identity & acculturation fall 20101. culture & identity: three views fall 20102 each...
TRANSCRIPT
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Identity & Acculturation
Fall 2010 1
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Culture & Identity: Three Views
Fall 2010 2
Each focuses on different aspect of who we are & how we are defined by ourselves & others
1. Ethnic Identity
2. Racial Identity
3. Situational Identity
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Ethnic ≠ Minority
Fall 2010 3
Ethnic:
Minority:
Thus, there are… Non-ethnic minorities
Ethnocultural groups who are not minority
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Example: Castro & Rice (2003) 59 Asian American, 65 African American, 65
White American students
Measures: Perfectionism (MPS) Depression (CES-D) GPA
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Castro & Rice (2003): Results Asian Americans significantly more
perfectionist than White American students
Asian Americans significantly higher GPA than other groups
Depression: no significant differences
Conclusion: Asian Americans should regulate problematic perfectionist tendencies
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Culture & Identity: Three Views
Fall 2010 6
Each focuses on different aspect of who we are & how we are defined by ourselves & others
1. Ethnic Identity
2. Racial Identity
3. Situational Identity
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Ethnic Identity: A Cultural Perspective
Fall 2010 7
At group level, reflects cultural heritage & for some ethnic groups, oppression, or reaction to discrimination
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Ethnic Identity Development: 3 Phases
Fall 2010 8
1. Unexamined ethnic identity
2. An encounter
3. Resolution
Fluidity Between Stages
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Ethnic Identity vs Racial Identity
Fall 2010 9
Ethnic identity
Racial identity
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Racial Identity (Janet Helms)
Fall 2010 10
Premise: we live in a racially discriminatory society
Salient because people of color are socialized in a racially oppressive environment
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Racial Models for People of Color
Fall 2010 11
1. Pre-encounter2. Encounter3. Emersion/Immersion4. Integration: Developing capacity to question
societal racial beliefs about one’s own self5. Commitment: Internalizing a personality that
affirms racial identity as positive
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Microaggressions
Verbal, non-verbal, and/or visual racially based actions, behaviors, & environmental indignities (e.g., contextual and/or institutional racial slights)
Often perpetuated by well-meaning individuals that ultimately invalidate the experiences of people of color (Russel, 1998; Solorzano, Ceja, & Yosso, 2000; Sue, et al., 2007; Sue, et al., 2008)
Fall 2010 12
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Fall 2010 13
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Effects of Microaggressions
Perceptions of Racial
Microaggression
Psychology Well-Being
Linked w/ more feelings of isolation & alienation (Wing, 2007)
Drug Use
Fall 2010 14
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Situational Identity (Joseph Trimble)
Fall 2010 15
Identity is situational
Different situations bring out different aspects of who we see ourselves as being
Traveling
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Acculturation
Fall 2010 16
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Acculturation
Fall 2010 17
“phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact with subsequent changes in the original pattern of either or both groups” (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936)
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Waves of U.S. Immigration
Fall 2010 18
Potato Famine Years (1840’s – 1860’s)
Ellis Island Years (Early 1900’s)
1975 – present (Fall of Saigon) Today’s anti-immigrant sentiments also found in
prior waves
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Types of Immigrants
Fall 2010 19
Immigrants Legal Immigrants Undocumented
Refugees justified fear of persecution/risk of life in home
country
*Family reunification for immigrants & refugees
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Reasons for Migration
Fall 2010 20
Economic
Refugees
Ideological
“Tied Movers”
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Theories of Acculturation Process
Fall 2010 21
From Melting Pot to Salad Bowl What does this mean?
Early Theories:
2 Alternative Models
Native Host
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John Berry’s Biculturalism Model
Fall 2010 22
Answering 2 questions:
1. Do I want to maintain my own culture?
2. Do I want to maintain relations with the other group? (mainstream or dominant culture)
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John Berry’s Biculturalism Model
LowLow HighHigh
HighHigh Separatist Bicultural
LowLow Marginal Assimilated
Fall 2010 23
Cu
lture
of
Ori
gin
Host Culture
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Practice Question Upon coming to the U.S., Mikhail changed his
name to Michael, ceased speaking his native Russian and spoke only English, and adopted what he believed to be the values and attitudes of his new country. What acculturative strategy is this?
a. assimilationb. separationc. biculturalismd. marginalization
Fall 2010 24
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Language, Identity & Behavior Scale (LIB; Birman & Trickett, 2001)
Fall 2010 25
Language Identity
Behavior
• Occurs differently depending on life domains, developmental stage, context
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5 Key Concepts
Fall 2010 26
1. Bicultural Competence
2. Segmented Assimilation
3. Acculturative Stress
4. Acculturation Gap
5. Culture Broker Role
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(1) Bicultural Competence
Fall 2010 27
Strong cultural identity
Strong individual identity
Code Switching
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(2) Segmented Assimilation(Portes & Rumbaut)
Fall 2010 28
People assimilate to specific local context not broader host culture
Ex: Somali Bantu children speaking Spanish
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(3) Acculturative Stress
Fall 2010 29
Stress resulting from acculturation process
Example of acculturative domains where stress occurs for adolescents:
Language Discrimination in school/community Own culture peers American peers Family
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4) Acculturation Gap
Fall 2010 30
Generational differences in acculturation process & speed
Generational Differences Behavior Language Identity Values
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Acculturation of Children & Parents
Fall 2010 31
Time in U.S.
U.S
. A
ccult
ura
tion parents
children
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Consequences of Acculturation Gap: Family Processes
Fall 2010 32
Children less likely to see parents as authority
Parents cannot offer advice or supervise child’s development at school & with peers
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Consequences of Acculturation Gap: Outcomes for Children
Fall 2010 33
Positive Sense of Contribution to Family
Negative Family Disagreements/Conflict Interrupted Adolescence
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(5) Culture Broker Role
Fall 2010 34
Children fulfilling family functions because of acculturation gap
Translating/Interpreting Answering Phone Making/attending doctor appointments Translating at school in conferences Tax Returns Signing excuses to miss school
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“Best” way to acculturate?
Fall 2010 35
Assimilation?
Biculturalism?
Strong sense of ethnic identity?
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No best way to acculturate
Fall 2010 36
Depends on Group & Context
Latino/Vietnamese youth— American acculturation related to bad outcomes Retention of culture of origin to better outcomes
Former Soviet Refugee youth— American Acculturation related to good outcomes Retention of culture of origin—depends on
domain