommended (model)
design. The most significant modification was the use of five 4- ft - diam
manifold pipes which will be supplied from one-directional flow into a
10- ft - diam feeder pipe as shown in Plate 9. Five pipes were essential
to keep equal spacing between the ship bumper supports. The single
10- ft- diam feeder pipe from only one 12- by 14- ft culvert was basically
an economic factor .
29. Engineers at the U. S . Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station reviewed the design with the above modifications and computed
the expected head losses through the entire ice flushing system. For
the 42- ft head at Eisenhower Lock, a total head loss of 24 ft was com
puted leaving an 18- ft effective head at the outlet portals. The maxi
mum flow release was computed to be 2050 cfs with velocities of 30 to
34 fps . This was in close agreement with the total discharge recommended
from the model study .
16
PART IV: DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
30 . Model tests were conducted to assist engineers in selecting
the best ice flushing system for the St. Lawrence Seaway Locks . All
tests were concerned with quickly ridding the entire 860- ft- long by
80- ft- wide chamber of ice without using the filling valves, creating
undue stresses on the structure and operating machinery, or passing
excessive volumes of water through the lock.
31 . Efforts to establish helpful ice flushing currents or suffi
cient water- surface differential with low discharge- high head manifolds
to rid the chamber of ice were unsuccessful. Only partial flushing was
possible with discharges below 1000 cfs for heads up to 60 ft.
32 . A manifold with a relatively large discharge and a low head
is preferred in lieu of a low discharge with high head. The best flush
ing was produced with the manifold jets discharging horizontally along
the water surface. Consideration was given to accommodating a 2- to
3- ft variation in the water- surface elevation of the lower pool and to
preventing spray which would generate additional ice .
33. Optimum flushing of the surface ice with a 40- ft head supplied
from the upper pool was accomplished with four 4- ft - diam pipes spaced
16 ft apart between the lock walls and a total discharge of approximately
2000 cfs released parallel to the lock walls . The average total flushing
time for 120 blocks of 10- by 10- by 3-ft ice was 15 min. The discharge
from a 4- ft - diam pipe could be slightly different in the prototype and
model, since the bends, valves, etc., will be different. Thus, the
flushing times may be altered somewhat. However, this should have only
a minor effect on the flushing operation.
17
a . Before test b . 30 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 1 . Type 3 manifold , d i scharge 200 cfs (sheet 1 of 2)
c .
@iCT ;t
M004l SJUOY Of t(' rlUS,WIHG J''ION
STLAWRENCE SEAWA~ LOCKS SCALl
1 '1 tMOOR a26 FT.IHA'Mt(
150 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 1 (sheet
d . 350 sec
2 of 2)
MOOft sruov or n nusto!H"Co
•oo~
STLAWRENCE SEAWAVLOCKS SCAU
1 n_ MOOU a 21 n. AAJU>l[
(prototype) after starting test
NOOU ~uov ~ 11.:1 f\U~"'~ ,.o ... ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY lOCKS
S.C.AL( n MOOU. 25 n NAT\11(
a. Before test b.
Photo 2. Type 4 manifold, discharge
.. ODU. TI,IO"' C. ICI fW'"IMi
"''"' STLAWRENCE SEAWAY LOCKS U AU
1 ,, .. aou. ~ a• n. '-A"TVJtt
----
50 sec (prototype) after
200 cfs (sheet 1 of 2)
starting test
Wc!l"fl. iUCV ~ Cl ,~,,.G
'ROM
ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY LOCKS
HT I "'OOU .:26F1. NAT\IRE ,
c . 150 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 2 (sheet 2 of 2)
•
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I
•
• ....
M(ltl L T 0 .l 'WW'II"'~ J:AOI<1
STLAWRENCE SEAWAV lOCKS SCALI:
'Fl !MODil ~ 211 f-l NAlURt
,.. _ I I
I j
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a . 50 sec (prototype) after starting test , discharge 200 cfs
•
i
WOC I 0 ,.. II'W '"llri(i
•oo~
STLAWRENCE SEAWAV lOCKS SCAL(
I n 4MOOH e26 rt. N~TURl
-,. J
•
, .... •
b . 50 sec (prototype) after starting test , discharge 300 cfs
Photo 3 . Type 6 manifold , discharge 200 and 300 cfs
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MOOU $TUDV or IC( ,~Hifrt~
roow ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY lOCKS
sc.ut 1n I WOOU. •alfl'.~HAl\llit( l
a. Before test
•
b .
MOOD. ST\1 (II: a. f\.1,1'1: ~ lifG
"'"" ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY LOCKS
50 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 4. Type 8 manifold (half submerged), discharge 580 cfs (sheet 1 of 2)
IIIOOtl Sf\IOY Of: ICI fUI'Sif: "'IliG . ..,~
ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY LOCKS SOL<
t n j iOIODil ; 25 "- 1'\AT\IRE
I
c . 150 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 4 (sheet 2 of 2)
a .
Photo 5.
NJOOfi <>lUOY ()j: C1 FlUSHI"'C.
·oo• ST LAWRENCE SEAWAVlOCKS
stAU
Before test
• , .. ~ . ;
• •
b.
Type 8 manifold (fully submerged) ,
IJQIU $TUOV Of IC( fW5HIJIO
FROM
ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY LOCKS SUI.(
1 n ~MOOR • 2S f"t. Ml\IPt
50 sec (prototype) after starting test
discharge 580 cfs (sheet 1 of 2)
•
• .woe;.. r .... 1c.1 1\.liSM ~ •
<OOM
ST lAWRENCE SEAWAY LOCKS ...
SCAl£ 1 n MODEl • 26 n. H,AJUR[
c . 150 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 5 (sheet 2 of 2)
,
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a . Before test
.. .. •oe•
ST LA-.at ~C( SU~•• lOO'i
..
b . 50 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 6. Two 4- ft jets at sta 0+20 , t wo 4-ft jets at sta 2+75 with 40- ft head , discharge 1080 cfs (the t wo 4- ft jets at sta 2+75 were turned on at 450 sec after starting test)
(sheet 1 of 2)
c.
IIIICICt$tl."C'W'OJICl~ .... ST l.lWR!HCE SEAWAY lOCXS
suu
150 sec fprototype) after
"
starting test d .
Photo 6 ( sheet 2
.... STlAV.P!IoCE SO•Av lOCKS
600 sec (prototype) after starting test
of 2)
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L...
r-.,J
ST lAWAfNt£ SEAWAY!O<KS ... r' 140011 •:JSfT NA~VIII
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Oil ....... - J.
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a. Before test b . 50 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 7 . Two 4- ft - diam jets at sta 0+17 with 40- ft head , discharge 960 cfs ; 120 blocks of ice (10 by 10 by 3 ft) (sheet 1 of 2)
•
III<XH l)fN "f "l ' u~ ... "'
""'" ST l AWREWCE St.t.WlV LOC~S
,, • .,.001 ... ;-.r '"T'rll ...
c . 150 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 7 (sheet
.... ST lAWRfNC! Sf AWAY lOCKS
'
d . 300 sec (prototype) after starting t est
2 of 2)
•
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""" ST lA .. Rt \ :£ S£A"•' I.DCIIS • t" MC:i 2S '1 fll.l,. ••
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C1 >0 .... STu~qf"' O: S£.,1'1\' l'tlOC.,.S
,._ II
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a . Before test b. 50 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 8. Four 4- ft - diam jets at sta 0+17 with 40- ft head, discharge 1920 cfs; 120 blocks of ice (10 by 10 by 3 ft) (sheet 1 of 2)
• ~
ST &.Jo,o.P£"1::£ t;.U;~.i ~s
,
c. 150 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 8 (sheet
-«!n :f o ':II 1 "'"'""r, '"'.
SH.AWREhCf sr •w•vtoc•s "' ,. " •21• 11-1. ..
d. 300 sec (prototype) after starting test
2 of 2)
•
... ~~ 'h :~~,, r "'"" ..,. .... STLAWRENCE HAWAYIOCKS
"' f" ~ODIL • 2 .. n . !oJ.U;lt
a . Before test
110.; I i "'t' lU .,1..._ , ... ST UWAE~tf SEAWAY LOC~S
""' ''' .. ~. a,;" ,..,.
b. 150 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 9. Two 4- ft - diam jets at sta 0+17 with 46- ft head, discharge 1200 cfs; 120 blocks of ice (10 by 10 by 3 ft) (sheet 1 of 2)
I
.. ....,.,CJ IOC •
ST LM•OEJICf SU"'A' lOCI<S
c . 300 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 9 (sheet 2 of 2)
, • S.f .......
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•
\
' ... ST l~WRE~CE SEAW.V LOC•S
·~t
1 w. • .. ,. .. ...., a •
\ \ \
a. Before test b . 50 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 10. Four 4- ft- diam jets at sta 0+17 with 46-ft head , discharge 2400 cfs; 120 blocks of ice (10 by 10 by 3 ft) (sheet l of 2)
·-s· I.J."'!!ti!Cl SlJ~U lOCPS ... .. ""!I>JI .....
c. 150 sec (prototype) after starting test
Photo 10 (sheet 2 of 2)
""0 r )> ....... m tv
,~
SHIP BUMPER
10'
U/S P I NTLE
20'
~I EL 20~
LOWER POOL EL !99
AlAN/FOLD
EL U6
TYPE 4 MANIFOLD
-o r ):> _. m w
z ~
70
60
50
w 40 Q.. >-~ 0 t-o a:: D..
"' 30 w ~
20
10
FULLY SUBMERGED
NOTE : TWO 4-FT-DIAM JETS AT STA 0+ 20
Cll 1-LIJ ...., u.. 0
z 0
!i u 0 ...J
Q= 560 CFS HEAD= 40FT
100 200 300 400 500 DISTANCE, PROTOTYPE FT
600
NONSUBMERGED
....A ~ 0
700 600
EFFECT OF CHAMBER WATER LEVEL ON ICE FLUSH I NG T I ME
"U r )> -1 m ~
SHIP BUMPER
VALVE
U/S PINTLE
201
17'
EL 204
LOWER POOL EL 199
4' DIAM PIPE
EL 146
PREFERRED FLUSHING DESIGN
50
40
z ~ 30 w ~ > .... 0 .... 0 a: ~
... w 20 ~ -....
10
Q=580 CFS
NOTE : HEAD::: 40fT 220 LINEAR FT OF ICE
OL_--~~~~-~~-----L----~------L------L----~----~ 0 100 200 300 400 500
DISTANCE, PROTOTYPE FT 600 700 800
EFFECT OF DISCHARGE (580, 830, AND 1080 CF"S)
ON FLUSHING TIME
"""0 r > -I m
"'
. z ~
UJ (L
>-.._ 0 .._ 0 a:: (L
-I.U ~ 1-C) z -I <I) ~ .J ~
50
40
30
20
10
<I)
1-UJ ..., ~ 0 zo 0(\1 -+ ~0 U-c 0 .J<I)
"V 6 0
0
NO. OF 4-FT DIAM
JETS
(HALF SUBMERGED)
I 2 3
4
DISCHARGE CFS
480 960
1440
1920
NOTE : 40 - FT HEAD-GRAVITY FLOW
120 BLOCKS OF ICE IN LOCK
ICE BLOCKS - 10FT x 10FT X 3FT
100 200 300 400 500
ICE MOVEMENT, PROTOTYPE FT
19 2o cfS
600 700 800
TOTAL FLUSHING TIMES
EFFECT OF DISCHARGE (480, 960, 1440, AND 1920 CFS)
ON fLUSHING TIME
-o r )> -I m ......,
z ~
w
70
60
~50 t-o t-o 0:: (l.
... Cl) w ~ 40 t-C) z -I Cl) ::> ...J
~ 30 .:( to t-
20
~
\ \
0
\ \
0
0
\ 0
X ""- -
0
0 0
0
0
0 X
10~------------~------------~---------------~------------~
0 500 1000 1500 2000 DISCHARGE, PROTOTYPE CFS
NO OF 4-FT DIAM
JETS
(HALF SUBMERGED)
2 3
4
LEGEND 0 245 BLOCKS OF ICE
0 120 BLOCKS OF ICE
X 50 BLOCKS OF IC E
DISCHARGE CFS
480 960
1440 1920
NOTE: 40-FT HEAD-GRAVITY FLOW
ICE BLOCKS- lOFT x lO FT X 3FT
EFFECT OF ICE LOAD ON TOTAL FLUSHING TIMES
1, 2, 3, AND 4 FOUR- FT- Dl AMETER JET HALF SUBMERGED
-o r )> ...... m ex>
60
-~ 50 ~
w Q..
>r 0 r 0 a: 40 Q..
... (f) w ~
r C> z - 30 :r: (f) ::::> _J u. _J c{ r g 20
0
0
\ \ \
~EISENHOWER 40-FT HEAD
SNELL > 46-FT HEAD "-..
0
o"-..
""" .........._-....o 0
NOTE: 120 BLOCKS OF ICE 10FT X 10 FT X 3 FT
----0 ---o 10~--------~--------~--------~--------~--------~------~
0 500 I 000 1500 2000 DISCHARGE, PROTOTYPE CFS
2500 3000
EFFECT OF HEAD ON TOTAL FLUSHING TIMES
1, 2, 3, AND 4 FOUR- FT- DIAMETER JET HALf SUBMERGED
"1J r )> -f m -o
\
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\
.... '-
A
....... ___ _
_j
ml (!) _j ((
0 0 (/) w 0 0
• lL. ll. . N CD ~ 0 :E
q: q: om ::J (/)
I- I- z8 (!) I-(/) (( (/) w · lL. a> o - m 0 -
q: 0 " ll. ID
I- z cr; lL. (/) w ~ 0
q: 0 I- z (/) w
A
q: (!) (!)
0 (!) 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 • . a>
CD • •
I.{) CD N ~ -
q: q:
q: q:
I-I- I-
(/) EL 204.00 (/) I- (/) (/)
EL 199.00 • ~ EL 19 -1 -· --+ - -
EL 193.00 tJ:1( ~ EL 186.00
I 4 I DIAM I I I
q: I 10 ' DIAM 01 w >-
/ :~ ~ > (( -~L 175.00 *l ~ w
-4. - ._
(/)_j "-Y q: 0 _j EL 166.50 l--1(( q: •: (/) u 0 I,
'• <..U '• LADD ss '• It
Ll
9.00
LOCK
ER 4' DIAM FIBERGL A PIPES
SECTION A- A SLUICE GATE
I - BUTTERFLY VALVE 1 J CULVERT BULKHEA D RECESS
I 1 \ 1 VA L VE RECESS -------,--
1-- -- - - ~ ---- __ ~ -- - ,- CULVERTBULKHEADRECESS
I I MOTOR RECESS I ~ -I I I L ------ J=.=:~---1~-M-I-T~ER-- --'- _ _ _ _ _ _ L- _ _ _ FILLING AND EMPTYING CULVERT
~-- 4 GATE GEAR RECESS • t- -- ~ -1 I '----1
(/)w C/lll. q:- (!)
NOTE: DATUM IS USLS 1935. r--------.Jil. -1'---------~----------------------~ ----~-------------~ 0~ 1CD (( - .,;
I STA 63.00A M ONOL I TH JO I NT
wo ~ (!)- .... -, ,, IlL. ~ (/)
ST A 24. 00 A MONOLITH JOINT
P LAN
(l)I
8t-. -g.J 0
q:Z t-O C/l:E
ST A 87.008
M ONOLITH JOI NT PROPOSED ICE MANIFOLD
EISENHOWER
FLUSH lNG FOR LOCK