icsat 2013, ingolstadt, deutschlandicsat2013.com/downloads/praesetations_icsat/icsat2013_fuels and...
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[email protected] University© 1
ICSAT 2013, Ingolstadt,
Deutschland
Keynote address:
Fuels and combustion strategies with recovery of
waste heat and kinetic energy for a more
environmentally friendly vehicle.
Thursday 26 September 2013
Dr. Petros Lappas, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and
Manufacturing Engineering - RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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[email protected] University© 3
Historical fleet CO2 emissions performance and
current or proposed standards
Source: ICCT Jan 2011
NEDC = New European Driving Cycle
NOI = Notice of Intent
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Approaches to CO2 emissions reduction
CO2 mitigation
Use less fossil fuel/ Increase
fuel conversion efficiency
Use alternative
fuels/energy carriers. E.g.,
CH4 or H2 or comp air.
Capture and process CO2
E.g., sequester or recycle.
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[email protected] University© 5
Lets talk ENGINES !
As the engine represents the heart of the motor vehicle, the
most important improvements are expected from modifications
of the engine
http://mdi-digital.com/pages/project/portfolio/engine-heart
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CNG: A good start to CO2 reduction
Tilagone, R., et al.,"Natural Gas - an Environmentally Friendly Fuel for Urban Vehicles: the Smart Demonstrator
Approach," Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP 61(1): 155-164, 2006.
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[email protected] University© 8
CNG: The status quo (homogeneous charging)
Impco Carburetion Inc. Service manual
Mixer
Throttle valve
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CNG: The status quo (homogeneous charging)
http://hanalpg.en.ec21.com/GAS_Injection_System--5065665.html
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[email protected] University© 11
CNG: The status quo--Shortcomings
http://www.skinnerscience.com/Year%2012,13/module5.gif
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CNG: Towards higher thermal efficiencies
High pumping losses at part load
Charge is warm without direct injection
Low pumping losses at part load
Fuel/air charge is relatively cool
http://www.autospeed.com.au/cms/gallery/article.html?slideshow=0&a=1761&i=2
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[email protected] University© 13
CNG: Towards even higher thermal efficiencies
Boretti, A.and Watson, H., International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34(18): 7835-7841, doi:
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.07.022
Computed temperature field 0.1 ms after SOC (propane)
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[email protected] University© 14
Approaches to CO2 emissions reduction
CO2 mitigation
Use less fossil fuel/ Increase
fuel conversion efficiency
Use alternative
fuels/energy carriers. E.g.,
CH4 or H2 or comp air.
Capture and process CO2
E.g., sequester or recycle.
![Page 13: ICSAT 2013, Ingolstadt, Deutschlandicsat2013.com/downloads/praesetations_icsat/ICSAT2013_Fuels and combustion strategies...RMIT University© Petros.lappas@rmit.edu.au 1 ICSAT 2013,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041514/5e2a6ee3485db905133eeb58/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
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Simulation Results (preliminary)
Brake efficiency map – CNG direct injection jet ignition engine
Results have been obtained with an integrated ICE and WHR system
GTSUITE model
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[email protected] University© 16
The RMIT Green Engines Lab
•RMIT “GEL” has an AVL Single-cylinder research engine.
•FTIR emissions measurements.
•High-speed data acquisition for combustion analysis.
•Highly flexible fuel injection system.
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Spray vessel
Gas and liquid fuel spray property
measurement set-up
0.2-30 bar, 300 degC
4 x 150mm fused silica
windows
17
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Spray vessel
18
LIF
signal
MIE
signal
Sauter Diameter
distribution
÷
Where SD = dv3/ds
2
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[email protected] University© 19
Recovery of Waste Energy
Fuel energy conversion split
EU combined test cycle, Gasoline engine, EU C/D vehicle
Aerodynamic drag
15%
Transm. losses
15%
Rolling resistance
25%
Accessories
15%
Inertia
30%
Exhaust heat losses to gas
28%
Exhaust heat losses to wall
13%
Wall heat losses
18%
Pump losses
8%
Friction losses
9%Unburnt losses
4%
Engine
output;
20%
Idle
10%
Warm up losses
10%
Source: Volvo Car Corporation
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[email protected] University© 20
Recovery of Waste Energy (exhaust heat)
Schematic of waste heat recovery (WHR) system.
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[email protected] University© 21
Recovery of Waste Energy (exhaust heat)
• Expected to produce ~100 W of “free power” in typical passenger car
operating at cruise condition.
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Recovery of Waste Energy (kinetic energy)
Regenerative Braking Light Acceleration
Extended Acceleration Cruising
www.epa.gov/otaq/technology/research/how-it-works-parallel.htm
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Recovery of Waste Energy (hydraulic hybrids)
• EPA has been able to improve city fuel economy of a UPS package
car by 70% and
• reduce CO2 greenhouse gas emissions by 40%.
• reduce brake wear by 75%.
• At current fuel prices, this technology will pay for itself in two to three years.
Source: US EPA report EPA420-F-06-043
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/technology/publications.htm#hhvs
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Summary
• CNG is clearly a cheap and environmentally friendlier fuel for automobiles.
• Stratified charge with WHR can improve efficiency in part load and full load
conditions by up to 50%
• Another method to achieve WHR is by using TEGs. 100 W for typical cruising
car.
• Use of pneumatic/hydraulic energy storage can greatly increase city fuel
economy. E.g., 70% for UPS courier truck
– reduce CO2 greenhouse gas emissions by 40%.
– reduce brake wear by 75%.
– pay for itself in two to three years.