IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION

Dr. AJEE KURUVILLADr. AJEE KURUVILLA

Anthropometry- Anthropometry- BertillonageBertillonage Habitual Criminals Register- Great Habitual Criminals Register- Great

BritainBritain 1882- Anthropometry introduced by 1882- Anthropometry introduced by

Alphonse Bertillon Alphonse Bertillon Based on measurements of – total Based on measurements of – total

height, span of arms, ht. of trunk, height, span of arms, ht. of trunk, length & width of head, length & width length & width of head, length & width of right ear, length of left foot, left of right ear, length of left foot, left middle & ring finger, left forearmmiddle & ring finger, left forearm

1888- Dept of Judicial Identity1888- Dept of Judicial Identity Probability- 1 in 4 millionProbability- 1 in 4 million

Evolution of finger Evolution of finger print as identification print as identification tooltool 1820- Prof Johann Purkinje1820- Prof Johann Purkinje 1860- William Herschel1860- William Herschel Same period- Dr Henry Faulds reported Same period- Dr Henry Faulds reported

in 1880in 1880 1891- Francis Galton published paper 1891- Francis Galton published paper

on classification of finger printson classification of finger prints Edward Henry-simple classificationEdward Henry-simple classification 1914- Alphonse Bertillon died a 1914- Alphonse Bertillon died a

shattered manshattered man

FINGER FINGER PRINTSPRINTS

Fingerprint / Fingerprint / Dactylography / Dactylography / DermatoglyphicsDermatoglyphics DactylographyDactylography is the process of is the process of

taking impressions of the pulp of taking impressions of the pulp of fingers and thumbs on an fingers and thumbs on an unglazed white paper and unglazed white paper and examining them with a examining them with a magnifying lens.magnifying lens.

PrinciplePrinciple

Fingers covered with characteristic Fingers covered with characteristic ridges – permanent & uniqueridges – permanent & unique

Different even in twinsDifferent even in twins Locard’s principle of exchangeLocard’s principle of exchange

When 2 objects come in contact When 2 objects come in contact with each other, there will be with each other, there will be always a mutual transference of always a mutual transference of material from each othermaterial from each other

ArchesArches

LoopsLoops

Whorl & Mixed Whorl & Mixed (Composite)(Composite)

ClassificationClassification

4 basic fingerprint patterns: 4 basic fingerprint patterns: Loop – 65 %Loop – 65 %Whorl – 25 %Whorl – 25 %Arch – 7 %Arch – 7 %Composite (Mixed) – 3 %Composite (Mixed) – 3 %

Arches :Arches : plain arches or tented arches. plain arches or tented arches. Loops :Loops : radial or ulnar, depending on the side of radial or ulnar, depending on the side of

the hand the tail points towards. the hand the tail points towards. Composites:Composites: central pocket loop, double loop, central pocket loop, double loop,

accidentals accidentals

Points for comparisonPoints for comparison

Presence of center [core] and triangle [delta] Presence of center [core] and triangle [delta] in the printin the print

Presence of pores [poroscopy] Presence of pores [poroscopy] Minutae of ridges- ridge ending, bifurcation, Minutae of ridges- ridge ending, bifurcation,

spur formation, dots, lakes, broken ridge, spur formation, dots, lakes, broken ridge, short ridge etcshort ridge etc

16 -20 points of fine comparison are accepted as proof of identity

Recording of Recording of fingerprintsfingerprints Plain impression:Plain impression: Gentle pressing of inked Gentle pressing of inked

surface of tip of finger / thumb on the papersurface of tip of finger / thumb on the paper Rolled impression:Rolled impression: Rolling the inked finger / Rolling the inked finger /

thumb from side to sidethumb from side to side In criminals:In criminals: Impressions of all the digits of Impressions of all the digits of

both the hands are taken & preserved by both the hands are taken & preserved by police for future identificationpolice for future identification

In dead body:In dead body: dried finger tips (soaked in an alkaline dried finger tips (soaked in an alkaline solution); solution); if skin peeled off (dermis or peeled-off skin if skin peeled off (dermis or peeled-off skin hardened by formalin)hardened by formalin)

Latent print:Although the word latent means Although the word latent means hidden or hidden or invisibleinvisible, in forensic science the term latent , in forensic science the term latent prints means any prints means any chance or accidental chance or accidental impressionimpression on a surface, regardless of whether on a surface, regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the time of depositionit is visible or invisible at the time of deposition

Plastic print: A finger or palm impression deposited in a A finger or palm impression deposited in a material that retains the shape of the ridge material that retains the shape of the ridge detaildetail..Example: Soft matrrials like wax, soap, clay, Example: Soft matrrials like wax, soap, clay, etc.etc.

Visible printVisible print : impression on blood, paint, dust, dye which impression on blood, paint, dust, dye which can be recorded by photographycan be recorded by photography

PoroscopyPoroscopy

Study of pores of sweat glands in Study of pores of sweat glands in the papillary ridges of epidermisthe papillary ridges of epidermis

Number of pores, their size, Number of pores, their size, shape & site in a given length of a shape & site in a given length of a ridge - individualisticridge - individualistic

Foot printsFoot prints

Study of impressions of footStudy of impressions of foot

Comparison of DermatoglyphicsComparison of Dermatoglyphics

Measurements of partsMeasurements of parts

Stature = max foot length/ 0.15Stature = max foot length/ 0.15

Walking foot printWalking foot print

Recorded by photographs / castsRecorded by photographs / casts

ScarsScars

Acquired defectAcquired defect Result of repair mechanismResult of repair mechanism Covered by epitheliumCovered by epithelium Devoid of pigmentation, sweat Devoid of pigmentation, sweat

glands, hair folliclesglands, hair follicles MLI: identification, nature of injury, MLI: identification, nature of injury,

causative agent, age of scarcausative agent, age of scar

CheiloscopyCheiloscopy

Study of lip printsStudy of lip prints

Linear Linear

BifurcateBifurcate

ReticularReticular

Undetermined Undetermined

24 individual characteristics24 individual characteristics

RugoscopyRugoscopy

Study of palatal rugaeStudy of palatal rugae

Protected from TraumaProtected from Trauma

IndividualIndividual

Do not change during growthDo not change during growth Harrison Allen (1889)Harrison Allen (1889) Primary rugae, secondary rugae, Primary rugae, secondary rugae,

fragmented rugaefragmented rugae

Forensic Odontology Forensic Odontology (Forensic Dentistry)(Forensic Dentistry) Identification: Comparing antemortem Identification: Comparing antemortem

(AM) & postmortem (PM) records(AM) & postmortem (PM) records burnt,mutilated, decomposing remainsburnt,mutilated, decomposing remains Estimation of ageEstimation of age Race, occupation, sexRace, occupation, sex Bite marksBite marks Diagnosis of poisoningDiagnosis of poisoning

6. The finger print system 6. The finger print system

(dactylography) (dactylography) was devised by was devised by

a) H.H. Asquith . a) H.H. Asquith .

b) Francis Galton. b) Francis Galton.

c) Alphonse Bertillonc) Alphonse Bertillon

d) Edward Henry d) Edward Henry

8. The term “latent fingerprint” refers 8. The term “latent fingerprint” refers

to to

a) Invisible fingerprint on any surface a) Invisible fingerprint on any surface that that requires developing . requires developing .

b) Visible fingerprinting made on soft b) Visible fingerprinting made on soft surface surface

c) Visible print made by finger c) Visible print made by finger

contaminated contaminated with blood, paint etc. with blood, paint etc.

d) all the above d) all the above

9. One of the following is NOT a type 9. One of the following is NOT a type

of of fingerprintfingerprint

a) Circle . a) Circle .

b) Loopb) Loop

c) Arch c) Arch

d) Whorld) Whorl

10.10. For positive identification by For positive identification by

comparing comparing fingerprints, the fingerprints, the

minimum number of minimum number of points points

of similarity of minutiae is of similarity of minutiae is

a) 4-5 a) 4-5

b) 6-10b) 6-10

c) 11-15 c) 11-15

d) 16-20d) 16-20

11.11. Fingerprint impressions left by Fingerprint impressions left by

fingers contaminated by blood or fingers contaminated by blood or

paint at a scene of crime are paint at a scene of crime are

referred to as referred to as

a) Visible prints. a) Visible prints.

b) Latent prints. b) Latent prints.

c) Plastic prints. c) Plastic prints.

d) Chance prints.. d) Chance prints..

12.12. Fingerprint impressions left on Fingerprint impressions left on

soft substance such as wax or clay soft substance such as wax or clay

at a scene of crime are at a scene of crime are

a) Visible prints. a) Visible prints.

b) Latent prints. b) Latent prints.

c) Plastic prints. c) Plastic prints.

d) Chance prints.. d) Chance prints..

13.13. Of all the patterns of Of all the patterns of

fingerprints, the commonest fingerprints, the commonest

pattern is pattern is

a) Archa) Arch

b) Loop. b) Loop.

c) Whorl. c) Whorl.

d) Composite d) Composite

14.14. Cheiloscopy is the study of Cheiloscopy is the study of

a) Epidermal ridges. a) Epidermal ridges.

b) Palatal rugae. b) Palatal rugae.

c) Skull sutures. c) Skull sutures.

d) Lip prints . d) Lip prints .

15.15. The study of epidermal ridges The study of epidermal ridges

and their configuration is referred and their configuration is referred

to as to as

a) Dactylography . a) Dactylography .

b) Dermatoglyphics. b) Dermatoglyphics.

c) Anthropometry. c) Anthropometry.

d) Rugoscopy . d) Rugoscopy .

16.16. All the following are types of lip All the following are types of lip

prints EXCEPT prints EXCEPT

a) Linear. a) Linear.

b) Bifurcate. b) Bifurcate.

c) Reticular. c) Reticular.

d) Fragmented. d) Fragmented.

17.17. Bertillion system is applicable Bertillion system is applicable

to : to :

a) Adults. a) Adults.

b) Children . b) Children .

c) Infants. c) Infants.

d) All of them. d) All of them.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU