icons and iconoclasm

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Icons and Iconoclasm Readings: Stokstad, ch. 8. Range: 500-1425 CE Byzantine Key Terms/Concepts: Icon, Veneration, proskynesis, acheiropoietai, palladium, Iconoclasm, Pantokrator, Acheiropoietos, Theotokos, Hodegetria, Orans, Blachernitissa, Eleousa, Glykophilsousa, Festal, Iconoclast, Iconophile, Iconodule, Iconostasis. Key Monuments: Vladimir Virgin, Constantinople, 12 th Century Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels, St. Catherine at Mt. Sinai, second half of the 6 th century. The Crucifixion and Iconoclasts whitewashing an icon of Christ, Khludov Psalter, 850-75. Andrey Rublyov, The Old Testament Trinity (Three Angels Visiting Abraham), 1410-1425.

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  • Icons and IconoclasmReadings:Stokstad, ch. 8.Range:500-1425 CEByzantine

    Key Terms/Concepts:Icon, Veneration, proskynesis, acheiropoietai, palladium, Iconoclasm, Pantokrator, Acheiropoietos, Theotokos, Hodegetria, Orans, Blachernitissa, Eleousa, Glykophilsousa, Festal, Iconoclast, Iconophile, Iconodule, Iconostasis.

    Key Monuments:Vladimir Virgin, Constantinople, 12th CenturyVirgin and Child with Saints and Angels, St. Catherine at Mt. Sinai, second half of the 6th century.The Crucifixion and Iconoclasts whitewashing an icon of Christ, Khludov Psalter, 850-75.Andrey Rublyov, The Old Testament Trinity (Three Angels Visiting Abraham), 1410-1425.

  • What is an Icon?General: Two-dimensional representationsSpecific: Pictures of holy persons, events, venerated by the Eastern church.Virgin Enthroned with Saints and Angels, St. Catherines of Mount Sinai, Egypt, 6th Century CE.

  • Byzantine Empire in the 6th Century

  • St. Catherines of Mount Sinai, Egypt, 5th Century CE.

  • St. Catherines of Mount Sinai, Egypt, 5th Century CE.

  • St. Catherines of Mount Sinai, Egypt, 5th Century CE.

  • St. Catherines of Mount Sinai, Egypt, 5th Century CE.

  • St. Catherines of Mount Sinai, Egypt, 5th Century CE.

  • St. Catherines of Mount Sinai, Egypt, 5th Century CE.

  • Typical Iconostasis.

  • Types of IconsChristVirgin and ChildAngelsSaintsFestalNarrative

  • ChristChrist Pantocrator,St. Catherines Monastery, Mt. Sinai, 6th Century CEChrist as Man of Sorrows, Greece, 12th CenturyAcheiropoietos, Russian, 12th Century

  • PantokratorChrist Pantokrator, St. Catherines Monastery, Mt. Sinai, 6th Century CEThe All Powerful

  • Man of SorrowsChrist as Man of Sorrows, Greece, 12th CenturyShe who reigns in majesty

  • Acheiropoietos, Russian, 12th Century

  • Theotokos = The Bearer of GodMoscow, 15th CenturyConstantinople, 14th Century OransEleousaKyriotissaHodegetriaVladimir Virgin, Constantinople, 12th CenturyThe Virgin of the Incarnation, Rome, 11th Century

  • Kyriotissa, Moscow, 15th CenturyKyriotissaShe who reigns in majesty

  • Hodegetria, Constantinople, 14th Century HodegetriaShe who shows the way.

  • OransThe Virgin of the Incarnation, Rome, 11th CenturyVirgin of the sign.Praying VirginOrBlachernitissa

  • EleousaVladimir Virgin, Constantinople, 12th CenturyVirgin of tenderness.OrGlykophilsousaVirgin of Sweet Kisses

  • SaintsSt. Peter, St. Catherines at Mt. Sinai, 6th Century

  • St. Peter, St. Catherines at Mt. Sinai, 6th Century

  • AngelsPortraitsMiraclesArchangel Gabriel, Moscow, 1387-1395Archangel Michael, Greece, 14th Century Miracle at Chonae, St. Catherines Monastery at Mt. Sinai, 12th Century.

  • MiraclesMiracle at Chonae, St. Catherines Monastery at Mt. Sinai, 12th Century.

  • FestalThe Annunciation, Russian Icon, 14th CenturyThe Nativity, St. Catherines Mt. Sinai, 7th Century

  • Orthodox Festal DaysFeast days ordered by calendar dateBaptism of Jesus by John the Forerunner (January 6)The Presentation of Jesus in the Temple (February 2)The Annunciation (March 25)The Raising of Lazarus (Saturday before Palm Sunday)Entry into Jerusalem (Palm Sunday)The Crucifixion (Good Friday)The Resurrection (Easter or Holy Pascha)The Ascension (40 days after Easter)Meso-Pentecost (Jesus, 12 years old, lectures the Jewish Priests in the Temple)The Descent of the Holy Spirit (Pentecost, 50 days after Easter)The Transfiguration (August 6)The Dormition of the Holy Virgin * (August 15)The Nativity of the Virgin Mary (September 8)The Exaltation of the Cross (by Arch. Zinon, Courtesy Orthodox World) *The Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple (November 21)The Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ (December 25) The Nativity, St. Catherines Mt. Sinai, 7th Century

  • NarrativesThe Ladder of Divine Ascent, from St. Catherines at Mount Sinai, 7th Century.Andrey Rublyov, The Old Testament Trinity (Three Angels Visiting Abraham), 1410-1425.

  • The Ladder of Divine Ascent, from St. Catherines at Mount Sinai, 7th Century.

  • Andrey Rublyov, The Old Testament Trinity (Three Angels Visiting Abraham), 1410-1425.

  • *Veneration is the act of honoring Christ and saints through their image. Processions

  • *Veneration is the act of honoring Christ and saints through their image. Kissing

  • *Veneration is the act of honoring Christ and saints through their image. Proskynesis

  • Iconoclasm(Eikon = Image) + (Klao = Break)

  • Iconoclasts (Breakers of Images):Icons are akin to the graven images mentioned in the second commandment: 4 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth:5 thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them. (Exodus 20: 4-5)Icons are man made, as opposed to relic, and do not deserve to be venerated: The divine nature is completely uncircumscribable and cannot be depicted or represented by artists in any medium whatsoever. (Iconoclastic Council, 754)

  • Iconodules (Lovers of Images):Icons are powerful didactic tools: An image is, after all, a reminder; it is to the illiterate what a book is to the literate, and what the word is to hearing, the image is to sight. (John of Damascus)Icons are a valuable proxy by which the faithful could demonstrate their love and honor for the divine: God created man to his own image (Genesis 1:27)Icons are a valid way to communicate Christs humanity and suffering: How, indeed, can the Son of God be acknowledged to have been a man like ushe who was deigned to be called our brotherif he cannot be depicted?

  • The Crucifixion and Iconoclasts whitewashing an icon of Christ, Khludov Psalter, 850-75.

  • Simon Magus and Patriarch Nikephoros, Khludov Psalter,850-75.

  • Theodora Instructing her Daughters in the Veneration of Icons, Madrid Skylitzes, 12th Century.

  • Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy, Constantinople, 1400.

  • Critical Thinking QuestionsWhat is an icon? What role did they play in Byzantine worship?How does the icon interact with the sacred?What are the arguments for and against the use of icons in the church?What is Iconoclasm? What were the circumstances that led to the Iconoclasm?

    Christ PantokratorSt. CatherinesMt. Sinai6th Century

    Virgin and ChildSt. Catherines of Mount Sinai6th Century

    St. PeterSt. Catherines at Mt. Sinai6th Century

    The NativitySt. CatherinesMt. Sinai7th Century*Christ PantokratorSt. Catherines Monastery Sinai6th Century

    Christ as Man of Sorrows12th c Greece

    Acheiropoietos12th Century

    **Simon Magus and Patriarch NikephorosKhludov Psalter850-75

    The Crucifixion and Iconoclasts whitewashing an icon of ChristKhludov Psalter850-75*Simon Magus and Patriarch NikephorosKhludov Psalter850-75

    The Crucifixion and Iconoclasts whitewashing an icon of ChristKhludov Psalter850-75*Theodora Instructing her Daughters in the Veneration of IconsMadrid Skylitzes12th Century *Icon of the Triumph of OrthodoxyConstantinople1400*