ics 53.020.30 supersedes en 1492-4:2004 - … · en iso 12100-2, safety of machinery - basic...

EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

EN 1492-4:2004+A1

November 2008

ICS 53.020.30 Supersedes EN 1492-4:2004

English Version

Textile slings - Safety - Part 4: Lifting slings for general service made from natural and man-made fibre ropes

Elingues textiles - Sécurité - Partie 4: Elingues de levage en cordage en fibres naturelles et chimiques pour service

général

Textile Anschlagmittel - Sicherheit - Teil 4: Anschlag-Faserseile für allgemeine Verwendung aus Natur- und

Chemiefaserseilen

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 February 2004 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 11 September 2008. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M I T É E U R O P É E N D E N O R M A LI S A T I O N EUR OP ÄIS C HES KOM ITEE FÜR NOR M UNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008: E

EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008 (E)

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Contents Page

Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................4 1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5 2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................5 3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6 4 Hazards ...................................................................................................................................................8 5 Safety requirements ..............................................................................................................................9 6 Verification ...........................................................................................................................................18 7 Marking .................................................................................................................................................20 8 Manufacturer’s certificate ...................................................................................................................21 9 Instructions for use .............................................................................................................................21 Annex A (normative) Information for use and maintenance to be provided by the manufacturer..........22 Annex B (informative) Working load limits for various modes of use........................................................24 Annex C (informative) Suggested content of information to be provided by the manufacturer with

fibre rope slings ...................................................................................................................................36 Annex ZA (informative) !!!!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential

Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC"""".......................................................................................40 Annex ZB (informative) !!!!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential

Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC""""...................................................................................41 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................42

EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008 (E)

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Foreword

This document (EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 168 “Chains, ropes, webbing, slings and accessories - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2009 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2009.

This document supersedes EN 1492-4:2004.

This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-09-11.

The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !".

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

!For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document."

This European Standard is one of a series of standards related to safety for textile slings as listed below:

Part 1: Specification for flat woven webbing slings, made of man-made fibres, for general purpose use Part 2: Specification for roundslings, made of man-made fibres, for general purpose Part 4: Specification for lifting slings for general service made from natural and man-made fibre rope

In this standard:

Annex A is normative, and gives the requirements for information on use and maintenance to be provided by the manufacturer with fibre rope slings conforming to this standard.

Annex B is informative, and gives the working load limits for different configurations and types of material for fibre rope slings to this standard.

Annex C is informative, and provides some detailed information for use and maintenance which may be appropriate in compiling the information in accordance with annex A.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008 (E)

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Introduction

This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonized standard providing one means of complying with the essential safety requirements of the Machinery Directive and associated EFTA regulations.

This European Standard is a type C standard as specified in EN ISO 12100-2. The lifting accessories concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered is indicated in the scope of this standard.

NOTE For hazards that are not covered by this standard, lifting accessories should be in accordance with EN ISO 12100-2.

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1 Scope

This European Standard specifies the requirements related to safety, including methods of rating and testing single-, two-, three-, four-leg and endless slings, with or without fittings, made of sisal, hemp and manila 3- and 4-strand laid construction natural fibre ropes and polyamide, polyester and polypropylene 3- and 4-strand laid construction and 8-strand plaited construction man-made fibre ropes having a reference number in the range of 16 to 48 inclusive.

The fibre rope slings covered by this part of EN 1492 are intended for general purpose lifting operations, i.e. when used for lifting objects, materials or goods which require no deviations from the requirements, safety factors or working load limits specified. Lifting operations not covered by this standard would include the lifting of persons, potentially dangerous materials such as molten metal and acids, glass sheets, fissile materials, nuclear reactors and where special conditions apply.

Fibre rope slings conforming to this European Standard are suitable for use and storage in the following temperature ranges:

a) polyester and polyamide -40°C to 100°C,

b) manila, sisal, hemp and polypropylene -40°C to 80°C.

This European Standard does not apply to fibre rope sling assemblies rated by the trigonometric method.

This European Standard deals with the technical requirements to minimize the hazards listed in clause 4 which can arise during the use of fibre rope slings when carried out in accordance with the instructions and specification given by the manufacturer or authorized representative.

2 Normative references

This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).

EN 696, Fibre ropes for general service – Polyamide

EN 697, Fibre ropes for general service – Polyester

EN 698, Fibre ropes for general service – Manila and sisal

EN 699, Fibre ropes for general service - Polypropylene

EN 1050:1996, Safety of machinery – Principles of risk assessment

EN 1261, Fibre ropes for general service - Hemp

EN 1677-1, Components for slings – Safety – Part 1: Forged steel components, Grade 8

EN 1677-2, Components for slings – Safety – Part 2: Forged steel lifting hooks with latch, Grade 8

EN 1677-3, Components for slings – Safety – Part 3: Forged steel self-locking hooks, Grade 8

EN 1677-4, Components for slings – Safety – Part 4: Links, Grade 8

EN 1677-5, Components for slings – Safety – Part 5: Forged steel lifting hooks with latch, Grade 4

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EN 1677-6, Components for slings – Safety – Part 6: Links, Grade 4

EN 13411-1, Terminations for steel wire ropes – Safety – Part 1: Thimbles for steel wire rope slings

EN ISO 1968:2004, Fibre ropes and cordage - Terms and definitions (ISO 1968:2004

EN ISO 7500-1:1999, Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1: Tension/compression testing machines (ISO 7500-1:1999)

EN ISO 12100-2, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 2: Technical principles (ISO 12100-2:2003)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 1968:2004 and the following apply.

3.1 fibre rope sling

flexible sling comprising one or more parts of identical fibre rope, terminating in spliced eyes with or without thimbles and fittings, or in the case of an endless sling, joined to itself with a splice

3.2 multi-leg sling

fibre rope sling assembly, consisting of two, three or four identical legs attached to a master link

3.3 splice

specified method of laying the tail end strands of the rope into the strands of the standing part of the rope to form an eye or join the ends of the rope together

3.4 soft eye

eye made by forming the end of the rope into a loop and by splicing the free end to the standing part

3.5 thimbled or hard eye

spliced eye containing a rigid thimble

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3.6 thimble

rigid, shaped component for insertion into an eye for the purpose of protecting the eye from contact damage, abrasion and deformation, see Figure 1

a) Heart shaped b) Reeving

Figure 1 — Thimble

3.7 fitting

loadbearing metal component, designed to be fitted and supplied as part of the sling, so as to permit the sling to be attached to other lifting accessories or connected to the load NOTE Thimbles are not included within the term ‘fitting’.

3.8 master link

link, or link assembly, forming the upper terminal fitting of a multi-leg sling assembly by means of which the sling assembly is attached to the hook of a crane, other lifting machine or accessory

3.9 reference number

number quoted in documentation which specifies the mass/metre, breaking force and other parameters of the fibre rope. The reference number corresponds to the approximate diameter in millimetres; minimum breaking force in daN. NOTE See EN 696, 697, 698, 699 and 1261.

3.10 nominal diameter

specified diameter of the rope, which is usually used as the reference value for a given product

3.11 nominal length

specified length of the sling, inclusive of fittings, from bearing point to bearing point

NOTE See figures 2 to 5.

3.12 effective working length (EWL)

actual finished length of the fibre rope sling, inclusive of fittings, from bearing point to bearing point

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3.13 coefficient of utilization

ratio of the specified tensile strength of the rope to the WLL of the single part of spliced rope, taking into account the acceleration due to gravity (9,80665 m/s2) and is equal to 7 NOTE 1 Fittings may have a different coefficient of utilization from that of the rope to which they are connected.

NOTE 2 This term has the same meaning as the term ‘working coefficient’ used in the Machinery Directive.

3.14 Assembly Factor (A)

factor used in the calculation of the WLL of the sling assembly that takes into account the assembly of the sling, the number of legs and the inclination angles (β), see Figure 10

3.15 Mode Factor (M) factor to be applied by the user to the WLL of a fibre rope sling in order to arrive at the maximum load that maybe lifted for a given mode of use

3.16 Working load limit (WLL) maximum mass which a fibre rope sling is designed to sustain in straight pull or at the rated angle, in general service

3.17 competent person

designated person, suitably trained and qualified by knowledge and practical experience, and with the necessary instructions to enable the required tests and examination to be carried out

4 Hazards

The accidental release of a load, or release of a load due to failure of a component puts at risk, either directly or indirectly, the safety or health of those persons within the danger zone. In order to provide the necessary strength and durability of lifting accessories this part of EN 1492 specifies requirements for the design, manufacture and testing to ensure the specified levels of performance are met.

Endurance has not been identified as a hazard when fibre rope slings having the specified levels of performance given in this part of EN 1492 are used in general lifting service.

Since failure can be caused by the incorrect choice of WLL and specification of lifting accessory. This Part of EN 1492 also gives the requirements for marking and the manufacturer’s certificate.

Aspects of safe use associated with good practice are given in annex A (normative) and annex C (informative).

Table 1 lists those hazards in so far as they are dealt with in this standard that require action to reduce those risks identified by risk assessment as being specific and significant for fibre rope slings made of sisal, hemp, manila, polyamide, polyester and polypropylene.

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Table 1 — Hazards and associated requirements

Hazards identified in annex A of EN 1050: 1996

Relevant clause of annex A of EN ISO 12100-2:2003

Relevant clause/sub-clause of this part of EN 1492

1.e) Mechanical hazard due to inadequacy of strength

1.3.2 4.1.2.3 4.1.2.5 4.2.4 1.7.3 4.3.2 4.2.4

5 5 5 6 7 7 8

15 Error of fitting hazard

1.5.4 5

17 Falling or ejected objects hazard

1.3.3 annex A

26 Insufficient instruction for the driver/operator

1.7.4 4.4.1

9, annex A 9, annex A

27.1.5 Inadequate holding devices/accessories hazard

4.4.1 5.7

27.6 Inadequate selection of lifting accessories hazard

4.1.2.5 4.3.2

5.7 and 6 7

5 Safety requirements

5.1 Materials

The fibre rope from which the sling is manufactured shall be from one of the materials and to the specification given in Table 2.

Table 2 — Types of fibre rope for sling manufacture

Type of fibre rope Specification

Manila (Ma) EN 698

Hemp (Ha) EN 1261

Sisal (Si) EN 698

Polyamide (PA) EN 696

Polyester (PES) EN 697

Polypropylene (PP) EN 699

NOTE 1 The definitions of these fibres are given in ISO 2076 and ISO 6938. The constituent materials may be determined in accordance with ISO 1833.

NOTE 2 Attention is drawn to the differing resistance of fibres to chemicals, which is summarized in annex C.

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5.2 General requirements for types of fibre rope sling

5.2.1 Single leg sling

A single leg sling shall be formed from a single piece of rope and shall have eyes, with or without thimbles and fittings, spliced at each end. Figure 2 shows three typical examples of single leg slings.

Figure 2 — Typical single leg slings

5.2.2 Endless sling

An endless sling shall be formed from a single piece of rope and shall have the ends joined together by a single splice. Figure 3 shows an endless sling.

l 1

Figure 3 — Endless sling

Alternatively, an endless sling shall be laid as a grommet from a single strand of rope (see 5.5.5).

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5.2.3 Two leg sling

A two leg sling shall comprise two identical sling legs, with or without thimbles and terminal fittings; the eye of one end of each leg shall be made around a master link. Figure 4 shows a typical two leg sling.

Figure 4 — Typical two leg sling

5.2.4 Three and four leg slings

A four leg sling shall comprise four identical sling legs, with or without thimbles and terminal fittings, the eye of one end of each leg shall be made around an intermediate link so that two legs are attached to each intermediate link. The intermediate links shall be attached to a master link. Three leg slings shall be produced in the same way, but two legs shall be attached to one intermediate link and one leg to the other. Figure 5 shows a typical four leg sling.

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βl 1

Figure 5 — Typical four leg sling

5.3 Sling construction

5.3.1 Splicing shall be the only method used for joining or producing eyes. Endless slings shall have only a single splice. Other sling legs shall be spliced at each end to produce an eye and no other splices shall be permitted.

5.3.2 Multi-leg slings shall be constructed so that all corresponding items are identical in respect of rope construction, size, material and fittings.

5.4 Eyes

5.4.1 Soft eyes

The minimum internal length, l2, of a soft eye (see Figure 6) measured with a steel tape or rule graduated in increments of 1 mm when closed by hand shall not be less than the appropriate value given in Table 3.

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h

Figure 6 — Soft eye

Table 3 — Minimum internal length of soft eyes

Reference number of rope

Min. internal length of soft eye (mm)

16 18 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48

150 155 160 170 185 195 210 220 232 245

5.4.2 Thimbled or hard eyes

The thimbles used to form thimbled, or hard, eyes (see Figure 7) shall comply with EN 13411-1 and have a corrosion resistant finish. NOTE 1 Steel thimbles should not be black finish but should be suitably plated or galvanised to resist corrosion.

Figure 7 — Thimbled or hard eye

NOTE 2 The use of thimbled (hard) eyes is recommended when fittings form part of the fibre rope sling.

NOTE 3 The fitting of heart shaped thimbles will prevent the sling being used in choke hitch. In such cases, either a soft eye or thimbles of a shape and size suitable for reeving may be used.

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5.5 Splicing

5.5.1 General

All splicing shall be carried out by a trained and competent splicer, samples of whose splices have been successfully verified by type testing in accordance with 6.3.

5.5.2 Splices

Where 3 and 4 strand laid ropes are spliced by short splices, the splice shall comply with the following requirements:

a) All the tucks of the splice shall be against the lay of the rope.

b) For polyamide, polyester multifilament ropes and polypropylene monofilament ropes, either five full tucks shall be made; alternatively four full tucks with all of the yarns in the strands shall be made, followed by a further tuck with not more than half of the material cut out of each strand and a final tuck with not less than a quarter of the original strand material.

c) For polypropylene fibrillated film and staple ropes and for natural fibre ropes, not less than four full tucks shall be made, each with all of the yarns in the strands.

d) After completion of splicing, the protruding strands, or parts of strands, shall be cut at a distance of not less than one nominal rope diameter from the standing part of rope. As an alternative to c), for polypropylene fibrillated film and staple fibre ropes and for natural fibre ropes, one fewer full tuck is permissible, in which case the length of the protruding strands after completion of the splicing shall not be less than three times the nominal diameter of the rope.

e) In the case of endless slings, the splicing requirements given in a) to d) shall apply to each side of the marrying point of the rope (see Figure 8)

Figure 8 — Marrying point of splice for endless slings

f) Where the protruding parts of the strands are contained, e.g. by binding, gluing, tapering etc, to improve the appearance of the finished splice, such finishing shall not affect the performance of the splice. In the case of full strands an alternative method of finishing the splice, known as dogging, where the emergent strands are separated into identical proportions and then bound (seized) one half of the emergent strand to the adjacent half of the next emergent strand and so on around the rope (see Figure 9) is permissible. Tapered splices shall not be subject to dogging.

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Figure 9 — Dogging (three strand rope)

g) Long splicing of endless rope slings is permissible but, where used, the circumference of the sling shall not be less than 400 times the reference number of the rope and the length of the splice shall not be less than 100 times the reference number of the rope. The working load limit of the sling shall not be greater than 60% of the value as calculated in accordance with 5.8 and for modes of use as given in Tables B2, B4, B6, B10 and B12.

5.5.3 Alternative splicing methods

The method of splicing known as the ‘Liverpool splice’ where the tucks are made with the lay of the rope shall not be used.

In the case of 8 strand plaited ropes, the rope manufacturer’s written splicing procedures shall be obtained and strictly followed.

5.5.4 Length between splices

For single leg slings and the individual legs of multi-leg slings, there shall be a minimum length of rope between the emergence of the final tucks of the splice of 20 times the nominal diameter of the rope.

5.5.5 Endless Grommet

Where an endless sling of 3 or 4 strand laid rope is made as a grommet, it shall meet the following requirements:

a) The parent strand of which the grommet is laid shall not contain any joints or splices.

b) The ends of the parent strand shall be spliced by turning them at least 4 times around each other in the case of polypropylene fibrillated film, staple ropes or natural fibre ropes and at least 5 times in the case of polyamide, polyester multifilament or polypropylene monofilament ropes.

c) The protruding parent strand ends shall be laid through one or two neighboring strands of the grommet to prevent the splice unravelling. Thereafter the strand ends shall be cut not shorter than 1,5 times the parent strand diameter.

d) The working load limit for endless grommet slings produced in accordance with these requirements shall be identical to that of endless slings made by short splicing.

e) Endless grommet slings produced in accordance with these requirements shall be type tested in accordance with 6.3.

5.6 Effective working length (EWL)

The effective working length (l1) of a fibre rope sling (see Figures 2 to 5 inclusive) shall not differ from the nominal length by more than 3%, when laid flat under hand tension and measured with a steel tape or rule graduated in increments of 1 mm. The length of each leg of a multi-leg sling shall not differ from the lengths of the other legs by more than 2,5%.

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5.7 Fittings

5.7.1 Fittings shall conform to the appropriate part or parts of EN 1677.

5.7.2 The seating of a fitting in contact with the rope shall be so finished that, when tested in accordance with clause 6:

a) there shall be no damage to the area of the rope in contact with the fitting;

b) the sling shall sustain the load.

5.7.3 If the part of the fitting with which the rope is in contact has a profile of engagement less than the nominal diameter of the rope, a thimble shall be placed in the eye. Fittings made into soft eyes shall be of such dimensions that the included angle between the two parts of rope at the splice shall not exceed 30°.

NOTE The use of thimbles is recommended for all applications when fittings form part of the fibre rope sling as they offer protection from contact damage, friction, abrasion and assist to maintain the shape of the eye.

5.7.4 Welded fittings shall be placed so that the welds remain visible when the sling is in use.

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5.8 Calculation of working load limit (WLL)

The working load limit of a fibre rope sling shall be calculated as follows:

90% of specified breaking force of fibre rope WLL of spliced rope = ----------------------------------------------------------- x assembly factor A Coefficient of utilization

Where: the breaking force is expressed in kN the coefficient of utilization is 7 the assembly factor is as given in Figure 10

NOTE For mode factors and use see annex B

a) Single strop

1) straight pull A = 1,0 b) Multiple fibre rope leg sling

2a) 2-leg fibre rope sling 2b) 3-leg fibre rope sling 3) 4-leg fibre rope sling A = 1,4 β = 0° - 45° A = 2,1 β = 0° - 45° A = 2,1 β = 0° - 45° c) Endless sling

1) straight pull A = 2,0

NOTE A = assembly factor

Figure 10 — Assembly factors for single, multi-leg and endless fibre rope slings

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5.9 Traceability code

The traceability code, which is to be included in the marking (see 7.1.1), shall enable at least the following basic elements of the manufacturing record to be traced:

a) identification of rope, including nominal size;

b) identification of manufacturer’s control/identification of splicer;

c) identification and grade of fittings.

6 Verification

6.1 General

6.1.1 All testing and examination shall be carried out using a tensile test machine conforming to the requirements of class 1 of EN ISO 7500-1:1999 and, where applicable, a steel tape or rule graduated in increments of 1 mm.

6.1.2 During load tests, the force shall be applied to the test pieces so that the elongation of the specimen takes place at a maximum rate of 110 mm/min per 1000 mm length of the specimen.

6.1.3 The test piece shall not be pre-loaded prior to testing, unless all of the slings of that type are subject to identical pre-loading, in which case they shall not be pre-loaded to more than two times the WLL.

NOTE During load testing procedures, considerable energy is stored in the rope under tension. If the sample breaks, this energy will be suddenly released. Suitable precautions should therefore be taken to protect the safety of persons in the danger zone.

6.2 Qualification of personnel

All testing and examination shall be carried out by a competent person.

6.3 Type test to verify sling legs

6.3.1 For the purposes of type test verification, ropes are grouped in the following range of rope sizes:

a) 16 mm to 24 mm;

b) greater than 24 mm to 32 mm;

c) greater than 32 mm.

6.3.2 For each type of rope (including change of source of material), size range and splicing method to be used in the manufacture of slings, two test pieces shall be produced by each splicer. The rope size selected shall be representative of the middle of the relevant group, or in the case of ropes larger than 32 mm, in the middle of the range of ropes for which the splicer will be splicing eyes.

Each of the two test pieces shall be made with a soft eye at each end and the distance between the tails of the splices shall be at least 15 times the nominal rope diameter, so that four splices are presented for testing.

6.3.3 The test piece shall be mounted, straight and without twist, between the pins or bollards of the test machine. The diameter of the pins or bollards shall be such that an included angle between 20° and 30° is subtended by the loop of the splice. The specimen shall be subjected to a force equivalent to not less than 7 times the WLL of the specimen.

6.3.4 The test pieces shall have passed the test if the breaking force of both samples (i.e. 4 splices) submitted by the splicer is equal to, or greater than, the equivalent of 7 times WLL.

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6.3.5 Type test verification, in accordance with this clause, shall be repeated if a period of three years has elapsed since the last sample, including manufacturing test samples, was submitted for testing by the splicer.

6.3.6 The results of the tests, i.e. whether the specimens were accepted or rejected, shall be recorded for the purposes of the manufacturer’s record. If one or more of the samples does not sustain a force equivalent to 7 times the WLL, slings of this type shall be deemed not to comply with this standard.

6.3.7 Verification of the splicing, in accordance with the requirements of 6.3, shall be deemed sufficient to have verified the interaction of sling legs with fittings in all cases other than for endless slings, which shall be verified in accordance with the following requirements.

6.4 Type test to verify the interaction of endless slings with fittings

6.4.1 A representative endless sling, of the type intended for use with fittings, shall be made with test fittings representing the smallest profile of engagement of the range of fittings that will be used in production.

6.4.2 The specimen shall be mounted, straight and without twist, between the pins or bollards of the test machine. The contact radius of the pin or bollard shall be such that it supports the representative fitting over sufficient area so as to prevent the fitting from distorting or twisting whilst under test. The specimen shall be submitted to a force equivalent to 5 times the WLL of the endless sling.

6.4.3 The test piece shall have passed the test if the breaking force of the sample is equal to, or greater than, the equivalent of 5 times the WLL.

6.4.4 The results of the test, i.e. whether or not the specimen was accepted or rejected, shall be recorded for the purposes of the manufacturer’s record. If the sample does not sustain a force equivalent to 5 times the WLL, slings of this type shall be deemed not to comply with this standard.

6.5 Manufacturing tests

6.5.1 Slings shall be selected form the manufacturing batch for testing at least at the intervals given in Table 4 or every 3 years, whichever is the sooner. The selected slings shall be tested in accordance with the following requirements.

NOTE The length of the sling for manufacturing test should be identical to the manufacturing batch. Testing of a shorter sling leg is only acceptable where the test machine facility is too short in length.

Table 4 — Maximum testing intervals

WLL of fibre rope sling Maximum quantity per type between tests

Up to and including 2 t

Over 2 t

1000

500

6.5.2 The sample shall be mounted, straight and without twist, between the bollards of the test machine. The diameter of the pins or bollards shall be such that an included angle of between 20° and 30° is subtended by the loop of the splice. The specimen shall be subjected to a force equivalent to not less than 7 times the WLL of the specimen.

6.5.3 If the specimen sustains the force equivalent to 7 times its WLL, it shall have passed the test. Testing beyond this force is not required.

6.5.4 If, during testing, the specimen does not sustain a force equivalent to seven times its WLL, but sustains a load of not less than 90% of this force, three further samples from the same batch shall be tested. If one or more of these samples does not sustain a force equivalent to seven times the WLL, the whole batch shall be rejected and deemed not to comply with this standard.

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6.5.5 The results of the test, i.e. whether or not the specimen was accepted or rejected, shall be recorded for the purposes of the manufacturer’s record.

6.6 Visual examination

Each completed sling or sling assembly shall be visually examined. If any non-compliance with the safety requirements or if any defect is found, the sling shall be rejected.

7 Marking

7.1 General

7.1.1 The marking of the sling shall include the following:

a) working load limit in straight lift in the case of single leg or endless slings, or for multi-leg slings having an angle β of 0° to 45°;

b) material of the rope, e.g. manila, polyester etc;

c) reference number of the rope and grade of fittings;

d) nominal length in m;

e) manufacturer’s name, symbol, trade mark or other unambiguous identification !and, where applicable, his authorised representative";

f) traceability code (see 5.9)

g) number and part of this European Standard.

h) mandatory marking

NOTE 1 Marking this European Standard number on or in relation to a product represents a manufacturer’s declaration of conformity, i.e. a claim by or on behalf of the manufacturer that the product meets with the requirements of the standard. Such a declaration is not to be confused with third-party certification of conformity.

NOTE 2 For slings intended to be put on the market in the EEA, CE marking

7.1.2 The marking shall be in a type size of not less than 1,5 mm in height.

7.2 Labelling

7.2.1 The information specified in 7.1 shall be marked on a label attached to the sling as follows:

a) on single legs with soft eyes, in one eye adjoining the splice or on the standing part of rope at the end of the splice;

b) on single legs with thimbles, on the standing part of rope at the end of the splice;

c) on multi-leg slings, on a durable label (e.g. a round tag) attached to the master link or on one leg of the sling as in a);

d) on endless slings, at the end of the splice.

NOTE One suitable method for applying the marking is to inscribe the details onto a plastic sleeve threaded on the rope and shrunk to it, with a clear plastic sleeve shrunk over the marked sleeve to protect it from soiling.

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7.2.2 The material from which the sling is made shall be identified by the colour of the label itself on which the information is marked. The following colours shall be used:

- Polyamide green

- Polyester blue

- Polypropylene brown

- Manila/sisal/hemp white

8 Manufacturer’s certificate

After all testing and examination, as specified in clause 6, the manufacturer shall issue to the purchaser, for each batch of slings delivered, a certificate which shall include at least the following information:

a) manufacturer’s name, address, symbol or mark !and where applicable the name and address of the authorized representative";

b) WLL of the sling, and for multi-leg sling assemblies the angle to the vertical;

c) type, including eye, fitting, number of legs and nominal length;

d) nominal diameter or reference number of rope, the rope material and type of construction;

e) grade of fittings;

f) number of this European Standard, i.e. EN 1492-4:2004;

g) traceability code;

h) identity of the person authorized to sign the certificate on behalf of the manufacturer and date of signature;

i) !the static test coefficient(s) used for design of component(s) (e.g. hook; link; shackle)."

NOTE Items b) to g) inclusive form the designation of the sling or sling assembly.

9 Instructions for use

Instructions for use shall accompany each sling or each delivery of slings supplied with a single order and shall conform to annex A.

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Annex A (normative)

Information for use and maintenance to be provided by the manufacturer

A.1 Scope

This annex gives guidance to the manufacturer as to the information on use and maintenance which shall be provided with fibre rope slings conforming to this part of EN 1492.

NOTE Annex C is informative, and provides some detailed information for use and maintenance which may be appropriate.

A.2 General

The manufacturer of fibre rope slings shall provide documented information, covering the subjects listed below, with each commercially indivisible batch of slings (see clause 9). Informative annex C contains guidance to assist the manufacturer in the preparation of this information.

A.3 Limitations on the use of the sling due to environmental conditions or hazardous applications (see C.1)

a) selective material resistance to chemicals;

b) restrictions due to temperature;

c) susceptibility to cutting and abrasion;

d) degradation due to ultra-violet radiation.

A.4 Before putting the sling into first use (see C.2.1)

a) availability of manufacturer’s certificate;

b) availability of instruction and training.

A.5 Before each period of use (see C.2.2 and C.2.3)

a) inspection procedure;

b) presence of label and legibility of marking;

c) withdrawal criteria.

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A.6 Selection and use of fibre rope slings (see C.3)

a) determination of the mass of the load, its centre of gravity, attachment points and proposed method of attachment;

b) observance of the marked WLL and mode factors. In the case of multi-leg slings, this will include restrictions on angle of sling legs;

c) attachment of sling to hook of lifting machine;

d) attachment of sling to load; direct attachment, choke hitch, basket hitch, special fittings, other lifting accessories;

e) protection of sling and load;

f) controlling rotation of the load;

g) ensuring an even balance of the load, avoidance of shortening sling legs, e.g., by twisting, knotting etc;

h) shock loading;

i) safety of personnel;

j) clamping force;

k) preparation of landing site;

l) detachment of sling;

m) correct storage of sling.

A.7 Periodic thorough examination and maintenance

a) withdrawal criteria, including missing/damaged label and illegible marking;

b) records of examination.

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Annex B (informative)

Working load limits for various modes of use

B.1 Scope

This annex gives, in table form, the working load limits for different configurations and types of material for fibre rope slings conforming to this part of EN 1492. The WLL’s shown have been calculated in accordance the requirements of clause 5.8.

Table B.1. — Working load limits for fibre rope slings made of polyamide ropes according to EN 696, Form A (3-strand hawser laid) and Form L (8-strand plaited) constructions for single slings

Working load limits WLL Straight lift Choked lift Basket hitch,

parallel 2 leg sling 3/4 - leg sling

Ref: Number of rope

EN 696

M = 1,0 β=45°≤60°

Form A

mm

Form L

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M =2, parallel t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤45°

t

M = 2,1 β = 0°≤45°

t 16 16 0,68 0,54 1,35 0,95 1,4 18 --- 0,85 0,68 1,7 1,2 1,8 20 20 1,1 0,88 2,2 1,5 2,3 22 --- 1,3 1,0 2,6 1,8 2,7 24 24 1,5 1,2 3,0 2,1 3,2 26 --- 1,8 1,4 3,6 2,5 3,8 28 28 2,1 1,7 4,2 2,9 4,4 30 --- 2,3 1,8 4,6 3,2 4,9 32 32 2,6 2,1 5,2 3,6 5,5 36 36 3,2 2,6 6,4 4,5 6,7 40 40 3,8 3,0 7,6 5,3 8,0 44 44 4,5 3,6 9,0 6,3 9,5 48 48 5,4 4,3 10,8 7,6 11,3

NOTE 1 Slings having working loads below 1 tonne are usually marked in kilograms. 1t = 1000 kg.

NOTE 2 This table is for rating purposes only and does not indicate proposed methods of use.

NOTE 3 The handling tolerance for fibre rope slings or parts of fibre rope slings indicated as vertical is 6°

NOTE 4 The WLL for form B (4-strand, shroud-laid) is 10% less.

NOTE 5 Mode factor M for symmetrical positioning of load

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Table B.2 —Working load limits for fibre rope slings made of polyamide ropes according to EN 696, Form A (3-strand hawser laid) and Form L (8-strand plaited) constructions for endless slings

Working load limits WLL Straight lift Choked lift Basket hitch, Basket hitch,

parallel

Ref: Number of rope EN 696

Form A

mm

Form L

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤ 45°

t

M = 2 t

16 16 1,35 1,1 1,9 2,7 18 --- 1,7 1,35 2,4 3,4 20 20 2,2 1,75 3,0 4,4 22 --- 2,6 2,0 3,6 5,2 24 24 3,0 2,4 4,2 6,0 26 --- 3,6 2,8 5,0 7,2 28 28 4,2 3,4 5,8 8,4 30 --- 4,6 3,6 6,4 9,2 32 32 5,2 4,2 7,2 10,4 36 36 6,4 5,2 9,0 12,8 40 40 7,6 6,0 10,6 15,2 44 44 9,0 7,2 12,6 18,0 48 48 10,8 8,6 15,2 21,6





NOTE 5 For long spliced slings these WLL's must be reduced using the correction factor of 0,6.

NOTE 6 Mode factor M for symmetrical positioning of load.

EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008 (E)

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Table B.3. — Working load limits for fibre rope slings made of polyester ropes according to EN 697, Form A (3-strand hawser laid) and Form L (8-strand plaited) constructions for single slings

Working load limits WLL Straight lift Choked lift Basket hitch,

parallel 2 leg sling 3/4 - leg sling


M = 1,0 β=45°≥60°

Form A

mm

Form L

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M =2, parallel t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤45°

t

M = 2,1 β = 0°≤45°

t 16 16 0,52 0,42 1,05 0,73 1,1 18 --- 0,65 0,52 1,3 0,91 1,4 20 20 0,8 0,64 1,6 1,1 1,7 22 --- 1,0 0,8 2,0 1,4 2,1 24 24 1,2 096 2,4 1,7 2,5 26 --- 1,4 1,1 2,8 2,0 2,9 28 28 1,5 1,2 3,0 2,1 3,2 30 --- 1,8 1,4 3,6 2,5 3,8 32 32 2,0 1,6 4,0 2,8 4,2 36 36 2,5 2,0 5,0 3,5 5,2 40 40 3,0 2,4 6,0 4,2 6,3 44 44 3,7 3,0 7,4 5,0 7,7 48 48 4,3 3,4 8,6 6,0 9,0






EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008 (E)

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Table B.4. — Working load limits for fibre rope slings made of polyester ropes according to EN 697, Form A (3-strand hawser laid) and Form L (8-strand plaited) constructions for endless slings

Working load limits WLL Straight lift Choked lift Basket hitch, Basket hitch, parallel


Form A

mm

Form L

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤ 45°

t

M = 2 t

16 16 1,05 0,84 1,45 2,1 18 --- 1,3 1,0 1,8 2,6 20 20 1,6 1,3 2,2 3,2 22 --- 2,0 1,6 2,8 4,0 24 24 2,4 1,9 3,4 4,8 26 --- 2,8 2,2 4,0 5,6 28 28 3,0 2,4 4,2 6,0 30 --- 3,6 2,8 5,0 7,2 32 32 4,0 3,2 5,6 8,0 36 36 5,0 4,0 7,0 10,0 40 40 6,0 4,8 8,4 12,0 44 44 7,4 6,0 10,0 14,8 48 48 8,6 6,8 12,0 17,2







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Table B.5. — Working load limits for fibre rope slings made of polypropylene ropes according to

EN 699, Form A (3-strand hawser laid) and Form L (8-strand plaited) constructions for single slings Working load limits WLL

Straight lift Choked lift Basket hitch, parallel

2 leg sling 3/4 - leg sling Ref: Number of rope

EN 699

M = 1,0 β=45°≤60°

Form A

mm

Form L

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M =2, parallel t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤45°

t

M = 2,1 β = 0°≤45°

t 16 16 0,48 0,38 0,96 0,67 1,0 18 --- 0,6 0,48 1,2 0,85 1,3 20 20 0,75 0,6 1,5 1,0 1,6 22 --- 0,9 0,72 1,8 1,3 1,9 24 24 1,1 0,88 2,2 1,5 2,3 26 --- 1,2 0,96 2,4 1,7 2,5 28 28 1,4 1,1 2,8 2,0 2,9 30 --- 1,5 1,2 3,0 2,1 3,2 32 32 1,7 1,4 3,4 2,4 3,6 36 36 2,2 1,8 4,4 3,1 4,6 40 40 2,6 2,1 5,2 3,6 5,5 44 44 3,2 2,6 6,4 4,5 6,7 48 48 3,7 3,0 7,4 5,2 7,8






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Table B.6. — Working load limits for fibre rope slings made of polypropylene ropes according to

EN 699, Form A (3-strand hawser laid) and Form L (8-strand plaited) constructions for endless slings Working load limits WLL

Straight lift Choked lift Basket hitch, Basket hitch, parallel Ref: Number of rope

EN 699

Form A

mm

Form L

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤ 45°

t

M = 2 t

16 16 0,96 0,76 1,3 1,9 18 --- 1,2 0,96 1,7 2,4 20 20 1,5 1,2 2,0 3,0 22 --- 1,8 1,4 2,6 3,6 24 24 2,2 1,8 3,0 4,4 26 --- 2,4 1,9 3,4 4,8 28 28 2,8 2,2 4,0 5,6 30 --- 3,0 2,4 4,2 6,0 32 32 3,4 2,8 4,8 6,8 36 36 4,4 3,6 6,2 8,8 40 40 5,2 4,2 7,2 10,4 44 44 6,4 5,2 9,0 12,8 48 48 7,4 6,0 10,4 14,8





NOTE 5 For long spliced slings these WLL's must be reduced using the correction factor of 0.6.


EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008 (E)

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Table B.7. — Working load limits for slings made of manila ropes according to EN 698, Form A (3-

strand hawser laid) construction for single slings Working load limits WLL


2 leg sling 3/4 - leg sling Ref: Number of

rope EN 698

M = 1,0 β=45°≤60°

Form A

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M =2, parallel t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤45

t

M = 2,1 β = 0°≤45

t 16 0,26 0,2 0,52 0,36 0,55 18 0,32 0,25 0,64 0,45 0,67 20 0,4 0,32 0,8 0,56 0,84 22 0,47 0,38 0,95 0,65 1,0 24 0,58 0,46 1,15 0,81 1,2 26 0,68 0,54 1,35 0,95 1,4 28 0,78 0,62 1,55 1,1 1,6 30 0,88 0,7 1,75 1,2 1,8 32 1,0 0,8 2,0 1,4 2,1 36 1,3 1,0 2,6 1,8 2,7 40 1,5 1,2 3,0 2,1 3,2 44 1,8 1,4 3,6 2,5 3,8 48 2,2 1,8 4,4 3,1 4,6






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Table B.8. — Working load limits for slings made of manila ropes according to EN 698, Form A (3-

strand hawser laid) construction for endless slings Working load limits WLL

Straight lift Choked lift Basket hitch, Basket hitch, parallel


Form A

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤ 45°

t

M = 2 t

16 0,52 0,4 0,72 1,05 18 0,64 0,5 0,9 1,3 20 0,8 0,64 1,1 1,6 22 0,95 0,76 1,3 1,9 24 1,15 0,92 1,6 2,3 26 1,35 1,1 1,9 2,7 28 1,55 1,25 2,2 3,1 30 1,75 1,4 2,4 3,5 32 2,0 1,6 2,8 4,0 36 2,6 2,0 3,6 5,2 40 3,0 2,4 4,2 6,0 44 3,6 2,8 5,0 7,2 48 4,4 3,6 6,2 8,8







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Table B.9. — Working load limits for slings made of sisal ropes according to EN 698, Form A (3-strand

hawser laid) construction for single slings Working load limits WLL



rope EN 698

M = 1,0 β=45°≥60°

Form A

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M =2, parallel t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤45

t

M = 2,1 β = 0°≤45

t 16 0,22 0,18 0,44 0,3 0,46 18 0,27 0,22 0,54 0,38 0,57 20 0,36 0,29 0,72 0,5 0,75 22 0,43 0,35 0,86 0,6 0,9 24 0,52 0,42 1,05 0,73 1,1 26 0,6 0,48 1,2 0,85 1,3 28 0,68 0,54 1,35 0,95 1,4 30 0,78 0,62 1,55 1,1 1,6 32 0,88 0,7 1,75 1,2 1,8 36 1,1 0,9 2,2 1,5 2,3 40 1,4 1,1 2,8 2,0 2,9 44 1,6 1,3 3,2 2,2 3,4 48 1,9 1,5 3,8 2,7 4,0






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Table B.10. — Working load limits for slings made of sisal ropes according to EN 698, Form A (3-

strand hawser laid) construction for endless slings Working load limits WLL


EN 698

Form A

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤ 45°

t

M = 2 t

16 0,44 0,36 0,6 0,88 18 0,54 0,44 0,76 1,08 20 0,72 0,58 1,0 1,45 22 0,86 0,7 1,2 1,75 24 1,05 0,84 1,45 2,1 26 1,2 0,96 1,7 2,4 28 1,35 1,1 1,9 2,7 30 1,55 1,25 2,2 3,1 32 1,75 1,4 2,4 3,5 36 2,2 1,8 3,0 4,4 40 2,8 2,2 4,0 5,6 44 3,2 2,6 4,4 6,4 48 3,8 3,0 5,4 7,6







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Table B.11. — Working load limits for fibre rope slings made of hemp ropes according to EN 1261,

Form A (3-strand hawser laid) construction for single slings Working load limits WLL



rope EN 1261

M = 1,0 β=45°≥60°

Form A

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M =2, parallel t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤45

t

M = 2,1 β = 0°≤45

t 16 0,25 0,2 0,5 0,35 0,52 18 0,3 0,24 0,6 0,42 0,63 20 0,35 0,28 0,7 0,5 0,73 22 0,43 0,35 0,86 0,6 0,9 24 0,5 0,4 1,0 0,7 1,05 26 0,6 0,48 1,2 0,85 1,3 28 0,7 0,56 1,4 1,0 1,5 30 0,8 0,64 1,6 1,1 1,7 32 0,9 0,72 1,8 1,3 1,9 36 1,2 0,96 2,4 1,7 2,5 40 1,4 1,1 2,8 2,0 2,9 44 1,6 1,3 3,2 2,2 3,4 48 2,0 1,6 4,0 2,8 4,2






EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008 (E)

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Table B.12. — Working load limits for fibre rope slings made of hemp ropes according to EN 1261,

Form A (3-strand hawser laid) construction for endless slings Working load limits WLL


EN 1261

Form A

mm

M = 1 t

M = 0,8 t

M = 1,4 β = 0°≤ 45°

t

M = 2 t

16 0,5 0,4 0,7 1,0 18 0,6 0,48 0,84 1,2 20 0,7 0,56 1,0 1,4 22 0,86 0,7 1,2 1,75 24 1,0 0,8 1,4 2,0 26 1,2 0,96 1,7 2,4 28 1,4 1,1 2,0 2,8 30 1,6 1,3 2,2 3,2 32 1,8 1,45 2,6 3,6 36 2,4 1,9 3,4 4,8 40 2,8 2,2 4,0 5,6 44 3,2 2,6 4,4 6,4 48 4,0 3,2 5,6 8,0





NOTE 5 For long spliced slings these WLL's must be reduced using the correction factor of 0.6.


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Annex C (informative)

Suggested content of information to be provided by the manufacturer

with fibre rope slings

C.1 Use of fibre rope slings in adverse conditions and hazardous applications

C.1.1 The material from which fibre rope slings are manufactured have selective resistance to chemicals. The resistance of the fibres to chemicals is summarized below:

a) polyamides are virtually immune to the effects of alkalis; however, they are attacked by mineral acids;

b) polyester is resistant to mineral acids but is damaged by alkalis;

c) polypropylene is little affected by acids or alkalis and is suitable where the highest resistance to chemicals other than solvents is required;

d) natural fibres are degraded by acids, alkalis and certain organic solvents.

Solutions of acids or alkalis which are harmless can become sufficiently concentrated by evaporation to cause damage. Contaminated slings should be taken out of service at once, soaked in cold water, dried naturally and referred to a competent person for examination.

Slings with grade 8 fittings and multi-leg slings with grade 8 master links should not be used in acidic conditions. Contact with acids or acidic fumes causes hydrogen embrittlement to grade 8 materials.

It should be noted that the effects of chemicals may increase with rising temperature.

If exposure to chemicals is likely, the manufacturer or supplier should be consulted.

C.1.2 Fibre rope slings are suitable for use and storage in the following temperature ranges:

a) manila, sisal, hemp and polypropylene: -40°C to 80°C;

b) polyester and polyamide: -40°C to 100°C.

At low temperatures ice formation will take place if moisture is present. This may act as a cutting agent and an abrasive causing internal damage to the sling. Further, ice will lessen the flexibility of the sling, in extreme cases rendering it unserviceable for use.

These ranges vary in a chemical environment, in which case the advice of the manufacturer or supplier should be sought.

Limited indirect ambient heating, within these ranges, is acceptable for drying.

C.1.3 The man-made fibres from which the rope is produced are susceptible to degradation if exposed to ultra-violet radiation. Similarly, natural fibres may be subject to drying age embrittlement is exposed to direct sunlight. Fibre rope slings should not therefore be exposed or stored in direct sunlight or sources of ultra-violet radiation.

Mildew will attack natural fibre rope if it is stored wet and/or in damp conditions and/or stagnant air. The mould will live on the cellulose of the rope and in consequence, a loss of strength will occur. Mildew does not attack man-made fibre ropes, although surface contamination may provide a nutrient which permits its growth. This will not affect the strength of man-made fibre rope and may be removed by washing them in clear water –

EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008 (E)

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detergents should not be used. Fibre rope sling which have accidentally become wet in use, e.g., due to rain, should be carefully dried before placing them in store.

C.2 Inspection of fibre rope slings in service C.2.1 Before first use of the sling, it should be ensured that:

a) sling corresponds precisely to that specified on the order;

b) manufacturer’s certificate is to hand;

c) identification and WLL marked on the sling correspond with the information on the certificate.

C.2.2 Before each use, the sling should be inspected for defects and to ensure that the identification and specification are correct. A sling that is unidentified or defective should never be used, but should be referred to a competent person for examination.

C.2.3 During the period of use, frequent checks should be made for defects or damage, including damage concealed by soiling, which might affect the continued safe use of the sling. These checks should extend to any fittings and lifting accessories used in association with the sling. If any doubt exists as to the fitness for use, or if any of the required markings have been lost or become illegible, the sling should be removed from service for examination by a competent person.

The following are examples of defects or damage likely to affect the fitness of slings for continued safe use:

a) General external wear due to abrasion. Abrasion causes a breakdown of the filaments and fibres and is readily observed. In ordinary use, some disarrangement or breaking of the fibres is to be expected and, if not excessive, is harmless. Areas of server abrasion, as distinct from general wear, for example, caused by the passage of the rope sling over a sharp edge whilst under tension, will cause a serious loss of strength. Serious reduction in the section of one strand would warrant rejection.

b) Surface chafe, cuts and mechanical damage. The vulnerability of rope slings to wear and mechanical damage increases inversely with cross sectional area. Smaller ropes have all or most of the yarns on the outside of the strand and hence the effect of chafing is more sever. Larger ropes have strands composed of concentric rings of yarn and such chafing has to be proportionally deeper to have the same effect. Cuts, which may be difficult to detect when first inflicted, have a serious effect on the strength of the rope. They may be indicated by local fraying of the yarns or strands.

c) Internal wear. Internal wear, caused by repeated loading and flexing of the rope when under tension, is indicated by excessive looseness of the strands or by the presence of fibre dust within the rope. Internal wear is accelerated by the penetration of grit and other sharp particles into the rope.

d) Chemical attack. Chemical attack results in local weakening or softening of the rope. This is indicated by flaking of the surface fibres, which may be plucked or rubbed off (as a powder in extreme cases).

e) Heat or friction damage. Heat damage of natural fibre ropes is indicated by charring of the fibres, whilst man-made fibres take on a glazed appearance, and in extreme cases, fusion of the fibres occurs. A rope may be severely weakened by heat without observable indications.

f) Damaged, cracked or deformed fittings.

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C.3 Correct selection and use of fibre rope slings

C.3.1 In selecting and specifying fibre rope slings, consideration should be given to the required working load limit, taking into account the mode of use and the nature of the load to be lifted. The size, shape and weight of the load, together with the intended method of use, working environment and nature of the load all affect the correct selection.

The selected sling should be both strong enough and the correct length for the mode of use. The material from which the fibre rope sling is made should not be affected adversely by the environment or the load. If more than one sling is used to lift a load, the slings should be chosen such that the sling forming each leg is not overloaded and that the load remains balanced and stable.

Consideration should also be given to ancillary fittings and lifting devices which should be compatible with the sling(s). The termination should be also considered, i.e., whether fittings, hard eyes or soft eyes are required.

C.3.2 The part of the lifting appliance, lifting accessory or load with which the rope engages should be not less than the nominal diameter of the load.

When using slings with soft eyes, care should be taken to ensure that the eye is of sufficient size so that the lifting machine hook to which the eye is fitted, or lifting accessory which may be placed in the eye, does not open the eye so that the included angle between the two parts of the rope is greater than 30°.

C.3.3 Fibre rope slings should not be overloaded: the correct mode factor should be used (see Figure 10 and Tables B.1 to B.12 inclusive). Working load limits for some modes of use may be given on the label. In the case of multi-leg slings the maximum angle to the vertical should not be exceeded.

C.3.4 Good slinging practices should be followed: the slinging, lifting and lower operations should be planned before commencing the lift.

C.3.5 Fibre rope slings should be correctly positioned and attached to the load in a safe manner. They should never be knotted or twisted.

Damage to labels should be prevented by keeping them away from the load, the hook and the angle of choke.

C.3.6 In the case of multi-leg slings, the WLL values have been determined on the basis that the loading of the sling assembly is symmetrical. This means that when a load is lifted the sling legs are symmetrically disposed in plan and subtended at the same angle to the vertical.

In the case of 3 leg slings, if the legs are not symmetrically disposed in plan the greatest tension is in the leg where the sum of the plan angles to the adjacent legs is greatest. The same effect occurs in 4 leg slings, except that the rigidity of the load should also be taken into account.

NOTE With a rigid load the majority of the weight may be taken by only three, or even two, of the legs, with the remaining legs only serving to balance the load.

C.3.7 Slings should be protected from edges, friction and abrasion, whether from the load or the lifting appliance, by the use of protective sleeves, suitable packing and/or corner pieces.

C.3.8 The load should be secured by the sling(s) in such a manner that it cannot topple or fall out of the sling(s) during the lift. The sling(s) should be arranged so that the point of lift is directly above the centre of gravity of the load and the load is balanced and stable. Movement of the sling over the lifting point is possible if the centre of gravity of the load is not below the lifting point.

When using basket hitch, the load should be secure since there is no gripping action as the choke hitch and sling can roll through the lifting point. For slings used in pairs, the use of a spreader is recommended so that the sling legs hang as vertically as possible and to ensure that the load is equally divided between the legs.

When a sling is used in choke hitch, it should be positioned so as to allow the natural (120°) angle to form and avoid heat being generated by friction. A sling should never be forced into position nor any attempt made to tighten the bite.

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C.3.9 Care should be taken to ensure the safety of personnel during the lift. Persons in the danger area should be warned that the operation is to take place and, if necessary, evacuated from the immediate area.

Hands and other parts of the body should be kept away from the sling to prevent injury as the slack is taken up.

Reference should also be made to ISO 12480-1 for planning and management of the lifting operation and adoption of safe systems of working.

C.3.10 A trial lift should be made. The slack should be taken up until the sling is taut. The load should be raised slightly and a check made that it is secure and assumes the position intended. This is especially important with basket or other loose hitches where friction retains the load.

If the load tends to tilt, it should be lowered and attachments re-positioned. The trial lift should be repeated until the stability of the load is ensured.

C.3.11 Care should be taken when making the lift to ensure that the load is controlled, e.g. to prevent accidental rotation or collision with other objects.

Snatch or shock loading should be avoided, as this will increase the forces acting on the sling.

A load in the sling or the sling itself should not be dragged over the ground or rough surfaces.

C.3.12 The load should be lowered in an equally controlled manner as when lifted.

Trapping the sling when lowering the load should be avoided. The load should not rest on the sling, if this could cause damage and pulling the sling from beneath the load when the load is resting on it should not be attempted.

C.3.13 On completion of the lifting operation the sling should be returned to proper storage.

When not in use, slings should be stored in clean, dry and well ventilated conditions, at ambient temperature and on a rack, away from any heat sources, contact with chemicals, fumes, corrodible surfaces, direct sunlight or other sources of ultra-violet radiation.

C.3.14 Prior to placing in storage, slings should be inspected for any damage which may have occurred during use. Slings should never be returned damaged to storage.

C.3.15 Where lifting slings have come into contact with acids and/or alkalis, dilution with water or neutralization with suitable media is recommended prior to storage.

Depending on the material of the lifting sling and the chemicals referred to in C.1.1, it may be necessary in some cases to request from the supplier additional recommendations on the cleaning procedure to be followed after the sling has been used in the presence of chemicals.

C.3.16 Slings which have become wet in use, or as a result of cleaning, should be hung up and allowed to dry naturally.

C.4 Examination and repair

Examination periods should be determined by a competent person, taking into account the application, environment, frequency of use and similar matters, but in any event slings should be visually examined at least annually by a competent person to establish their fitness for continued use.

Records of such examinations should be maintained.

Damaged slings should be withdrawn from service. Never attempt to carryout repairs to slings yourself.

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Annex ZA (informative)

!!!!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential

Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC

This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/CE on machinery.

Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.

WARNING - Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this standard."

EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008 (E)

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Annex ZB (informative)

!!!!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential

Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC

This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery.

Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.

WARNING - Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this standard."

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Bibliography

EN ISO 9001 Quality management systems - Requirements (ISO 9001:2000)

ISO 1833 Textiles – Binary fibre mixtures – Quantitive chemical analysis

ISO 2076 Textiles - Man-made fibres – Generic names

ISO 6938 Textiles – Natural fibres – Generic names and definitions

ISO 12480-1 Cranes – Safe use- Part 1: General

ics 53.020.30 supersedes en 1492-4:2004 - … · en iso 12100-2, safety of machinery - basic...

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