Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment VNICZM Project

Vietnam’s ICZM Strategy 2020 and

Orientation up to 2030

Final Draft

Hanoi, April-2006

Resourcesand

Values

Pressuresand

Threats

SHARED ORIENTATION

2030

OVERALL OBJECTIVE 2020

StrategicComponentsSC1 to SC6

Objectives

Activities

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents ................................................................................................................................ 2

Glossary............................................................................................................................................... 4

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Rationale for a Vietnamese ICZM Strategy........................................................................ 5 1.2 Aims of the ICZM strategy .................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Scope................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Main contents...................................................................................................................... 8

2 The Coastal Zone of Vietnam................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Definition of the coastal zone ............................................................................................. 8 2.2 Main values of the coastal zone........................................................................................ 10 2.3 Physical characteristics of the coastal zone ..................................................................... 11 2.4 Biological characteristics of the coastal zone .................................................................. 12 2.5 People in the coastal zone ................................................................................................ 15

3 Main uses of the natural resources of Vietnam’s coastal zone ............................................ 16 3.1 Intensifying socio-economic activities .............................................................................. 16 3.2 Ports and shipping............................................................................................................ 17 3.3 Mining (Oil, gas, coal and minerals)................................................................................ 18 3.4 Fishing and aquaculture................................................................................................... 19 3.5 New economic zones ......................................................................................................... 21 3.6 Tourism............................................................................................................................. 22

4 Threats to the coastal zone and its causes ............................................................................. 23 4.1 Unsustainable use of natural resources............................................................................ 23 4.2 Ecosystems degradation ................................................................................................... 24 4.3 Environmental pollution ................................................................................................... 26 4.4 Natural and environmental disasters................................................................................ 26 4.5 Population pressure.......................................................................................................... 27 4.6 Disputes and conflict of interests...................................................................................... 27 4.7 Management and cooperation mechanisms...................................................................... 27

5 Establishing the orientation for 2030 and objectives for 2020 ............................................ 29 5.1 Guiding Principles............................................................................................................ 29 5.2 Shared Orientation 2030 .................................................................................................. 29 5.3 Desired outcomes of shared orientation........................................................................... 30 5.4 Overall objective 2020...................................................................................................... 30 5.5 Reporting and validity of the Strategy .............................................................................. 31

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6 Objectives and actions up to 2020.......................................................................................... 31 6.1 Ensuring the integrity of the Coastal Zone....................................................................... 31 6.2 Development of ICZM mechanisms at national level ....................................................... 33 6.3 Capacity strengthening on ICZM at National, Provincial, District and Commune level. 34 6.4 Development of ICZM tools and guidelines...................................................................... 35 6.5 Implementation of ICZM at provincial and district level ................................................. 36 6.6 International and Regional cooperation........................................................................... 37

7 Strategy implementation......................................................................................................... 38 7.1 Institutional requirements................................................................................................. 38 7.2 Immediate supportive actions ........................................................................................... 39 7.3 Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders........................................................................ 39 7.4 Monitoring and evaluation ............................................................................................... 40

8 References ................................................................................................................................ 41

9 Annexes..................................................................................................................................... 42 Annex 1 Administrative units of the Vietnam coastal zone ........................................................... 42 Annex 2 Logical framework.......................................................................................................... 47 Annex 3 Work plan for the development of the ICZM Strategy for Vietnam ................................. 59 Annex 4 Proposed ICZM performance indicators ........................................................................ 60 Annex 5 National legal and policy documents related to coastal resources and environmental management ................................................................................................................................... 63 Annex 6 Important international conventions and treaties related to marine and coastal environmental protection, signed or ratified by the Vietnamese Government............................... 66

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GLOSSARY Baseline A breaking line which links chosen points at the lowest line of tide along the coast

and near shore islands defined and declared by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Capacity building

Process of improving and building the technical and managerial skills and resources within an organization. Also the development of awareness, knowledge, skills and operational capability by certain actors, normally the community, to achieve their purpose

Coastal resources

A natural area or feature in or near a coastal zone, the existence of which depends on the coast, or the value of that resource, treated as a commodity, grows because it is located in the coastal zone, if that resource has economic, environmental, recreational, cultural, aesthetic or any other value

Coastal waters Part of the sea affected by its proximity to the land Coastal zone Area of coastal land and sea, where the interaction between them is significantly. In

reality the coastal zone is defined relatively, depending on the administrative boundary, management objectives and capacity

Ecosystem System of biological communities co-existing and developing in a certain environment, interacting with each other and with the environment

Environmental degradation

The reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives, and needs

Geographic Information System (GIS)

An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information

Integrated Coastal (Zone) Management

Involves the comprehensive assessment, setting of objectives, planning and management of coastal systems and resources, taking into account traditional, cultural and historical perspectives and conflicting interests and uses; it is a continuous and evolutionary process for achieving sustainable development

Marine Protected Area

An area of sea (or coast) especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means

Natural resources

A feature or component of the natural environment that is of value in serving human needs, e.g. soil, water, plant life, wildlife, etc. Some natural resources have an economic value (e.g. timber) while others have a 'non-economic' value (e.g. scenic beauty). Also raw materials provided by the Earth and usually processed into useful products; some natural resources are renewable (e.g., trees, crops, wildlife); other natural resources are non renewable (e.g., oil, coal, metals)

Over-exploitation

Unsustainable use of a natural resource leading to depletion or degradation of the resource and consequent loss of its productivity

Shoreline Intersection of a specific water height with the shore or beach, e.g. the high water shoreline is the intersection of the high water mark with the shore or beach

Stakeholder

Persons or organizations who, directly or indirectly, positively or negatively affect or are affected by the policies relating to, or activities or phenomena in the coastal and marine area

Sustainable development

Development that ensures the continuance of natural resource productivity and a high level of environmental quality, thereby providing for economic growth to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations

Sustainable use Use of the environment and its living resources at a rate that does not exceed its capacity for renewal in order to ensure its availability for future generations

Trans-boundary Moving beyond the territorial jurisdiction of a country, state or other political entity Zoning

A system of designating areas of land or water to be allocated to specific (often exclusive) uses; the division of a particular area into several zones, each of which is scheduled for a particular use or set of uses

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1 Introduction This document, Vietnam's ICZM Strategy 2020 and Orientation to 2030, is the result of a participative Vietnamese process, achieved through continuous consultative procedures in which a wide range of stakeholders from relevant Vietnamese authorities at national as well as provincial level worked together intensively, both at technical and managerial level. The Work Plan (see Annex 3.), signed by the appropriate management level within MONRE, allowed for an eight months process, with limited funds and therefore restrictions in the execution of the work plan. Given these restrictions and or limitations, we can be proud of the result. Before you lies a document that constitutes a firm foundation for the further development and implementation of ICZM in Vietnam, ultimately contributing to sustainable development in the coastal zone. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, which was established three years ago, in late 2005 prepared its first five-year plan for the period 2006-2010. The proposal for that five-year plan includes the development of a National ICZM Strategy to be established and signed by the Vietnamese Government. Such a formal National ICZM Strategy would need to be produced by involving a larger number of Vietnamese stakeholders from national, provincial as well as coastal district level. Such a National ICZM Strategy would need to be created in the coming years following a proper participative process, and should have the widely sought levels of ownership and details to embed the National ICZM Strategy into decision making operations in the lower levels of administration. The Vietnam ICZM Strategy for 2020 and Orientation to 2030 must be seen as a draft framework for ICZM in Vietnam and as such communicated to the relevant governmental authorities at various levels for awareness raising, guidance and support. The consent of this strategy will permit the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment to use it as a guiding document for its intended development of the National ICZM Strategy, in line with the proposed five-year plan, and seek Prime Ministerial approval for the National ICZM Strategy by the year 2008.

1.1 Rationale for a Vietnamese ICZM Strategy The fast economic growth in the fragile Vietnamese coastal zone environment unavoidably leads to environmental degradation and resource use conflicts if this growth is not planned in an integrated and sustainable way. ICZM is an approach to address this issue. Besides being about protection of the environment, ICZM acknowledges the wise and long-term use of natural resources that supports the economic development and reduces poverty that still exists in the coastal zone. Agenda 21 approved at the Earth Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, 1992, regarded Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) as an appropriate model for sustainable development and encouraged countries with coastal zones to apply the ICZM model. Since then, many countries initiated ICZM programs and achieved encouraging results. The importance and practical need of the ICZM model was stressed once more during the 2002 Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development. In 1993, the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam adopted Resolution 03-NQ/TW, dealing with comprehensive sea economic development. The implementation was arranged through Directive 399/TTG, which specified tasks such as sea economic development planning, international cooperation in sea-related issues, legal framework strengthening, policy formulation and enhance state management in sea-related issues. Many international organizations (like UNEP, IMO, UNDP, ADB, World Bank) and individual countries and regions in the world initiated ICZM projects and programs. Europe for instance designed a specific and challenging program, aimed at coordinating the numerous national ICZM programs along its 89.000 km of coastline. Many countries having a coastal zone, including

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Vietnam embraced ICZM as the ‘solution’ to coastal zone challenges like environmental degradation, using a large variety of concepts in policy making and implementation. ICZMs’ strength lies in the fact that it can link different (sector) policies and strategies that influence the management of coastal zones with each other. It brings about ‘wise use’ management and planning of all coastal resources in the context of their interaction and spatial distribution. With a focus on natural resources management and environmental protection for the coastal zone, ICZM in Vietnam is gradually receiving more attention. Several provinces in Vietnam (Nam Dinh, Thua Thien Hue, Ba Ria - Vung Tau, Da Nang, Quang Ninh and Quang Nam) tested the ICZM model and developed their specific strategies and associated action plans for implementation. The ICZM initiatives, between 2000 and 2005 had a considerable impact on marine and coastal natural resources and environmental management, resulting in provincial ICZM strategies, approved and signed by the Provincial Peoples Committees. Now several more coastal provinces have expressed their interest to start ICZM activities. Based on the encouraging achievements in these Provinces, the Government of Vietnam has decided to extend the number of coastal provinces where ICZM will be implemented. This initiative and others like the new livelihood improvement program for the coastal communities, require proper linkage and fine-tuning between them, to guaranty successful implementation of ICZM throughout the coastal zone of Vietnam. Apart from the provincial ICZM implementation, the Vietnamese Government is taking action regarding coastal zone related policies and strategies on regional as well as national level. On 4 February 2004, the Prime Minister issued the Official letter No. 494/VPCP-KG appointing MONRE as the Vietnamese contact point to take the lead in coordinating the implementation of the “Sustainable Development Strategy for the South Asian Sea” (approved by the 12 member countries of the PEMSEA Regional Program on 12 December 2003 in Putrajaya, Malaysia), with relevant Ministries and local coastal zone authorities. At the national level MONRE is formulating the “ICZM program for the Northern Central Region and Central Coastal Region” in line with the Decision No. 113/2005/QD-TTg dated 20 May 2005 of the Prime Minister, which announces the Government’s Action Plan to implement the Politburo’s Resolution No. 39-NQ/TW dated 16 August 2004 on socio-economic development and assurance of national defense and security in the Northern Central Region and Central Coastland. MONRE, in its draft five-year plan (2006-2010) also outlined a number of ICZM activities that should be implemented in the coming period. In addition MONRE and MPI are drafting Vietnam’s Marine and Coastal Economic Development Strategy until 2010 and a Comprehensive Project proposal on Baseline Survey and Management of Marine Natural Resources and Environment, to submit to the Prime Minister by mid 2006. Furthermore, the Government considers the formulation of ICZM activities for provinces in the Red River delta, within the framework of the Red River delta Regional Socio-economic development program, providing an opportunity to link ICZM with River Basin Management. On the first of March 2006, the Government of Vietnam launched the integrated project on basic survey and management of marine natural resources and environment to 2010 and vision 2020, promulgated by Decision 47/2006/QD-TTG. In view of the fact that this project will be implemented under MONRE and that its objectives are in line with ICZM, an opportunity emerges to incorporate a planned ICZM Promotion and Support unit (see Strategic Component 2, objective 2.3 of the strategy) in Project 47 within MONRE. Concerned ministries and sectors are recognizing the important role of ICZM in streamlining development planning on the national, provincial, district and commune level. Because ICZM

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implementation is generally focused on district and commune level challenges and solutions, overall National directives and guidance for the implementation of ICZM on provincial level are needed. That is why a National ICZM Strategy, providing for solid coordination/facilitation of ICZM activities, assuring cross-boundary intra-provincial, regional or international coordination and cooperation is needed.

1.2 Aims of the ICZM strategy The Vietnam Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy aims to: • Provide an orientation up to 2030 for ICZM in Vietnam, addressing long-term issues, based on

the shared vision outlined in the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (Putrajaya Declaration) and formulated in line with chapter 4 of the Strategic Orientation for Sustainable Development in Vietnam. The orientation gives a clear vision as well as the translation of that vision into policy and policy implementation.

• Provide action framework for ICZM in the period until 2020 (institutional setting, improved policy framework & legislation, facilitate development & implementation of ICZM at local level).

• Facilitate ICZM by improving the coordination among ministries, sectors, agencies, and organizations on National, Provincial, District and Commune level.

• Provide effective ICZM in the period until 2020, through a proper institutional setting, an improved policy framework, and improved legislation.

• Provide and strengthen ICZM capacity at all levels of government. • Raise awareness among decision makers and stakeholders by providing information on the state

of the coastal zone, policy framework, institutional setting and methods for ICZM regarding the main coastal zone issues in Vietnam.

• Monitor and evaluate the status of implementation of the ICZM Strategy as a cyclic process.

1.3 Scope A large number of countries and regions in the world developed strategies or strategic plans on ICZM. These widely publicized documents provide a vital orientation for activities of exploitation, conservation, restoration and sustainable development of natural resources and environment in the coastal zones of these countries and regions. Several of these documents had useful elements relevant to the Vietnamese situation and were used to formulate this strategy. The drafting of a Vietnam coastal zone management strategy document can be seen first and foremost as the result of discussions among all relevant stakeholders and will give a clear view on how Vietnam wants to implement ICZM. In other words, it declares the official government policy with regard to ICZM and sets out the way this should be implemented. The Strategy is directed towards the introduction of the Vietnam ICZM objectives (distributed over 6 strategic components) until 2020 and proposes specific actions and tasks to achieve these goals, concentrating on anchoring ICZM in the decision-making processes. The scope of the strategy encompasses three pillars: 1. The conservation and wise-use of the natural resources; 2. Protection of the natural coastal values and 3. Supporting sustainable economic development and the livelihood of the population in the

coastal zone.

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Long-term main ICZM issues are defined for the year 2030 through its orientation. From this more short term objectives are derived, first until the year 2020, to be updated regularly, following M&E concepts. It is envisaged that this proposed strategy framework will form the basis for the development of a final Vietnamese National ICZM Strategy, outlining the Vietnamese ICZM orientation 2030, ICZM objectives up to 2020 and an ICZM legal and institutional framework to seek Prime Ministerial approval that would be available for the various sector authorities when preparing their ten-year plans (2010-2020).

1.4 Main contents

Following the rationale, aim and scope in the introduction, the document describes the Vietnamese coastal zone in terms of its land and sea boundary, human resources, natural resources and values and its economic development perspectives in chapter two. Chapter three describes the main uses of the natural resources of Vietnam’s coastal zone. In chapter four it furthermore explains the threats that face the Vietnamese coastal zone like over-exploitation of natural resources (for major resources such as, fisheries, mangrove, coral, wetland, coastal forests), environmental pollution, poverty and illiteracy, natural disasters (flooding, inundation, storm and storm surges, coastal erosion) and trans-boundary issues. In response to better manage, prevent and or mitigate the existing and future threats and its underlying causes, chapter five outlines an overall approach to reach the shared ICZM orientation 2030, overall ICZM objective for 2020 and guiding principles leading to sustainable development of the coastal zone of Vietnam, based on the ICZM approach developed and tested by the MONRE VNICZM Project. Consequently, actions for implementation are outlined in chapter six. Different objectives are given under six main strategic components, set to achieve the orientation 2030 and overall objective 2020. For each objective, actions and monitoring indicators are proposed. The last chapter describes how the strategy should be implemented particularly focusing on the organisational matter, the role of the different stakeholders and the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.

2 The Coastal Zone of Vietnam

2.1 Definition of the coastal zone The Coastal zone is a mixed area of coastal land and coastal sea, where the two have strong

rodynamic, morphological and ecological processes, which are closely interrelated. As the coastal zone has plentiful natural resources of many kinds, it is can ensure the livelihood for increasing numbers of people. Therefore, the coastal zone is characterized by a high pressure of human activities, resulting in accelerating unsustainable exploitation of natural resources and deterioration of the coastal resource base. Due to the high pressures and wide variety of activities, the issues and concerns in the coastal zones are much more diverse and complicated than those in other areas.

interaction. It is characterized by complex hyd

igure 1 coastal spheres of interaction

Terrestrial environment

Human activities

Marine environment

Coastal zone (natural)

Coastal zone (managerial)

Terrestrial environment

Human activities

Marine environment

Coastal zone (natural)

Coastal zone (managerial)

F

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The coastal zone is defined in many ways, depending on the objectives of specific programs, plans

eographically it is the area of coastal land and sea, where the interaction between them is

terms of Management the coastal zone is defined relatively, depending on the administrative

hese factors are considered for a certain period of time, set up for an ICZM project, program, plan

or actions. In this Strategy we define the coastal zone as follows: Gsignificant. Inboundaries, management objectives and management issues. Tor strategy. Thus, the scope of the coastal zone is completely open, i.e. it could be modified in accordance with the issues, legal context, as well as the concerns and management capacity of the local government. The cyclic process of ICZM allows for this flexible approach.

Map 1 Coastal Zone

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Vietnam’s coastal zone defined within the framework of this Strategy and in geographical terms is described as follows: • On the land part, it consists of all the coastal districts (116 in totals), the island districts within

the Vietnam’s territorial waters (10) and some non-coastal districts, having strong interrelations with the sea, usually through river estuaries (24). The list of the districts belonging to the coastal zones is given in the Annex 1.

• On the sea part, it includes the Vietnam’s coastal water defined as the area for near shore and onshore fishing proposed by the fishery sector1. Basically, such a seaward boundary of the coastal zone is very close to the baseline (either in the inner or outer side). Thus, the marine part of the coastal zone of Vietnam has an area of about 1 million km2, with the coastline of over 3260 km long and more than 3000 big and small islands. It is seen that the proposed marine area of Vietnam’s coastal zone covers all the water areas managed and exploited by concerned sectors (such as sea port development, marine transport, tourism and fisheries for onshore and nearshore fishing) Vietnam’s coastal zone is shown in Map 1.

2.2 Main values of the coastal zone The coastal zone provides a wealth of ecological and recreational values. With a long coastline and different climatic, hydrological and morphological regimes, the coastal zone of Vietnam is endowed with breathtaking landscapes like sand beaches, dunes, cliffs, swamp lands, mangrove forests, lagoons, bays, islands and coral reefs. Specifically the white and gently sloping sand beaches in Da Nang, Hoi An (Quang Nam), Nha Trang (Khanh Hoa) and Vung Tau have been well-known to foreign tourists; Ha Long Bay with thousands of green islands forms an unique landscape in the world and has been recognized as the World’s Natural Heritage since 1994. In 2003, Phong Nha-Ke Bang was recognized as a world natural heritage. This is a typical Karst area for Vietnam and the world. The coastal zone also possesses a large variety of marine ecosystems, providing the local economy and communities with abundant source of raw materials and food. These ecosystems are rich in terms of biodiversity and primary production. Many of the species in these systems have high economic value, especially sea fish, lobsters, shellfish, etc. and many of them are listed as rare and precious species in the Red Book of Vietnam (37 species of fish, 5 species of lobster, 27 species of mollusk and 3 species of cephalopod) and that of IUCN. Many ancient historical and unique cultural sites can be found in the coastal zone. Cultural values are illustrated in the lifestyle, philosophy and thinking of the Vietnamese. In coastal zones, in addition to UNESCO recognized heritages like Ha Long and Phong Nha-Ke Bang with a breathtaking landscape, the Vietnamese ancestors left behind a series of unique cultural values, demonstrated in Hoi An, My Son and Hue. The Nguyen and Tay Son Dynasties built Hue into a cultural centre. In addition to citadels, palaces, etc., in 1993, Hue was named a world cultural heritage. With over 70 stone and rock architectures built between the 7th and 13th centuries, My Son was a centre of the Champa Kingdom. In December 1999, My Son was recognized as a world cultural heritage for two reasons: a typical example of cultural interaction and a reflection of the historical and cultural development of the Champa in the history of South East Asia. Marine and coastal landscapes have become potential for developing eco-tourism, combined with diving, fishing, cruising, explorations in primitive forests, and tours to coastal traditional trade villages. 1 It is being revised and considered for approval, hence it would be described in details later.

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Oil and gas represent an important economic value for the people of Vietnam. The oil and gas reserve of Vietnam is fourth placed among the ASEAN countries, after Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. Besides oil and gas the coastal zone is rich in coal and other minerals like titanium, sand, glass, kaolin and clay. According to Le Quy An 2004, 500 mines and quarries with 64 minerals are found in the coastal zone, including fuels, metals, non-metals, precious stones and mineral water. Mineral sand of precious elements like titan and zircon have been found along the coast.

2.3 Physical characteristics of the coastal zone Vietnam is rather long and narrow, with a diverse topography. Its coastline extends from the Chinese border in the north to the frontier with Cambodia in the Gulf of Thailand. In the north, the highlands slope gradually in the direction of the eastern coast, forming wide plains intersected by abundant rivers and streams. In central Vietnam, the narrowest part of the country, the mountains and highlands extend closer to the coast, extending into the sea or descending sharply to the coastal plain. Southern Vietnam is very low lying, containing the broad, fertile delta of the Mekong River system. In some areas, such as east of the Central Highlands and north of the Red River Delta, the mountains extend directly into the sea. This creates a number of protected harbors suitable for shipping, including those of the port cities of Da Nang, Qui Nhon, and Nha Trang. The rest of the coastal areas are flatlands, formed through alluvial soils deposits of Vietnam’s rivers. This process has created triangular, flat deltas, like the Red River and Mekong River. Continental and east sea climate, the northeast monsoon in winter and the southwest monsoon influence the Vietnam coastal zone in summer. It can be divided into 4 areas of distinctive climate. Going down south, the average temperature gradually increases from 230C to 260C. This assures that the coastal zone can completely meet the energy demand and provide favourable conditions for the human livelihood and the development of fauna and flora. In general, rainfall is abundant all over the country with annual rainfall exceeding 1000 mm almost everywhere. Most rainfall in the south and center occurs during the summer months when monsoon winds come in from the sea. The Mekong Delta has the longest rainy season. Vietnam coastline is more than 3260 km long and is partitioned by many large rivers. On the average, there is an estuary at every 30 km section of the coastline. This has created diverse nutrient rich ecological systems in bays, lagoons and estuaries, providing conditions for a diverse and abundant plant and animal life. Reaching the sea, the rivers create three types of characteristic landscapes:

• Deltas developing towards the sea on subsiding zones, predominantly controlled by river dynamics, where sedimentation exceeds erosion (e.g. Hong and Mekong river deltas). In the coastal region with long shore drift of sand and high-energy waves, there are feather-shaped deltas (e.g. Thu Bon, Ben Thuy or Phan Ri River deltas).

• Estuaries developing land inward, through a process predominantly controlled by sea (tide) dynamics, on subsiding zones where there is insufficient sediment and the accumulation is lower than the erosion (e.g. Bach Dang and Dong Nai estuary).

• Neutral river mouths developing in coastal areas with a seasonally alternation between the sea and rivers, in relative subsiding zones rich in sand moving along the shore (e.g. from Thanh Hoa to Binh Thuan and Vung Tau).

The sea area and coastal zone of Vietnam can be divided into three regions; the Bac Bo (Tonkin) Gulf, Central Vietnam and South Vietnam. Each region has different marine characteristics. In the

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northern and southern sea areas, the marine hydrological regime is strongly influenced by the systems of big rivers, including the Red River and the Mekong River. The tidal range decreases from Mong Cai (4.5 m) to Thuan An Mouth (0.5 m), then increased when going down south (3.8 m) and lastly gradually reduces when going towards the Gulf of Thailand (0.9 - 1.2 m). Along the coastline from Mong Cai to Thuan An, the tidal regime changes from regular diurnal to irregular diurnal, then to irregular semi-diurnal; while along the rest of the coastline, it changes from irregular diurnal to irregular semi-diurnal and finally to the regular diurnal, but with a much smaller tidal range. The average wave height increases from the north to the south (about 1 m); while it’s maximum value gradually decreases. In the northeast monsoon season, the dominating wave directions are northeast and north, with the average height within the range of 0.8 – 1 m and the maximum height of 3.5 – 4.0 m. In the southwest monsoon season, the dominating wave directions are southeast and south at the western coast of the Gulf of Tonkin, and west and southwest along the coast from Hai Van to the Gulf of Thailand. The average wave height is about 0.7 – 0.9 m and the maximum height is 3.5 m. In unusual conditions, the maximum wave height can reach up to 9 m. The current in near shore areas has a high speed, which can reach 1.0 m/s. The current direction is often parallel to the coastline, except at river estuaries. At river estuaries, lagoons and bays; the current changes its direction and speed, depending on the coastal morphology and the river current. The current speed may range within several cm/s to tens of cm/s. During floods, the current speed can reach the value of over 2.0 m/s.

2.4 Biological characteristics of the coastal zone The coastal zone of Vietnam possesses a wide variety of important marine ecosystems. These ecosystems harbour more than 11,000 species (including over 1,200 species of phyto- and zoo-plankton; 100 kinds of mangrove trees and plants; 350 species of seaweed; 400 species of corals; 2,500 species of fish and many kinds of molluscs, crustacean, and amphibians, 15 species of sea grass, and over 6,000 benthic invertebrates. Typical marine ecosystems of the coastal zones of Vietnam include river estuaries, mangrove forests, swamplands, beaches, tidal flats, lagoons, coral reefs, seaweed, and soft bed tidal flats. The area of these ecosystems has been estimated to reach about 10,960 km2. Forest ecosystem: varies from evergreen humid tropical rainforests to coniferous forests with a wide variety of animals and plants, creating a valuable biodiversity for the coastal zone. Especially some forests have been included in the list of national parks in need of special biodiversity protection.

Island ecosystem: Vietnam has more than 3000 islands, mainly concentrated in the territorial waters of Quang Ninh province and forming World Natural Heritage sites like Ha Long Bay. Some large islands, such as Cu Lao Cham (Quang Nam), Phu Quoc (Kien Giang), Con Dao and Tho Chu are characterized with many precious ecosystems and endemic species.

Mangrove forest ecosystem: this type of ecosystem develops well at the areas of river estuaries and coastal lands in the North and the South. It is very useful for limiting erosion, stabilizing floodplains, combating waves and winds, protecting the coastline, providing nutrition, habitats and nurtures for aquatic and wild animals, as well for filtering waste water and maintaining the ecological balance.

Wetland ecosystem: this is the most special ecosystem in the coastal zone of Vietnam. It includes river estuaries, mangrove forests, swamplands, tidal flats, lagoons, coral reefs, seaweed cover, and soft bed tidal flats.

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Coral reef ecosystem: the territorial waters in the Gulf of Bac Bo (Tonkin Gulf) are very rich in coral reefs, which are found the most around such large islands as Cat Ba, Bach Long Vi, Ha Long bay, Long Chau. Bach Long Vi is the place where the biggest and most beautiful coral reef of the Gulf of Bac Bo (Tonkin Gulf) is located. There are also coral reefs in the central and southern seawaters, particularly around the islands from Cu Lao Cham to Con Dao, and in the bays of Da Nang and Nha Trang. At present there are about 1,122 km2 of coral reefs, distributed widely from the North to the South and concentrated at the Central coastal water and the Paracel and Spratly archipelagos. Approximately 2,000 species of benthos, fish and other aquatic beings live in the coral reefs.

Map 2 Biological Characteristics The coral reefs are the habitats and nursery areas for aquatic animals, especially those of high economic value such as lobster, grouper, etc. In addition, coral reefs also function to protect the coastline and provide services for diving tourism.

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Sea grass ecosystem: In Vietnam, 14 species of sea grasses belonging to 4 families, 9 branches have been identified. Sea grass is mostly allocated at the coastal estuaries in the tidal areas of up to 3-6 m depth, e.g. in the territorial waters of Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Nam Dinh, Thua Thien Hue, Khanh Hoa, Da Nang, Con Dao and Phu Quoc. The seaweed ecosystem provides food for animals and plays a very important role in keeping the ecological balance and conditioning the water environment. The seaweed cover can be considered as the habitat and growing environment for many kinds of fish. It also regulates the wave energy, changes the chemical composition of sedimentation and water in the border sea, stabilizing the seabed and coastline, enriching water bodies as well as providing nurseries for aquatic animals. In the coastal zones of Vietnam there are totally 15 species of seaweed recorded with the total area of 5,583 ha. While coastal and marine ecosystems are represented in a number of Special Use Forests, comprehensive planning for a national MPA system began only a few years ago. In 2001, Nha Trang Bay was confirmed as Vietnam's first marine protected area (MPA). A national system of 17 MPAs is being proposed, including the Ha Long Bay World Heritage Site.

Map 3 Marine Protected and other conservation areas in the coastal zone

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2.5 People in the coastal zone Coastal districts of Vietnam have a population of about 18 million people, accounting for nearly one fourth of the total population of the country, while the area of the coastal districts occupies only 16% of the total area of the country.

Map 4 Population Density Though the population continues to grow in coastal provinces (43,842,100 people in 1999 and 45,875,200 in 2004), the growth rate is lower than the national average (76,325,000 in 1999 and 82,609,000 in 2004). Coastal zones are witnessing a reverse trend. The population has dropped from 20.3 million in 1999 to 19.9 million in 2004. The causes are a redefinition of districts’ administrative borders and migration to other areas. In 2004, population density was 328/km2 and is unevenly distributed: high in northern delta, central delta and Mekong delta. Furthermore, the population concentrates in coastal urban areas like coastal cities, towns and townships. In those areas with harsh climate, arid soil and unfavorable conditions in Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Ninh Thuan, Binh

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Thuan and Kien Giang, population density is much lower. Those provinces are also vulnerable to natural disasters such as floods, droughts and desertification. About 50% of major urban towns of Vietnam are located in the coastal zone. 23.1% of the population in the coastal zone is living in towns and urban areas, of which Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City have the highest percentage of urban residents. It is estimated that in 2010 the urbanisation rate in the coastal towns and cities will be in the order of 35%, increasing to over 40% in 2025.The living conditions of people in the coastal zone improved in recent years. Income and expense level per person increased. Almost all coastal communes are supplied with electricity, have a reasonable road system, schools and health care service centres. However, most of the people currently living in the coastal zone are earning for their living from agricultural production, fish catching and aquaculture (accounting for 58% in the coastal provinces). Their livelihood is mainly relying on the marine resources and they are also the most vulnerable to the sea-related natural disasters, such as storm and floods. In the coastal provinces, the unemployment rate is still high (at about 6-7%) and the working time rate is rather low (only about 72-76%). Especially, the number of qualified laborers is limited (only 7.8% of laborers are university or college graduates). Most of them are manual workers. However, these are hard-working people, who would become good owners of multi-facetedly developed coastal zones in the future as long as they are given opportunities to be trained. There are several ethnics living in the coastal zone. They all have their own cultural background, creating cultural diversity and richness, which is expressed through all dimensions of life such as culinary practice, clothing, familial relations, festivities, habits, traditions, practices, languages. Diverse ethnicity and religions in the coastal zones are on the one hand an advantage, and on the other hand, a challenge for the development process, which should be based on the principle of equity and respect of cultural characteristics of every group of people in the coastal zone. The coastal zone of Vietnam has a long-standing history and typical cultural features based on the ancient Vietnamese paddy-rice civilization, which is well harmonized with the Indian and Chinese cultures.

3 Main uses of the natural resources of Vietnam’s coastal zone The abundant natural resources of the coastal zone are the reason of its intensive inhabitation and exploitation. The following paragraphs describe main uses of the coastal zone.

3.1 Intensifying socio-economic activities The last ten years, thanks to the Doi Moi policy, the national economy of Vietnam in general and its coastal zone in particular, achieved a strong growth and development. The economic growth rate is over 7% and fairly stable. Economic development has shifted to industrialization and urbanization. In 2004, industry and construction accounted for 36.6% of the economic output; services (including tourism 39.1%; agriculture, forestry and fishery 24%.)The expected outputs for the year 2010 will be 40%; 43 %; and17% respectively–(see Figure 2).

05

1015202530354045

%

Industry-Construction

Services Agricututr-Forestry-Fishries2004 2010

Figure 2 GDP in 2004 and projected for 2010

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3.2 Ports and shipping Along the coastline, many places have ideal natural conditions for seaport development that could

contribute significantly to the marine economy of the country. At present, there are 106 large and small ports with nearly 24,000 m of quays and 10 trans-shipping zones. Total land area for storage and other activities at ports is up to 10 millions m2. There are 8 national multifunction ports, including Cai Lan, Hai Phong, Cua Lo, Da Nang, Quy Nhon, Nha Trang, Ho Chi Min City and Can Tho. According to the statistical data of 2003; the fleet of Vietnam had 880 ships with a tonnage of about 2,551,000.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1990 1995 2000 2004

Total tonnage Volume of domestic sea transport Volume of international sea transport

x 1000 T

Figure 3 Total load capacity and tonnage of Vietnam’s merchant marine fleet Due to geographic and topographic features, the inland waterway transport concentrates mainly in 2 regions: Red River and Mekong River Deltas. The passenger transport in the South accounts for 83% of passengers and 90% of passenger km. In recent years, Vietnam’s marine, inland waterway, road railway and airway transport has developed in a positive way, supporting domestic transport and trading with neighbouring countries. Infrastructure in the coastal zone is of high importance for coastal zone development.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Figure 4 Amount of commodity circulated through seaports of Vietnam It is important to note that the transport infrastructure system in remote areas is under developed, the accident rate is still high, as is the transport cost in comparison with product price, and particularly the associated environmental pollution, which has not been adequately addressed. Apart from the three focal economic zones of Vietnam, including Ha Noi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh in the North, Da Nang - Quang Nam - Quang Ngai - Dung Quat in the Central and Ho Chi Minh City - Ba Ria - Vung Tau in the South of Vietnam, industrial zones are scattered throughout the coastal provinces. These zones within or outside the economic zones are mostly concentrated in the coastal zone near river ports, seaports and in areas with good transport systems.

17

Map 5 Transport systems and routes in the coastal zone of Vietnam

3.3 Mining (Oil, gas, coal and minerals) Oil and gas are among the most important mineral resources in the coastal zone and continental shelf. Crude oil is fast becoming the most important export product of Vietnam, bringing revenue to the country and contributing to the stabilization of the national budget. The oil and gas reserves of Vietnam are fourth placed among the ASEAN countries, after Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. Distribution of oil and gas sources mainly concentrates in the southern sea and continental shelf of Vietnam. At present, crude oil is being exploited in Tiger White, Dragon, Rang Dong and Dai Hung offshore oil wells. Exploitation outputs of crude oil were more than 17.6 million tons in the year 2003 (3.05 billion m3 of gas). The objective for the year 2010 is that about 30 million tons of crude oil would be produced.

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Map 6 Mineral Resources The coal exploitation activities in the coastal provinces are concentrated in Hon Gai and Cam Pha coalmine areas of Quang Ninh province. Coal output in 2003 was 18.3 million tons. Almost all mineral deposits and building material mines are distributed in the coastal provinces, for example: Titanium mines, with the total reserve of about 5 million tons. The building materials consist of sand, glass, kaolin and clay, with the reserve of 20 million tons.

3.4 Fishing and aquaculture Fishing and aquaculture development has created permanent jobs in fishing, aquaculture and seafood processing for more than 3.4 million people, of which 484,000 people were working in fishing, 102,000 people in seafood processing and 2,146,000 people in fisheries related services. Seafood ensures to provide approximately 40% of resident's animal protein intake.

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Fisheries export is over 10% of total national export value, ranking third after crude oil and garments exports. Because Vietnam’s coast has many river mouths, lagoons, mangrove forests and bays, its potential for development of aquaculture is significant.

Map 7 Allocation of aquaculture zones Furthermore, the aquaculture sector in Vietnam is of fundamental importance for the livelihood of the coastal population, as well as for export revenues. Development of aquaculture is also seen as a condition to create jobs for the growing number of fishermen that have to turn to other kinds of employment due to overexploitation of the stocks in the coastal zone. The potential for aquaculture production in Vietnam is illustrated by the Governments intention of nearly doubling the production, to 1.1 million tons (562,000 tons in 1998) within the next decade. As the catch of fish in marine waters can sustain at the level reached in recent years, i.e. close to 1.2

20

million tons per year, the 1999-2010 master plan focuses on developing coastal zone aquaculture and farming of species that have a high export value. The goal is that additionally 2 million people shall be employed in the aquaculture sector before 2010. Hence, aquaculture development is considered important for livelihoods in coastal areas of Vietnam.

3.5 New economic zones Currently, new economic zones in Vietnam’s coastal zone are being established (such as Chu Lai, Dung Quat, Chan May-Lang Co). The coastal zone is a place, where minerals are extracted, such as oil and gas on the continental shelf and various deposits (titanium, iron and glassware sand) at coast and in the estuaries.

Map 8 Pressure from socio-economic development on the coastal zone

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3.6 Tourism Tourism has been recognized as a key industry in contributing to Vietnam's economy, and the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism was established for the sole purpose of directing and controlling this industry. Foreign investment in Vietnam's tourism industry was usually in the form of joint ventures. Total foreign investment continuously increases.

Map 9 Tourism The Vietnamese government actively encouraged foreign hotel investment in three special zones, which have great potential for the development of tourism and recreational service industry.

• Northern Tourism Area - large hotels and leisure complexes in Hanoi, Hai Phong, and Quang

Ninh; resorts along the beaches of Do Son, Bai Chay, and Ha Long, and in the mountains of Tam Dao, Ba Vi, Ninh Binh, and Sa Pa.

• Central Tourism Area - tourist facilities in Da Nang, Hue, and Quang Tri, emphasizing cultural adventure and nature-based activities.

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• Southern Tourism area - deluxe hotels and resorts in Ho Chi Minh City, Bien Hoa, Ba Ria, Vung Tau, and nearby areas, catering to the business and conference market.

Table 1. Hotel Room Needed in Vietnam by 2000 and 2010

The coastal zone of Vietnam has a great potential of tourism and adequate for developing tourism with plentiful and diverse products. The area

well-known for many clean and nice beaches and resorts with breathtaking landscapes and healthy climate. Many ancient historical and unique cultural vestiges can be found here that indicates the importance of the coastal zones.

Types of Hotels Year 2000 (Rooms) Year 2010 (Rooms)Budget Hotel 25,270 51,200 Business/Luxury Hotel 13,760 28,240 Total Room Needed 39,300 79,440

Marine and coastal landscapes have become potential targets for developing eco-tourism, combined with sea swimming, fishing, cruising, explorations in primitive forests, and tours to coastal traditional trade villages.

0

5

10

15

20Mil. visits

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Foreign visitors Domestic visitor Total

Figure 5 Increase of tourist’s number (Source: General Department of Tourism; Statistical data, 2005)

4 Threats to the coastal zone and its causes The steady increase in population of Vietnam has amplified the pressure on the coastal resources, leading to unsustainable forms of resource exploitation, increase in environmental pollution and decrease in productivity of the resources. The main threats to the sustainability of the coast and its resources are:

1. Unsustainable use of natural resources 2. Degradation of ecosystems 3. Environmental pollution 4. Natural and environmental disasters 5. Population pressure 6. Conflicts of interest between coastal stakeholders 7. Management and cooperation mechanisms in use and protection of the coastal zone

environment

4.1 Unsustainable use of natural resources On of the biggest threats to the coastal zone natural resources is the constant over-exploitation or use of destructive measures to exploit natural resources, resulting in a quickly diminishing natural resource base, thus seriously impacting to the long term economy and community livelihoods. The decline of natural resources and ecosystems is manifested by: • A decline in biological and water resources • A reduction of the ecosystems area • A declining quality of living environment in ecosystems • A steady degradation of farmland

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Declining fish reserves Fish reserves decreased from 4 million tons in 1990 to less than 3 million tons nowadays. Catching

capacity also decreased (from 0,92 ton/cv in 1990 to 0,35 ton/cv in 2002). The portion of fishes of high economic value significantly decreased. The average size of fish reduced and the species variety decreased.

050000

100000150000200000250000300000350000400000

Tons

Total production Total catching capacity Catching efficiency

Figure 6 Seafood catching over period 1991-2001 Source: Ministry of Fishery. Development master plan of fishery sector, 2000-2010

Causes The main causes leading to this decline are the increase in fish export, resulting in a yearly catch that cannot be sustained by the available stock. Furthermore illegal and destructive fishing methods like explosives, cyanic, electricity, etc. that not only reduce the sea resources but also damage the fish habitats. Water resources decline Coastal provinces are vulnerable to droughts. Though not long, severe droughts lead to lack of water for life and farming. Coastal provinces in the centre have witnessed signs of desertification and drought since last decade. However, time and extent of drought vary from place to place. Central South Delta is mostly affected by drought. Drought also gives rise to forest fire like the U Minh forest fire, which damaged 4,423 ha. The Mekong Delta is also affected by the droughts, affecting about 2 million. Furthermore 1.4 million ha is contaminated by salt intrusion. 235,000 ha of summer autumn rice suffers from water shortage. A total cost for water pumping amounts to 23 billion VNDs.

In Vam Co Dong River, the salt level reached 1.33% in Ben Luc, 76 km from the sea. In Vam Co Tay, the salt level is 1.15% in Tan An, 80 km from the sea. More seriously, the whole Ben Tre has been salt-contaminated. Hundreds of thousands of ha of fruit, coconut, sugar cane, etc., are being threatened. (MONRE, 2005) Causes Main causes for declining water resources are climate change and uncontrolled use for a wide variety of industrial, household and farmland uses. Droughts in central coast of Vietnam are a major cause of environmental degradation. Mineral resources decline Due to the large-scale economic development, the mineral resources of the coastal zone are exploited to the limit. It must however be realized that most of these resources are not renewable and can only be harvested once.

4.2 Ecosystems degradation Mangrove area The total area of mangrove forest in Vietnam in 1943 was 408,500 ha. In 1962, the area had decreased to 290,000 ha in, and by 2000, 155,290 ha were left. In the Northeast area (Quang Ninh), the mangrove area decreased from 39,400 ha to 22,969 ha due to the destruction for urbanization, industrial zone development, tourism and aquaculture in Hon Gai, Yen Hung, Tien Yen, Cam Pha.

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In the Coastal North area, it increased from 7,400 ha to 20,842 ha. In the Central Coastal area, it decreased from 14,300 ha to 3,000 ha due to the conversion of mangrove forest into agriculture, industrial and urban lands. In the Southeast Coastal area, it decreased from 65,800 ha to 26,092 ha; it is mainly occurred in the areas of Rung Sat, Bien Hoa, Can Gio, Ba Ria - Vung Tau as a result of agricultural, aquaculture, industrial and urban development. In the Southwest Coastal area, it strongly decreased from 126,000 ha to 82,387 ha due to the conversion of land into aquaculture ponds and that for construction of irrigation systems against flood and salinity penetration to the rice fields.

Mangrove forest decline since 1943

252,000

155,290

290000

408,500

0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000

Year

Area(ha)

2000

1943

1962

1982

(Sources T Paul Maurand, 1943; Rollet, 1962; IFIP, 1982; Institute of Forestry of Vietnam, 2000).

Figure 7 Mangrove Forest Decline

Although there are programs and projects on recovering/cultivation of mangrove forest in some provinces, some mangrove areas are still disappearing due to aquaculture ponds and urban development. Causes Main causes for the decline in mangrove area are the reclamation at the coast for example aquaculture, urban development and destruction of forest for other economic development purposes.

4.2.1 Coral reefs

The area of coral reefs has decreased, in some areas on more than 30%. The fast growth of some harmful species in the reefs and the degradation of coral fishes have been recorded. The hot spots of coral degradation are Hai Phong – Quang Ninh, Nha Trang, and Con Dao.

Coral quali Vietnam

Very good

Source: World Resource Institute, 2002, Reefs at risk in Southeast Asia

ty in

1% Good26%

Normal42%

Bad31%

Causes Main causes are from Hai Phong to Quang Ninh (coal extraction, chemicals used in seafood fishing, waterway transport), Nha Trang (tourist activities) and Con Dao (typhoons and higher sea water temperature).

Figure 8 Quality of corals

4.2.2 Sea grass

Sea grass areas are degraded, especially by the area reduction (6,774.5 ha (63%) lost in 2003 compared to 1997), decrease of biodiversity and reduction of its recovering capacity. the hot spots of sea grass degradation is Ha Long Bay and Tam Giang – Cau Hai Lagoon. Causes are mainly pollution related.

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4.3 Environmental pollution The problem of pollution is quite serious in most coastal areas of Vietnam.

4.3.1 Water pollution

The pollution is caused by the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture, which result in toxins in the water, killing fish and declining marine biodiversity. Increase in industrial activities (more than 10% per year) and their wastewater discharges cause heavy metal pollution. The concentration of heavy metals in the sea areas near big Vietnamese cities and industrial zones (such as Vung Tau) has a tendency to increase. Concentration of some toxic chemicals such as cadmium, cobalt, nickel, copper, arsenic and mercury in some near shore water areas exceed the standard level. Coal mining produces about 160 million tons of solid waste including soil, gravel and rock, as well as 30-60 million tons of wastewater annually, which enters the coastal zone environment. The environmental monitoring data during the past 5 years show that the coastal water in some places is polluted by suspended solids (particularly in the northern and southern Vietnam), nutrients (particularly in Mekong delta), heavy metals (such as zinc) oil and Coliform. The sediment has a sign of being polluted in some places, such as by oil in Cua Luc, Cadmium in some areas of Central Vietnam and mercury in the Southern Vietnam coastal water. At the areas of mining and mineral processing, Copper, Mercury and radioactive substances pollute marine water and sediment. The environmental pollution hot spots are Hai Phong – Quang Ninh, Da Nang – Dung Quat, Ganh Rai – Vung Tau, Rach Gia – Ha Tien and the most sensitive areas are coastal waters of Red River and Mekong River deltas. Causes The pollution is caused by the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture, which result in toxins in the water, killing fish and declining marine biodiversity. Increase in industrial activities (more than 10% per year) oil spill and their wastewater discharges cause heavy metal pollution. • Most serious pollutants are oil leakage and waste (rubbish and water) dumped into the sea. • This comes from spontaneous or unplanned socio-economic activities and the ignorance of

organizations and individuals. • At the same time, investment into infrastructure and pollution prevention remains inadequate.

4.3.2 Soil pollution

The soil degradation has been steadily increasing both in its speed and gravity. 3.2 million ha of degraded land lies in the plain and coastal land. Much of the land degradation results from both natural and socio-economic conditions and upstream deforestation. Causes Soil environment at Vietnam’s coast has been badly affected by series of problems such as leaching, erosion, degradation, poor fertility, salinisation, acidification, pollution, drought, desertification, inundation, organic reduction, landslide, erosion of river banks and sea coast, and losing soil productivity.

4.4 Natural and environmental disasters Forecast capacity, prevention and handling of natural disasters (storms, floods, erosion and aggradations) are limited due to inadequate planning (protective aforestation, dike enforcement, irrigation system) and implementation of economic development plans in coastal and even inter-land areas.

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4.5 Population pressure Population pressure is caused by industrialization and urbanization. 60% of the population and 50% of major towns are in coastal zones. Population density is much higher than the national average. Population and labor force growth is also higher while natural resources are being exhausted.

4.6 Disputes and conflict of interests Disputes and conflict of interests between sectors, agencies and individuals are growing without effective solutions in place since many sectors, agencies, localities and communities are involved in managing and exploiting the coastal resources. For example, offshore oil exploration and maritime transport have exerted negative impact on fishing activities, tourism and environmental protection in coastal zones.

4.7 Management and cooperation mechanisms The most prominent and powerful inter-sectoral mechanism in sea management in Vietnam is a combination of both executing socio-economic development policies and preservation of territorial sovereignty, defense and security of the sea and islands. At the central-level, the Steering Committee on the East Sea and Islands is chaired by a Deputy Prime Minister. The Standing Division is hosted by the Ministry of Planning and Investment and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Many localities adopt the same Steering Committee model, namely Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Da Nang, Binh Dinh, Khanh Hoa, Binh Thuan, Ho Chi Minh City, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ca Mau, Kien Giang, etc. In fact, sector management authorities have encouraged the adoption of unplanned exploitation and utilization policies of natural resources in coastal zones. Some agencies have conflicting interests. Most of sectors and coastal localities follow policies of investing in economic-technological infrastructure and services for exploitation and utilization of sea and coastal resources. Such conflicts emerge even in the planning period, demonstrated in lack of linkages between long-term and short-term interests and those between sectors and localities. Meanwhile legal framework and law enforcement are not in place to control those conflicts and disputes. Information sharing remains inadequate due to lack of monitoring and strict sanctions. All those factors testify to the fact that cooperation is not effective in managing exploitation and utilization of natural resources in coastal zones. The VNICZM project in 2002 has indicated 6 major causes of the ill management of coastal zones: • Inadequate cooperation among management agencies • Inconsistent or contradicting laws and law-enforcement regulations issued by Ministries and

agencies • Lack of information and data • Incompetent and un-qualified management staff • Limited awareness of the communities, which are overshadowed by short-term benefits and fail

to grasp long-term ones • Inadequate enforcement of legal regulations and implementation of master plans and long-term

development plans Functions and tasks related to the coastal management are given to many different sectors and agencies/organizations. Each sector focuses on its priority areas that leads to conflicts in the use of land, sea and other resources and causes threats to the sustainability of the coastal zone. In the consideration for approval of plans, the issues concerning coastal resources and environment management are not considered in balance between sectors. This leads to limitations in the implementation of the coastal development plans.

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Many regulations are of principle nature and administrative management oriented; there is a lack of regulations on technical matters. Based on its functions and tasks, each sector has to establish its own regulations. This leads to the formulation of many regulations concerning coastal resource and environment management. However, they are insufficient because the attention is not given to the integrated planning and management of common natural resources and environment. There is a lack of regulations on some specific subjects in the coastal zone, such as the aquaculture area, buffer zone, protective forest, marine tourism site, eco-tourism site and zoning for flood/inundation prevention and mitigation. There are no regulations on the planning of construction on water or the use of specific water area, no regulations on permitted, prohibited and restricted uses in planned areas. Although a large number of plans and laws at the national level cover coastal zone issues and related management arrangements, implementation and enforcement of these plans and laws is often weak. This has two main reasons: a) these plans and laws are too ambitious or inconsistent; b) the local capacity to implement the plans is weak. There is a lack of data and information for the coastal area management, particularly those on biological resources, environmental indicators and detailed satellite images. Many more types of data are still needed to support coastal zone management, which cannot be generated easily due to the lack of funds, equipment and expertise. The available data are not standardized, so it is difficult to process and use them. There is a lack of skills and knowledge on the assessment of coastal dynamics and impacts of construction activities at the coast, environmental impact assessment, planning and implementation of awareness raising activities, and development of integrated coastal management strategy and action plans. This creates constraints to making decisions on the use coastal zone and its resources. People and different organizations are often unaware of the problems and issues related to the use of the coastal zone and its resources. As a result, many activities are taken, that may threaten the sustainability of the coastal zone and its resources. Moreover, the officials also are often unaware of the issues and their causes in the coastal zone. In other words, lack of public awareness also includes a lack of awareness among officials in different authorities involved in coastal zone management. In brief, main issues on the managerial, social and legal aspects, concerning the coastal zone, can be summarised below: • On the organization/management aspect: there is no single agency executing the unified

management of the use of common resources and environment in the coastal zone.

• On the social aspect: the participation of different stakeholders is inadequate; the perception of people on the sustainable natural resources and environment management changes slowly among target group.

• On the legal and regulation aspect: the legislatives documents concerning the coastal zone are plentiful, but still inadequate.

There is a lack of a comprehensive solution and appropriate tools, facilities for effectively integrating the laws, regulations policies and plans into the real life.

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5 Establishing th orien

5.1 Guiding Principles

ICZM based

e tation fo

in Vietnam will be on the principles

oapproach that has been

rough ICZM strategies and action plans at provincial, district and ommune level, to ensure sustainable utilization and environmental protection and conservation in

and action plans Important national interests will prevail over local interest (e.g. Strategic importance, RAMSAR

• l resources should be developed in a sustainable way by MONRE

y Vietnam

gencies, state organizations, ll as international

• • or pollute neighbouring

5.

T is based on the shared vision outlined in the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (Putrajaya Declaration 12 December

t evelopment goals and views expressed in

r 2030 and objectives for 2020

utlined in the ICZM

worked out and tested by MONRE (particularly by VEPA, VNICZM Project and IMO/PEMSEA Project) and other programs or organizations. According to that approach, ICZM should be implemented th

Approach to achieve the Orientation 2030

Resourcesand

Values

Pressuresand

Threats

SHARED ORIENTATION

2030

OVERALL OBJECTIVE 2020

StrategyComponentsSC1 to SC6

Objectives

Activities

Figure 9 Approach to achieve the Orientation 2030

cthe maritime belt and coastal zone of Vietnam. Figure 9 shows the approach to be followed to achieve the shared orientation 2030. ICZM in Vietnam will be guided by the following principles: • Implementation will be done through provincial strategies •

sites) • Will be in line with the orientation 2030 and overall objective 2020

Coasta• ICZM will follow an integrated management approach as developed • All rights of all coastal stakeholders will be respected • In accordance with sustainable development strategic orientation of Vietnam • In accordance with international conventions, ratified b• In accordance with existing relevant Vietnamese laws and policies • Seek cooperation between and participation from various sectors, a

provinces, districts, NGOs, private sector and the community, as weorganizations, bilateral and multilateral donors should be secured Following ICZM approach and methodology, developed and consolidated by MONREActivities within one province or district should not cause damageprovinces or districts and their environment.

2 Shared Orientation 2030

he shared orientation for ICZM in Vietnam

2003, signed by Environment Ministers of 12 PEMSEA participating countries). It is formulated in line with chapter 4 of the Strategic Orientation for Sustainable Development in Vietnam (Vietnam Agenda 21). The shared orientation also relies on the desired outcomes on the coastal zone of Vietnam as described above. It furthermore takes into account the differen

Orientation 2030 The Coastal Zone of Vietnam developed and

anaged in a sustainable way throughmintegrated coastal zone management by2030, to preserve its role as an equitablesource for peoples’ livelihood, safety andeconomic prosperity for all present andfuture generations to come.

dAgenda 21 and different National Strategies on Socio-economic Development (2001-2010), on Comprehensive Poverty Reduction

29

and Growth (2002), on Environment Protection (to 2010) and Orientations (towards 2020), on Marine Economic Development (to 2020), on Disaster Mitigation and Management (2001 to 2020) and on National Water Resources Management (2005). The SDSEA states ” The sustainable resource systems of the Seas of East Asia are a natural heritage

cosystems and natural resources in the coastal zones of Vietnam are valuable heritages for the local

order to succeed, the orientation 2030 needs the political will and cooperation of all relevant

5.3 Desired outcomes of shared orientation

T esir s and plans of different sectors, concerning the

Marine and coastal resources, such as coral reefs, seas grass areas, mangroves, coastal protective

• aries, islands and marine ecological

• ept intact as long-term attractive places for international

•

• ds, to be prevented.

•

5.4 Overall objective 2020

The overall objective of the Vietnam ICZM Strategy is based on the belief in the shared orientation

he overall objective of the Vietnam ICZM Strategy

tal Zone, requesting all stakeholders to work

for the people of the region, a medium of access to regional and global markets, and a safeguard for a healthy food supply, livelihood, economic prosperity and harmonious co-existence for present and future generations”. Epeople as well as the whole nation and country. They provide access to domestic and international markets, ensure food supplies and livelihood for the population and revenue for the economy, and are the places for many generations to live together in peace. InDepartments and Sectors, Political and Societal Organizations, Coastal Provinces and Districts, Commune and Town PCs and last but not least the Coastal Zone Communities. It also needs the proper institutional setting of an ICZM Promotion and Support Unit within MONRE (including provincial and district units) with adequate resources (money and people) that will have the task to facilitate and coordinate the implementation of this ICZM strategy with all stakeholders involved.

he d ed outcomes can be defined from strategieuse and protection of common resources and environment in the coastal zone: •

forests, etc. to be protected and, where possible, restored.

Internationally important wetlands, such as lagoons, estuzones, to be put under sound management and developed into high biodiversity zones of continued international importance.

Natural coastal landscapes to be ktourism and local recreation. Typical cultural and historical values to be kept and maintained.

Environment to be safe for human health and ecosystems.

Substantial damages due to natural disasters, especially floo

Stable and sustainable development of economic sectors.

2030. It voices the immediate mission and essential commitment of all stakeholders involved in ICZM on how to implement the strategy up to 2020 and ultimately achieve the shared orientation in 2030. Tgives reason and function to the stakeholders to achieve effective ICZM implementation. It is focused on the different activities in the Coastal Zone that are outlined in the strategic components and its specific objectives. The overall objective is straightforward, to achieve sustainable development through integrated management of the Vietnam Coas

Objective 2020

o achieve sustainable development Tthrough integrated management of theVietnam Coastal Zone by creatinginter-sectoral, interagency and inter-governmental coordination andcooperation mechanisms.

30

together in harmony towards implementing the Vietnam ICZM Strategy 2020 and achieving the shared orientation 2030, regardless of Sectoral, Departmental, Provincial and District boundaries. The overall objective will be achieved through implementation of specific objectives as part of the

1. Ensuring the integrity of the Coastal Zone of Vietnam, through improved policies,

2. d implemented commune level

tegrated

5. lans at Provincial, District and Commune level developed and

6. and regional ICZM conventions and action plans developed, ratified and

5.5 Reporting and validity of the Strategy

T trat and covers the period 2006 –2020. The strategy

very year a report of the activities and strategy progress is sent to the appropriate National

he responsible ICZM unit regularly reports to the Government on the progress via the multi-

6 Objectives and actions up to 2020 s per objective in order to achieve the desired

6.1 Ensuring the integrity of the Coastal Zone

Presently e coastal zone, but not one of them is fully

his Strategic Component describes the actions to be taken to develop policies, needed ICZM

strategy, which can be presented as follows:

legislation and public change in ICZM perception ICZM Mechanisms at National Level developed an

3. Capacity on ICZM strengthened at national, provincial, district and4. ICZM technical tools such as integrated communication plan, coastal use zoning, in

information management system, integrated environmental monitoring programme, environmental investment and sustainable financing mechanism developed and operational throughout the Coastal Zone ICZM strategies and actions pimplemented International implemented

he S egy has been drafted as a long-term policywill be reviewed and if needed reformulated and adapted every 5 years. EGovernment level official. After every 5 years an evaluation report is prepared that critically examines the effectiveness and efficiency of the policy implementation and contains recommendations for updating or adaptation of the Strategy. Tsectoral steering and coordination committee, concerning implementation progress (detailing through Strategic Component 2; Development of ICZM mechanisms at national level).

This chapter outlines the objectives and action planoutputs mentioned in chapter 5.4. They are divided over 6 strategic components.

there are many legal documents related to thcomprehensive. Specific regulations adjusting important parts of the coastal zone are still lacking like regulations for aquaculture areas, eco-tourism and flood control. Many of the existing legal documents just stop at the level of general principle, showing preference to administrative aspects and lack specific technical instructions and linkages between sectors and activities in the zone itself. Tlegislation, and public awareness programs for ICZM. ICZM legislation would be the legal foundation and guide to ensure that ICZM policies are effectively applied in the reality of resources management, environmental management and development activities in the coastal zone.

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Strategic Component 1 Ensuring the integrity of the Coastal Zone

bjectives 1.1 evelop, approve and implement an ICZM policy for Vietnam

1.3 blic awareness and perception on ICZM for all

1.4 cific research and or studies

ctions (Obj. 1) 1.1.1 orm a multi-sectoral task force on ICZM policy development

1.1.3 of the ICZM policy by the VNG

ctions (Obj. 2) 1.2.1 onstitute an ICZM multi-Sectoral legislation task force e

1.2.3 lations defining the coastal zone in terms of land

1.2.4 the mandate, functions and

, sectors and

1.2.5 according to

1.2.6 ns for ICZM coordination, cooperation,

1.2.7 and

1.2.9 ulations defining the mechanisms of Human

1.2.10 olicy

1.2.11 ess of the ICZM legislation by the

ctions (Obj. 3) 1.3.1 ake an inventory of available PA/PR strategies and approaches

1.3.2 trategy/approach on ICZM

1.3.4 d materials on

1.3.5

Actions (Obj. 4) 1.4.1 onstitute a research/study group (with national and

r a relevant

1.4.2 entory of available Vietnam ICZM research eeded

uring national as

1.4.6 arch Program

O D

1.2 Develop a legislation on ICZM and have it approved by the Government Change the pustakeholders Carry out spe

A F

1.1.2 Make an inventory of available ICZM policies developed by different organizations, programs and/or projects Write a clear policy on ICZM

1.1.4 Facilitate the approval process A C

1.2.2 Make an inventory on all available legislation related to thcoastal zone Develop reguand marine boundaries Develop regulations on responsibilities of ministries, provincial departmentsagencies managing and utilizing the coastal zone Develop regulations on the use of the coastal zonezoning mapping Develop regulatiooperation and stakeholder involvement mechanisms Develop procedures, tools and instructions for ICZM

1.2.8 Develop criteria and procedures for ICZM monitoringevaluation Develop regResources Development and financial resources for ICZMWrite the national legislation on ICZM based on approved pand developed regulations Facilitate the approval procVNG

A Mon ICZM (national and international) Develop a national public awareness s

1.3.3 Develop guidelines for incorporation of public awareness programs in provincial strategies and action plans Develop detailed PA programs (incl. Financing) anICZM, based on existing PR/Extension materials and programs Implement the National and Provincial Programs

C

international participation) on ICZM in Vietnam undeUniversity Make an inv

1.4.3 Make an inventory of needed ICZM studies and research n 1.4.4 Develop an ICZM studies/research program

1.4.5 Develop a financial plan for the program, enswell as international financing Implement the ICZM study/rese

32

6.2 Development of I m

A f th Component 1 contribute to the im en l factor is of course who will be

al level

bjectives 2.1 mmittee

SSC) closely linked to other relevant National Steering

2.2

ZM center and working

2.3 h al level, See SC 5).2

PPC, other relevant

2.5 ing ancing

ctions (Obj. 1) 2 in e MSSC

2.1.3 G approval for MSSC constitution

ctions (Obj. 2) 2.2.1 ded technical disciplines in ICZM 2.2.2 evelop Task descriptions, responsibilities and mandate for the

2.2.4 e VNG approval for multi-disciplinary TAG constitution al advisory group

ctions (Obj. 3) PSU easibility Report (alternative 1 to 4)

2.3.3 financial resources for the

ctions (Obj. 4) s from all relevant takeholders

CZM echanisms at national level

ll o e objectives and actions mentioned under Strategic plem tation of the ICZM policy in Vietnam. But the crucia

responsible for these measures and tasks? In other words, who should develop and implement the Strategy? Strategic Component 2 describes the objectives to be achieved and actions to be taken to develop the institutions to implement ICZM (including the mandates and tasks that relate to the policy instruments) taking into account the existing Vietnam institutional set up. Strategic Component 2 Development of ICZM mechanisms at nation

O Establish and operationalise a Multi Sectoral Steering Co

(MCommittees and or National Councils Establish and operationalise a multi-disciplinary technical advisory group (TAG) linked to the ICunder MSSC Establish and operationalise an ICZM unit within MONRE (witCZMUs at loc

2.4 Develop proper horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms

between the MSSC, TAG, ICZMC,organizations, and local CZMUs. Develop a financial plan for the ICZM institutions, ensurnational as well as international fin

2.6 Develop and implement mechanisms for inter-Provincial and District coordination and cooperation

2.7 Develop mechanisms for M&E of the ICZM strategy success

A .1.1 Make an inventory of sectors and organizations that need to beth

2.1.2 Develop MSSC working modalities, responsibilities and mandate Acquire VN

2.1.4 Constitute and operationalise the multi-sectoral steering and coordination committee

A

Make an inventory of nee

DTAG

2.2.3 Identify suitable experts per discipline Acquir

2.2.5 Constitute the multi-disciplinary technic

A 2.3.1 Decide the institutional setting of the Unit based on ICZM F

2.3.2 Develop mandate functions, task descriptions and Unit program Assess and provide needed human and Unit based on ICZM PSU Feasibility Report

2.3.4 Acquire VNG approval for ICZM Promotion and Support Unit establishment

2.3.5 Establish the Center and make it operational

A 2.4.1 Establish a working group with representatives

2 In line with the Feasibility Report for the establishment of an ICZM promotion and support unit in MONRE

33

2.4.2 Assess existing horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms within existing setting

ICZM institutional set-up l

2.4.5

ctions (Obj. 5) anizational et-up based on results objective 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3

2.5.3 rs proval after 3 years

ctions (Obj. 6) nter-boundary rovincial and District conflicts

2.6.3 nd cooperation mechanisms to

ctions (Obj. 7) chemes r

g and evaluation tion

onalised for strategy success

6.3 Capacity strengthening istrict and Commune level

I ned people will be a prerequisite. This strategic component deals with actions to be taken to strengthen

gthening on ICZM at national and local level

3.13.2 evelop and implement an ICZM capacity building/HRD strategy

el

3.5 mmunity training program linked to the ICZM

rnational financing

ctions (Obj. 1) 3.1.1 3.1.2 repare a ToR and proposal for the ICZM Training Needs

2.4.3 Propose effective horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms for the new

2.4.4 Acquire approval for coordination mechanisms proposaFacilitate coordination mechanism implementation

A 2.5.1 Assess financial requirements for the new ICZM orgs

2.5.2 Propose financial plan Acquire donor financing for initial period of 5 yea

2.5.4 Acquire VNG budget ap

A 2.6.1 Make an inventory of existing and potential iP

2.6.2 Assess these existing and potential conflicts Propose improved coordination a mitigate conflicts

2.6.4 Incorporate mechanisms at appropriate organization and level

A 2.7.1 Develop monitoring and evaluation methods and planning s

2.7.2 Develop a set of indicators and criteria to provide a basis fomonitorin

2.7.3 Develop database of indicators and reporting format of evaluaresults

2.7.4 Operationalise monitoring and evaluation mechanism instituti

on ICZM at National, Provincial, D

f ICZM is to be implemented at all levels, the availability of adequate number of well-trai

the capacity of the different organizations involved in ICZM and training on academic, vocational and community level. It is important to realize, that the developed different training programs are in line with Vietnam’s existing education strategy. Strategic Component 3 Capacity stren Objectives Carry out a capacity and training needs analysis on all levels

Dand program on national, provincial, district and commune lev

3.3 Develop an Interfaculty on ICZM with international exchange possibilities

3.4 Develop a vocational training curriculum and material on ICZMDevelop a Co awareness campaigns

3.6 Develop a financial plan for the different programs, ensuring national as well as inte

A

Identify suitable HRD organizations

PAssessment (TNA)

3.1.3 Acquire donor support for TNA implementation (tender procedure)

34

3.1.4 Implement TNA

ctions (Obj. 2) ity building/Human Resources Development B/HRD) strategy workforce

3.2.3 r academic, vocational and

ctions (Obj. 3) ational universities

3.3.2 stablish a committee on ICZM education with representatives of

3.3.4 ilable project els

ctions (Obj. 4) tions, plementing ICZM related training

nce 3.4.3 se institutes a vocational

ZM

ctions (Obj. 5) atives of PC, DPC, commune, ICZM units and relevant projects

3.5.6 support for the program ining program for ICZM

ctions (Obj. 6) m for ICZM,

ased on the academic, vocational and community training

3.6.2 3.6.3 m could be financed by

3.6.5 support for the program

6.4 Development of ICZ tools and guidelines

U ne in terms of current conditions and future tr is e l point for knowledge, data and information

A 3.2.1 Establish a Capac(C

3.2.2 Develop a CB/HRD strategy based on outcome objective 3.1 Develop a CB/HRD program fo community level (including financing proposals)

3.2.4 Implement CB/HRD strategy and program

A 3.3.1 Assess current ICZM academic program at n

Erelevant universities (National and international)

3.3.3 Develop a program for ICZM interfaculty Develop Vietnam ICZM curriculum based on ava and university material for all education lev

3.3.5 Implement the academic interfaculty program

A 3.4.1 Make an inventory of vocational training instituim

3.4.2 Identify the most appropriate institute per coastal proviDevelop in close cooperation with the training program including Training of Trainers (ToT) for IC

3.4.4 Implement vocational ICZM training and ToT program

A 3.5.1 Establish a community training task force with representP

3.5.2 Make an inventory of available ICZM related training programs and material for communities

3.5.3 Develop a community training and ToT program for ICZM (including financial plan)

3.5.4 Assess which parts of the program could be financed by international donors

3.5.5 Apply for donor support Acquire VNG budget

3.4.7 Implement community tra

A3.6.1 Make a cost analysis of the overall CB/HRD progra

bprograms for the coming years Develop a financial plan for the program Assess which parts of the progra

international donors

3.6.4 Apply for donor support Acquire VNG budget

M

p to date knowledge and information on the coastal zoend ssential for ICZM. At the national level a foca

is required that supports all other agencies on all government levels as well as non-government stakeholders. This Strategic component outlines actions geared towards the development of ICZM technical tools and a focal point for ICZM reference within the ICZM unit.

35

Strategic Component 4 Development of ICZM tools and guidelines

4.1 4.2 evelop guidelines for ICZM implementation

e system f CZM specialists

Unit

ctions (Obj. 1) 4rganizations, ministries and projects

l zone 4.1.3 op a proper M&E system

vels

ctions (Obj. 2) 4.2.1 delines and tools Vietnam

4.2.3 refine ICZM guidelines and tools based on 4.2.2

ctions (Obj. 3) formation r

ears

4.3.4 IS meta-database in the ICZM Promotion and

ctions (Obj. 4) 4.4.1 tory of available knowledge systems related to ZM

on M system

4.4.4 ithin the ICZM Promotion and Support Unit

ctions (Obj. 5) specialists in Vietnam and e SEA region

4.5.3 ecialist CV database at the ICZM Center

ctions (Obj. 6) 4.6.2 evelop virtual network options for provincial websites linkage

6.5 Implementation of ICZ l

Reforms k and effective incentives to im en e what enable most people in

Objectives Develop M&E criteria and indicators for ICZM D 4.3 Develop a National ICZM GIS database 4.4 Develop a knowledge and information referenc 4.5 Set-up and maintain a database/network o 4.6 Develop a website for the ICZM Promotion and Support

A .1.1 Assess M&E criteria and indicators used by different o

4.1.2 Organize a workshop on the M&E in Vietnam’s coastaBased on the workshop outcome devel for the ICZM Promotion and Support Unit

4.1.4 Develop ICZM indicators that measure the state of the coastal zone and the effectiveness of ICZM at all le

Make an inventory of available ICZM related guiA in

4.2.2 Assess which tool and guidelines to be developed and refined Develop and

A 4.3.1 Make an inventory of available GIS systems containing ICZM in

4.3.2 Make a cost analysis of setting up and maintaining a database fothe coming y

4.3.3 Acquire financing for the GIS database Set up an ICZM G Support Unit

Make an invenA IC

4.4.2 Develop a knowledge and information reference system basedVNICZ

4.4.3 Develop a virtual network options for provincial linkages Set up the system w

4.4.5 Implement and maintain the system

A 4.5.1 Make an inventory of available CZMth

4.5.2 Contact specialists for inclusion in database Set up a CZM sp

4.5.4 Maintain database on a yearly basis A 4.6.1 Design a Vietnam ICZM website D 4.6.3 Maintain and update the website

M at provincial and district leve

at the national level can provide a sound policy frameworplem t ICZM, but interventions at provincial and district level ar

the coastal rural areas to seize opportunities and cope with the challenges posed by the sometimes-hostile marine environment.

36

It is at these levels that solutions should and can be found. So it is of the utmost importance that implementation of ICZM at provincial and district level is properly organized and managed, based

n sound national policies, directives and support. This Strategic component provides actions to

5.1 Establish Coastal Zone Management Units at Provincial and

5.2 acilitate development of proper horizontal and vertical

tions

ctions (Obj. 1) 5 ZM

5.1.2 evelop task descriptions and unit program (incl. finance and

5.1.3 its establishment

ctions (Obj. 2) ted

5.2.2 ased on the outcome of Objective 4, SG 2 assess existing

5.2.3 al and vertical coordination

5.2.4 oposal

ctions (Obj. 3) n 4 available rovincial strategies

5.3.3 provincial strategies and action plans effect

6.6 International an i

ietnam is participating in a series of international treaties related to the protection of marine and c l en e regional “Sustainable Development Strategy f So Program

bjectives 6.1 Expand international and regional cooperation on ICZM 6.2 nal action plans

j. 1) 6 SGE 6

ofacilitate and support proper ICZM implementation at the provincial and district level. Strategic Component 5 Implementation of ICZM at provincial and district level

Objectives District level and make them operational

F

coordination mechanisms between the Provincial/District CZMUs, PPC and other relevant organiza

5.3 Facilitate and guide development and implementation of strategies and action plans at local level

A .1.1 Analyze needed human and financial resources for the ICunits at provincial and district level

DHRD) Acquire VNG approval for ICZM un

5.1.4 Establish the unit and make it operational

A 5.2.1 Develop coordination mechanisms between ICZM relaprograms and/or projects

Bhorizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms Propose effective horizontmechanisms for the new provincial/district set-up Acquire approval for coordination mechanisms pr

5.2.5 Facilitate coordination mechanism implementation

A5.3.1 Develop clear guidelines and directives for the development of

provincial ICZM strategies and action plans, based op

5.3.2 Facilitate the development and implementation of the provincialstrategies and actions plans through by TAG Monitor and evaluate

d Reg onal cooperation

Voasta vironment and resources and has signed thor the uth Asian Sea”(approved by the 12 member countries of the PEMSEA Regional

on 12 December 2003 in Putrajaya, Malaysia). This strategic component outlines action on international and regional cooperation related to ICZM. Strategic Component 6 International and regional cooperation O Develop and implement regional/sub-regio Actions (Ob .1.1 Establish ICZM donor coordination committee linked to I

.1.2 Develop Mechanism (Networks) for effective coordination with ternational and regional programs on ICZM by extending the in

37

National ICZM mechanism in line with SC2

6.1.3 Effectuate participation at important international ICZM related conventions and seminars Ratify International conventions 6.1.4

ctions (Obj. 2) 6.2.1 ICZM development ub-regional action plans

6.2.3 ollow up on the implementation of SDS (PEMSEA) and other

Strategy implementation he Strategy implementation requires an effort of every relevant sector at all levels, compliance

verification and evaluation in accordance with the

Vietnam’s administration is organized along sectoral and territorial lines without taking into ity. Specialized state authorities execute sectoral e regions carry out territorial management. To unify

onsible for a specific sea-related anagement issue (e.g. Flood and Storm Control and Rescue, Sea and Island-related Activities,

anning must be integrated ICZM is a multi-sectoral management coordination mechanism to promote sustainability in

ers and environmental problems. ICZM

•

address challenges in coastal

•

A

Take initiatives on regional

6.2.2 Develop and implement regional/s

Fregional initiatives

7Twith the principles and satisfactory organization, ICZM approach.

7.1 Institutional requirements

consideration typical features of each localmanagement. Local authorities in administrativthe two dimensions, 4 levels of organization exist; Government, Provincial People’s Committees, District People’s Committees and Commune People’s Committees. Sea-related issues, mostly economic issues, are dealt with via an inter-sectoral mechanism. At each level (central, provincial and district), a Steering Committee is respmTourism, etc. Each committee is a provisional organization, developed by the general authorities to coordinate inter-sectoral activities. Those inter-sectoral organizations are established to deal with strategic and policy issues and coordinate inter-level and inter-sector activities. The effectiveness of these organizations depends on division of responsibility and authorities of the implementing agency in the Steering Committees, which act on behalf of the Government (central level) or People’s Committee to assemble relevant sides to address issues of mutual interest. In order to implement the action plan outlined in chapter 7, the establishment of an ICZM mechanism is a prerequisite, as: • The sea cannot be kept for individual use and has impact on all sectors in sea environment;

therefore different sectoral pl•

exploitation and utilization of coastal resources for socio-economic development, ecological diversity maintenance and prevention of natural disastrequires a permanent dialogue and coordination mechanism to address coastal issues, particularly to develop and implement strategic plans and action plans, to carry out training and raise the awareness of agencies to ensure a balance between socio-economic development and sustainable preservation of the environment and natural resources Attention has to be paid to existing and future interest groups, forecast demand of coastal communities and follow an integrated strategic plan to maximize resources for multi purposes. ICZM has been recognized, as the most appropriated mechanism tozones by encouraging changes in human behavior to adapt to changing socio-economic environment, to balance interests and finally achieve desired objectives An ICZM mechanism provides in-depth analysis and integrated strategic planning ensuring higher economic benefits in the long-term, as compared to individual sectoral development and planning

38

An ICZM Unit in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment should therefore be blished in line with one of the proposed alternatives of the Feasibility Report on the blishment

estaesta of an ICZM Promotion and Support Unit (draft 2006).

ncies, donors, civil society, communities and other stakeholders in order to create support, raise awareness and increase

•

ecific evaluation indicators, etc)

•

ateral support)

•

7.

to d rmonised with the s pro sks of different stakeholders:

MONRE: Act as the contacting point to disseminate and implement the contents of the Str

d support other m

ategy.

• Community: Support and actively participate in implementing the Strategy-related tasks and activities in their local areas, especially those activities relating to protection of

7.2 Immediate supportive actions

Disseminate the Strategy to relevant ministries, sectors, age•

participation

Develop a Strategy implementation plan: specifying activities proposed in the Strategy, assessing and prioritizing plans/programs/projects/tasks for short, medium and long terms (along with institutional mechanisms, organization structure, procedures, progress, budget and budget sources and sp

Allocate and attract financial sources and formulate an initial investment plan for the Strategy implementation: mainstream investments for the tasks specified in the strategy into annual and longer term investment plans: define opportunities and take the advantage of sources of assistance and international (bilateral and multil

Develop a monitoring and evaluating mechanism for the Strategy implementation: set up evaluation criteria as well as relevant process and organization arrangements

3 Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders

Different sectors, agencies, organizations, communities and other stakeholders must work together evelop and implement national action plans on ICZM, which should be ha

ector grams and action plans. Here below are the ta

• The Government: approve the Strategy, give steering guidance, coordinate and monitor the implementation of the Strategy by the ministries, sectors and provinces.

• ategy; coordinate with other ministries, sectors and PPCs of the coastal

provinces/cities to study, add and/or mainstream the tasks/activities proposed by the Strategy into the development plans of the ministries, sectors and provinces/cities.

• Concerned ministries/sectors: Mainstream the tasks/activities proposed by the Strategy into the development plans of their own; identify and implement tasks/contents relating to their ministries/sectors and corresponding to the content of the Strategy; actively participate in seeking for opportunities of environmental investments; cooperate an

inistries and sectors for joint implementation of the Strategy.

• PPCs of coastal provinces/districts/cities: Add and/or mainstream the tasks/activities proposed by the Strategy into the development plans of their provinces/districts/cities; mobilize related resources of the provinces/districts/cities, especially the community’s participation in implementation of the Str

• Research and consulting agencies: Provide knowledge, experience and consultancy to facilitate the implementation of the Strategy; make available scientific information to assist in policy making and decision making; train and improve scientific and technical knowledge for the staff and community.

• Concerned social organizations: Propagate, educate, mobilize and organize the community so that the community actively participates in implementing the tasks proposed in the Strategy and any other activities relating to the Strategy.

39

resource

7.4 Moni

7.4.1

The indicators for evaluating the integrated coastal zone management activities can be divided into 3 major groups as follows:

• Indicators of process and sustainability, helping to consider the effectiveness and agement activities

by the activities proposed in the Strategy to mitigate the degradation of resources and environmental pollution

Specificas well integrated coastal zone management in Vietnam. A proposed list of indicators is shown in Annex 2.

7.4.2 and reporting

These criteria/indicators will be considered for different milestones (one year, 2 years or 5 years) progress of completing separate

ittee, through the Program/Project Management Board,

3. Monthly, quarterly and annual progress reports

/Project Management Board

of the program/project

s and environment, information and promotion, review and supervision of the implementation of the Strategy.

toring and evaluation

Establishment of evaluation indicators

ability of sustaining integrated coastal man

• Indicators of pressure on natural resources and environment, assessing the level of contribution made

• Indicators for ecological and environmental impacts, evaluating the level of risk, quality of environment and ecosystems

indicators for each activity will be defined and used to evaluate the effect of such activity, as the whole process of implementing

Mechanism of monitoring, evaluation

The criteria/indicators should be agreed upon by the stakeholders and institutionalised before and during the implementation of the Strategy.

and compared with the baseline values to see the level andcomponents, objectives, tasks/activities as well as the entire Strategy. The ICZM Program/project Steering Commwill organize monitoring, evaluation and reporting activities on the following bases:

1. The system of evaluation criteria and indicators 2. Work plans for the ICZM tasks and activities

4. Periodical financial reports 5. Minutes of meetings by the Program/Project Steering Committee and the Program

6. Independent midterm and completion evaluation

40

8 References 1. ADB REG-5712, 1999. Sub regional TA on the Marine and Coastal Environment

Management. Final Report. 2. Agenda 21 Office of Vietnam, MPI, 2005. Action Plan for Sustainable Development of

Vietnam (Draft). 3. ATKINS, 2004. ICZM in UK: A Stocktake, Final Report. 4. Ba Ria – Vung Tau, Vietnam, 2004. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy for

BRVT Province. 5. Chua T.E., 1996. Integrated coastal management in tropical developing countries. Lessons

learned from successes and failures. MMP-EAS. Technical Report No. 4. 6. City of Belize, 2002. The Coastal Zone Management Strategy for Belize. 7. City of Cape Town, Africa, 2003. Coastal Zone Management Strategy. 8. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2000. Integrated Coastal Zone

Management Strategy for Europe. 9. Da Nang, Vietnam, 2002. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy for Da Nang City. 10. General Tourism Administration, 1996. Orientation on the marine tourism development

until 2010. 11. General Tourism Administration. Adjustment of the master plan on tourism development of

Vietnam until 2010. 12. Institute for Fisheries Economy, 2005. Master Plan on fisheries sector development for

2010 and consideration for 2020 13. MPI, 2004. Strategic Orientation for Sustainable development of Vietnam. 14. Nam Dinh, Vietnam, 2003. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy for Nam Dinh

Province. 15. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2002.

Sustaining America’s strategic framework for the Coastal Communities 16. PEMSEA, 2004. Sustainable development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia 17. Project “Technical Assistance to the Black Sea Environmental Programme”, Krasnodar,

2004. Regional Black Sea Strategy for Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 2004-2007. 18. Republic of Maldives, 2003. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy and Plan –

Maldives. 19. RNE, Sida, MONRE, 2005. VICZM Project Document (Draft). 20. State of Victoria, Victorian Coastal Council, Australia, 2002.Victorian Coastal Strategy

2002. 21. Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam, 2004. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy for T.T.

Hue Province. 22. Vice President’s Office, Dar es Salaam, The United Republic of Tanzania, 2002. National

Integrated Coastal Environment Management Strategy. 23. VINAMARINE, 2002. Master plan on marine port system development for Vietnam until

2010. 24. VINAMARINE, 2004. Master plan on marine transport development for Vietnam until

2010 and orientation for 2020. 25. VINAMARINE, 2005. Project on Participation in international convention on the

establishment of Damage Compensation Fund for oil pollution by ships (FC 92) 26. VNICZM Project/CCP, 2004. Report on ICZM Center definition study. 27. Washington, D.C. SDS/ENV, 1998. Strategy for Coastal and Marine Resources

Management in Latin America and the Caribbean; Paper No ENV-129, December 1998. 28. WB, DANIDA, NEA, 2003. Vietnam Environment Monitor 2002. 29. World Resource Institute, 2002, Reefs at risk in Southeast Asia. 30. Wright G., 2003. VNICZM Project Phase 1 Evaluation report.

41

9 Annexes

Annex 1 Administrative units of the Vietnam coastal zone

Name of districts Area (km2)

Population (2004) Province

Coastal districts

1. Vung Tau 140.1 211200 Ba Ria-Vung Tau

2. Xuyen Moc 642.2 120300 Ba Ria-Vung Tau

3. Tan Thanh 337.9 88700 Ba Ria-Vung Tau

4. Long Dien 77 110500 Ba Ria-Vung Tau

5. Dat Do 189.6 62800 Ba Ria-Vung Tau

6. Bac Lieu 175.8 131900 Bac Lieu

7. Vinh Loi 653.3 188100 Bac Lieu

8. Dong Hai 538.8 129100 Bac Lieu

9. Binh Dai 400.6 126700 Ben Tre

10. Ba Tri 355.4 192500 Ben Tre

11. Thanh Phu 411.8 130800 Ben Tre

12. Quy Nhon 216.4 239900 Binh Dinh

13. Hoai Nhon 413 209400 Binh Dinh

14. Phu My 549.4 178600 Binh Dinh

15. Phu Cat 678.5 184900 Binh Dinh

16. Tuy Phuoc 284.9 181300 Binh Dinh

17. Phan Thiet 206.5 189900 Binh Thuan

18. Tuy Phong 795 123231 Binh Thuan

19. Ham Thuan Nam 1051.8 85900 Binh Thuan

20. Ham Tan 941.5 154700 Binh Thuan

21. Bac Binh 1825.3 112000 Binh Thuan

22. U Minh 758.9 81100 Ca Mau

23. Tran Van Thoi 700.2 182300 Ca Mau

24. Dam Doi 782.1 168200 Ca Mau

25. Nam Can 532.9 70700 Ca Mau

26. Phu Tan 446 109600 Ca Mau

42

27. Ngoc Hien 743.3 77300 Ca Mau

28. Hai Chau 24.1 205100 Da Nang City

29. Thanh Khe 9.3 157900 Da Nang City

30. Son Tra 60.8 107200 Da Nang City

31. Ngu Hanh Son 36.5 47900 Da Nang City

32. Lien Chieu 83.1 68900 Da Nang City

33. Nghi Xuan 220 99400 Ha Tinh

34. Can Loc 378.2 180500 Ha Tinh

35. Thach Ha 399.5 179800 Ha Tinh

36. Cam Xuyen 635.6 153200 Ha Tinh

37. Ky Anh 1058.5 167300 Ha Tinh

38. Do Son 31 30600 Hai Phong City

39. Kien Thuy 164.3 172800 Hai Phong City

40. Tien Lang 189 149200 Hai Phong City

41. Hai An 88.4 69900 Hai Phong City

42. Can Gio 704.2 59000 Ho Chi Minh City

43. Nha Trang 250.7 331100 Khanh Hoa

44. Van Ninh 550.1 117800 Khanh Hoa

45. Ninh Hoa 1195.6 213600 Khanh Hoa

46. Cam Ranh 690.1 198100 Khanh Hoa

47. Rach Gia 97.7 188100 Kien Giang

48. Hon Dat 1019.8 136100 Kien Giang

49. Chau Thanh 277.6 130600 Kien Giang

50. An Bien 466.2 131500 Kien Giang

51. An Minh 710.5 120400 Kien Giang

52. Kien Luong 895.5 70500 Kien Giang

53. Ha Tien 88.5 36800 Kien Giang

54. Giao Thuy 232.1 194500 Nam Dinh

55. Nghia Hung 250.5 198200 Nam Dinh

56. Hai Hau 230.2 279100 Nam Dinh

57. Cua Lo 28.1 43500 Nghe An

58. Quynh Luu 607.1 341600 Nghe An

43

59. Dien Chau 304.9 278600 Nghe An

60. Nghi Loc 379.1 210100 Nghe An

61. Kim Son 207.5 163500 Ninh Binh

62. Phan Rang -Thap Cham 79.4 148200 Ninh Thuan

63. Ninh Hai 571.2 113500 Ninh Thuan

64. Ninh Phuoc 795.4 123700 Ninh Thuan

65. Song Cau 487.3 87700 Phu Yen

66. Tuy An 435.4 126400 Phu Yen

67. Tuy Hoa 896.7 247900 Phu Yen

68. Tuy Hoa 64.4 96900 Phu Yen

69. Dong Hoi 155.5 130600 Quang Binh

70. Quang Trach 612.3 192700 Quang Binh

71. Bo Trach 2123.1 164600 Quang Binh

72. Quang Ninh 1190.9 87800 Quang Binh

73. Le Thuy 1410.6 138400 Quang Binh

74. Hoi An 60.7 77300 Quang Nam

75. Dien Ban 214.3 187600 Quang Nam

76. Duy Xuyen 297.8 123300 Quang Nam

77. Thang Binh 384.8 180500 Quang Nam

78. Nui Thanh 533 135600 Quang Nam

79. Tam Ky 92 103730 Quang Nam

80. Binh Son 463.9 171500 Quang Ngai

81. Son Tinh 343.6 186400 Quang Ngai

82. Tu Nghia 227.3 167500 Quang Ngai

83. Mo Duc 212.2 135700 Quang Ngai

84. Duc Pho 381.9 142200 Quang Ngai

85. Ha Long 129.9 187500 Quang Ninh

86. Cam Pha 335.8 155800 Quang Ninh

87. Mong Cai 515 72400 Quang Ninh

88. Tien Yen 617.1 43000 Quang Ninh

89. Hoanh Bo 823.6 40000 Quang Ninh

90. Hai Ha 494.6 49500 Quang Ninh

44

91. Dam Ha 289.9 31000 Quang Ninh

92. Yen Hung 331.9 132600 Quang Ninh

93. Vinh Linh 626.4 88400 Quang Tri

94. Gio Linh 473 72100 Quang Tri

95. Trieu Phong 354.9 102700 Quang Tri

96. Hai Lang 489.4 98300 Quang Tri

97. Vinh Chau 462.6 139400 Soc Trang

98. Long Phu 455.3 171300 Soc Trang

99. Cu Lao Dung 236.1 58000 Soc Trang

100. Thai Thuy 256.8 260900 Thai Binh

101. Tien Hai 225.9 204200 Thai Binh

102. Sam Son 17.9 53739 Thanh Hoa

103. Nga Son 150.5 140500 Thanh Hoa

104. Hau Loc 141.5 171500 Thanh Hoa

105. Hoang Hoa 224.6 246000 Thanh Hoa

106. Quang Xuong 227.6 257100 Thanh Hoa

107. Tinh Gia 457.3 215900 Thanh Hoa

108. Phong Dien 953.8 99800 Thua Thien- Hue

109. Quang Dien 163.1 89900 Thua Thien- Hue

110. Huong Tra 520.9 109400 Thua Thien- Hue

111. Phu Vang 280.3 169900 Thua Thien- Hue

112. Phu Loc 728.1 143100 Thua Thien- Hue

113. Go Cong Dong 357.8 179800 Tien Giang

114. Chau Thanh 335.7 148200 Tra Vinh

115. Cau Ngang 328.7 127700 Tra Vinh

116. Duyen Hai 384.1 84000 Tra Vinh

Districts without coastlines, yet included in Vietnam coastal zone

1. Ba Ria Town 90.6 78800 Ba Ria-Vung Tau

2. Mo Cay 352 266500 Ben Tre

3. Giong Trom 311.4 182400 Ben Tre

4. Ham Thuan Bac 1282.5 147600 Binh Thuan

5. Cai Nuoc 395.1 136600 Ca Mau

45

6. Nhon Trach 410.9 105700 Dong Nai

7. Ha Tinh 56.2 77300 Ha Tinh

8. Ngo Quyen 12 170600 Hai Phong City

9. Thuy Nguyen 242.8 284400 Hai Phong City

10. Nha Be 100.4 63600 Ho Chi Minh City

11. Go Quao 424.3 134400 Kien Giang

12. Can Duoc 218.1 161900 Long An

13. Can Giuoc 209.9 154400 Long An

14. Vinh 64 215400 Nghe An

15. Uong Bi 240.4 94500 Quang Ninh

16. Ke Sach 342.9 158000 Soc Trang

17. Huong Thuy 457.3 88400 Thua Thien- Hue

18. Go Cong 32.1 51200 Tien Giang

19. Go Cong Tay 272.3 160500 Tien Giang

20. Tra Vinh 64 71100 Tra Vinh

21. Cang Long 283.2 156600 Tra Vinh

22. Cau Ke 245.8 116200 Tra Vinh

23. Tieu Can 220.1 102100 Tra Vinh

24. Tra Cu 367.3 163100 Tra Vinh

Island districts

1. Con Dao 75.2 3300 Ba Ria-Vung Tau

2. Phu Quy 16.4 21000 Binh Thuan

3. Cat Hai 323 27185 Hai Phong City

4. Bach Long Vi 4.5 202 Hai Phong City

5. Kien Hai 38.7 24800 Kien Giang

6. Phu Quoc 593.1 70200 Kien Giang

7. Ly Son 10 18100 Quang Ngai

8. Van Don 551.3 39800 Quang Ninh

9. Co To 46.2 5100 Quang Ninh

10. Con Co 2.2 400 Quang Tri

46

Annex 2 Logical framework

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

Orientation 2030 The Coastal Zone of Vietnam is developed and managed in a sustainable, environmental friendly and integrated manner by 2030, to preserve its role as an equitable source for peoples’ livelihood, safety and economic prosperity for all present and future generations to come.

Overall Objective 2020

Sustainable development through integrated management of the Vietnam Coastal Zone by creating inter-sectoral, interagency and inter-governmental coordination and cooperation mechanisms achieved

Integrity of the Coastal Zone of Vietnam ensured, through improved policies, legislation and public change in ICZM perception

Policies and legislation on ICZM approved by VG by year 20xx Public aware….

ICZM Mechanisms at National Level developed and implemented

ICZM mechanisms developed and operational by year 20xx

Capacity on ICZM strengthened at national, provincial, district and commune level

Capacity strengthened at: National level x % by 20xx Provincial level x % by 20xx District and commune level x% by 20xx

ICZM technical tools for communication, integrated planning/zoning, GIS, MIS and decision support system developed and operational throughout Coastal Zone

ICZM technical tools developed by 20xx ICZM technical tools operational by 20xx

ICZM strategies and actions plans at Provincial, District and commune level developed and implemented

x % strategies and action plans implementation by 20xx All strategies and actions plans developed and under implementation by 20xx

Outputs

International and regional ICZM conventions and action plans developed, ratified and implemented

Regional plans implemented by 20xx International conventions ratified by 20xx

x % strategies and action plans under implementation by 20xx

47

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

ICZM policy developed, approved and implemented National ICZM policy developed by 20 National ICZM policy approved by 20xx

ICZM policy document PM Decision letter no.

Multi-Sectoral task force on ICZM policy development formed Taskforce formed by date Taskforce meeting minutes Draft policy documents

Inventory of available related policies developed by different organizations, programs and or projects made

Inventory on ICZM policies ready by date Policy inventory document

Clear policy on ICZM written Policy on ICZM written by date Draft ICZM policy doc.

Activities Strategic Component 1 Ensuring the integrity of the coastal zone

ICZM policy approval process by the VNG facilitated Facilitation approval process PM Decision letter no.

Legislation on ICZM developed and approved ICZM legislation developed by 20xx ICZM legislation approved by VN in 20xx

ICZM legislation document Politburo resolution no.

ICZM multi-Sectoral legislation taskforce constituted Taskforce constituted by date Constitution letter PM Taskforce meeting minutes

Inventory of all available legislation related to Coastal Zone carried out

Inventory on coastal related legislations ready by date

Coastal legislation inventory doc.

Regulations defining the Coastal Zone in terms of land and marine boundaries developed

Regulations on CZ boundaries developed by date

Document on regulations on CZ boundaries

Regulations on the mandate, functions and responsibilities of ministries, provincial departments, sectors, agencies managing and utilizing the coastal zone developed

Regulations on mandate, functions and respon-sibilities of ministries, provincial departments, sectors, agencies developed by date

Document on regulations on mandate, functions and responsibilities

Regulations on the use of coastal Zone according to zone map developed

Regulations on CZ use developed by date Document on regulations on CZ use

Regulations for ICZM coordination, cooperation, operation and stakeholder involvement mechanisms developed

Regulations on ICZM coordination, coopera-tion, operation and stakeholder involvement developed by date

Document on regulations on ICZM coordination, cooperation, operation and stakeholder involvement

Procedures, tools and instructions for ICZM developed Procedures, tools and instructions for ICZM developed by date

Document on Procedures, tools and instructions for ICZM

Criteria and procedures for ICZM monitoring and evaluation developed

Criteria and procedures for ICZM M&E developed by date

Document on Criteria and procedures for ICZM M&E

Regulations defining the mechanisms of HRD and financial resources for ICZM developed

Regulations on HRD and financial resources for ICZM developed by date

Document on regulations on HRD & financial resources

The national legislation on ICZM based on approved policy and developed regulations written

National legislation on ICZM written by 20xx Draft National legislation on ICZM

ICZM legislation approval process by the VNG facilitated Facilitation approval process Politburo resolution no.

48

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

Public awareness and perception on ICZM changed ICZM implemented in CZ by all stakeholders by 20xx

PA surveys on ICZM Implemented action plans

Inventory of available PA/PR strategies and approaches on ICZM (national and International) made

Inventory of available PA/PR strategies and approached carried out

Inventory document on PA/PR approaches and strategies

National Public awareness strategy on ICZM developed National Public awareness strategy on ICZM developed by date

National PA strategy document

Guidelines for incorporation of Public Awareness programs in Provincial strategies and action plans developed

Guidelines for incorporation of PA programs in Provincial strategies and action plans developed by date

PA guidelines document

Detailed PA programs (included financing) and materials on ICZM, based on existing PR/Extension materials and programs developed

Proper PA programs and materials on ICZM developed by date

PA programs PA materials

National PA strategy and Provincial Programs implemented National PA strategy and Provincial Programs implemented by 20xx

National PA strategy Provincial Program implementation reports

Specific research and or studies implemented x % Specific research and or studies implemented by date or per year?

Research papers Study papers

Research/study group (with national and international participation) on IZM and coastal zone related issues in Vietnam under a relevant University constituted

Research/study group on ICZM and coastal zone related issue constituted by date

Constitution letter PM

Inventory of available Vietnam ICZM and coastal zone related research made

Inventory of available ICZM and coastal zone related research carried out by date

Inventory document on ICZM and coastal zone related issue research carried out

Inventory of needed ICZM and coastal zone related studies and research needed made

Inventory of needed ICZM and coastal zone related studies and research carried out by date

Inventory document on needed research

ICZM and coastal zone related studies/research program developed

ICZM and coastal zone related studies/research program developed by 20xx

ICZM and coastal zone related studies & research program document

Financial plan for the program, ensuring national as well as international financing developed

Financial plan developed by date Financial plan as annex of program document

The ICZM and coastal zone related study/research Program implemented

Specific research and or studies implementation starting on date?

20xx Research and study papers

49

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

MSSC closely linked to other relevant national NSCs and or NCs established and operational

Multi-Sector Steering committee established by 20xx

VGN approval letter, resolution

Inventory of sectors and organizations that need to be in the MSSC made

Inventory potential MSSC sectors and organizations carried out by date

Inventory document

MSSC working modalities, responsibilities and mandate developed

Working modalities, responsibilities and mandate MSSC developed by date

Document on working modalities, responsibilities and mandate

VNG approval for MSSC constitution acquired VGN approval for MSSC constitution acquired by date

VGN approval letter

Activities Strategic Component 2 Development of ICZM mechanisms at national level

MSSC constituted and operational MSSC constituted by date Minutes first MSSC meeting A multi-disciplinary technical advisory group linked to the

ICZM Unit and working under MSSC established and operational

TAG established by 20xx VGN approval letter, resolution

Inventory of needed technical disciplines in ICZM made Inventory needed technical disciplines carried out by date

Inventory document

Task descriptions, responsibilities, mandate for TAG developed Task descriptions, responsibilities and mandate TAG developed by date

Document on tasks, responsibilities and mandate

Suitable experts per discipline identified Suitable experts identified by date List experts VNG approval for multi-disciplinary TAG constitution

acquired VGN approval for TAG constitution acquired by date

VGN approval letter

Multi-disciplinary TAG constituted and operational TAG constituted by date Minutes first TAG meeting ICZM Promotion and Support Unit within MONRE (units

at local level, SC 5) established and operational3 ICZM Promotion and Support Unit established by 20xx

VGN approval letter, Treasury account opened

Decide the institutional setting of the Unit based on ICZM PSU Feasibility Report (alternative 1 to 4)

Institutional setting within MONRE and name of Unit decided upon by date

PM resolution

Mandate, Functions, Task descriptions and Unit program developed

Mandate, Functions, Task descriptions and Unit program developed by date

Program document for ICZM Unit

Needed Human and financial resources for the Unit assessed and provided for based on ICZM PSU Feasibility Report

Human and financial resources needs for the Unit analysed by date

HR and financial document

VNG approval for ICZM Unit establishment acquired Approval for ICZM Unit establishment acquired by date

VGN approval letter

3 In line with the Feasibility Report for the establishment of an ICZM promotion and support unit in MONRE

50

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

The Unit established and made operational Unit established and operational by 20xx First quarterly report Treasury Account and Seal

Proper horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms between the MSSC, TAG, ICZMU, PPC, other relevant organizations, and local CZMUS developed

Horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms on all levels developed by date

Coordination meeting minutes

Working group with representatives from all relevant stakeholders established

Working group on coordination established by date

Working group minutes

Existing horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms within existing setting assessed

Existing horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms assessed by date

Assessment report on existing mechanisms

Effective horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms for the new ICZM institutional set-up proposed

Effective horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms proposed by date

Document on mechanisms

Approval for coordination mechanisms proposal acquired

Approval for coordination mechanisms proposal acquired by date

PM approval letter

Coordination mechanism implementation facilitated

Facilitation coordination mechanism Coordination meeting minutes

A financial plan for the ICZM institutions, ensuring national as well as international financing developed

Financial plan developed by date Financial plan

Financial requirements for the new ICZM organizational set-up based on results objective 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 assessed

Financial requirements for the new ICZM organizational set-up assessed by date

Financial requirements assessment report

Financial plan proposed FP proposed by date Draft financial plan

Donor financing for initial period of x years acquired Donor financing for initial period of x years acquired by date

Donor financing agreement

VNG budget approval after x years acquired VNG budget approval acquired by 20xx PM resolution Mechanisms for inter-Provincial and District coordination

and cooperation developed and implemented Mechanisms developed by date Proposal on mechanism

Inventory of existing and potential inter-boundary Provincial and District conflict made

Inventory of existing and potential inter-boundary Provincial and District conflict made by date

Inventory report

Existing and potential conflicts assessed Existing and potential conflicts assessed by date

Assessment report on CZ conflicts

Improved coordination and cooperation mechanisms to mitigate conflicts proposed

Improved coordination and cooperation mechanisms to mitigate conflicts proposed by date

Proposal conflict mitigation mechanisms

Mechanisms at appropriate organization and level incorporated and operational

Mechanisms at appropriate organization and level incorporated by 20xx

PM resolution

51

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

Mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation of the ICZM Strategy success developed

Mechanisms developed by date Proposal on mechanism

Monitoring and evaluation method and planning scheme developed

Monitoring and evaluation method and planning scheme developed by date

Report on M&E method and planning

A set of indicators and criteria to provide a basis for monitoring and evaluation developed

A set of indicators and criteria to provide a basis for monitoring and evaluation developed by date

Indicators and criteria list

Database of indicators and reporting format of evaluation results developed

Database of indicators and reporting format of evaluation results developed by date

Indicator database operational Evaluation report format proposal

Monitoring and evaluation mechanism institutionalised and operational

Monitoring and evaluation mechanism institutionalised and operational by date

Cyclic procedure repeated yearly

52

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

Capacity/training needs analysis on all levels carried out Needs analysis carried out by date Needs analysis report Suitable HRD organizations identified

Suitable HRD organizations identified by date List of suitable HRD organizations

ToR and proposal for the ICZM TNA prepared ToR and proposal for the ICZM TNA prepared by date

Proposal and ToR TNA

Donor support for TNA implementation (tender procedure) acquired

Donor support for TNA implementation (tender procedure) acquired by date

Donor agreement

Activities Strategic Component 3 Capacity strengthening on ICZM at National and local level

TNA implemented TNA implemented by date TNA report ICZM capacity building/HRD strategy and program on

National, Provincial, District and Commune level developed and implemented

ICZM capacity building/HRD strategy and program developed by date and implemented by 20xx

CB/HRD strategy and program Training reports

CB/HRD strategy workforce established CB/HRD strategy workforce established by date Letter MinisterMinutes first meeting

ICZM CB/HRD strategy based on outcome objective 3.1 developed

ICZM CB/HRD strategy developed by date CB/HRD strategy

CB/HRD program and curricula for academic, vocational and community level (including financing proposals) developed

CB/HRD program for academic, vocational and community level (including financing proposals) developed by date

CB/HRD program

CB/HRD strategy and program implemented CB/HRD strategy and program implemented by date

Training reports

Vietnam ICZM curriculum based on available project and university material for all education levels developed

Vietnam ICZM curriculum developed by date Curriculum ICZM for different education levels

Interfaculty on ICZM with international exchange possibilities developed and implemented

Interfaculty on ICZM with international exchange possibilities developed by date and implemented by 20xx

Interfaculty program First student enrolments

Current ICZM academic program at national universities assessed

Current ICZM academic program at national universities assessed by date

Assessment report

Committee on ICZM education with representatives of relevant universities (National and international) established

Committee on ICZM education established by date

PM resolution

Program for ICZM interfaculty developed Program for ICZM interfaculty developed by date Interfaculty program report

Academic interfaculty program implemented Academic interfaculty program implemented by 20xx

First student enrolments

53

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

Vocational training program and material on ICZM developed

Vocational training program and material on iczm developed by date, implemented by 20xx

Training Program, material First enrolment

Inventory of vocational training institutions, implementing ICZM related training made

Inventory of vocational training institutions, made by date

Inventory report

Most appropriate institute per coastal province identified Most appropriate institute per coastal province identified by date

List of appropriate institutes

A vocational training program, including ToT for ICZM in close cooperation with these institutes developed

A vocational training program developed by date Training program ToT Program

Vocational ICZM training and ToT program implemented Vocational training program implemented 20xx First enrolment Community training program linked to the ICZM

awareness campaigns developed Community training program developed by date and implemented by 20xx

Training program First training reports

Community training taskforce with representatives of PPC, DPC, commune, ICZM units and relevant projects established

Community training taskforce with representatives established by date

PM resolution

Inventory of available ICZM related training programs and material for communities made

Inventory of available ICZM related training programs, material for communities made by date

Inventory report

Community training and ToT program for ICZM (including financial plan) developed

Community training and ToT program for ICZM (including financial plan) developed by date

Community training and ToT program document

Parts of the program to be financed by international donors assessed

Parts of the program to be financed by international donors assessed by date

Financial assessment report

Applied for donor support Applied for donor support by date Donor agreement VNG budget support for the program acquired VNG budget support acquired by date PM resolution Community training program for ICZM implemented Community training program for ICZM

implemented by date First training reports

Financial plan for the different programs, ensuring national as well as international financing developed

Financial plan for the different programs developed by date and approved by date

Financial plan PM resolution

Cost analysis of the overall CB/HRD program for ICZM, based on the academic, vocational and community training programs for the coming x years made

Cost analysis of the overall ICZM CB/HRD program for coming x years made by date

Cost analysis document

Financial plan for the program developed Financial plan developed by date Financial plan Parts of the program to be financed by international donors

assessed Parts of the program to be financed by international donors assessed by date

Donor assessment

Applied for donor support Applied for donor support by date Donor financing application VNG budget support for the program acquired VNG program budget support acquired by date PM resolution

54

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

M&E criteria and indicators for ICZM developed M&E criteria and indicators for ICZM developed by date

Document on M&E criteria and indicators

M&E criteria and indicators used by different organizations, ministries and projects assessed

M&E criteria and indicators assessed by date Assessment report

Workshop on the M&E in Vietnam’s coastal zone organised Workshop on the M&E in Vietnam’s coastal zone organised by date

Workshop report

Based on the WS outcome, a proper M&E system for the ICZM Unit developed

Based on the WS outcome, a proper M&E system for the ICZM Unit developed by date

M&E system proposal

Activities Strategic Component 4 Development of ICZM tools and guidelines

ICZM indicators that measure the state of the coastal zone and the effectiveness of ICZM at all levels developed

ICZM indicators that measure the state of the coastal zone and the effectiveness of ICZM at all levels developed by date

ICZM indicator report

Guidelines for ICZM implementation developed Guidelines for ICZM implementation developed by date

ICZM Guidelines ICZM Tools

Inventory of available ICZM related guidelines and tools in Vietnam made

Inventory of available ICZM related guidelines and tools in Vietnam made by date

Inventory report

ICZM guidelines, tools needs for development and refinement based on inventory assessed

ICZM guidelines, tools needs for development and refinement assessed by date

Assessment Report

Guidelines/tools refined and or developed Needed guidelines/tools refined and or developed by date

Developed guidelines/tools Refined guidelines/tools

National ICZM GIS database developed National ICZM GIS database developed by date

Operational ICZM GIS database

Inventory of available GIS systems containing ICZM information made

Inventory of available GIS systems containing ICZM information made by date

Inventory report

Cost analysis of setting up and maintaining a database for the coming 5 years made

Cost analysis of setting up and maintaining a database for the coming 5 years made by date

Cost analysis document

Financing for the GIS database acquired Financing for GIS database acquired by date Financial approval VNG ICZM GIS/RS database in the ICZM Unit set up ICZM GIS/RS database in the ICZM Unit set

up by date Operational ICZM GIS/RS database within Unit

Knowledge and information reference system developed Knowledge and information reference system developed by date

Operational reference system

Inventory of available ICZM knowledge systems made Inventory of available ICZM knowledge systems made by date

Inventory report on knowledge systems

Knowledge and information reference system based on VNICZM system developed

Knowledge and information reference system based on VNICZM system developed by date

Reference system plan

55

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

Virtual network options for provincial linkages developed Virtual network options for provincial linkages developed by date

Virtual network in place and operational

System within the ICZM Unit set up System within the ICZM Unit set up by date System set up in Unit System maintained and implemented System maintained and implemented by date System on line Database/network of CZM specialists set up and

maintained Database/network of CZM specialists set up by date and maintained

Database/network Network reports

Inventory of available CZM specialists in Vietnam and the SEA region made

Inventory of available CZM specialists in Vietnam and the SEA region made by date

Inventory report

Specialists for inclusion in database contacted Specialists for inclusion in database contacted by date

List of contacted and available specialists

CZM specialist CV database at the ICZM Unit set up CZM specialist CV database at the ICZM Unit set up by date

Database/network

Database maintained on a yearly basis Database maintained on a yearly basis by date Network reports A website for the ICZM Unit developed Develop a website for the ICZM Unit

developed by date and on line by date Website design and plan Website on line

Vietnam ICZM website designed Vietnam ICZM website designed by date Website design report Virtual network options for prov. websites linkage developed Virtual network options for prov. websites

linkage developed by date Provincial websites can link to national site

Website maintained and updated Website maintained and updated by date Website online

56

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

Coastal zone management units at provincial and district level established and made operational

Coastal Zone Management Units at Provincial established by date and District level and made operational by date

Approval letter CZMUs CZMU reports Meeting minutes

Needed Human and financial resources for the ICZM units at provincial and district level analysed

Needed Human and financial resources for the ICZM units at provincial and district level analysed by date

HRD/Financial analysis report

Task descriptions & unit program (& Finance HRD) developed Task descriptions & unit program (& Finance HRD) developed by date

Document on task descriptions Unit program document

VNG approval for ICZM units establishment acquired VNG approval for ICZM units establishment acquired by date

VNG approval letter

Activities Strategic Component 5 Implementation of ICZM at provincial and district level

Units established and made operational Units established and made operational by date CZMU reportsMeeting minutes

Facilitate proper horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms between the Provincial/District CZMUs, PPC and other relevant organizations developed

Proper horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms between the Provincial/District CZMUs, PPC and other relevant organizations developed by date and implemented by date

Mechanisms report Coordination meeting minutes

Coordination mechanisms between ICZM related programs and or projects developed

Coordination mechanisms between ICZM related programs and or projects developed

Document on project coordination mechanisms

Based on the outcome of Objective 4, SG 2 existing horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms assessed

Based on the outcome of Objective 4, SG 2 existing horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms assessed by date

Assessment report on existing mechanisms

Effective horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms for the new provincial/district set-up proposed

Effective horizontal and vertical coordination mechanisms for the new provincial/district set-up proposed by date

Document on proposed mechanisms

Approval for coordination mechanisms proposal acquired Approval for coordination mechanisms proposal acquired

Approval letter

Coordination mechanism implementation facilitated Coordination mechanism implementation facilitated by date

Coordination meeting minutes

57

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

Development and implementation of strategies and action plans at local level facilitated and guided

Development and implementation of strategies and action plans at local level facilitated and guided by date

Number strategies and action plans under implementation

Clear guidelines and directives for the development of provincial ICZM strategies and action plans, based on 4 available strategies developed

Clear guidelines and directives for the development of provincial ICZM strategies and action plans, based on 4 available strategies developed by date

Guidelines and Directives

Development and implementation of the provincial strategies and actions plans through TAG facilitated

Development and implementation of the provincial strategies and actions plans through TAG facilitated by date

Strategies and action plans

Provincial strategies/action plans effect monitored and evaluated

Provincial strategies/action plans effect monitored and evaluated by date

Effect monitoring reports

Intervention logic Objective Verifiable Indicators Sources and Means of Verification

Assumptions

International and regional cooperation on ICZM expanded International and regional cooperation on ICZM expanded by date

No. of conventions and regional meetings attended

ICZM donor coordination committee linked to ISGE established

ICZM donor coordination committee established by date

Coordination committee minutes

Mechanism (Networks) for effective coordination with international and regional programs on ICZM developed by extending the National ICZM mechanism in line with SC2

Mechanism for effective coordination with international and regional programs on ICZM developed by date

Document on mechanisms

Activities Strategic Component 6 International and regional cooperation

Participation at important international ICZM related conventions and seminars effectuated

Participation at important international ICZM conventions and seminars effectuated by date

Convention and seminar reports

International conventions ratified International conventions ratified by date Ratified conventions Ratified conventions implemented ICZM strategy implemented Monitoring Reports Regional/sub-regional action plans developed and

implemented Regional/sub-regional action plans developed and implemented by date

No. Plans developed No. Plans Implemented

Initiatives on regional ICZM development taken Initiatives on regional ICZM development taken by date

Number of initiatives

Regional/sub-regional action plans developed and implemented Regional/sub-regional action plans developed and implemented by date

Number of plans

Implementation follow up on regional SDS (PEMSEA) and other regional initiatives carried out

Implementation follow up on SDS and other regional initiatives carried out by date

Monitoring reports PEMSEA reports

58

Annex 3 Work plan for the development of the ICZM Strategy for Vietnam

59

Annex 4 Proposed ICZM performance indicators

Indicators for process and sustainability of ICZM

ICZM mechanism - ICZM office is established - Steering committee is established - Work plan is developed and approved - Financial and resources allocation plan developed

Mechanisms of stakeholders consultation/ public awareness & participation

- Communication plans developed and implemented - A network of communicators is established - Activities/documents on public awareness are

conducted/published Capacity building - Participation in regional and international training

courses - Participation in in-country training courses - Periodical PPC meetings, consulting and exchange

workshops among stakeholders - Meetings of core group of communicators and technical

advisory multi-sectoral working groups Information/data collection, analysis and management issues prioritization

- Environmental profile is developed - Issues/opportunities are identified and prioritized - Integrated information management systems are built

Mechanism of applying science and technology to management

- Technical advisory group is established - Scientific information about marine and coastal

resources and environmental is used to support decision making process

- Information sharing among agencies, departments and sectors is strengthened

- Integrated environmental monitoring program is developed

Strategic management plans/specific plans to solve the defined priority management issues

- ICZM strategy and Action plan are developed and approved.

- Coastal use zoning is developed and approved - Other programs/plans/activities are developed and

approved Monitoring, evaluating and reporting system

- Operational guidelines are developed and applied - Progress, outputs, milestones monitoring based on the

Work plan is carried out - Monthly, quarterly and annual progress reports are

made and submitted - Monthly financial reports are made and submitted - Meetings of PSC and PMO are organized

Integration of ICZM programs into national and local development and management programs

- National/provincial legislation recognizes ICZM as an approach to coastal zone management is adopted and approved

Laws/regulations ICZM-oriented amendments

- Number of legal documents related to ICZM implementation is approved and enforced

- Budget is allocated in order to enforce policies related to ICZM

- Communities are involved in the enforcement of ICZM related laws

60

Sustainable financial systems supporting ICZM

- Annual budgets from provincial/national governments, departments and sectors are allocated to implement ICZM

- Mechanisms to attract investments from private organizations/external financial sources are established

Involvement of multi-sectoral stakeholders in the implementation of the ICZM Strategy and action plan

- Experts and resources are involved in the implementation of the ICZM Strategy and action plan

Mechanism for creating, sharing and broadening knowledge

- ICZM is integrated into provincial/national education and training system

- Number of coastal provincial authorities acquiring experience in ICZM of the demonstration sites

Indicators of mitigating pressure in the coastal zone

Pollution mitigation - Pollutants’ concentrations - Domestic waste water - Hazardous/non-hazardous industrial wastes - Urban solid wastes - Run-off-water over urban/agricultural area - Wastes from the sea, including: boats, ships, offshore

works, aquaculture, ect. - Annual investments in environmental facilities and

services - Annual investment in cleaner production technologies

Reduction of habitats alteration/loss

- Changes in the area of significant habitats, such as mangrove forests, coral reefs, sea grass beds,…

- Number of alien species intruding in the environment Efforts in natural resources protection

- Areas designated as marine protected areas - No fishing areas (km2) - Fishing zoning and related regulation (No. of fishing

days/month) Over-/illegal fishing reduction - Annual fishing yield (million tons/year)

- Fishing capacity - number of fishing boats - Illegal fishing activities – Number of illegal fishing

cases Increasing access to clean water and hygienic

- Number of people having access to clean water

Hazards of risks at the coast reduction

- Change in Area/population of vulnerable coastal land - Annual human and property losses/damage caused by

environmental risks - Damages caused by the risks are compensated

Indicators of ecological/environmental impacts

Improved environmental quality - Indicators of environmental quality improvement can be observed visually, such as coastal sea water, beaches and others

Level of risks caused by main pollutants

- micro-organisms - nutrients - organic substances - oil - heavy metals - POP - other parameters

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Improved biodiversity - Diversity of species - Species composition - Productivity - Area (of forest coverage, mangroves, coral reefs, sea

grasses, tidal flat,…) Population growth rate of coastal communities

- Total population in the project area (persons) - Population density in the project area (number of

persons/km2) - Population in coastal urban areas (persons)

Job opportunity

- Jobs - Jobs by sector - Sectoral contribution to GDP

Women’s participation - Unemployment rate - Jobs allocation by gender

Number of poor households in coastal communities

- Percentage of poor households - Average annual incomes of households

Reduction of the impacts of multi-use conflicts

- Number of coastal areas are used by different sectors - Number of agencies, departments, sectors and

authorities using different coastal areas Risks to coastal community health

- Number of accidents related to community health caused by environmental degradation such as water related diseases, poisoned seafood, ect.

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Annex 5 National legal and policy documents related to coastal resources and environmental management I. Legal documents

1. Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 1992 2. National Law on Environmental Protection, 1993, revised in 2005 3. Law on water resource, 1998. 4. Law on Forest Protection and Development, 1991. 5. Land Law, 2003. 6. Fisheries Law, 2003. 7. Law on Petroleum, July 6, 1993 8. Vietnam's Maritime Code of June 30, 1990, adopted by the National Assembly of the Socialist

Republic of Vietnam on June 30, 1990 and effective from January 1, 1991 9. Ordinance on resources tax (modified), 1998 10. Ordinance of 28 March 1997 on Border Guards 11. Ordinance of 28 March, 1998 on Maritime Police 12. Ordinance No. 05/1998/PL-UBTVQH 10 dated 16 April, 1998 of National Assembly Permanent

Committee on the resource taxation (amended) 13. Ordinance on Protection and Development of Aquatic Resources of April 25, 1989, adopted by

the State Council on May 2, 1989 14. Decree No. 30-CP dated 29 January 1980 by the Government on the Status of foreign Vessels

Operating in Marine Areas of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 15. Decree No. 195-HDBT of June 2, 1990 of the Council of Ministers on the implementation of the

aforesaid Ordinance 16. Decree No. 242-HDBT of August 5, 1991 of the Council of Ministers stipulating the marine

scientific research on the sea areas of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam by foreign partners and means

17. Decree No. 18-HDBT of January 17, 1992 stipulating on the list of rare and precious forest fauna, flora and animal and their management and protection

18. Decree 14-CP dated March 02 1993 by the Government Enacting Provisions on the Policy to Give Loans of Farmer Households for Development of Agriculture, forest and Fishing and Rural Economy

19. Decree No. 73-CP, 25 1993 by the Government Providing Detailed Provisions on the Classification of Types of Land for Taxation of the Use of Agricultural Land

20. Decree No. 175-CP of October 18, 1994 of the Government detailing the implementation of the Law on Protection of the Environment

21. Decree No. 26-CP of April 26, 1996 of the Government promulgating the Regulation on Sanctions against Administrative Violations in the field of Protection of the environment

22. Decree No. 48-CP of August 12, 1996 of the Government promulgating the Regulation on sanctions against administrative violations in the field of protection of aquatic resources, replacing Decree No. 85-CP of November 22, 1993 of the Government promulgating the Regulation on Sanctions against Administrative Violations in the field of Management and Protection of Aquatic Resources

23. Decree No. 55-CP of October 1, 1996 of the Government on the activities of foreign warships on visit to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

24. Decree No. 84-CP of December 17, 1996 of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Petroleum of 1993

25. Decree No. 02/1998/ND-CP of 6 January 1998 detailing the implementation of the Ordinance of 28 March 1997 on Border Guards

26. Decree of Government No.18/2006/ND-CP of Feb. 10th, 2006 on dealing with cargoes on vessels which have sunk

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27. Decree of Government No.49/1998/ND-CP of July 13th, 1998 on fishing by persons and entities in the maritime zones of Vietnam.

28. Decree No. 19/98/CT-TTg of Prime Minister on the urgent measures to protect and combat forest fires

29. Circular No. 01/NN/KL/TT of MARD guiding the implementation of the Protocol No. 77/CP issued on 29 November, 1999 on the treatment of administrative violations in forest protection and management field

30. Circular No. 153/1998/TT-BTC of the Ministry of Finance dated 26 November, 1998 guiding the implementation of Protocol No. 68/1998 of the Government of Vietnam dated 3 September, 1998 on the detailed resource taxation.

31. Decision No. 129/8/2001/QD-TTg of Prime Minister dated 29 August, 2001 approving the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan for the period 2001-2010

32. Decision No. 864-TTg of Prime Minister dated 22 December 1995 approving the Biodiversity Action Plan of Vietnam

33. Decision No. 400/TTg of August 07 1993 by the Prime-Minister on Taxes on Marine Fisheries Exploitation and Exportation in Truong Sa Marine Areas

34. Decision No. 327-CT dated September 15, 1992 by Chairperson of Minister's Board, Directions and Policies on Vacant Land, Bare Mount and Hills, forests, Marine Parks and Water Surfaces

35. Decision No. 415-TTg of Prime Minister dated 10 August 1994 promulgating the regulation of organization and performance of the inspection activity in aquatic resource protection

36. Decision No. 245/98/QD-TTg of Prime Minister dated 21 December, 1998 on the fulfillment of the government management of forest and forestry land at different levels

37. Directive No. 200/TTg dated 29 April, 1996 of Prime Minister on the assurance of clean water and environmental sanitation for rural areas

38. Directive No. 478/TTg dated 30 July, 1996 of Prime Minister on the strengthening the government management of water resource

39. Directive No. 359-TTg of Prime Minister dated 29 May 1996 on the urgent measures to protect and develop wild animals

40. Directive No. 286-TTg of Prime Minister dated 2 May 1997 on the strengthening urgent measures to protect and develop forests

41. Directive of Primer Minister No. 01/1998/CT-TTg of 02 January 1998 prohibiting the use of noxious substances, explosives, ammunition and electric current for catching aquatic resources

42. Directive No. 36/CT-TW dated 25 June 1998 on strengthening the environmental protection in the industrialization - modernization period of the Country

43. MOSTE Minister's Directive No. 395/1998/QD-BKHCNMT of April 10th, 1998 on the issuance of the regulations on environmental protection in searching, exploring, developing fields, exploiting, storing, transporting, refining petroleum and other related services

44. Protocol No. 68/1998 of the Government of Vietnam dated 3 September, 1998 on the implementation of the Ordinance No. 05/1998/PL-UBTVQH 10 on the resource taxation

45. Protocol No. 179/1999/ND-CP of the Government of Vietnam dated 30 December, 1999 regulating the implementation of the Law on water resources.

46. Protocol 52/CP of the Government of Vietnam dated 8 July, 1999 on the regulations for management of investment and construction

47. Protocol No. 12/CP of the Government of Vietnam dated 5 May, 2000 on amendment of the 52/CP Protocol

48. Protocol No. 91/CP of the Government of Vietnam dated 17 August, 1994 promulgating regulations on urban planning management.

49. Protocol No. 375/CV-KG/TW of the National Instructing Committee, guiding the implementation of the 36/CT-TW Decree

II. Policy documents 1. Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, No. VIII on Socio-

economic Development Strategy, the 9th National Congress of Communist Party of Vietnam, April 2001.

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2. Directive No. 36/CT-TW of the Politburo of Vietnam on the enhancement of environmental protection during the period of industrialization and modernization, 25 June 1998.

3. National Strategy for Environmental Protection for 2010 and orientation to 2020, Feb. 2004. 4. National Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development (NPESD), 1991-2000. 5. National Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) (Approved by the Government according to Decision

No. 854/TTg; 22 December 1995). 6. National Program on Marine Protected Areas Planning (submitted by MOSTE for approval). 7. National Policy on Economic Development of Vietnam’s Renewable and Non-renewable

Marine Resources. 8. Decision No. 327-CT on 15/9/1992 on the orientation and policy for bare land green covering,

marine parks and surface water resources. 9. National Oil Spill Response Plan for the Period 2001-2010 (approved by the Government

following the Decision of Prime-Minister No. 129/2001QD -TTg on 29 August 2001). 10. Strategic Orientation for sustainable development of Vietnam. Agenda 21 Office of Vietnam,

2004. 11. Policies and master plans of relevant sectors.

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Annex 6 Important international conventions and treaties related to marine and coastal environmental protection, signed or ratified by the Vietnamese Government 1. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage, 1972 (the

World Heritage Convention).

2. Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973-1978 (MARPOL)

3. Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 (ratified by 150 countries at the UN Summit in Rio de Janeiro on environment and development).

4. Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (CLC 92)

5. Convention on the conservation of immaterial cultural values, 2003

6. Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel Convention), 1989

7. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, RAMSAR, 1971 (Amended by Paris Protocol on 3 December 1982)

8. Montreal Protocol on the ozone layer depletion, 1987 (amended in London 27-29 June 1990, Copenhagen 23-25 November, 1992 and Vienna, 5-7 December, 1995)

9. Rio De Janeiro Declaration, 1992, which was agreed at the conclusion of UNCED

10. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973 (CITES Convention)

11. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (UNCLOS -1982)

12. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992