icraf’s approach to herbal anti-malarials tony simons africa herbal anti-malarial meeting, 20-22...
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ICRAF’s approach to herbal anti-malarials
Tony SimonsAfrica Herbal Anti-malarial Meeting, 20-22 March 2006
World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya
Agroforestry = Working Trees for Working Land
#
900 0 900 Kilometers
N
Major Farming Systems
1. Irrigation
2. Tree crop
3. Forest based
4. Rice-tree crop
5. Highland perennial
6. Highland temperate mixed
7. Root crops
8. Cereal-root crops mixed
9. Maize mixed
11. Agro-pastoral millet/sorghum
12. Pastoral
13. Sparse (arid)
14. Coastal artisanal fishing
10. Large commercial and smallholder
Major Lakes
National Boundaries
Major rivers Major farming systems in Subsaharan Africa
Williams, P. H., Gaston, K. J. & Humphries, C. J. (1997) Mapping biodiversity value worldwide Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences, 264: 141-148.
Global Plant Diversity: botanic family richness
250,000 species13,500 genera400 families
Cultivated material
Wildharvest
Source
Home-use
Herbalist
Raw blended
Processed
Rawpure
Form
Local market
ExportMarket
End-use
Source, form, end-use of anti-malarials
Cultivated material
Wildharvest
Source
Home-use
Herbalist
Raw blended
Processed
Rawpure
Form
Local market
ExportMarket
End-use
Source, form, end-use of anti-malarials
WHO ACT approach
Cultivated material
Wildharvest
Source
Home-use
Herbalist
Raw blended
Processed
Rawpure
Form
Local market
ExportMarket
End-use
Source, form, end-use of anti-malarials
ANAMED approach
Cultivated material
Wildharvest
Source
Home-use
Herbalist
Raw blended
Processed
Rawpure
Form
Local market
ExportMarket
End-use
Source, form, end-use of anti-malarials
Plant
Harvested parts of wild & cultivated medicinal trees
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Leaf Bark Root Stem FlowerSeeds Other
Cultivated trees
Wild trees
1. Context
species prioritisation is a key issue
lack of accessibility of herbals
sustainability also had institutional context
taxonomy ?? (Linnaeus, community, healer)
multiple utilities (medicinal and other uses)
to some endangered means more expensive not a threat
need for sustainable harvesting guidelines
need for resource assessments (offtake, quotas)
need to be aware of trade issues
2. Key problems
1. Threat of disappearance of plant material/habitats
2. Lack of knowledge on cultivation and use
3. Poor continuity of supply affects market
4. Lack of quality in the product
5. Insufficient suitable technology
6. Lack access to productive germplasm
3. Categories of medicinal plants
1. Self-use: ease of diagnosissimple preparationonce-off treatmentnon-toxicminor ailment
2. Marketable: no or little degradation on drying, non-perishablemoderately insensitive to dosenutritional supplements
3. Regulated: licensed healerscertified standardsstandardised concentrationdanger of over-harvesting
4. Restricted: severe health riskclose licensing only
Wild harvest Cultivation
Local use 60% 10%
Export 20% 10%
Estimated scale of use for medicinal plants in sub-saharan Africa (excl RSA)
Wild harvest Cultivation
Local use 60% 10%
Export 20% 10%
Estimated scale of use for medicinal plants in sub-saharan Africa (excl RSA)
Wild harvest Cultivation
Local use 15% 60%
Export 5% 20%
Future scale of use for medicinal plants in sub-saharan Africa (excl RSA)
Germplasm
For:
High quality
High yield
Ease of propagation
Ease of cultivation
Stable yields
Accessibility
Activities:
Introduction
Testing of species
Testing in system (ecology)
Management practices
Multiplication
Deployment
Commercialisation
1. Nursery businesses will be key for cultivation
2. Cultivation is not always easy, some complex species
3. Need market chain analyses (actors, prices, volumes, seasons, margins)
4. Need to encourage investment in sector
5. Africa is under-developed compared to other regions
6. Public R&D can help in pre-investment phase
7. Will be SMEs not large MNC that operate in the sector
8. Need for exposition at trade fairs etc
Cultivar development
• Quantify the extent & pattern of variability in species’ fruits and nut traits of nutritive and commercial importance as well as morphologic variability.
• The aim is to identify and multiple ideotypes for ‘plus trees’ for different product markets.
Creation of a cultivar
Earlier fruiting, smaller trees and uniform quality
Dacryodes edulis
New Cultivar Development (Uapaca kirkiana)
Earlier fruiting, bigger fruits, heavy fruit loads, smaller trees and uniform quality
propagation
A highly precoc. cultivar (fruited after 2 yrs.)variations
Adoption of fodder shrubs in 26 districts of East Africa
Lak e V ict o r ia
Distribution of the 30,000 farmers planting fodder trees in Kenya by district, as of 2004
N
Major water body
District Boundary
Number of farmersLEGEND
10 - 100
101 - 999
1000 - 4999
5000 - 8000 #Y
$
NYERI
NANDI
KERICHO
MERU CENTRAL
TRANS NZOIA
KIAMBU
NYANDO
KIRINYAGA
EMBU
KAKAMEGA
KISUMU
TESO
NYAMIRA
GUCHA
MURANGA
MARAGUA
VIHIGA
MERU SOUTH
BUTERE/MUMIAS
665
7539
7260
1000
500
2054
109
1177
1190
6127Lake Victoria
Nairobi
Mt. Kenya
SIAYA
BOMET
KISII
NAKURU
LAIKIPIA
NYANDARUA
168
113
378
257
237
246
109
110
RACHUONYO
Leucaena trichandraAbout three quarters of the farmers have planted about one-third have each planted , or .Data are from Steven Franzel and the project, Scaling up the use of calliandra and other fodder trees in East Africa, financed by the United Kingdom Department for International Development, Project 6549, Forestry Research Programme.Map layers from ILRI and ICRAF.Map compiled by George Aike of GIS Unit, ICRAF - The World Agroforestry Centre.
Morus albaCalliandra calothyrsus,
Research on farmer to farmer dissemination
• What percentage of them gave seed and information to other farmers ? 53%
• To how many farmers did each disseminator give to? avg=6
• Disseminating is positively associated with – numbers of fodder shrubs on the farm, – numbers of farmers growing fodder shrubs in the district, – visits from extension.
• Factors not associated with disseminating – wealth level, gender, age, – level of education, and – whether a farmer had had a nursery
Understanding Understanding MarketsMarkets
(fruit, medicine)(fruit, medicine)
Market Trends
___________(1) Source: ICRAF 2003 Farmer Logbook Survey.
Weekly Prices of Cola Acuminata (1)
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1,000.0
1,200.0
1,400.0
1,600.0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
2000-10 2000-11 2000-12 2001-01 2001-02 2001-03 2001-04 2001-05 2001-06 2001-07 2001-08 2001-09 2001-10 2001-11 2001-12 2002-01 2002-02 2002-03 2002-04 2002-05 2002-06 2002-07
Year-Month and Week
Pri
ce /
kg (
CF
A)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
# o
f O
bse
rvat
ion
s
Public Private Partnerships
0
10
20
30
40
50
60AllanblackiaPalm oilPalm kernelRape oil
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 38
Weeks after treatment
Pe
rce
nta
ge
s o
f c
utt
ing
s r
oo
ted
Effects of clone, substrate, leaf area interactions on rooting % of A. floribunda single-node leafy stem cuttings
clone MB, sand, 12.5cm2
clone MB, sand, 25 cm2clone MB, sand, 50 cm2
ITSC nursery, Offinso, May 2005600,000 seedlings
FORIG/ICRAF Research Nursery, Kumasi65,000 seedlings
Kwezitu Village Nursery, TanzaniaMay 2005400 seedlings
ACT - Artemisinin Combination Therapy
HCT - Herbal Combination Therapy
or
Objectives of HCT
The World Agroforestry Centre wishes to team up with a range of partners to expand on-going efforts to:
(1) assemble a diverse range of Artemisia germplasm(2) screen and identify high-yielding varieties adapted to various African agro-ecosystems(3) identify other antimalarial plants in the same various agro-ecosystems(4) carry out in vitro, in vivo and clinical tests on safety and efficacy of antimalarials singularly and in combination with Artemisia(5) develop propagation and management guidelines for anti-malarial plants(6) set up Artemisia nurseries in rural areas(7) produce and disseminate extension literature on cultivation, harvesting and use of HCTs
Access to ACTs
Paved road
SSA – 37,000 km
Switzerland – 71,000 km
Combination therapy
Annickia chlorantha
Azadirachta indica
Cryptolepsis sanguinolenta
Trichilia emetica
Vernonia spp.
Warburgia ugandensis
Zanthoxylum chalybeum
Suitability areas for cultivation of Artemisia annua
Warburgia ugandensis
With Kenyan Medical Research Institute (DFID grant)
Plasmodium falciparum
Human red blood cells O+
Incubated for 48 hours in vitro
Treated with Warburgia extracts
After 18 hours determined IC50 values
Sample code Plant part IC50 Values (µg/ml)
A1-T3 A2-T3 A3-T3
Young leavesOld leavesRoot bark
>250>2504.09±0.24
B1-T5B2-T5B3-T5
Young leavesOld leavesRoot bark
241.24±0.8833.70±2.944.70±0.35
C1-T6 C2-T6 C3-T6
Young leavesOld leavesRoot bark
162.74±43.08212.74±16.08.55±0.52
D1-T7D2-T7D3-T7
Young leavesOld leavesRoot bark
120.21±34.38131.56±3.9814.88±2.65
E1-T8 E2-T8 CQ
Young leavesOld leaves
>250>2500.173 0.0008
IC50 - Any value less than 200 ug/ml is considered both efficaceous and worthy of in vivo testing
Eco- and Fairtrade Labeling, or other product branding
• China is a rapidly ‘Emerging Organic Market’
• Labeling offers a promising niche market for NTFP / AFTP
• ICRAF has linked with the BioFach-China project (a PPP), and with Fair Trade Labeling Organizations (FLO), WWF, Greenpeace, Oxfam, to explore NTFP certification (FSC)
• BioFach-China project’s objectives very similar to those of ICRAF’s proposed Natural Product Opportunity Centre