identification resources for tortricidae - caps resource and

Identification resources for Tortricidae Taxonomic Workshop for Early Detection of Important Tortricidae and Other Lepidopteran Agricultural and Silvicultural Pests

UMass Amherst 15-17 July 2013

Todd M. Gilligan, Ph.D. Colorado State University Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management 1177 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA [email protected] / [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

General Lepidoptera Common, I. F. B. 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press. 353 pp. Grimaldi, D. & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press. 755

pp. Kristensen, N. P. (ed.) 1999. Handbook of Zoology: Vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 35,

Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Vol. 1. Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. W. de Gruyter, Berlin. 491 pp.

Kristensen, N. P. (ed.) 2003. Handbook of Zoology: Vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 36, Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Vol. 2. Morphology, physiology, and development. W. de Gruyter, Berlin. 564 pp.

Scoble, M. J. 1992. The Lepidoptera: form function and diversity. Oxford University Press. 404 pp.

Stehr, F. W. 1987. Immature insects, Volume I. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa. 754 pp. Zhang, B.-C. 1994. Index of economically important Lepidoptera. CAB International,

Wallingford, UK. 599 pp.

Lepidopteran phylogenetics Mutanen, M., N. Wahlberg & L. Kaila. 2010. Comprehensive gene and taxon coverage

elucidates radiation patterns in moths and butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0392.

Regier, J. C., et al. 2009. Toward reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular study. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 280. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-280.

van Nieukerken, E., et al. 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 212–221.

Tortricidae – books and papers Bradley, J. D., W. G. Tremewan and A. Smith. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, Cochylidae and

Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London. 251 pp.

Bradley, J. D., W. G. Tremewan and A. Smith. 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. 336 pp.

Brown, J. W. 2005. World catalogue of insects. Volume 5: Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books. 741 pp.

Brown, R. L. 1987. Tortricidae (Tortricoidea), pp. 419-433. In: F. W. Stehr (ed.), Immature Insects. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa.

Diakonoff, A. 1973. The South Asiatic Olethreutini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 1. 699 pp.

Gilligan, T. M., D. J. Wright and L. D. Gibson. 2008. Olethreutine moths of the midwestern United States, an identification guide. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio. 334 pp.

Horak, M. 1984. Assessment of taxonomically significant structures in Tortricinae (Lep., Tortricidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 57: 3-64.

Horak, M. 1999. Tortricoidea, pp. 199-215. In Kristensen, N. (ed.), Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. Handbook of Zoology 4 (35), Arthropoda: Insecta. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & New York.

Horak, M. 2006. Olethreutine moths of Australia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera, Vol. 10. 522 pp.

Horak, M. and R. L. Brown. 1991. 1.2 Taxonomy and phylogeny, pp. 23-48. In: van der Geest, L. P. S. and H. H. Evenhuis (eds.), Tortricid pests, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam.

Tortricidae – books and papers Komai, F. 1999. A taxonomic review of the genus Grapholita and allied genera (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae) in the Palaearctic region. Entomol. Scand. Suppl. 55: 1-226.

MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist Supplement 10. 338 pp.

MacKay, M. R. 1962. Larvae of the North American Tortricinae (Lepidoptera: Tortricinae). Canadian Entomologist Supplement 28. 182 pp.

Powell, J. A. 1964. Biological and taxonomic studies on tortricine moths, with reference to the species in California. University of California Publications in Entomology 32. 317 pp.

Powell, J. A. and J. W. Brown. 2012. The moths of North America north of Mexico. Fascicle 8.1. Sparganothini and Atteriini. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. 230 pp.

Razowski, J. 2002. Tortricidae of Europe, Vol. 1, Tortricinae and Chlidanotinae. Frantisek Slamka, Slovakia. 247 pp.

Razowski, J. 2003. Tortricidae of Europe, Vol. 2, Olethreutinae. Frantisek Slamka, Slovakia. 301 pp.

Regier, J. C., J. W. Brown, C. Mitter, J. Baixeras, S. Cho, M. P. Cummings and A. Zwick. 2012. A molecular phylogeny for the leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its implications for classification and life history evolution. PLoS ONE. 7: e35574. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035574.

Swatschek, B. 1958. Die larval systematik der wickler (Tortricidae and Carposinidae) aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Erlangen. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 269 pp. [Abhandlungen zur larvalsystematik Insekten 3.]

van der Geest, L. P. S. and H. H. Evenhuis. 1991. Tortricid Pests: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 808 pp.

Tortricidae – electronic http://www.tortricid.net ◦ T@RTS: Online world catalogue of the Tortricidae

◦ Food plant database for the leafrollers of the world (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

◦ Tortricid literature library

◦ 1,500 type specimen photographs

Gilligan, T. M. and M. E. Epstein. 2009. LBAM ID: Tools for diagnosing light brown apple moth and related western U.S. leafrollers (Tortricidae: Archipini) [CD-ROM]. USDA-APHIS.

Gilligan, T. M. and M. E. Epstein. 2012. Tortricids of agricultural importance (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). [CD-ROM]. USDA-APHIS. ◦ http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/index.html

Moth photographers group (http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu)

http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/index.html

Using interactive identification (Lucid) keys

Interactive identification keys – TortAI

Tortricids of Agricultural Importance (TortAI) USDA-sponsored, three year project (2009-2012) Identification resources are needed for Tortricidae ◦ Port intercepts (primarily nonindigenous species) ◦ Domestic/CAPS surveys (primarily native species)

Identification resources are needed at different levels ◦ Federal, State, Local levels ◦ General identifiers versus specialists

Identification resources should utilize modern tools ◦ Interactive keys ◦ Molecular tools ◦ Web technologies


Goals of TortAI Create interactive identification keys for adults and

larvae Develop and enhance molecular databases for

identification use Identify and verify tortricid larvae captured at ports

of entry Make information available via websites and

CDROM Formally publish any systematic/taxonomic work Collaborate and communicate with tortricid workers

worldwide


CAPS (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey) Adult Key

Identified primary/secondary CAPS targets (previous slide) Identified common non-targets encountered during surveys Total 104 taxa Key: 37 chars, 195 states Port-interception Larval Key Identified species most commonly intercepted at U. S. ports

of entry Consulted USDA PestID, USDA/SEL, OPIS, etc. Total 55 taxa Key: 44 chars, 218 states


Benefits of matrix-based keys Results are not based on success in navigating proceeding

couplets Users can start anywhere in the key Users can only score characters which they know or can

observe Keys are interactive; users can view results and correct

mistakes Easier to create/test/troubleshoot

Easy to incorporate illustrations Possible to incorporate other types of data (origin/hosts) Easy to link to fact sheets, additional information

Tortricids of Agricultural Importance (TortAI)

(Couplet 22 from MacKay 1959)

Using Lucid keys

Achyra occidentalis

Using Lucid keys


We will discuss molecular identification tools later in the week…

identification resources for tortricidae - caps resource and

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