ice protection presentation_draft
DESCRIPTION
Overview of Ice and Rain Protection on King Air C90 Series Aircraft.TRANSCRIPT
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ANTI-ICE/DE-ICEKING AIR C90 SERIES
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FOCUS
• This module improves our ability to manage risks associate with icing conditions by:– Understanding where they exist– Being confident in system operation– Ensuring equipment is functional and
effective
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LINE-UP
• Accidents• Preflight Preparation• System Components– Thermal–Mechanical– Chemical
• System Operation• Operational Checks
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ACCIDENT REVIEW• Air Florida Flight 90– Where: Washington, D.C.– When: January 13th, 1982– What:
• Aircraft was unable to maintain positive rate of climb
• Struck the 14th street bridge• 78 fatalities/9 injuries
– Why:• Pilots failed to activate engine anti-ice systems that
resulted in sensors becoming obstructed with ice resulting in erroneous engine thrust indications.
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ACCIDENT REVIEW
• American Eagle Flight 4184– Where: Roselawn, IN– When: October 31st, 1994– What:
• Pilots lost aircraft control• Aircraft impacted ground at such vertical velocity that
wreckage and remains were unidentifiable• 68 fatalities
– Why:• Aircraft encountered freezing rain while holding to enter
Chicago airspace• De-ice systems were unable to protect critical surfaces
from freezing rain and super cooled liquid drops (SLDs)
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ACCIDENT REVIEW
• Colgan Air Flight 3407–Where: Buffalo, NY–When: February 12th, 2009–What:• Aircraft stalled while on final approach• 50 fatalities/4 injuries
–Why:• Crew executed improper technique for
recovery from a stalled condition
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ACCIDENT REVIEW
• Air France Flight 447– Where: Atlantic Ocean– When: June 1st, 2009– What:
• Aircraft entered a stall at high altitude• Remained stalled for 3 minutes, reaching a rate of 10,912
feet per minute towards the ocean• 228 fatalities
– Why:• Flight crew received abnormal airspeed information from
pitot tubes obstructed with ice• Stall induced by flight crew
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FAA INTERPRETATION
• What is “known icing”?– The pilot knows or reasonably should
know about weather reports in which icing conditions are reported or forecast.
**Consider this when operating with icing equipment MEL’d!**
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PREFLIGHT PLANNING
• FIKI, yes….but– No aircraft is certified for severe icing– Equipment should be used to fly THRU
icing conditions – not remain in them
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PREFLIGHT PLANNING
• Two common structures:– Icing associated with vertical
developmentOr – Icing associated with widespread cloud
layer
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PREFLIGHT PLANNING
• AIRMETs– Forecasts are for MOD icing conditions– Freezing levels (can be used with cloud
base/top)
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PREFLIGHT PLANNING
• CIP/FIP Charts– www.aviationweather.gov– Great SUPPLEMENT to AIRMET
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PREFLIGHT PLANNING
• PIREPs– Remember…• Absence of reports does not indicate an
absence of icing conditions• Consider aircraft type, time, etc.
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SYSTEM COMPONENTSAnti-Ice/De-ice
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PROTECTED SURFACES
• Thermal– Pitot (2)– Stall Vane (1)– Fuel Vents (2)– Propellers– Engine Inlet Lip–Windshield– Oil-Fuel Heat Exchanger
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PROTECTED SURFACES
• Mechanical–Wings– Horizontal Stabilizer– Vertical Stabilizer– Engine
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PROTECTED SURFACES
• Chemical– Prist
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SYSTEMS CONTROLLED FROM FLIGHT DECK
• L/R Pitot Heat• Stall Warning Heat• L/R Fuel Vent Heat• L/R Windshield Heat• Propeller De-Ice• Surface De-Ice• L/R Engine Anti-Ice
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PITOT HEAT
• L/R PITOT HEAT Switch(s) are located on the Captain’s right-hand sub-panel (ICE PROTECTION group)
• Normally ON inflight• Two position switch:– ON– OFF
• Left pitot heat switch is battery powered in the event of a dual gen failure
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STALL WARNING VANE HEAT
• STALL WARN Switch – located on Captain’s right-hand sub-panel (ICE PROTECTION group)
• Normally ON inflight• Two position switch:– ON– OFF
• Sheds automatically with dual gen failure
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FUEL VENT HEAT
• L/R FUEL VENT Switch(s) – located on the Captain’s right-hand sub-panel (ICE PROTECTION group)
• Normally ON inflight• Two position switch:– ON– OFF
• Sheds automatically with dual gen failure
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WINDSHIELD HEAT
• L/R WSHLD ANTI-ICE Switch(s) – located on Captain’s right-hand sub-panel (ICE PROTECTION group)
• Recommended NORM inflight• Mild vision distortion (more
pronounced at night)• Sheds automatically with dual gen
failure
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WINDSHIELD HEAT
• Three position switch:– NORM– HI– OFF
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WINDSHIELD HEAT
• NORM/HI Modes– Selecting either mode provides electrical
power to the heat elements laminated w/in the windshield
– Power cycles automatically to help maintain a pre-set temperature
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WINDSHIELD HEAT
• Surface size is the only thing that changes between NORM and HI modes– NORM• Entire windscreen is heated• Recommended for use during normal
operations– Increases windscreen strength– Prevents fogging during descent– Reduces risk of cracking if turned on after a cold
soak at cruise altitudes
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WINDSHIELD HEAT
• Surface size is the only thing that changes between NORM and HI modes– HI• Outer 2/3 of each windscreen is heated
– Smaller surface = greater WATTs per square inch
• Think…– NORM = normal WATTs– HI = high WATTs
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WINDSHIELD HEAT
• Issues associated with…– Heat module failure• Results in complete loss of heat
– Element failure• Elements may glow at night• Failed areas may ice over while operating in
icing conditions
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WINDSHIELD HEAT
• Issues associated with…–Windshield Shatter
**INSERT CAUTION FROM POH PG. 4-15**
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PROP HEAT
• PROP HEAT Switch – located on the Captain’s right-hand sub-panel (ICE PROTECTION group)
• ON while operating in icing conditions
• Two position switch:– ON– OFF
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PROP HEAT
• ON– Propeller de-ice module cycles power
between #1 and #2 engines–When switched ON…• #1 receives power for 90 secondsThen…• #2 receives power for 90 seconds
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PROP HEAT
INSERT ELECTRICAL SCHEMATIC FOR PROP HEAT
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PROP HEAT
• Proper operation is verified on the PROP AMPS gauge– Located on the overhead panel–Within green band = good• Any drop outside of the green band, down to
zero, indicates one or more propeller blade heating pads are not receiving electrical power
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PROP HEAT
• If PROP AMPS drop below green band…– CHECKLIST?– Turn OFF, exit icing conditions– Cycle propeller RPM• Blade flex with RPM change will crack and
shed ice
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PROP HEAT
• Limitations– Do not operate propeller heat
w/propellers static– Avoid rotating the propeller in opposite
direction of normal rotation• Use propeller “bras” when leaving aircraft
on ramp in windy conditions
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PNEUMATIC BOOTS
• SURFACE DE-ICE Switch – located on the Captain’s right-hand sub-panel (ICE PROTECTION group)
• Activate once ½ inch of ice has formed on leading edge of any surface
• 3 position switch:– SINGLE– OFF– MANUAL
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PNEUMATIC BOOTS
• SINGLE Mode– Switch is spring loaded to OFF position–When selected it activates a SINGLE
boot cycle:• Wings – 6 secondsThen…• “Tail” – 4 seconds
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PNEUMATIC BOOTS
• MANUAL Mode– Spring loaded to OFF position–When selected it activates ALL booted
surfaces while the switch is held in the MANUAL position
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PNEUMATIC BOOTS
• Boot Operation– Engine bleed air is regulated and used
to inflate/deflate the de-ice boots– DEFLATE• PRESSURE air (regulated bleed air) is routed
through an ejector pump which creates a vacuum to hold the boots against the airframe
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PNEUMATIC BOOTS
• INFLATE– A valve re-routes PRESSURE air to
INFLATE the de-ice boots
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PNEUMATIC BOOTS
• Pneumatic/Suction Pressure Gauges– Located on the Co-pilot’s right-hand sub-
panel– Allows the pilot to ensure proper
pressure is maintained during INFLATE/DEFLATE modes of operation• Cycle (from DEFLATE-to-INFLATE) is
indicated by a “flick” of each needle
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PNEUMATIC BOOTS
• Limitations– Do NOT use when OAT is -40°C and
colder• De-ice boots are made of layered rubber –
this becomes fragile at cold temperatures
– One of the only aircraft approved/required to allow ice build-up prior to boot activation• Ensures proper separation of ice
– Residual Ice
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PNEUMATIC BOOTS
• Routine MX– Keep boots clean – this improves
effectiveness of the boots• BF Goodrich ICEX II
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ENGINE ANTI-ICE
• L/R ENGINE ANTI-ICE Switch(s) – located on the Captain’s left-hand sub-panel– Grouped with L/R ACTUATOR Switch(s)
• Recommend ON during ground operations– Prevents ingestion of FOD– Reduces engine performance
• ON when operating in icing conditions– OAT less than 5°C and visible moisture
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ENGINE ANTI-ICE
• Actuator(s)– One electric motor which contains two
separate electrical elements/coils– One motor (each side) moves two
panels (vanes) inside the engine air intake duct
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ENGINE ANTI-ICE
• OFF-to-ON– FWD panel extends, forcing airflow to
make a 90° turn– AFT panel retracts, opening an exhaust
duct which allows dense objects (ice/water) to exhaust overboard due to it’s inertia
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ENGINE ANTI-ICE
• OFF-to-ON– Pilot will notice a slight drop in TQ and a
slight rise in ITT• Less air (into engine) = less power = less TQ• Less air (into engine) = less cooling = higher
ITT
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ENGINE ANTI-ICE
• ON-to-OFF– FWD panel retracts, allowing airflow to
make a shallow turn into the engine– AFT panel extends, closing exhaust duct
and forcing all of the airflow into the engine
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ENGINE ANTI-ICE
• ON-to-OFF– Pilot will notice a rise in TQ, approx. 100-
200 LBS-TQ, and decrease in ITT• More air = more power = more TQ• More air = more cooling = lower ITT
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ENGINE ANTI-ICE
• Annunciators– L/R ENG ANTI-ICE (green)
• Indicates ice vanes have reached the ON position– Monitored by proximity switch(s)
– L/R ENG ICE FAIL (amber)• Immediate illumination
– Indicates loss of electrical power to actuator(s)
• Delayed illumination– Indicates vanes failed to reach proper position – failed
actuator(s)**HOW CAN ENGINE INSTRUMENTS HELP WITH THIS PROBLEM?**
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ENGINE INLET LIP HEAT
• Exhaust air is routed through the leading edge of the engine air intake lip
• No pilot action• Issues associated with…– Broken duct or fitting• Soot found in unusual location on engine
nacelle (i.e. FWD of exhaust stacks)
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OIL-TO-FUEL HEAT EXCHANGER
• Manifold allows engine oil to warm fuel– Fuel cools engine oil!
• POH chart illustrates ambient temperature and engine oil temperature when PRIST is required
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PRIST
• Prevents water suspended in fuel from freezing
• Recommend use at ALL times
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SYSTEM OPERATION
• Monitor Atmospheric Conditions– “Approaching icing conditions…”
• What goes ON?– Check “HOT 5”– ENGINE ANTI-ICE– PROP HEAT
• Verify proper operation• Avoidance strategy
– Accumulation of ice WILL decrease performance– Operation of ENGINE ANTI-ICE will decrease
performance– Residual ice may require ground de-icing
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SYSTEM OPERATION
• Monitor Atmospheric Conditions– “IN icing conditions…”• What goes ON?
– Monitor ice build-up, activate SURFACE DE-ICE when appropriate
– Indications of proper operation– Exit strategy
» Avoid continuous operation in icing conditions• Lateral deviations• Vertical deviations
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PREFLIGHT CHECKS
• When are preflight checks required?– Every flight:• “HOT 5”
– “When required”:• ENGINE ANTI-ICE• WNDSHLD ANTI-ICE• PROP DE-ICE• SURFACE DE-ICE
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PREFLIGHT CHECKS
• Every Flight– “HOT 5”• Check during preflight inspection
– FUEL VENT (1)– STALL VANE (1)– PITOT HEAT (2)
» Grab “elbow” to prevent injury– FUEL VENT (1)
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INDUSTRY DISCUSSION
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MODULE REVIEW