ics-forth december 5, 2005 1 modelling intellectual processes: the frbr - crm harmonization martin...

1ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005

Modelling Intellectual Processes: The FRBR - CRM Harmonization

Martin Doerr*, Patrick LeBoeuf**

Gothenburg, SwedenSeptember 12, 2006

* Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas

CIDOC 2006

** Bibliotheque National de France,Paris, France


Dublin Core is inadequate for integration:

Mainly identification and access information (library format, finding aids) No context analysis, no place of creation, fails to describe complex

information structures and correlations

Core ontologies describing the semantics of metadata schemata are the most effective tool to drive global information integration:

As “superschema” wide enough to integrate complementary info (“local as view”), not as least common denominator

As virtual intermediate for “cross-walks”, info migration

Is there a virtual global schema? Dublin Core suggests that. The CRM has shown it for museums.

The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationThe Global Information Integration

Problem


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Problem: Cross-walks need a common

ontology

DC.Identifier: Louvre INV.779DC.Type: Image

Louvre INV.779 oil paintingshas type

Expression.Id: DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg

Manifestation.Id: Louvre INV.779

E19 Physical Object

Louvre INV.779

E19 ImageDOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg

DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg digital imageshas type

Physical Object

paintings

visual worksBT !

BTBT

Conceptual Object

electronic images

BT !

FRBR

CIDOC CRM CIDOC CRM

FRBR

Dublin Core

material objects can only be at one place at a time!

immaterial objects reside on carriers!

AAT


The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information.

The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a core ER model to integrate library information.

Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it.

Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects.

Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature.

Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do.

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information

Documentation tasks of museums and libraries overlap.

Museum and library information has complex interrelations. Museum and library information overlaps, and otherwise is different.

Museums and libraries can learn from each others methodology.

Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information

There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information. DC is good, but often too simple. There is FRBR, FRAR, CIDOC CRM.


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Harmonization Project

Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:

A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.

To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.

To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information.

After 7 meetings, a first complete draft of “FRBROO” for public comment. Definition available as text in the format of the CRM.

Other forms: A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBRER to FRBROO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics.

Work continues with FRAR (Functional Requirements for Authority Records)


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CRM

The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)

developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006

a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information

Innovations:

centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time.

explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified.

typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse.

Lacks: a model of intellectual work


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CRM: history as meetings

SS

runnrunnerer

11stst AthenianAthenian

coherence volume coherence volume of first of first announcementannouncement

coherence coherence volume of the volume of the battle of battle of Marathon Marathon

MarathonMarathon

otherotherSoldiersSoldiers

AthensAthens

22ndnd AthenianAthenian

coherence volume coherence volume of second of second announcementannouncement

Victory!Victory!!!!!

Victory!Victory!!!!!tt


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR

The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)

developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Files (FRAR)

A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation

Intended to formulate a new library practice

Innovations:

Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item.

Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.

Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR : Abstraction Levels

Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

has part

is realized through(is a realization of)

has part

is embodied in(is the embodiment of )

has part

is exemplified by(exemplifies )

has part

has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation

“a distinct intellectual or artistic creation…there is no single material object one can point to as the work...”

“the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic

notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc”

“the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same

characteristics……may be only a single physical exemplar…”

“a single exemplar of a manifestation...”

has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation


F23 Expression Fragment

F46 Individual Work F48 Container Work

The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results – clarification of key

concepts

F1Work

F2 Expression

The substance of Expression is signs (the text).

An Expression can be “complete”.

The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function.

The substance of Work is concepts (the idea).

Only through the comprehension of the concepts derivation is possible.

Complex Work: Continuation, possibly by others.

F21 Complex Work

F20 Self-contained Expression

E28 Conceptual Object

E73 Information ObjectE73 Information Object

F41 Publication Expression

F43 Publication Work


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results – clarification of key

concepts

Item

Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication)

An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type.

ManifestationSingleton

F3 Manifestation Product Type

An Manifestation Singleton is an “original”.It may be a feature (e.g. Inscription)

E55 Type

E24 PhysicalMan-Made StuffE84 Information Carrier

immaterial

material


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results: The “externalization” process

E28 E28 Conceptual Conceptual

ObjectObject

E84 E84 Information Information

CarrierCarrier

E24 E24 Physical Physical

Man-Made Man-Made ThingThing

E65 E65 CreationCreation

E12 E12 ProductionProduction

F31 Expression F31 Expression CreationCreation

F2 ExpressionF2 Expression

F20 Self Contained F20 Self Contained ExpressionExpression

F23 Expression F23 Expression FragmentFragment

F4 ManifestationF4 ManifestationSingletonSingleton

F46 Individual F46 Individual WorkWork

F21 Complex F21 Complex WorkWork

F1 WorkF1 Work

F5 ItemF5 Item

F3 Manifestation F3 Manifestation Production TypeProduction Type

F40 Carrier F40 Carrier Production Production

EventEvent

R49 created aR49 created a realization ofrealization of

R56 is realized R56 is realized inin

R45 createdR45 created

R9 comprises R9 comprises carriers ofcarriers of

R10 belongs R10 belongs to typeto type

R22 R22 createdcreated

R41 produced R41 produced (was produced by)(was produced by)


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results – “container work”

The Container Work adds Expression:may cause Work with empty expression

The collected expressions are integral part of the container

F48 Container Work

Additional Expression

Expression of Work X

Expression of Work Y

F48 Container Work & F46 Individual Work

<Additional Expr.>

Expression of Work X

Expression of Work Y

Overall Expression

R13 is realized in(realises)

R13 is realized in(realises)

inconsistent consistent

Work X

Work X

R13 is realized in

R13 is realized in


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis

Publisher’s Level

F46 Individual Work

F20 Self-Contained Expression

F43 Publication Work

F41 Publication Expression

F39 Production Plan

F3 Manifestation-Product Type

F40 Carrier Production Event

F5 Item

F4 ManifestationSingleton

F21 Complex Work

“Oliver Twist” Idea

“Oliver Twist” Completed

“Oliver Twist” Text

“Oliver Twist” Manuscript

“Oliver Twist” Publication Concept

“Oliver Twist”Publication content

“Oliver Twist” Publication

“Oliver Twist” Plan

“Oliver Twist”Printing“Oliver Twist”

20th Book

R56 is re alized in(real ises)

R11B forms part of(is composed of)

R56 is realized in(r ealises)

CLR5 should carry(should be carr ied by)

R10B is type of (belongs to type)

R41 produced

(was produced by

R39B was followed by(foll owed)

R12 has member(is mem ber of)

P128B is carried by

(carries)

Author’s Level

F45 Publication Event“Oliver Twist” published!

R55 created produ ction plan(was created by)

R38 produced things of type

(was produced by)


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary

Topics solved:

— Explicit modeling of the processes behind FRBR attributes.

— The substance of Work, Expression and Manifestation

— Conception of a Work. What is its identity, its parts? Can a work be continued by other persons? Can it contain other Work, and in which sense?

— Expression fragments, parts, aggregates and collections: criteria of completeness, containment, reuse and intellectual contribution.

— What is the contribution and product of the publisher.

— What is the first realization of a work in a symbolic form? What is the role of a manuscript, of a digital file, a written diskette in that process?

— The equivalence of electronic and material publishing.


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions

The combined model CRM – FRBROO:

Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization

On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse.

On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM.

clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR

Further work:

FRAR (Authority records),

modeling equivalence with performing arts.

SEE: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr

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