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The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020 Iconoclasm Questions of Veneration, Destruction and Power The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, July 2020 Part of the Current Issues in Anthropology Series

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  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    QuestionsofVeneration,DestructionandPowerTheMaxwellMuseumofAnthropology,July2020PartoftheCurrentIssuesinAnthropologySeries

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Introduction

    AstatueofEdwardColston,alate17thcenturyslavetrader,beingpushedintotheriverAvon,Bristol,UK,June7,2020.PhotoCredit:GiuliaSpadafora/NurPhotoviaGettyImages(Audioofcheeringcrowd)ThatwasthesoundofacheeringcrowdofprotestorsinBristol,intheUnitedKingdom,astheypulleddownthestatueofseventeenthcenturyslavetraderEdwardColston,onJune7th,2020.WelcometotheMaxwellMuseumofAnthropology’sexhibition,Iconoclasm:QuestionsofVeneration,DestructionandPowerAslongashumanshavecreatedsymbols,othershavesoughttodestroythem,creatingcyclesofvenerationanddestruction.Iconoclasm,thedestructionofsacredimagesorrepresentations,issorelevanttotheworkwedoinanthropologymuseums,wherealargepartofwhatwedoispreserveobjectsofculturalorideologicalsignificance.Thisexhibitioninvestigatescurrentdebatesabouticonoclasm.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Introduction

    ThedefacedstatueofConfederateGeneralRobertE.LeeonMonumentAvenue,Richmond,VA,June23,2020.Photocredit:MobilusinMobili,viaFlickr,CCAslongashumanshavecreatedsymbols,othershavesoughttodestroythem,creatingcyclesofvenerationanddestruction.Iconoclasm,thedestructionofsacredimagesorrepresentations,issorelevanttotheworkwedoinanthropologymuseums,wherealargepartofwhatwedoispreserveobjectsofculturalorideologicalsignificance.Thisexhibitioninvestigatescurrentdebatesabouticonoclasm.ThisintroductoryimageshowsthedefacedstatueofConfederateGeneralRobertE.LeeonMonumentAvenue,inRichmond,VirginiaonJune23,2020.ThestatuehasbeenafocalpointofprotestsoverthedeathofGeorgeFloyd,resultinginvandalismofthemonument.OnJune4th,VirginiaGovernorRalphNorthamorderedtheremovalofthestatue,butthatwasmetwithacourt-orderedtemporaryinjunctionhaltingthataction.Asofyet,theissueisunresolved.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Introduction

    AnimageofGeorgeFloydisprojectedonthebaseofthestatueofConfederateGeneralRobertE.LeeonMonumentAvenue,Monday,Richmond,VA,June8,2020.Photocredit:SteveHelber/AssociatedPressInthisimage,takenonJune8th,2020alikenessofGeorgeFloydandtheacronym“BLM”,isprojectedontothesamemonument,inalaserprojectionprojectcreatedbylightingdirectorDustinKleinforthatongoingprotest.Increasingly,laserprojectionsarebecomingaformofinterventionandtemporaryiconoclasticaction,orameanstorespondtoiconoclasmatsitesofprotestanddefacement.Theacronym“BLM”standsforBlackLivesMatter,whichisaglobalorganizationandmovementwhosemission,intheirownwords,istoeradicatewhitesupremacyandbuildlocalpowertointerveneinviolenceinflictedonBlackcommunitiesbythestateandvigilantes.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Introduction

    ProtestforGeorgeFloyd,thewidelyhatedstatueofformermayorFrankRizzocoveredingraffiti,Philadelphia,PA,May30,2020.PhotoCredit:JoePietteCCBY-SA2.0ThisexhibitionwasdisplayedintheMaxwellMuseumofAnthropologyin2018aspartofourCurrentIssuesinAnthropologyseries.WehavecreatedthisonlineversioninJulyof2020withtheongoingprotestsinresponsetothekillingofGeorgeFloydinmind.Weareinturbulenttimesandjoinyouinreflectingonthem.TheMaxwellMuseumalsojoinssomanyinexpressingouranguishandfrustrationsinthesetimesofunrestandaglobalpandemic.Someoftheimagesandtextinthisexhibitionhavebeenupdated.Inthisimage,takenMay30th,2020,duringaprotestforGeorgeFloyd,thewidelyhatedstatueofformerPhiladelphiamayorFrankRizzo,wascoveredingraffiti.Formany,Rizzo,alsooncePhiladelphiapolicecommissioner,wasasymbolofthebrutaltreatmentofBlackpeopleandotherminoritiesatthehandsofwhitepoliceofficers.ThestatuewasremovedbythecityonJune3rd,2020.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Introduction

    ThedefacedstatueofConfederateGeneralRobertE.LeeonMonumentAvenue,Richmond,VA,June23,2020,hasbeenaltereddramaticallybyartistsandprotesters.Photocredit:CarlosBernateforTheNewYorkTimesToprefacethisupdatedexhibition,considerthewordsofformerslaveandabolitionistFrederickDouglass,alikenessofwhomisseeninthisimagebeingprojectedonthesameGeneralRobertE.Leememorial.ThesewordsofDouglass’wereinvokedbySecretaryoftheSmithsonianLonnieBunchinastatementhemaderelatedtotheprotestsoverthedeathofGeorgeFloyd.Douglasssaid:“Thosewhoprofesstofavorfreedomandyetdepreciateagitation,arepeoplewhowantcropswithoutploughingtheground….Thestrugglemaybeamoralone,oritmaybeaphysicalone,oritmaybeboth.Butitmustbeastruggle.”

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Introduction

    StillfromafilmrecordingofMarianAndersonsinginginfrontoftheLincolnMemorial,Washington,D.C.,April9,1939.Photocredit:TheRobertH.JacksonCenter.Beforeconsideringiconoclasmproper,thatis,thedestructionofvaluedorsacredculturalsitesandsymbols,itishelpfulfirsttoconsidersuchsites–suchasmonumentsandmemorialsthemselves-andask,whatpurposedotheyserve?Inthisimage,OperasingerMarianAndersonisseensinginginfrontoftheLincolnMemorialinWashington,D.C.,onApril9th,1939.Andersonperformedthisconcertinfrontof75,000people,aftertheDaughtersoftheAmericanRevolutionhadherbarredfromsinginginWashingtonD.C.'sConstitutionHallbecauseshewasBlack.TheLincolnMemorialwaschosenasthesiteforthisconcertbecauseofitssymbolicheft.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Introduction

    Rev.Dr.MartinLutherKingJr.delivershis‘IHaveaDream’speechattheMarchonWashington,LincolnMemorial,byBobAdleman,Washington,D.C.,August28,1963.Photocredit:TheLibraryofCongress.Inbroadterms,monuments,memorialsandsimilarmaterialexpressionsofstateorcommunityidentityaresiteswherecollectivememoryiscreatedandmarked.Inthisimage,theReverandDr.MartinLutherKingJr.deliversthe‘IHaveaDream’speechattheLincolnMemorialattheMarchonWashington,August28,1963.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Introduction

    DemonstratorsgatherattheLincolnMemorialduringaprotestagainstracialinequalityinWashington,D.C.,June6,2020.Photocredit:CarlosBarria/ReutersAnthropologicalstudiesofsuchsitesreflectthatthematerialityofmonumentscanelicitacollectivemodeofremembering,shapingourrecallofthepast,andcreatingsharedculturalmemoriesthatmayormaynotberelatedtothespecificfactsofpastevents,butregardless,canbepowerfulplacesofemotional,communalandcontestedexperience.Here,again,inthisimage,theLincolnMemorial,withdemonstratorsgatheringduringaprotestagainstracialinequalityonJune6,2020.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Introduction

    PresidentDonaldTrumpwithFoxNewsinterviewersattheLincolnMemorial,Washington,D.C.,May3,2020.Photocredit:AnnaMoneymakerforTheNewYorkTimesInsomeinstances,suchmemorializingsitesmayalsobeplaceswhereweareaskedtoforgetaswellastoremember,directingustoselectcertainversionsofhistoryandevents,whileobscuringothers.InthisfinalimageattheLincolnMemorial,PresidentDonaldTrumpisinterviewedbyFoxNewsanchors,onMay3rd,2020.Thoughmosteventshadbeenbannedatthememorialduetothecoronaviruspandemic,U.S.secretaryoftheinteriorDavidBernhardtgrantedanexceptionforthisevent.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    (Detail)KhludovPsalter,9thcentury.TheimagerepresentstheIconoclasttheologian,JohntheGrammarian,andaniconoclastbishopdestroyinganimageofChrist.ImageCredit:StateHistoricalMuseum,MoscowIconoclasmisthedestructionofsacredimagesorrepresentations.Originallyiconoclasmreferredtothedestructionofactualicons,asmajorreligiousleadersandtheirfollowerssoughttobanthevenerationofsacredimages(imagesrepresentingChristiansaints,theVirginMaryandChrist)duringByzantineandProtestantReformationeras.Hereweseeadetailfromthe9thcenturyKhludovPsalter,orBookofPsalms.TheimagerepresentstheIconoclasttheologian,JohntheGrammarian,andaniconoclastbishopdestroyinganimageofChrist.TheKhludovPsalteristheoldestofthreeremainingilluminatedByzantinePsalterstosurvivethe9thcentury,whenIconoclasm,intheoriginalsenseoftheword,wasatitsheight.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    (Detail)“PullingdownthestatueofGeorgeIIIbythe"SonsofFreedom,"attheBowlingGreen,CityofNewYork,July1776”.PaintedbyJohannesA.Oertel,engravedbyJohnC.McRae,ca.1875.ImageCredit:TheLibraryofCongressOvertimethetermhasexpandedtoincludethedestructionofsymbolsofcherishedbeliefs,people,orinstitutionssuchasmonuments,memorials,flagsandothersuchmaterialmanifestationsofculturalcapital.Inthisimage,anengravingfromabout1875,the“SonsofFreedom”,amixedgroupofciviliannewYorkersandGeorgeWashington’ssoldiers,stirredupbyapublicreadingoftheDeclarationofIndependence,pulldownthestatueoftheBritishMonarch,GeorgeIIIatBowlingGreen,intheCityofNewYork,inJulyof1776.Thestatue,reportedlymadeofsolidleadandgildedingold,wasmovedtoConnecticutandlaterusedtomakegunsandbullets.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    Oneofthe6th-7thcenturyBamiyanBuddhasofAfghanistan(Westniche),beforedestructionbytheTalibanin2001.PhotoCredit:AfghanistanEmbassyItwouldseem,aslongashumanshavecreatedsymbols,othershavesoughttodestroythem,creatingcyclesofvenerationanddestruction.Religiouszealotshavedestroyedthe“idols”requiredbyotherformsofworship,oreventheirownreligion’sicons.Inthisimage,oneofthetwo6thor7thcenturyBuddhaimagesinBamiyan,Afghanistan,beforetheirdestructionbytheTalibanin2001.TheBuddhas,consideredthelargestintheworldbeforetheirdestruction,werecarvedintoasideofacliff.ThemotivationbehindthedestructionwaspartoftheTaliban’sextremeiconoclasticcampaign,aswellastheirresentmentofWesterneffortsandresourcespouredintoprotectingthestatueswhiletherewas,atthesametime,alargehumanitariancrisisintheregionthatwaslargelybeingignored.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    A3DlightprojectionofhowadestroyedBuddha,knownasSolsoltolocals,mighthavelookedinitsprime,Bamiyan,Afghanistan,June7,2015.Photocredit:JimHuylebroekforTheNewYorkTimesInJuneof2015,twoChinesedocumentarians,JansonYuandLiyanHu,createdandprojected3DhologramsoftheBamiyanBuddhasintotheemptynicheswheretheyoncestood,asatemporaryre-creationandcounteractiontothedestructionofthestatues14yearsearlier.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    DiegoMuñozCamargo,“FriarsBurningtheClothes,Books,andAdornmentsofNativePriests,”DescripcióndelaciudadyprovinciadeTlaxcala,fol.242r,latesixteenthcentury.Photocredit:UniversityofGlasgowLibrary,SpecialCollections.Inotheractsoficonoclasmovertheages,colonizershavedestroyedthesacredsitesandotherrallyingpointsofpeoplestheysoughttoconquer.Inthisimagefromthe16thcenturybookbymestizohistorianofNewSpain,DiegoMuñozCamargo,CatholicfriarsareseendestroyingimagesofAztecdeitiesandreligiousparaphernalia.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    ThedamagedanddecapitatedheadofastatueofStalin,onGrandAvenue,Budapest,Hungary,October23,1956.Photocredit:RobertHofbauerCCAspoliticalregimesdefeatrivals,theyalsoremoveortransformthesymbolsthatrepresenttheformerorder.Erectingordestroyingmonumentsdoesn’tjustreflectauthoritybutisawaytopromoteorchangeit.Inthisimage,thedamagedanddecapitatedheadofastatueofStalin,onGrandAvenue,Budapest,sitsinthemiddleofthestreet.ThestatuewasdestroyedonOctober23rd,1956,byenragedanti-SovietcrowdsduringHungary’suprisingagainstSovietrule.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    AU.S.soldierwatchesasastatueoftheformerleaderofIraq,SaddamHussein,fallsincentralBaghdad'sFirdausSquare,Baghdad,Iraq,April2003.Photocredit:GoranTomasevic/ReutersInanotherimageAU.S.soldierwatchesasastatueoftheformerleaderofIraq,SaddamHussein,fallsincentralBaghdad'sFirdausSquare,April2003.ThestatuewaspulleddownbyAmericanMarinesasthewarinIraqwasjustgettingunderway.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    AdefacedimageofChinesePresidentXiJinpingisseeninHongKong,October2019.Photocredit:SamTsangInthisimage,acomplicatedhistoryofcolonizationmanifestsinactsofprotestandiconoclasminHongKong,whenamancontributestothedefacementofanimageofChinesePresidentXiJinpinginOctoberof2019.MuchpropertyhasbeendefacedordestroyedduringtheHongKonganti-governmentprotests,includingsitesreflectingChinesehistoryandgovernmentalties.Theprotests,whichareongoing,arearesponsetoHongKongtransitioningfromBritishtoChineseruleandexpressesthedesireofprotestorstoretaintheirindependence,inthisinstance,fromChina.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    TheheadofDagobertoGodoyhangsfromastatueoftheindigenousMapuchewarriorCaupolicánafterprotestersdecapitatedastatueoftheChileanairforcepilotinTemuco,Chile,November2019.PhotoCredit:PauloQuintana/AraucaniaInsomeinstances,bothintheUnitedStates,andaroundtheglobe,Indigenousand/ordisenfranchisedcommunities,groupsorindividualsaswellasthosethatsupportorsympathizewiththeirplight,haveinvertedthescriptonthecolonialnarrative,takingdownorvandalizingpublicworksthathonorcolonists,colonizationorotherodestoempire.Justonesuchexample,seeninthisimagefromNovember2019,isthedecapitationofastatueinTemuco,Chile,oftheChileanmilitaryaviatorDagobertoGodoy.HisheadwashungbyprotestorsfromthearmofastatueoftheMapuchewarriorCaupolicán–nowalsoholdingtheMapucheflag,orWenufoye.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    BreeNewsometakesdowntheConfederateflagfromapoleattheStatehouseinColumbia,SC,June27,2015.Photocredit:AdamAnderson/ReutersInanotherrelatedexample,onJune27,2015,tendaysafterawhitesupremacistwithanaffinityfortheConfederatebattleflag,killednineAfricanAmericanparishionersofEmanuelAfricanMethodistEpiscopalChurch,protesterBreeNewsomeclimbedthe30footflagpoleinfrontoftheStatehouseinColumbia,SouthCarolina,andpulleddowntheConfederateflag.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    Membersof theMississippiHonorGuard lower thestate flagat theStateCapitol,adayafterabillwassignedintolawthatwouldreplacethestateflagthatincludesaConfederateemblem,inJackson,Mississippi,July1,2020.Photocredit:ReutersAndnow,beginninginJuneof2020,manyorganizations,andlocalandstategovernmentshavebegunbanningthedisplayoftheConfederateflag,suchasseenhere,withtheretirementoftheMississippiStateflagonJuly2nd,2020.TheretiredflagwasthelastUSstatebannerfeaturingaConfederateemblem.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    TheremovalofthevandalizedstatueofKingLeopoldIIofBelgium,Ghent,Belgium,June30,2020.Photocredit:AFPviaGettyImages.Inthisimage,thebustofKingLeopoldIIofBelgiumwasremovedfromaparkinGhentonJune30,2020.Thatdatewasthe60thanniversaryoftheDemocraticRepublicofCongo’sindependencefromBelgium.ThepeopleoftheCongoinCentralAfricahadexperiencedunimaginablesufferingaftertheirlandwascolonizedbyKingLeopoldinthemid19thcentury.EstimatesofthenumberofCongolesekilledduringhis44-yearreignrangefromtwotofifteenmillion.Thebustwasremoved,safterbeingvandalizedbythoseopposedtohonoringthememoryoftheformerKingandcolonizer.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    TheactivistgroupCultureBeyondOilprotestinginfrontoftheHoa-Haka-Nana-IaintheLivingandDyinggalleryattheBritishMuseum,London,UK,July2010.PhotoCredit:Culture24Iconoclasmdeeplyinterestsanthropologymuseums,whichpreserveobjectsofculturalorideologicalsignificance.However,removingobjectsfromtheiroriginalcontextscanbepartofthedestructionofculturesandassertionsofpoliticalpower.Canthecollectionofobjectsfromotherculturesbeaformoficonoclasm?Itisnotjustthedisplayofimagesorobjectsofvenerationthatcorrelatetoquestionsofpower,butalsothecontextsinwhichtheyareaccumulatedanddisplayed.Inthisimage,theactivistgroupCultureBeyondOilprotestinfrontoftheHoa-Haka-Nana-IaintheLivingandDyinggalleryattheBritishMuseuminJulyof2010.ThisiconoclasticprotestwasinresponsetotheBritishMuseumacceptingsponsorshipmoneyfromBP,theBritishPetroleumcompany.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    WilliamDowningWebster,posingwithcarvedivorytuskstakenfromthecityofBenin,1890.PhotoCredit:TheBritishMuseumSo,forexample,inadditiontobeingritualobjects,worksofart,andhistoricaldocuments,BeninbronzeplaquesandcarvedivoriesalsoservetodocumenthistoricalinteractionsbetweentheBeninEmpireandEurope.Thosestories,however,maybefragmented,owingtothemannerinwhichtheplaquesandivorieswereremovedfromtheiroriginalcontext.HereyouseetheseobjectspicturedwithWilliamDowningWebster,oneofthemostfamousdealersofethnographicobjectsofthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    (Detail)BritishsoldiersposingwithworksofartoftheCityofBenin,SirHarryHoldsworthRawson,BeninCity,EdoState,Nigeria,1897.PhotoCredit:TheBritishMuseumItwasBritain’sso-calledPunitiveExpeditionof1897,whichdestroyedtheKingdom’scapital,BeninCity.Theaccompanyinglooting,whichcouldalsobeconsideredanactoficonoclasm,scatteredmanyoftheseplaquesandivoriesintonewnetworksofcirculation.Picturedhere,Britishsoldierssurroundedbylootedworksofart,fromthattime.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm

    Brass(copperalloy)plaque/waistpendant,pre-20thcentury,MaxwellMuseumofAnthropologycollection,MadebytheEdo(Bini)peopleoftheBeninKingdomofmodern-dayNigeria.Photocredit:TheMaxwellMuseumofAnthropologyThesenetworksofcirculationincludemuseumcollections,suchasthePittRiversMuseum,theBritishMuseumand,theMaxwellMuseumofAnthropology.ThedisplayofBeninplaquesorivoriesinWesternmuseumstellsadifferenthistoryoftheKingdomofBeninthantheroyalhistoryofitsObaorKing.Inthisimageapre-20thcenturyBrasswaistpendantplaque,fromthecollectionofthe,MaxwellMuseumofAnthropology.(thistexthasbeenadoptedfromtheMaxwellMuseumofAnthropology2015exhibitionSA’EY’AMA:ThePowerofBrassintheKingdomofBenin)

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: The National Debate

    AprotesterkicksthetoppledstatueofaConfederatesoldierafteritwaspulleddownattheoldDurhamCountyCourthouse,Durham,NC,August14,2017.Photocredit:CaseyTothfortheHeraldSunIntheUnitedStates,manycurrentdebatesofthelastfewyearsabouticonoclasmcenteronthememorialsofcolonists,particularpoliticalfiguresandConfederatesoldiers,whoseveneratedstatusisincreasinglyamatterofsometimes-violentdisagreement.Inthisimage,aprotesterkicksthetoppledstatueofaConfederatesoldierafteritwaspulleddownattheoldDurhamCountyCourthouse,August14,2017,inDurham,NorthCarolina.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: The National Debate

    StatueofRobertE.LeebeingremovedfromUniversityofTexas,Austin,TX,August21,2017.PhotoCredit:EricGay/AssociatedPressInanotherexamplefrom2017,onAugust21stofthatyear,attheUniversityofTexas,Austin,statuesoftwoConfederategenerals,RobertE.Lee,picturedhere,andAlbertSidneyJohnston,andtheConfederatecabinetmemberJohnReagan,wereremoved.ThiswasfollowingtheremovalofastatueofJeffersonDavisin2015.Theseexamplesillustratethatbeginninginthetwentyteens,therewasanuptickinpublicinterestinthehistoriesandappropriatenessofvariousmonumentsandmemorialshonoringtheConfederacyoftheU.S.CivilWar,withaparticularjumpininterestandattendanticonoclasmbeginninginAugust2017.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: The National Debate

    Torch-bearingwhitenationalistsgatheraroundthebaseofastatueduringademonstration,Charlottesville,VA,August11,2017.PhotoCredit:EduBayerfortheNewYorkTimesIn2017,Charlottesville,Virginiabecametheepicenterofthenationaldebateonrace.OnAugust11,2017,whitenationalistsdescendedonCharlottesville,andontheUniversityofVirginiacampusfora“UnitetheRight”rallyprotestingtheplantoremoveastatueofConfederateGeneralRobertE.Lee.Duringtheviolencethaterupted,counter-protesterHeatherHeyerwaskilled.Inthisimage,torch-bearingwhitenationalistsgatheraroundthebaseofastatueduringademonstrationinCharlottesville,VirginiaonAugust11,2017.ThestatuetheyaregatheredaroundisofThomasJeffersonnotthestatueofRobertE.Leeproposedforremoval.Thegroupofwhitenationalistsgatheredtheretosurroundasmallgroupofcounterprotestorswhopositionedthemselvesatthebaseofthatstatue.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: The National Debate

    MembersoftheAtlantadelegationoftheUnitedDaughtersoftheConfederacy,byHollandStudio,Albany,GA,1930.Photocredit:TheLibraryofCongress.TheconfrontationwascoveredwidelyonnationalnewsandinspiredfurtheractsofvandalismandiconoclasmfocusedonmonumentsthatnominallyhonortheConfederacy.OpponentsofthemonumentspointtothefactthatmostwereerectedtolegitimizecontinuedwhitedominanceofSouthernsociety.Indeed,RobertE.Leehimself,thelosinggeneraloftheCivilWar,haddenouncedtheconstructionofmonuments,writingin1869,inresponsetoaproposaltobuildamonumentatGettysburg,hesaid:

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    “Ithinkitwiser,moreover,nottokeepopenthesoresofwarbuttofollowtheexamplesofthosenationswhoendeavoredtoobliteratethemarksofcivilstrife,tocommittooblivionthefeelingsengendered.”TheerectionofthemajorityofConfederatemonumentsfuelingconflicttodayoccurredintheearlytomid20thcentury,organizedandfundedbyvariousindividualsandgroupssympathetictotheConfederatecause,theUnitedDaughtersoftheConfederacy,orUDC,anorganizationofSouthernwhitewomenfoundedinNashvillein1894,chiefamongthem.Inthisimage,membersoftheAtlantadelegationoftheUDC,attheirconventioninAlbany,Georgia,in1930.Theyposeinfrontofamarblesculpturededicatedto“OurConfederateDead”,thatwaserectedindowntownAlbanyin1901.Thestatuestillstands,residingintheprivately-ownedConfederateMemorialPark.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: The National Debate

    JeffersonDavisMonument,JeffersonDavisMemorialPark,byCarlMydans,Irwinville,GA,June3,1936.PhotoCredit:TheLibraryofCongress.Atitsfounding,theUDChad30members.Itgrewtoabout100,000womenbythenineteenteens,withthegoalto,accordingtoKarenCox,professorofhistoryattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte,“…preserveandperpetuatethemythsthattheConfederatecausewasajustandhonorableoneandthatstates’rights,notslavery,wasitscalltoarms.”Inthisimage,amonumenttoJeffersonDavis-presidentoftheConfederateStatesfrom1861–1865,markingthespotwhereDaviswascapturedbyUnionsoldiersonMay10,1865.ThemonumentwaserectedbytheOcilla,GeorgiachapteroftheUnitedDaughtersoftheConfederacy,onJune3,1936,almostseventyyearsaftertheendoftheCivilWar.ThememorialstillstandsinIrwinville,Georgiatoday.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: The National Debate

    AvandalizedstatueofChristopherColumbusinCentralPark,NewYorkCity,NY,October3,2017.PhotoCredit:ChristenCliffordMorerecently,protestsagainstColumbusDayhavebeenaccompaniedbyactsoficonoclasmaimedatrepresentationsofChristopherColumbus.ManyopponentsofColumbusDaybelievethatitshouldbereplacedwithIndigenousPeoplesDay,torecognizetheviolenceinflictedontheoriginalinhabitantsoftheAmericasbyColumbusandlatercolonizers.Inthisimage,astatueofChristopherColumbusinCentralParkwasvandalizedonOctober3,2017.Oneofmanythathavebeenvandalizedorremovedintheinterveningyears.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: The National Debate

    AstatueofChristopherColumbus,torndownattheMinnesotaStateCapitol,SaintPaul,MN,June10,2020.PhotoCredit:TonyWebsterviaFlickr,CCVeryrecently,withthecivilunrestsparkedbytheGeorgeFloydprotests,manymemorialsintheUnitedStates–thoseofgovernmentofficialsandpoliticalorhistoricalfigureswithcontentioushistories,Confederatesoldiers,andcolonizers—havebeguntoberemovedbystateandlocalofficials,ordefaced,pulleddown,ordestroyedbyprotestors.ThisstatueofColumbusattheMinnesotaStateCapitolwaspulleddownbyprotestorsonJune10,2020.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: The National Debate

    ThevandalizedTheodoreRooseveltstatueoutsidetheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,NewYorkCity,NY,October26,2017.PhotoCredit:JeenahMoonfortheNewYorkTimesAsalreadymentioned,museumsarenotsparedsuchresponses,inrelationtothecollectionstheyhold,thefundingtheyreceive,andthememorialsthatareoftenpartoftheirarchitectureandsettings.OnOctober26th,2017,anorganizationcallingthemselves“TheMonumentRemovalBrigade”splashedaredpaintonastatueofTheodoreRoosevelt,infrontoftheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYork.Apublishedstatementreleasedbythegroupontheinternetcalledfortheremovalofthestatueasanemblemof“patriarchy,whitesupremacyandsettler-colonialism,”astheyaskedthemuseumto“rethinkitsculturalhallsregardingthecolonialmentalitybehindthem.”

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: The National Debate

    PartofanexhibitionattheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,“AddressingtheStatue,”NewYorkCity,NY,July15,2019.PhotoCredit:MaryInheaKangforTheNewYorkTimesAlthoughthemuseumopenedanexhibitionentitled“AddressingtheStatue”,agraphicfromtheexhibitionpicturedhere,thataskedthepublictoweighinonthecontroversyovertheRooseveltsculpture,manyfeltthatwasnotenough,andonJune21,2020,aftermanyyearsofcontroversy,themuseumannouncedtheremovalofthesculpturethatmanyhaveargueddepictsBlackandIndigenouspeopleassubjugatedandraciallyinferior.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Regional Debate in New Mexico

    Themanwho20yearsago,saidhecutofftherightfootoftheDonJuandeOñatestatueinAlcalde,NM,September2017.Photocredit:AdriaMalcolmforTheNewYorkTimesOnSeptember30,2017,thefrontpageoftheNewYorkTimeshighlightedthesagaofthestatueofSpanishcolonizerJuandeOñateerectedin1993inAlcalde,NewMexico.InJanuary1998thestatue’srightfootwasremoved.Theactrecalledthe1598battlebetweenOñate’sSpanishforcesandthevillageofAcoma.Afterwinningthebattle,OñateseverelypunishedthepeopleofAcoma.ManyAcomamenovertheageoftwenty-fivehadonefootcutoffandthenwereforcedintotwentyyearsofpenalservitude.This2017imageshowsthemanwhosaidthat20yearspriorhehadcutofftherightfootoftheDonJuandeOñatestatueinAlcalde,NewMexico.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Regional Debate in New Mexico

    AredtingeremainsfromvandalismtothebootoftheDonJuandeOñateequestrianstatueinAcalde,NM,September2017.PhotoCredit:EddieMoorefortheAlbuquerqueJournalTheindividualswhoanonymouslyremovedthefootfromthestatuesentphotographsofitandthefollowingstatementtolocalnewspapers:

    “WeinviteyoutovisittheOñateDistortionMuseumandVisitorCenter.LocatedeightmilesnorthofEspañola.WetookthelibertyofremovingOñate'srightfootonbehalfofourbrothersandsistersofAcomaPueblo.”

    Thepeoplewhooriginallycommissionedthestatuesubsequentlyhadanewfootmade.In2017,thestatuewasonceagainvandalized,when,asseenintheimagehere,therightfootofOñatewaspaintedredinadvanceofaprotestheldinSantaFeonSeptember8thofthesameyear.Theprotest,organizedbyNativeAmericanactivists,disruptedthe“Entrada,”theannualreenactmentofthe1692returnoftheSpanishtoNewMexicoafterthePueblorevoltof1680.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Regional Debate in New Mexico

    Indigenousactivistsattheendofananti-racistrallyheldontheSantaFePlaza,SantaFe,NM,August14,2017.PhotoCredit:AaronCantúfortheSantaFeReporterOtherNewMexicanactsoficonoclasmhavefocusedonpublicmonumentsandtraditions,particularlyinthestatecapitolofSantaFe.Onesuchevent,picturedhere,occurredontheSantaFePlaza,onAugust14th,2017,ledbyagroupofIndigenousactivistsparticipatinginananti-racistrally.Asthecrowdfortherallythinned,asmallgroupofactiviststooktothestagewhileotherspositionedthemselvesinfrontofthemonumentpicturedhere.Theybeganchanting,"TheEntradaisracist,"areferencetotheEntradadeDonDiegodeVargas(whichcelebratesSpanishcolonists'returntoSantaFein1692).Whenthemonument,anobelisk,waserectedin1868,thephrase“TotheheroeswhohavefalleninvariousbattleswithsavageIndiansintheTerritoryofNewMexico”wasinscribedonitsmarblebase.In1974,anindividualillegallychiseledouttheword“Savage.”Thewordwasneverrestored.In2019theEntradawasabolished.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Regional Debate in New Mexico, Epilogue and Prologue

    SculptureofJuandeOñatebeingremoved‘temporarily’,Alcalde,NM,June15,2020.PhotoCredit:EddieMoorefortheAlbuquerqueJournalInrecentturnsofevents,aspicturedhere,onJune15th,2020,RioArribaCountyremovedthesculptureofDonJuandeOñate,notinresponsetoprotests,butrathertoprotectitfromprotestors,whowerescheduledtoprotestitsremovallaterthatday–theprotestdidgoforward,thefateofthesculptureremainsaquestion.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Regional Debate in New Mexico, Epilogue and Prologue

    ProtestorsattachachaintothestatueofJuandeOñateinAlbuquerque,NM,June15,2020.PhotoCredit:AnthonyJacksonfortheAlbuquerqueJournalviaAPOnthesameday,June15th,2020,aUniversityofNewMexicoStudentwasshotandseriouslywoundedinAlbuquerque,whenhewaspeacefullyprotestinginsupportoftheremovalofthemonumentcalled“LaJornada”,whichfeaturesseveralsculptedimagesincludingJuandeOñateleadingoxendrawncartsandfamiliesinvolvedintheSpanishcolonizationofthesouthwestin1598.Themonument,picturedherebeingpreparedtobepulleddownbyprotesters,waslocatedonthepropertyoftheAlbuquerqueMuseum,inTiguexPark.AlbuquerqueMayorTimKellerhadthemonumentremoved,stating“theCitywillberemovingthestatueuntilcivicinstitutionscandeterminenextsteps.”Policetookintocustodyseveralmembersofaright-wingmilitiagroup“TheNewMexicoCivilGuard”andaone-timeAlbuquerqueCityCouncilcandidatewaschargedrelatedtotheshooting.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Regional Debate in New Mexico, Epilogue and Prologue

    AvandalizedobeliskinfrontoftheU.S.CourthouseinSantaFehonoringfrontiersmanKitCarson,SantaFe,NM,June17,2020.Photocredit:T.S.LastfortheAlbuquerqueJournalOnJune18ththeMayorofSantaFe,AlanWebber,signedaproclamationannouncingtheremovalofthreecontroversialmonumentsrelatedtoNewMexico’shistoryofcolonizationbyfirst,theSpanish,andlatertheUnitedStates.Theseinclude:astatueofDonDiegodeVargas,anobeliskcommemoratingthelifeofKitCarson;andanotherobeliskhonoringU.S.UnionsoldiersoftheCivilWar.Thisproclamationinturnsparkedcounterprotests,thoughtheproclamationcurrentlystands.Inthisimage,theobeliskinfrontoftheU.S.CourthouseinSantaFehonoringfrontiersmanKitCarson,havingbeenvandalizedwiththewords“StolenLand”,onJune17,2020.Theobeliskshapeasmemorialitselfisinteresting–anEgyptianshape,takentoEuropefirstbytheRomansinthefirstcenturyCEasawaytoexpressandassertRomanpower,later,inthe18thand19thcenturies,beingadaptedasasymbolofimperialismandempirebyNapoleon,QueenVictoria,famedAmericanbusinessmanWilliamH.Vanderbilt,andtheUnitedStatesGovernment.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Regional Debate in New Mexico, Epilogue and Prologue

    Stillfrom“Fukc”videobyNavajoartistWillWilson,SantaFe,NM,2012.Photocredit:WillWilsonEightyearsearlier,NavajoartistWillWilsoncreatedavideowiththemonument,astillfromwhichisseenhere,asaninterventiononthemonument.Andnotunliketheprojectionsonmonumentsseenatthebeginningofthisexhibition,hisworkservesasanactofvirtualandephemeraliconoclasm.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Regional Debate at UNM

    NickEstesleadsagroupofprotestersburningcopiesofUNM'sofficialseal,Albuquerque,NM,April29,2016.PhotoCredit:MarlaBrosefortheAlbuquerqueJournalInAlbuquerque,hometotheUniversityofNewMexicocampus,similarprotestsandactsoficonoclasmhavetakenplace.Beginningin2015,afterstudentandlocalprotests,thecityofAlbuquerquenowrecognizesIndigenousPeoplesDay.Andin2019,afteryearsofprotestandvariousactsoficonoclasm,theUniversityofNewMexicohasstoppedusingasealthatcelebratesSpanishandAnglocolonistswhileignoringNativeAmericans.InthisimagefromApril29th,2016,NickEstesinthecenterofthephotograph,leadsagroupofprotestersburningcopiesofUNM'sofficialseal.EstesisaformerUniversityofNewMexicostudentactivistandnowaUNMassistantprofessor,andoneofthefoundersoftheRedNation,acoalitionofNativeandnon-Nativeactivists,educators,students,andcommunityorganizersadvocatingNativeliberation,basedinAlbuquerque,NewMexico.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Update

    BallerinasKennedyGeorge,14,andAvaHolloway,14,poseinfrontofamonumentofConfederategeneralRobertE.Lee,Richmond,Virginia,June5,2020.PhotoCredit:JuliaRendleman/ReutersGeorgeFloyd,a46yearoldAfricanAmerican,waskilledonMay25,2020.HediedwithhishandshandcuffedbehindhimwhilewhiteMinneapolispoliceofficerDerekChauven,kneltonhisneckfornearlynineminutes.Inthedaysandweeksthathavefollowed,numerousandongoingprotestshavebeentakingplaceintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheglobe:overhisdeath,overpolicebrutality,andoverthehistoryofracism.ThisimageexemplifiesactsoficonoclasmtakingplaceaspartoftheprotestssurroundingthemurderofGeorgeFloyd.OnJune5th,2020,14yearoldballerinasKennedyGeorge,andAvaHolloway,poseinfrontofthemonumentofConfederategeneralRobertE.LeeinRichmond,Virginia,amemorialalreadymuchaddressedinthisexhibition.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Update

    FranColes,BristolCityCouncilConservationManager,worksonpreservingthegraffitionthedefacedstatueofLate17thcenturyslavetraderEdwardColston,Bristol,UK,June17,2020.PhotoCredit:JohnKent/BristolLiveIncreasingly,asinpreviousexamples,whenofficialshavebeenunwillingorslowtoact,protestorshavebeentakingmattersintotheirownhands.OnJune7th,2020,astatueofEdwardColston,alate17thcenturyslavetrader,wastoppledbyprotestersandpushedintotheriverAvon,inBristol,intheUnitedKingdom.InthisimageFranColes,BristolCityCouncilConservationManager,worksonpreservingthegraffitionthedefacedstatue,whichwillbedisplayedinamuseuminBristol,accompaniedbythestoryofhowthestatuewasbotherected,andtoppled.However,eventhosewhoagreewithremovingstatuarythathonorsthosewhorepresentoppressiveorracistviewsandactions,havearguedthatsuchactionsruntheriskofremovingremindersofatroubledhistorythatwewoulddowelltoremember.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Update

    AstereoviewoftheEmancipationMemorialinLincolnParkbyJ.J.Jarvis,1880s.PhotoCredit:StreetsofWashington,viaFlickr,CCOnesuchcontestedcallforremovalinvolvesthecontroversialEmancipationMemorialinLincolnParkinWashington,D.C.,seeninthisphotographfromthe1880s,someyearsafteritwaserected.ThememorialdepictsafreedslavekneelingatthefeetofPresidentAbrahamLincoln.Racialjusticeprotesterswantthemonumentremovedsayingtheimagery,thatofafreedslavecrouchingatLincoln’sfeet,isoffensive,despitethefactthatthememorialwascommissionedandpaidforbyBlackpeopleaftertheCivilWar.Atthesametime,themanwhowasthemodelforthefigureoftheslave,ArcherAlexander,whowasbornaslaveinVirginiain1813,escapedtofreedomdecadesbeforeposingforthememorial,soinfact,wasnotfreedbyLincoln.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Update

    TheEmancipationMemorialinLincolnPark,depictingafreedslavekneelingatthefeetofPresidentAbrahamLincoln,Washington,D.C.,June25,2020.Photocredit:J.ScottApplewhite/AssociatedPressSeenhereisacontemporaryphotographofthememorial,whichwasunveiledinAprilof1876.Atthattime,theabolitionistFrederickDouglasswrotealettertothenewspaperTheNewRepublic,voicinghisdiscontentwiththestatue,saying“TheNegrohere,thoughrising,isstillonhiskneesandnude.WhatIwanttoseebeforeIdieisamonumentrepresentingtheNegro,notcouchantonhiskneeslikea4-footedanimal,buterectonhisfeetlikeaman.There’sroominLincolnParkforanothermonumentandIthrowoutthissuggestiontotheendthatitmaybetakenupandactedupon.”ThesewordswrittenbyDouglasswereonlyrecentlyrediscoveredbyhistorianScottSandageofCarnegieMellonUniversity.Sandagehasbeenadvocatingfortheremovalofthestatue,thoughotherhistoriansargueforitspreservation

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Epilogue and Prologue

    “RumorsofWar”,byKehindeWiley,ontemporarydisplayinTimesSquare,NewYorkCity,NY,September2019.PhotoCredit:MyModernMetContemporaryartistshavebeenissuingresponsestothemorerecentvocaloutcryabouttroublesomemonumentstoo.OnesuchresponsecomesfromAmericanartistKehindeWiley,inwhichheacknowledgesthetroubledpastwhileintroducinganewicon,inhisequestrianstatue“RumorsofWar”,seenhereontemporarydisplayinTimesSquare,NewYorkCity,inSeptemberof2019.ThesculpturedepictsanAfricanAmericanmanindreadlocks,ahoodie,rippedjeansandNikehigh-tops,buttakestheformoftheheroicequestrianstatuesofConfederategeneralsofMonumentAvenueinRichmond,Virginia.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Iconoclasm: Epilogue and Prologue

    “ShadowontheLand,anExcavationandBushBurial”byTlingitandUnangax̂artistYéilYa-TseenNicholasGalanin,March2020.Photocredit:RhettWyman/SHM,courtesyNicholasGalaninAnotherexampleseenherecomesfromTlingitandUnangax̂artistYéilYa-TseenNicholasGalanin,withhiscontributiontothe2020BiennaleofSydney,inHydePark,ShadowontheLand,anExcavationandBushBurial.TheworkisagravethathasbeendugforthewidelyreviledstatuethatiserectedthereofCaptainJamesCook,the18th-centuryBritishRoyalNavycaptainwholandedinwhatisnowAustralia.Inturbulenttimesofrapidlychangingpublicopinionandpolitics,itremainstobeseenwhatprevioussymbolsendureoraresubjectedtoactsoficonoclasm,andwhatnewiconsaregivenpublicspace.

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    Acknowledgments

    Anaerialviewof“BLACKLIVESMATTER"paintedinroughly50-foot-wideyellowlettersonasectionof16thStreetthatsitsjustinfrontofLafayettePark,Washington,D.C.,June5,2020.PhotoCredit:UnknownInthisfinalimage,wecirclebacktowherewebegan,withtheprotestsoverthekillingofGeorgeFloyd.MurielBowser,theMayorofWashingtonD.C.,renamedastreetneartheWhiteHouse"BlackLivesMatterPlaza",andhadmuralistspaint"BLACKLIVESMATTER"inroughly50-foot-wideyellowlettersonasectionof16thStreetthatsitsjustinfrontofLafayettePark,June5,2020,alteringtheareaconceptuallyandliterally,whichsomehaveconsideredadefacementandothershavecelebrated.LafayettePark,sitsdirectlyacrossfromtheWhiteHouse,namedforaFrenchherooftheAmericanRevolution,theMarquisdeLaFayette.Thepark,sometimesreferredtoas“thepeople’spark”wascreatedbyThomasJefferson,andisiconicbothforitslocation,andforthecelebrationsandprotestsithashostedoverthecenturies.Numerousothercitieshavefollowedsuitwithpainting“BlackLivesMatters”ontheirownprominentstreetsindowntowndistricts.MaxwellExhibitionTeam:DevorahRomanek CuratorofExhibits

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    DavePhillips InterimDirector(Retired)CarlaSinopoli DirectorGabrielRaab-Faber GraphicDesignerSpecialThanksTo:SteveHelberJoePietteCarlosBernateBobAdlemanCarlosBarriaAnnaMoneymakerJimHuylebroekRobertHofbauerGoranTomasevicSamTsangAdamAndersonCarlosUgarteCaseyTothEduBayerChristenCliffordToneyWebsterJeenahMoonMaryInheaKangAdriaMalcolmEddieMooreAaronCantúAnthonyJacksonT.S.LastWillWislonMarlaBroseJuliaRendlemanEricGayGiuliaSpadaforaJ.ScottApplewhiteYéilYa-TseenNicholasGalaninRhettWyman/SHMJohnKent/BristolLiveMobilusinMobiliNurPhotoPauloQuintana/AraucaniaTheRobertH.JacksonCenterTheLibraryofCongress

  • The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, June 2020

    MoscowStateHistoricalMuseumTheEmbassyofAfghanistanUniversityofGlasgowLibrary,SpecialCollectionsStudioIncendoCulture24TheBritishMuseumMyModernMetTheNewYorkTimesTheSantaFeReporterTheAlbuquerqueJournalTheHeraldSunTheRedNationStreetsofWashingtonReutersTheAssociatedPressGettyImagesMyModernMetAudioClip:https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/video/2020/jun/07/cheers-as-bristol-protesters-pull-down-statue-of-17th-century-slave-trader-video