identity & acculturation fall 20101. culture & identity: three views fall 20102 each...
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Identity & Acculturation
Fall 2010 1
Culture & Identity: Three Views
Fall 2010 2
Each focuses on different aspect of who we are & how we are defined by ourselves & others
1. Ethnic Identity
2. Racial Identity
3. Situational Identity
Ethnic ≠ Minority
Fall 2010 3
Ethnic:
Minority:
Thus, there are… Non-ethnic minorities
Ethnocultural groups who are not minority
Example: Castro & Rice (2003) 59 Asian American, 65 African American, 65
White American students
Measures: Perfectionism (MPS) Depression (CES-D) GPA
Castro & Rice (2003): Results Asian Americans significantly more
perfectionist than White American students
Asian Americans significantly higher GPA than other groups
Depression: no significant differences
Conclusion: Asian Americans should regulate problematic perfectionist tendencies
Culture & Identity: Three Views
Fall 2010 6
Each focuses on different aspect of who we are & how we are defined by ourselves & others
1. Ethnic Identity
2. Racial Identity
3. Situational Identity
Ethnic Identity: A Cultural Perspective
Fall 2010 7
At group level, reflects cultural heritage & for some ethnic groups, oppression, or reaction to discrimination
Ethnic Identity Development: 3 Phases
Fall 2010 8
1. Unexamined ethnic identity
2. An encounter
3. Resolution
Fluidity Between Stages
Ethnic Identity vs Racial Identity
Fall 2010 9
Ethnic identity
Racial identity
Racial Identity (Janet Helms)
Fall 2010 10
Premise: we live in a racially discriminatory society
Salient because people of color are socialized in a racially oppressive environment
Racial Models for People of Color
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1. Pre-encounter2. Encounter3. Emersion/Immersion4. Integration: Developing capacity to question
societal racial beliefs about one’s own self5. Commitment: Internalizing a personality that
affirms racial identity as positive
Microaggressions
Verbal, non-verbal, and/or visual racially based actions, behaviors, & environmental indignities (e.g., contextual and/or institutional racial slights)
Often perpetuated by well-meaning individuals that ultimately invalidate the experiences of people of color (Russel, 1998; Solorzano, Ceja, & Yosso, 2000; Sue, et al., 2007; Sue, et al., 2008)
Fall 2010 12
Fall 2010 13
Effects of Microaggressions
Perceptions of Racial
Microaggression
Psychology Well-Being
Linked w/ more feelings of isolation & alienation (Wing, 2007)
Drug Use
Fall 2010 14
Situational Identity (Joseph Trimble)
Fall 2010 15
Identity is situational
Different situations bring out different aspects of who we see ourselves as being
Traveling
Acculturation
Fall 2010 16
Acculturation
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“phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact with subsequent changes in the original pattern of either or both groups” (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936)
Waves of U.S. Immigration
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Potato Famine Years (1840’s – 1860’s)
Ellis Island Years (Early 1900’s)
1975 – present (Fall of Saigon) Today’s anti-immigrant sentiments also found in
prior waves
Types of Immigrants
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Immigrants Legal Immigrants Undocumented
Refugees justified fear of persecution/risk of life in home
country
*Family reunification for immigrants & refugees
Reasons for Migration
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Economic
Refugees
Ideological
“Tied Movers”
Theories of Acculturation Process
Fall 2010 21
From Melting Pot to Salad Bowl What does this mean?
Early Theories:
2 Alternative Models
Native Host
John Berry’s Biculturalism Model
Fall 2010 22
Answering 2 questions:
1. Do I want to maintain my own culture?
2. Do I want to maintain relations with the other group? (mainstream or dominant culture)
John Berry’s Biculturalism Model
LowLow HighHigh
HighHigh Separatist Bicultural
LowLow Marginal Assimilated
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Cu
lture
of
Ori
gin
Host Culture
Practice Question Upon coming to the U.S., Mikhail changed his
name to Michael, ceased speaking his native Russian and spoke only English, and adopted what he believed to be the values and attitudes of his new country. What acculturative strategy is this?
a. assimilationb. separationc. biculturalismd. marginalization
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Language, Identity & Behavior Scale (LIB; Birman & Trickett, 2001)
Fall 2010 25
Language Identity
Behavior
• Occurs differently depending on life domains, developmental stage, context
5 Key Concepts
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1. Bicultural Competence
2. Segmented Assimilation
3. Acculturative Stress
4. Acculturation Gap
5. Culture Broker Role
(1) Bicultural Competence
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Strong cultural identity
Strong individual identity
Code Switching
(2) Segmented Assimilation(Portes & Rumbaut)
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People assimilate to specific local context not broader host culture
Ex: Somali Bantu children speaking Spanish
(3) Acculturative Stress
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Stress resulting from acculturation process
Example of acculturative domains where stress occurs for adolescents:
Language Discrimination in school/community Own culture peers American peers Family
4) Acculturation Gap
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Generational differences in acculturation process & speed
Generational Differences Behavior Language Identity Values
Acculturation of Children & Parents
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Time in U.S.
U.S
. A
ccult
ura
tion parents
children
Consequences of Acculturation Gap: Family Processes
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Children less likely to see parents as authority
Parents cannot offer advice or supervise child’s development at school & with peers
Consequences of Acculturation Gap: Outcomes for Children
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Positive Sense of Contribution to Family
Negative Family Disagreements/Conflict Interrupted Adolescence
(5) Culture Broker Role
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Children fulfilling family functions because of acculturation gap
Translating/Interpreting Answering Phone Making/attending doctor appointments Translating at school in conferences Tax Returns Signing excuses to miss school
“Best” way to acculturate?
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Assimilation?
Biculturalism?
Strong sense of ethnic identity?
No best way to acculturate
Fall 2010 36
Depends on Group & Context
Latino/Vietnamese youth— American acculturation related to bad outcomes Retention of culture of origin to better outcomes
Former Soviet Refugee youth— American Acculturation related to good outcomes Retention of culture of origin—depends on
domain