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Detailed Lesson PlanChapter 41

Ambulance Operations and Air Medical Response145–180 minutes

Chapter 41 objectives can be found in an accompanying folder.These objectives, which form the basis of each chapter, were developed from the new Education Standards and Instructional Guidelines.

Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notes

5I. Introduction

A. During this lesson, students will learn to prepare themselves, their equipment, their medical supplies, and their vehicle for an ambulance run.

B. Case Study1. Present The Dispatch and En Route information from the chapter. 2. Discuss with students how they would proceed.

Case Study Discussion What daily actions can ensure that you

and your vehicle are ready to respond when needed?

What are your responsibilities before, during, and after an EMS call?

5II. Driving the Ambulance—Laws, Regulations, and Ordinances

A. Legal privileges in most states1. Exceed the speed limit, so long as you are not endangering lives or

property.2. Drive the wrong way down a one-way street; drive on the “wrong” side of

the road.3. Turn in any direction at any intersection.4. Park anywhere as long as you do not endanger lives or property.5. Leave the ambulance standing in the middle of a street or intersection.6. Cautiously proceed through a red light or red flashing signal.7. Pass other vehicles in no-passing zones.

B. Qualifications required by law1. Have a valid driver’s license.2. Pass an approved driving course (mandatory in most states).3. Be responding to an emergency of a serious nature.4. Use warning devices (emergency lights, horns, sirens).5. Exercise due regard for the safety of others.6. Obey any specific rules or requirements of your EMS system.

Teaching TipBe prepared to discuss local regulations, policies, and practices regarding emergency vehicle operations.

Discussion QuestionWhat are some of the privileges generally granted to emergency drivers?

25III. Driving the Ambulance—Driving Excellence

A. Basics of good driving1. Always wear a seat belt.2. Hold the steering wheel with both hands at all

Discussion Questions What are some considerations in

selecting the safest, as opposed to the quickest, route of travel to a destination?

PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE, 9TH EDITION DETAILED LESSON PLAN 41 PAGE 1

MASTER TEACHING NOTES Case Study Discussion Teaching Tips Discussion Questions Class Activities Media Links Knowledge Application Critical Thinking Discussion


Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notestimes.

3. Practice driving your ambulance until you are familiar and comfortable with its responses.

4. Recognize and respond to changes in weather and road conditions.

5. When transporting a patient, select the route best suited for safe travel.

6. Maintain a safe following distance.7. Exercise caution when using red lights and

siren.B. Maintaining control

1. Brakinga. Pump the brakes slowly and smoothly.b. Never brake on a curve.c. Rest your foot lightly on the brake when decelerating.

2. Driver distraction—Minimize as much as possible.3. Driver alone—Focus on safe operation of the vehicle.4. Fatigue—To avoid fatigue, get proper rest and nutrition before your shift.5. Railroads

a. If a long slow-moving train is blocking your path, there may be an underpass or overpass within a reasonable distance.

b. Never try to drive across tracks in front of a moving train.6. School buses

a. Always be alert for children.b. Follow state laws regarding passing of school buses.

7. Bridges and tunnelsa. Due to difficulty of passing, consider an alternate route.b. If there is no alternate route, try to get control of the situation before

entering bridge or tunnel.c. Be sure the height of the bridge or tunnel can accommodate the

height of the ambulance.8. Day of the week—Be aware that the calendar affects the amount and

flow of traffic (e.g. less urban traffic on weekends).9. Time of day—Be aware of rush hour, school zones, and industrial plant

shift changes.10. Road surface

a. Avoid potholes and bumps.b. Decrease speed on bad or unpaved roads.

What are some issues that may cause the driver to lose control of a vehicle?

What is the proper way to negotiate curves when driving?

Knowledge ApplicationStudents should be able to apply principles of safe driving, both in personal vehicles and when driving the ambulance.

Critical Thinking DiscussionIf you were a policy maker, what would you do to decrease the number of injuries and deaths from ambulance crashes?

Class ActivityIf your circumstances (location, liability issues and so on) allow, let students drive the ambulance in a vacant parking lot under the direction of an experienced emergency vehicle operator to get an idea of how an ambulance handles differently from a personal vehicle.

WeblinkGo to www.bradybooks.comand click on the mykit link for Prehospital Emergency Care, 9th edition to access a web resource on safe driving tips.


http://www.bradybooks.com/


Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notes11. Backing up—Use all resources (such as mirrors) and proceed with

caution.12. Higher speeds

a. Negotiate curves with extra care.i. Brake to the proper speed before entering a curve.

ii. Accelerate carefully and gradually as you leave a curve.iii. Keep your exit from the curve slow and steady.

b. Use a lower gear when going down a long hill.c. Always use a smooth braking motion.

13. Aggressive drivers—Exercise extreme caution and avoid.14. Escorts—Use only if you do not know how to find the hospital or the

victim.15. Intersection collisions—Causes

a. A motorist speeds up and goes through just as the light is turning red.b. Motorist does not anticipate the presence of a second emergency

vehicle.c. Vehicles may block your view of pedestrians in the crosswalk.

C. Driving in inclement weather1. Rainy or wet weather

a. Keep mirrors cleared of water.b. Avoid sudden braking and sudden moves of the steering wheel.c. Slow down when approaching a large standing puddle, and turn

on your wipers.d. If you begin to hydroplane

i. Hold the wheel steady.ii. Take your foot from the accelerator.iii. Gently pump the brake.

2. Winter drivinga. Make sure that your engine is tuned, your heater

and defroster work, and your battery is charged.b. Carry emergency weather equipment (chains,

shovel, sand, and so on).c. Equip the ambulance with studded snow tires.d. Stay aware of the temperature.e. Avoid sudden movements of the steering wheel

and sudden braking.3. Fog, mist, dust storms, smog

a. Slow down but avoid sudden deceleration.

Discussion QuestionWhat are some special considerations for driving in poor weather and at night?



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notesb. Watch the road ahead and behind for other slow-moving

cars.c. Turn on your lights (never high beams) and use your

wipers.d. Use four-way flashers

i. If you are traveling 15 miles or more below the speed limit

ii. If you pull off the road and stope. Use the defroster.f. Tap your brake pedal several times if you need to slow

down.g. Be alert for vehicles in front of you.

D. Driving at night1. Make sure that your ambulance has quartz-

halogen headlights.2. Have your headlights on whenever traveling in

an emergency.3. Keep your headlights clean and properly aimed.4. Replace burned-out bulbs immediately.5. Dim your high beams

a. 500 feet of an approaching vehicleb. 300 feet of a vehicle in front of you

6. Never stare into the high beams of another car.7. Do not flick your high beams up and down.8. Never use high beams when going into a curve.9. Keep your windshield clean.10. Keep your instrument panels dim.11. Keep your eyes moving.12. If your windshield is not getting properly cleaned

a. Replace your window-washer blades.b. Try a stronger washing solution.

13. Be sure that you are properly fed and rested before a night driving shift.

14. Be alert for intoxicated or drowsy drivers, and use extreme caution in passing.

2IV. Warning Devices—Colors and Markings

A. Federally mandated



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching NotesB. Provide quick identification by the publicC. Maximize visibility in trafficD. White with orange stripe around bodyE. Blue lettering and “Star of Life” symbol

3V. Warning Devices—Warning Lights and Emergency Lights

A. Activate at all times when responding to emergency calls.B. Use lights even when not using siren.C. Turn on headlights at all times to aid in visibility.D. Lights should cast a beam above traffic and be high enough to be visible in

the rearview mirror of the car in front.E. Use only minimal lighting in heavy fog or when you are parked.F. Use emergency lights only when needed (such as for rapid transport).

Discussion QuestionWhat are the risks and benefits of using warning devices?

Knowledge ApplicationGiven several scenarios, students should be able to select the appropriate use of warning devices on the ambulance.

5VI. Warning Devices—Using Your Siren

A. Do not assume that drivers are aware of you unless they respond to your presence.

B. Never pull directly behind a car and blast your siren.C. Be aware that the siren may cause physical and emotional stress on the

patient.D. Always let the patient know before you activate the siren.E. Be aware that the siren may unnerve you or make you tense, which in turn

can push you to drive faster and with less care than you should.F. Follow state laws and local protocol regarding siren use.

Critical Thinking DiscussionDoes siren noise pose a risk to the hearing of EMS personnel? If so, how can they minimize that risk?

5VII. Warning Devices—Using Your Air Horn

A. Avoid overuse.B. Use to clear traffic quickly when necessary.C. Use with or without siren, depending on state laws and local protocol.D. Do not sound horn when you are close to other vehicles.E. Do not assume that drivers will hear or heed the horn.

Discussion QuestionWhat are some reasons sirens and air horns may not be effective?

5VIII. Roadway Incident Scene Safety—High-Visibility Apparel

A. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / International Safety Equipment Association (ISEA) 107-2004, American National Standard for High-Visibility Safety Apparel and Headwear 1. Class 1: for workers in parking lots and other

Teaching TipDemonstrate the use of safety apparel and other items used to increase safety when working at roadway incidents.



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notesareas with traffic moving at less than 25 mph

2. Class 2: for personnel whose attention is diverted from traffic or where the traffic is moving at 25 mph or greater

3. Class 3: for personnel whose work greatly diverts their attention from traffic and where they are at serious risk from moving vehicles

B. ANSI/ISEA 207-2006, American National Standard for High-Visibility Public Safety Vests (PSVs)1. Same retro-reflective material as Class 2 vest2. Nearly the same amount of fluorescent material3. Breakaway features and specific dimensions to allow fit over gear4. Color-specific markings (law enforcement, fire, EMS)

C. On right-of-way of all federally funded highways, Code of Federal Regulations requires wearing a Class 2 or 3 of ANSI/ISEA 107-2004 or PSV (ANSI/ISEA 207-2006).

15IX. Roadway Incident Scene Safety—Safety Benchmarks

A. Do not trust approaching traffic.B. Do not turn your back on approaching traffic.C. Position the first arriving emergency vehicle to create a physical barrier

between upstream traffic and the scene.D. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment and ANSI high-visibility

vests.E. At night, turn off vision-impairing lights on emergency vehicles positioned to

oncoming traffic.F. Use other emergency vehicles to slow down and redirect traffic.G. Use advance warning signs and other traffic control measures to reduce

speed of oncoming traffic.H. Use traffic cones for traffic control.I. Assign someone to monitor oncoming traffic.J. Place your vehicle uphill and upwind from the scene to avoid potential

contamination from leaking or airborne chemical or other hazards.

Discussion Questions Wha

t steps can you take to keep yourself safer at roadway incidents?

What can cause driver distraction despite the safety measures you may take at roadway scenes?

Knowledge ApplicationGiven several scenarios, students should be able to identify and manage hazards when responding to roadway incidents.

Critical Thinking DiscussionWhat can be done to increase EMS provider safety at roadway incidents?

Class ActivityIf your circumstances (location, liability issues and so on) allow, use a vacant



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notesparking lot to provide students with scenarios in which they must set up a safe roadway response scene.

WeblinkGo to www.bradybooks.com and click on the mykit link for Prehospital Emergency Care, 9th edition to access a web resource from the National Institute for National Safety and Health about the FACE Program.

5X. Phases of an Ambulance Call—Daily Prerun Preparation

A. Ambulance maintenance benefits1. Decreased vehicle down time2. Improved response times to scenes3. Safer emergency and nonemergency responses4. Improved transport times to medical facilities5. Safer patient transport to medical facilities

B. Daily inspection of vehicleC. Ambulance equipment—Check, restock, clean, maintain, and secure as

needed.D. Personnel—Follow state laws and protocols for staffing.E. Dispatch: will provide information which you should write down:

1. Location of the call2. Nature of the call3. Name, location, and callback number of caller4. Location of patient(s) at the scene5. Number of patients and severity of problem(s)6. Any other pertinent special problems or

circumstances

Teaching TipHave students carry out all phases of an ambulance run on mock calls.

Discussion QuestionWhat are the EMT’s responsibilities in the prerun phase?

Knowledge ApplicationStudents should be able to perform their responsibilities in all phases of an EMS call.

WeblinksGo to www.bradybooks.com and click on the mykit link for Prehospital Emergency Care, 9th edition to access web resources on the American Ambulance Association and the Commission on Accreditation of Ambulance Services.

6XI. Phases of an Ambulance Call—En Route to the Scene

A. Before departure1. Check that doors are closed and secure.2. Check that external shoreline cords are

disconnected.





Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notes3. Check that jump kits are retrieved and properly

stowed.B. Fasten your seat belt and make sure that every else has done the same.C. Write down information from the dispatcher.D. Confirm the following dispatch information.

1. Location of the call2. Nature of the call3. Location of the patient(s)4. Number of patients and severity of problem5. Any other special conditions or problems6. If any other units are en route

E. Listen for status reports from other units on the scene.F. Think about what equipment you will take into the scene.G. Remain relaxed, yet focused. Be aware that less than five percent of all

ambulance runs involve life-threatening emergencies.H. Drive responsibly.I. Determine each team member’s responsibility before arriving on the scene.J. Call for advanced life support if necessary.

7XII. Phases of an Ambulance Call—At the Scene

A. Notify dispatch of arrival.B. Park in the safest place, one that will allow you to load the patient and depart.C. Perform a full 360-degree scene survey, looking for risk factors.

1. Downed electrical wires2. Leaking fuel or fluid from accident vehicle3. Smoke or fire4. Broken glass5. Trapped or ejected patients6. Mechanism of injury

D. Keep the following considerations in mind when parking.1. If another emergency vehicle is positioned to

block the scene, park in front of or behind a collision but never next to it.2. If no other emergency vehicle is present,

position to ambulance to provide a safety zone.3. Block a narrow no-parking road completely.4. Park in a driveway or on the shoulder of the road

whenever possible.5. Stay at least 100 feet from a burning vehicle.6. Stay at least 2,000 feet from a hazardous

Video ClipGo to www.bradybooks.comand click on the mykit link for Prehospital Emergency Care, 9th edition to access a video about Standard Precautions and equipment.




Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notesmaterials spill.

E. Put on approved high-visibility safety vest if you are working near a highway.F. Take necessary Standard Precautions.G. Determine whether it is safe to approach the patient.H. Call the dispatcher immediately for the following.

1. Mechanical failure occurs.2. You need backup equipment or personnel.

I. Be prepared to find that the situation has changed since the dispatcher’s call.J. Carefully observe the complete incident or scene as you approach.K. Determine the mechanism of the patient’s injury.L. Determine the total number of patients before beginning to treat anyone.M. Determine the priority of care.N. Carefully gain access to patient(s) in a crashed motor vehicle and extricate

him safely.O. Splint and immobilize injured extremities before moving the patient unless he

is unstable and needs immediate transport.P. Carefully remove the patient from any wreckage and move him to the

ambulance.Q. Transfer the patient to the ambulance.

7XIII. Phases of an Ambulance Call—En Route to the Receiving Facility

A. Before you leave the scene1. Ensure that all hazards have been controlled.2. Pick up and dispose of equipment properly.3. Turn the scene over to the appropriate agency

(police, fire, and so on) if required.B. Make sure the patient is settled and securely strapped to the cot; reassure

him and tell him where you are going.C. Driver should check the unit, making sure that doors, equipment, and

supplies are secure.D. All personnel in the unit should be seated and wearing seat belts.E. Determine the need for lights and siren during transport.F. Begin reassessment and conduct at intervals.

1. 15 minutes for a stable patient2. Five minutes for an unstable patient

G. Notify dispatch that you are en route.H. Check any patient interventions, oxygen flow, dressings, and splints.I. If a relative or friend accompanies the patient

1. Allow him in the patient compartment only if

Discussion QuestionWhat are the EMT’s responsibilities en route to, during, and when transporting patients from calls?



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notesa. Local protocols permitb. He is under emotional control.

2. Keep in mind that it is often helpful to have a parent accompany a juvenile patient.

3. Provide adequate safety restraint, including for children.

4. Use a car seat to transport a child under 40 pounds, unless the child is immobilized on a backboard.

5. Always follow local protocol. J. Focus on the patient: reassuring him, speaking gently, listening, answering

honestly, and providing explanation as needed.K. Drive prudently.L. Keep the driver informed of the patient’s condition, especially if driving

(bumps or speed) is affecting patient.M. Notify the receiving medical facility as soon as the patient’s condition permits.N. Continue to reassess the patient’s condition and notify the receiving facility if

that condition deteriorates.

5XIV.Phases of an Ambulance Call—At the Receiving Facility

A. Notify dispatch of your arrival.B. Make the official transfer of care to appropriate health care provider at the

facility.C. Transfer all patient records and information to appropriate emergency

department personnel.D. Give emergency department personnel a complete oral report at the patient’s

bedside.1. Introduce the patient by name, if you know it.2. Repeat the patient’s chief complaint.3. Provide vital signs taken en route.4. Report any history not given previously.5. Report any additional treatment you provided.

E. Assist emergency department personnel to lift and move patient if requested.F. Make sure that patient’s personal effects or valuables are transferred with

him.G. Exchange linens, spine boards, and other equipment that must stay at the

hospital.H. Complete the prehospital care report before you leave.I. Ask hospital personnel if you are needed to transport the patient home or to

another facility.



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notes

5XV. Phases of an Ambulance Call—En Route to the Station or Response

AreaA. At the hospital, clean and inspect your ambulance, equipment, and supplies.

1. Follow your agency’s biohazard disposal procedures.2. Dispose of any contaminated linen.3. Disinfect any reusable patient care equipment.4. If necessary, go “out of service” and return to the station to complete

these steps.B. Wash your hands.C. Radio the dispatcher that you are returning.D. Buckle your seat belt and drive carefully to your station or response area.E. Refuel your vehicle according to local protocol.

5XVI. Phases of an Ambulance Call—Post Run

A. Guidelines1. Fill out and file all required reports.2. Check fuel tank and refill when necessary.3. Complete an inventory of equipment and

supplies; replace, clean, and disinfect as needed.4. Change soiled uniforms.5. Notify dispatch that you are in service.

B. Infection control procedures1. Dispose of sharps (needles, blades, and so on)

in clearly labeled, puncture-resistant containers.2. Wash hands: soap and water when available,

otherwise with waterless antiseptic hand cleaner.3. Clean, disinfect, or sterilize contaminated

equipment.a. Clean up visible spills of blood or other bodily fluids.b. Disinfect reusable patient care equipment.

i. Low-level disinfection—Routine housekeeping on surfaces such as floors and countertops when there are no visible bodily fluids and when tuberculosis is not suspected

ii. Intermediate-level disinfection—Surfaces that come into contact with intact skin (stethoscope, splint, and so on)

iii. High-level disinfection—Reusable instruments that come into contact with mucous membranes (laryngoscopes,

Discussion QuestionWhat are the EMT’s responsibilities in the post-run phase?



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notesblades, and so on)

iv. Sterilization—Equipment that will be used invasively4. Launder soiled clothing and linens.

a. Handle as little as possible and wear gloves.b. Bag in clearly marked biohazard bags.c. Wash in normal laundry cycles with regular

detergent.d. Launder according to label instructions.

5. Dispose of infectious wastes—Place in labeled and sealed biohazard bags and follow local protocol.

5XVII. Air Medical Transport—When to Request Air Medical Transport

A. Operational guidelines1. The patient needs transport to a distant trauma

center or other special care facility.2. A high-priority patient is entrapped, and a

prolonged extrication is expected.3. Time of transport is critical, and air transport will

clearly save time.4. The patient is in a remote area that cannot be

reached by ground vehicles.5. Ground ambulance transport is blocked.6. The air crew possesses special medical skills,

supplies, or equipment not available to the ground crew.B. Medical guidelines

1. Acute stroke2. Head injury with altered mental status and signs

of herniation3. Chest or abdominal trauma with sings of

respiratory distress or shock4. Serious mechanism of injury with unstable

primary assessment findings or unstable vital signs5. Penetrating injury to body cavity with unstable

primary assessment findings

Teaching Tips Arra

nge for a safety demonstration by an air medical transport service.

Discuss local policies and protocols related to air medical transport.

Discussion QuestionWhat are the considerations in determining whether air medical transport is appropriate?

Knowledge ApplicationStudents should be able to evaluate criteria for considering air medical transport.

5XVIII. Air Medical Transport—Requesting Air Medical Transport

A. Follow all local guidelines and policies.B. Provide the following information:

WeblinkGo to www.bradybooks.com




Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notes1. Your name2. Department name3. Call-back number4. Nature of the incident5. Exact location of the incident (with landmarks or

GPS coordinates if possible)6. Radio frequency you use7. Exact location of the landing zone and surrounding

hazards

and click on the mykit link for Prehospital Emergency Care, 9th edition to access a web resource on air medical services.

5XIX. Air Medical Transport—Additional Considerations for Air Medical

TransportA. Weather/environmental limitationsB. Altitude limitationsC. Airspeed limitationsD. Aircraft cabin sizeE. TerrainF. Cost G. Patient preparation

Critical Thinking DiscussionWhat are some disadvantages to using air medical transport?

5XX. Air Medical Transport—Setting Up a Landing Zone

A. Make sure the landing area is clear of obstructions.B. If the landing site is a divided highway, stop traffic in both directions.C. Consider the wind direction.D. Mark each corner of the landing with a visible marker.E. Put a fifth marker on the upwind side to designate wind direction.F. Have the area wet down if conditions are severely dry.G. Keep the patient and crew clear of the air downwash.H. Assign one person to guide the pilot in.I. Give primary care to the patient and follow the pilot’s instructions relating to

the craft’s operation.J. Be extremely cautious of the rotor-blades.K. Never approach a helicopter until the pilot indicates that it is safe.L. Secure all loose items.M. Do not smoke within 50 feet of the aircraft.N. If the helicopter has to land on a slope, always approach it from the downhill

side.O. Never point spotlights up at a helicopter on its final approach at night.



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching NotesP. If possible, arrange a rendezvous with the helicopter at a predesignated

helipad specifically designed for helicopter landings.

10XXI. Security and Safety—Operational Security Measures

A. Personnel1. At the start of each shift, conduct a security briefing regarding any

possible threats to EMS crew or service.2. Inform EMS crew members to allow their best participation.

B. Vehicle1. All EMS vehicles must be tracked at all times.2. Never leave EMS vehicle running or unattended

with keys in ignition.C. Tracking of vehicle access

1. Secure all off-service vehicles at stations or other locations.

2. Conduct random and routine vehicle audits.3. Keep a comprehensive key log to account for

keys to vehicles, restricted stations, and restricted areas.4. Enforce security measures when the EMS

vehicle is off the EMS premises for repairs.5. Remove or destroy all identifying EMS markings

from any vehicle that is sold, unless sold to another EMS organization.D. Uniforms and identification items

1. Safeguard EMS patches and ID cards from unauthorized personnel.

2. Ensure that ID cards and badges are counterfeit resistant and include a photo.

3. Uniform stores—Sell only to EMS personnel with valid photo ID or other valid credentials.

Knowledge ApplicationStudents should be able to apply basic safety and security measures to prevent unauthorized use of ambulances and to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.

10XXII. Security and Safety—Carbon Monoxide in Ambulances

A. Sources1. Ambulance exhaust gases2. Supplemental gasoline or liquid-petroleum-gas-powered

equipment3. Exhaust gases of vehicles parked next to or traveling by

the ambulance4. Greater outside air pressure

Teaching TipDiscuss local policies relating to security and prevention of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Discussion Questions What are the signs and

symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching NotesB. Symptoms

1. Yawning2. Dizziness3. Dimmed vision4. Headache5. Irregular heart rhythm6. Nausea or vomiting7. Seizures and coma followed by death (if

exposure is extended or if there are high concentrations)C. Treatment—Remove patient from ambulance and adminster

oxygen by nonrebreather mask.D. Prevention

1. Frequent engine tune-ups2. Adequate exhaust system3. Keeping rear windows shut4. Keeping doors tightly shut5. Covering any opening to the outside6. Not using ventilation exhaust fans or static roof

vents7. Running heater or air conditioner8. Not using supplemental gasoline or liquid-

petroleum-gas-powered equipment inside the ambulance

What measures can you take to decrease your risk of carbon monoxide poisoning?

10XXIII.Follow-Up

A. Answer student questions. B. Case Study Follow-Up

1. Review the case study from the beginning of the chapter.2. Remind students of some of the answers that were given to the

discussion questions.3. Ask students if they would respond the same way after discussing the

chapter material. Follow up with questions to determine why students would or would not change their answers.

C. Follow-Up Assignments1. Review Chapter 41 Summary.2. Complete Chapter 41 In Review questions. 3. Complete Chapter 41 Critical Thinking.

D. Assessments

Case Study Follow-Up Discussion How could things have turned out

differently if the EMTs had not fulfilled their obligations in the prerun phase?

How do your post-run activities affect the care of patients cared for by the next shift?

Class ActivityAlternatively, assign each question to a group of students and give them several minutes to generate answers to present to the rest of the class for discussion.



Minutes Content Outline Master Teaching Notes1. Handouts2. Chapter 41 quiz

Teaching Tips Answers to In Review and Critical

Thinking questions are in the appendix. Advise students to review the questions again as they study the chapter.

The Instructor’s Resource Package contains handouts that assess student learning and reinforce important information in each chapter. This can be found under mykit at www.bradybooks.com.


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