idioma tecnico 3

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TECHNICALENGLI5H

Universidad de San Carlos de GuatemalaEngineering School

Technical English BookletSecond Edition

UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALAFACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

Technical English 3

lnformation contained in this work has been obtained bygathering information from sources believed to be reliable.However, neither the sites nor the authors guarantee theaccuracy or completeness of any ínformation publishedherein and neither the Technical Language Area not itsassistants sha11be responsible for any errors, ornissions, ordamages arlsing 'out of use of this information. This workis gathered with the understanding that the topies aresupplying information but are not attempting to renderengineering or other professíonal services. Ir such servicesare required, the asaistance of an appropriate professionalshould be sought.

AWARENESS / ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Industrial

Industrial

Special thanks to:

Gustavo Adolfo López López

Otto Leonel Cuellar Líque

lng. Carlos Leonel Muñoz

Inga. Tatiana Vallejo

María André Cruz

Octavío Ciraiz Azurdia

Otto Enrique García

Industrial

Electrónica

Industrial

Electrónica

Electrónica

CONTRIBUTORS

It has been ínteresting to iook at the real applications this new currículumcan lead, 1t wakes up the creativity, reasoning, and awareness ofdevelopment in different areas of engineering. It is done through problemsolving proposed in classes and developed in their field of work, enhancingengineering techniques. Most oí the projects of the course can be seen atYou'Tubeby just searching under Technical English USAC.

It is advice to make a revision every two years, and thanks to theflexibility of the program, it will allow to make different changes m thethemes studied as it is done in this second edition.

The second edition of the Technical English Book1et was collected as aguíde to fulfill the objectives proposed in the restructuring of thecurrículum of the course and the continuous improvement. This newcurrículum was designed by Soraya Martínez, coordinator of the EnglishSection of tbe Engineering School, and developed with the help of thedifferent contributors that have worked as assístants at the area duringthe years of 2007 and 2008; thís second edition has been updated by thegroup that has worked from 2009 till today. Each of the assistants has adifferent specialization in the field of engineering, so it helped to work in amultidisciplinary environment.

After the currículum was finished, it was reviewed and authorized by theBoard of Directora of the Engineering School who decided to implement thenew currículum since the first semester 2008.

PREFACE

Listening for specific information.

LJSTENING

It includes lectures, technical language from various contexts. Listeningstrategies that include summarizing main ideas, making inferences, andgive opinions.

SPEAKING

This section inc1udes new technical words that the students have to learnfor each reading,

VOCABULARY

Every theme is organized around grammatícal topics. It is tried to presentgrarnmar in con texto

GRAMMAR

The themes were selected based in the analysis oí the currículum of eachcareer, and selecting the courses in common. The Booklet No. 1covers thebasic sciences or the common area. The Booklets No. II and III cover thecourses oí the mid term currículum, it means the courses of the fourth,fifth and sixth semester. The Booklet IV covers courses of the professionalareas specially {he ones focused on the development of managerial skills,needed by the different careers in the school.

THEMES

The technical English booklet uses high interest themes to integratespeaking, grarnrnar, vocabulary, pronunciation, listening, reading, andwriting. There is a strong focus on both accuracy and fluency. It includesreal life situation that leads to a meaningfullearning.

SYLLABUS ANn APPROACH

It is important for teachers to adapt the course materíaIs to the needs,interest, and learning styles of their students.

Assessment must be dcne through oral quizzes, written quizzes anddevelopment of projects.

lt helps to use correct form and rnechanics, use coherent structure,edition, and revision to create a final draft.

WRITING

lt emphaslzes reading strategies such as skírnming, scanning, guessingmeaning from context, understanding the structure and organization of atext, increasing reading speed,

READING

To THE TEACHERS

1

Leanmanufacturing is a variatíon on the theme of efficiency based on optimizing flow; it is apresent-day instance of the recurring theme in human history toward increasing efflciencv,decreasingwaste, and using empirical methods to decide what matters, rather than uncriticallyacceptingpre-existing ideas.

Basically, lean is centered aroundcreatingmore value with less work. Leanmanufacturing is a generic proces.smanagement philo.sophy derived mostlyfrom the Toyota Production System (TPS)(hence the terrn Toyotism is also prevalent)and identified as Lean only in the 1990s. It isrenowned for its focus on reduction of theoriginal Toyota seven wastes in order toimprove overall customer value, but thereare varying perspectives on how this 5S bestachieved.

Lean manufacturing or leanproduction, which is often known simply asLean, is a production practice that considersthe expenditure of resourcesfor any goal otherthan the creation of value for the end customerto be wasteful, and thus a target forelimination. Working from the perspective ofthe customer who consumes a product orservice, value is defined as any action orprocessthat a customer would be willing topayforo

LEAN MANUFACTURINGGIntroduction

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 ' 2011 USAC

The four goalsof lean manufacturing systemsare to:• Improve quality: In order to stay

competitive in today's marketplace, acompany must understand its customers'wants and needs and design processestomeet their expectations andrequirements.

• Eliminate waste: Waste is any activity thatconsumes time, resources, or space but

Lean Manufacturing Goals

Murl: is a Japanese term for overburden, unreasonableness or absurdity, which has becomepopularized in the West by its use asa keyconcept in the Toyota Production System.

Mura: is traditional general Japaneseterm for unevenness, inconsistency in physical matter or humanspiritual condition.

The original sevenmuda are:• Transportatíon (moving products that is not actually required to perform the processing)• Inventory (al! components, work in process and finished product not being processed)• Motíon (people or equipment moving or walking more than is required to perform the

processing)• Waitíng (waiting for the next production step)• Overproduction (production aheadof demand)• OverProcessing(due to poor tool or product design creating activity)• Defects (the effort involved in inspecting for and fixing defects)

Muda: is a traditional general Japaneseterm for an activity that iswasteful and doesn't add value or isunproductive and it is also a key concept in the Toyota Production System(TPS).

The elimination of waste is the goal of lean, andToyota defined three broad types of waste:

• Muda• Mura• Muri

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 2011 US/,

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Theeoreof lean is founded on the concept of continuous product and process improvement andtheeliminationof non-value added activities. IITheValue adding activities are simply only those thingsthe customer is willing to pay for, everything else is waste, and should be eliminated, simplified,reduced,or integrated"(Rizzardo, 2003). Improving the ñow of material through new ideal systemlayoutsat the customer's required rate would reduce waste in material movement and inventory.

1.3.2 There is always room for Improvement

A fundamental principie of lean manufacturingis demand-basedflow manufacturing. In this typeof production setting, inventory is only pulledthrougheach production center when it is neededto meet a customer's order. The benefits of thisgoalinelude:

• Decreasedcyeletime• Lessinventory• Increasedproductlvlty• Increasedcapital equipment utilization

1.3.1 Design a simple manufacturing system

The following steps should be implemented in order to create the ideal leanmanufacturlngsystem:

1. Deslgna simple manufacturing system2. Recognizethat there is always room for improvement3. Continuously improve the leanmanufacturing system design4. Measure

1.3 Steps to achieve lean systems

doesnot add any value to the product or service.There are seven types of waste.• Reduce time: Reducingthe time it takes to finish an activity from start to finish is one of

the most effective ways to eliminate waste and lower costs.• Reduce total costs: To minimize cost, a company must produce only to customer demando

Overproduction increasesa company's inventory costs due to storage needs.

1

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 2011 USAC

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• Reduced lead time, wait time and cycle time• Liberated capital• Increased profit margins• Increased productivity• Improved product quality• Just in time, affordable, streamlined, cost-efficient prccesses, products and services• Improved on-time shipments• Customer satisfaction and loyalty• Employee retention

Leanmanufacturing involves some real positive, productive changes in businessesthat will have ameasurable impact in the bottom line. Benefits of lean production could ínclude:

• Minimizing inventory at and through al! stagesof production• Eliminating waste• Reducingwait times, queues• Shortening product cyeletimes from raw materials to finished goods

To keep things really simple, lean manufacturing has a base premise and overall goal litoget moredone with less" and this is effectively done, by:

A set of performance metrics which is considered to fit well in a Lean environment is overalequipment effectiveness, or OEE,which is a hierarchy of metrics which focus on how effectively amanufacturing operation is utilized.

( 1.3.4, Measure

A continuous improvement mindset is essential to reach a company's goals.The term "continuouimprovement" means incremental improvement of products, processes, or services over time, witlthe goal of reducing waste to improve workplace functionality, customer service, or produdperformance (Suzaki,1987).

~1.3.3 Continuously improve

ITECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 ' 2011 U\,

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Improve quality

TPS

Continuously Improve

Reduce Time

Lean manufacturing

ActivitiesComplete the next chart with the next definitions:

",,1 ..._..t-....• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=cOQ-xaYiorO&feature=related "• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=SU01D-jTZcE&feature=related (• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=Q89qAbAAR3Q&feature=related I• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ZdHGTCXcJQU&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=mKb84Gafall

Suggestedvideos:

- Andon

- Six Sigma

-55

- Kanban

- Jidoka

- Heijunka

• Just in time

• Kaizen

• Poka Yoke

Investigatethe following terms related to lean manufacturing and give their definition:

( 1.2 ) Homework:

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 . 2011 USAC

SUMMARY

BODY

HEADERExample:

And in the summary you will write al! the steps that the process has, including time. Time~the most important factor becausewe use it to calculate the processefficiency and productivity.

In the body, you will draw the diagram that is required according the specifications of eadtype and of the process.

In the header you will indude all the relevant information sueh as: company name, analystdate, process, area, page number, type of diagram, etc.

The diagrams are composed by three parts:HeaderBodySummary

G Introduction

The process diagrams are very important in the manufacturing industry because they give US¡

clear perspective of the processeswith every step, including materials, time, distance and others. Thr.helps the engineers to interpret and analyze the manufacturing process and make decisions that wUimprove the processwithout beingthere to watch how everything works.

o PROCESS DIAGRAMS

I

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 2011 US:

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CheckIf It's not too hot, Enjoyl

Add the marshmallows

Get a cup and serve

CheckIf the chocolate is ready

Stlr frequently and let thechocolate melt and get thedesired conslstency

Take the 0.30 pounds of chocolateout of the bag and put It Into the pot

In a pot put lllter of water, in a stoveWith hlgh flre, let It bol!

)

Get somemarshmallowsO.Smln

Date: Nov. 20"', 2010Type of dlalram: operatlonsPall 1of 1

Analyst: John HamiltonArea: kitchen

Comptlnyn.me: John's housePl'Ocess:maklngof hot chocolate

DDoSymbol

• Comblned: this Isan operation-inspection step and is usedwhenin the processyou have to check the products duringAnoperation.

• Inspection: iswhen we check how the process is going and alsothequality of the product during the manufacturing process.

• Operation: is when the process hasmaterials transformation,or involvesany action or activity for the creation of products.

Descrlption

e Operations Diagram

Thisdiagramis a graphic representation of the operations and inspections in a production process. Inthisdiagramwe'lI inelude the following symbols:

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 \ 2011 USAC

• Combined: this is an operation-inspection step and is usedwhen in the processyou have to check the products duringAn operation.

• De/ay: this is usedwhen nothing is being done in the process,It could be the wait for other paralell processto finish beforeAdding the product to the asembly line.

• Inspection: iswhen we check how the prccess is going and alsothe quality of the product during the manufacturing process.

oODD

• Operatíon: is when the processhas materials transformation,or involves any action or activity for the creation of products.

In this diagram we indude the storage, operation, inspection, combined, delays and transportatiosymbols.

SymbolDescription

e Important conslderatlons

• Note that the time is given in minutes; thls is a standard for all the diagrams.• The diagram always isgoing to be drawn from right to left, even if it has símultaneous processesor not.• The time is placed in the upper-Ieft corner of the svmbol,• A brief description of every step of the process is written at the right side of the symboJ.• When numbering the processremember that you have to do it according to its function in the diagram,

and when you have a simultaneous processyou have to write the number on the left flrst and then inthe right, asshown in the example.e ProcessFlow Dlagrem

The process flow diagram is a graphic representation of the steps that follows a chronologic sequenceof activities in a processor procedure, identifying them with symbols according to its nature, and also ineludeall the considered important information that is needed for analysis.This information could be distance, timequantity, etc. This helps us discover and eliminate waste and delays, making the process more efficient anincrease the productivity in the manufacturing industry.

11.48Totals

Desaiptlon Symbol 'ofsteps nme

Operation O 6 10.5

Inspection O 1 0.4

Combined e 1 0.5

Summary

!TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 ' 2011 US¡

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8 Impcrtant considerations

• Timeisgivenin minutes; this is a standard for al! the diagrams.• Thediagramisdrawn in a plan view of the manufacturing plant.• Thetime is placedin the upper-Ieft corner of the svrnbol.• Thedistanceiswrltten in meters and the lower-Ieft corner of the symbol.• Abriefdescriptionof every step of the processis written at the right side of the svmbol,• Whennumberingthe process remember that you have to do it according to its function in the diagram

andthe sequencein the process.

Rememberto always draw the symbols in a 1 cm2 area. This is a standard for all the diagrams thatyou'regoingto draw.

6 Process Trave! Dlagram

Thisdiagramuses the same symbolism as the process flow and also the same structure, the onlydifferenceisthat we draw the diagram in a plan view of the manufacturing plant.

8Important considerations

• Time is given in minutes; this is a standard for all the diagrams.• The diagram always is going to be drawn from right to left, even if it has simultaneous

processesor noto• Thetime is placed in the upper-Ieft comer of the symbol.• Thedistance is written meters and in the lower-Ieft corner of the symbol.• A brief description of every step of the process is written at the right side of the symbol.• When numbering the process remember that you have to do it according to its function in the

diagram, and when you have a simultaneous process you have to write the number on the leftfirst and then in the right, as shown in the example.

As the operations diagram, it has the same parts: header, body and summary, and it'simportantto inelude in the summary the time and distance that you have in the diagram.

v• Storage: this is used at the beginning of the process when theMaterials are taken from the raw materials storage and at the endOf it in the finished product storage.

• Transportation: is when the product is moved more than1.5meters to the next step. This is because the human bodyCanmove something from one side to other between Oand1.5m and its irrelevant according to standars.

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 :!O 11USAC

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21Totals

Descrlptlon Symbol #ofsteps Time Distante

Operation O 9

Inspection O 2

Combined e 2

Transportatlon e> 4

Oelay D 3

Storage \1 1

Summary

COUNTERFINISHEDPROOUCTSTORAGE

PRODUCTION SHELF

BOTTLING ANOPACKAGING

OFFICERAW MATERIALSSTORAGE

BACK ENTRANCE

Analyst: John HamiltonArea: manufacturing plant

Date: Nov 20111, 2010Type of dlagram: process travel

Page 10fl

Company name: Industry S.A.Process: production of ketchup

Example: (For space reasons, this diagram doesn't inelude the time and distance)

11

..~UIJllC:;t. I '.lOdl .....~ :'.1

Ñ.IIOPE

PET

iiii

Accordingto the pieture below, determine what symbol eaeh operation needs:

Activities:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=TI-dSckvwOQ

• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=aSsNltVp9cA&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=9YSAuwfOnXE

• http://www.youtube.com/watch7v=3K3-stVKOIM

With the given videos, draw the operations diagram, the processflow diagram and the operationstravel diagram.

• lo makethe operations diagram, use the following linkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=gneZc_hafOE

• lo makethe processflow diagram and the processtravel diagram, usethe following linkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch '?v=OkHFNnOK3Bg

2.5 Homework


Description Symbol No. of steps Time Desc.ription2 Symbol No. of steps2 TIme2

Transfer to the Store (forklift)

Waiting to be transported

Sawdust and Tables.

Assembly and Comprobation

Waiting to be processed

Transfer to the assembly area(forklift)

Sawdust

Waiting to be transported

Storage

Cut and Comprobation

Sawdust 0.38%

Devastation and Comprobatlon



Transfer to the assembly area(forklift)

Walting to be transported

Sawdust 0.32%

Cut and Comprobatlon

Walting to be processed

Transfer to the pendulum(forklift)


Sawdust6%

Sawing and ComprobationTransfer to the pendulum(forklift)

CrossstorageTables storage

Complete the summary table for the diagram below:

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 2011 U

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e QualityAssurance

Qualityassurancefocuses on the ability of a process to produce or deliver a quality product orservice.Thismethod differs from quality contrel in that it looks at the entire process, not just the finalproduct.Quality control ls designed to detect problems with a product or service; quality assuranceattemptsto head off problems at the passby tweaking a production process until it can produce aqualityproducto

After an organization decides on a definition of quality, you needstandardsagainstwhich to measure your quality. The reason is becausemanystandardsare driven by the desire to safeguard and well-being ofthepeoplewho use the products or servicescompanies provide. Qualitystandardsare also critical in support of international trade.

G Quality control concepts

• Costumer based: Quality is meet customer expectations.• Statistical based: The less variation you have, the higher the

quality of your product or service.

For most people, quality is associated with the idea of a product orservicethat is well done, looks good and does its job well. We think of a quality product as one thatlasts,holdsup well under use, and doesn't require constant repair. A quality product or service shouldmeetahighstandard in many areas, suchasform, features, fit and finish, reliability and usability.

r.¡¡jUII".l '1;E

o" \« ....

@ IntroductionQuality control is a critical concept in every industry and profession.

~ t\obaUzation continues and the world become smaller, making it possibleforconsumers to pick and choosefrom the best products worldwide, thesurvivalof your job and of your company dependson your ability to produce

'-a quality product or service. In this chapter, we define the term "quality",andwe introduce some important quality control concepts and methods.

G QUALITY CONTROL

1 EO",N\Cl\l ENGl\S\-\ '3 ~ 2011 USIl.C

• Statistics helps you to determine which processes or parts ofprocessesare causing your company the most problems (by usingthe 80/20 rule - 80 percent of your problems are caused by 20percent of what you do).

• You can use statistics for sampling so that you don't have to test100 percent of the items you make.

• Statistics can help you spot relationships between the values youmeasure - even if the relationships aren't obvious. -1 hey also allowyou to identify small variations in your process that can lead to bigproblems if you don't correct them.

Aithough,much.ofstatisticsallowsyou to look backonly et was happenedin the pastoStatisticalPControl (SPC)allowsyou to identify problemsbefore they cannegativelyimpactthe quality of your productservice.ThebasicideabehindSPCis that if you canspot a changein a processbefore it gets to the pointmakingbadproducts,you canfix the processbeforebadproductshitst~e shelves.

G Evaluatlng the qualtty

The most common way to analyze the data you collect ís to usestatistics. Statistics serve many purposes within quality control:

Employee training is critical to ensure that everyone involved in your process measures thtsame specifications in the same way. You also need to collect data in a usableformat so that you calanalyze it to determine the effectiveness of your quallty process. The effectiveness of your qualiqprocess is directly related to the quality of your data collection and analysisprocess. If you don't hav!a good data, you can't make good decisions.

The old manager saving: "You can't manage whayou can measure" rings especially true in quality controlA good measurement system helps you to know wheryou've been and where you are going. Costumertypically require that you measure certain attributes eyour product or service against their specifications. Seworking in quality control means that you have adetermine what to measure, how to measure it and wherto measure it.

@Measuring the quality

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 ¡ 2011 US-

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.-- Tito 99" o' """"""

..._ D..I,"'n,. '.1" n!!"V tJ¡'Q"I" .11•• ,,,lIclllhm 91 ... "" prlllCllpl..

Unll.'.'Allllllnt flow«JI''''__~ 4111"."")'9P"I'., 1ha

flllln".lIo"l fo, '"a flllll",t.,•.

U51NG I foil VAl lJ t Sr RE.AM MAPPIN G TnOLPeople think in images, not in words, sogivlngthem a picture of how something is doneis often better than telling them about aprocess.After all, the quote is "Show me themoney!"not "Tell me about the moneyl"

@ Lean Techniquese ValueStream Mapping

ValueStream Mapping visually describes aproductionprocess in order to help workerslocatewastewithin it. Waste is any activity thatdoesn'tadd value for the customer. Typically,eliminatingwasteinvolves reducing the amount of inventory sitting around and shortening the time ittakestodelivera product or service to the customer upon its order.

-------------------------------------------------

Youcan apply the lean techniques in the following sections to all types of processes andenvironmentsranging from offices, to hospitals, to factories. In most cases applvíng lean conceptsdoesn'trequire an increase in capital costs - it simply reassignspeople to more productive purposesandofcourse,lean processesare cheaperto operate.

Most companyprocessesare wasteful in terms of time and materials, which often results inpoorer quality to the costumer - a coneern of all businesses. lean focuses in customer satisfaction

andcostreduction.Proponents of the technique beHevethat every step in a process ls an opportunitvto makea mistake - to create a quality problem, in other words. The fewer steps you have in aprocess,the fewer chancesfor error you create and the better the quality in your final product orservice.

® Introducing Lean Processes

leanprocessesare the latest diet craze in the world of quality control. Lean is a quality controltechniqueyoucanuseto identify and eliminate the flab in your company's processes.The "flab" is allthedeadweightcarried by a processwithout adding any value.

,TECHNICAL ENGUSH 3 2011 USAC

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No one knows a process like the workers who touch it every day. They know how the worlshould flow, they can identify obstacles that slow everyone down, and they deal with problems tha

never seemto go away.A Rapid Improvement Event (RIE)is an intensive process-activity improvement, where over é

. few days a company's workers bone up on lean techniques and rebuild their processesto incorporanits principies. The workers take apart their work areas, rearrange items and reassemble spaces fOI

more effícient work. The improvements are immediate, and the workers have ownership of thl

process and fine motivated to further refine it.

eRapid improvement events

Removing the clutter from a process eliminateshidden Inventoríes, frees f100r space for productiveuse, improves the flow of materials through theworkplace, reduces walk time, and shakes outunnecessary items for reuse elsewhere or landfilldesignation.

• Seiri (organization)• Seiton (neatness)• Seiso(cleaning)• Seiketsu(standardization)• Shitsuke (discipline)

The SSmethod is an essential tool for any quality initiative that seeks to clear up the flow owork. The SSdescribe five Japaneseattributes required for a clean work place:

e lhe SSmethod

Work areas evolve along with the processesthey support. As an organization implements ne~actions and tools, you must find a place for them "somewhere". Over time, clutter can slowly build alpiles of excessmaterials or tools grow and gradually gum up the smooth flow of work.

TECHNICAl ENGlISH 3 I 2011 US;,

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• http://www .youtube.comfwatch ?v=U7Z33tljMTQ• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ldhC4ziAhgY

Suggestedvideos

Investigateand make a summary of the following topies:• Total Quality Management (TQM)

• SixSigma• Toyota Production System (TPS)

® Homework

Youdon't want to eliminate so thoroughly that you causeshortages. One method you can useto fix the problem of excessmaterials without causing shortages is Kanban. Kanban ís a materialssystemcontrolled by the customer. When the customer buys an item, action cascades back up theproductionline to make one more of that item.

e Leanmaterial. and Kanban

A company's materials are essential for the organization to work well, but they also tied up alargepart of a company's capital. And while the company does its business year in and year out, itsmaterialsare, stolen, damaged, rotting, corroding, and losingvalue in many other ways.

A key part of the lean approach is to minimize the amount of materials (both incoming andfinishedgoods) you have sitting around in your facility. Excess materials hide problems withpurchasing,work scheduling, scrap rates, and so on. Eliminating this excess materials provides animmediatefinancial benefit to your company - if you eliminate correctly.

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 2011 USACI

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.7. .. ~ _- _

Lean material and Kanban .. ... .." . _. ... lO.. . .

• ,> •

Value stream Mapping -Complete with the description of each lean technique:

Write in each screw a different description about Quality Control:

Activities:

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 . 2011 US,

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Completethe chart with the 5s technique:

#o "'-, I,.,I,'<.>thr .." "';¡oiIaO:O:'1At.J c./ ~:"'''''.1l''! 'CC4" I,u. b....1....k1 ,lbll _ ...-,". " "I•.,¡J, ..... :..n.;u.1~t\~), ~. tlr._I-'

~ •u ~'" ,....,._w ." ~"'-" 1-1*'$ ...hM i".._

~tr;JOS,J"" -:.,'" ..... ~ .,.. ~.v(..(_"_

E)0ilCompanies drill for oil on land or in the ocean and store it

in large barreis or underground tanks. People turn oil into many

products, induding plastics. Your ballpoint pen, your nylon

backpack, and even your fleece jacket are all made from oll, Sornehomes burn oil for heat and sorne power plants burn otl too. In

many countries, however, oll's main use is for transportation. OiJis

e Today's energy sources = fossil fuels

e CoalPeople mine for coal, a hard, black, rock, throughout the

world. Power plants use coal to generate electricity by grinding it

into a powder that is burned. The burned powder heats water to

create steam. The power of the steam turns turbines. The splnning

motion of the turbines generates electricity. A network of wires

called power grid, bring this electricity to houses and other

buildings.

Most everything in the world needs energy to work. Think about the energy you use each day: the

lights you turn on, the bus or car you take to school, the computer you use for homework, the television you

watch before bed. Evenwhile you sleep, energy runs your furnace heating your house and the refrigerator

keeping food from spoiling. It even runs the alarm dock that wakes you up in the morning. Now think about

how many people live on the Earth.With a population of more than 6 billion, the world usesa lot of energy.

You need energy to start your day. Your breakfast is the fuel your body needsto work. What would y

do if you ran out of your favorite cereal?You could buy another box. But what if the store was all out, too?

What if it wasn't getting any more deliveries?What would you do then? The answer seems simple; you'd ha

to find another food for breakfast. Theworld faces a similar problem; our fuel resources are running low and

could run out in your lifetime.

@ Introcluction

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

¡

TECHNICAL ENGlISH 3 . 2011 L

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Finally, burning fossil fuels harms Earth. Coal, oíl, and natural gas create a lot of air pollution. The

burningof fossil fuels releasesharmful emissions that causeasthma and other health problems. This pollution

alsoleadsto acid rain and snow. Many scientist and citizens are eoneerned about the carbon dloxlde released

byburningfossil fuels. Carbon dioxide belongs to a group of gasesknown as greenhouse gases.As these gases

colleetin the atmosphere, they aet like the glass walls of a greenhouse, trap~ing warm air close to Earth's

surfaee.Thiswarming is natural, and long ago it made the planet's environment mild enough to support life.

However,when human activitíes pump larger-than-normal amounts of earbon dioxide into the atmosphere,

moreheat is trapped, and temperatures can grow unnaturally hígh. As a result, there can be major effeets on

weatherthat may be devastatíng to the environment and all the people on Earth.

The second faet is that the fossil fuels cost a lot of

money. Countries buy fossil fuels from eaeh other.

Becausethe supply is low, they can raise their prices. If

countriesgo to war or havea disagreement, they may nct

wantto buy fuel from each other. No one will get what

theyneed.

G The problems 01the use of the fossll fuels

Fossil fuels have been a useful source of energy, but we need to rethink how mueh we depend on

them.We need to consider three maln facts. First, fossil fuel supplies are low. We use so much energy that

somedaywe'lI use up all of Earth's fossll fuels. At the rate we use now fossil fuels, scientists' estimate that the

world's reserve willlast 40 to 70 more years. What will happen after all of the oil, coal, and natural gas have

runout? How will we traveJfrom place to place? How will

welight our homes? How Y!ÜIIwe communicate with eaeh

other?

Companiesdril! for natural gas the same way they do for oil. Natural gas is highly f1ammable. Gas

stovescook food with a lower flame. In the United States, and probably other eountries, the house's heating

systemand water heater may usenatural gas.Natural gas is also used in power plants to create electrieity.

eNatural gas

madeinto gasolinefor cars,diesel fuel for trucks, and jet fuel for airplanes.

I

TECHNICALENGLlSH3 2011 USAC

Covbll .~ ....... ..: _ •..- __ ..... ,r

The cells generate electrical power when the sun is shining. But

what happens at night or when the sun is covered by clouds? Batteries

store the electrlcity: because solar panels absorb light, not heat, they still

create electricity during a cold winter. As long as the sun is shining, PVcells

are at work.

Yearsago scientists developed solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells or PVcells, which can turn

light directly into electricity. Thesesrnall, flat devices made of silicon come in a variety of sizes.You may

seen PVcells in a calculator. Sornebillboards and streetlights use PVcells to operate. Most cells are 4

4 inches (10 centimeters by 10 centimeters) and grouped together in panels on the roofs buildlngs. The

panel absorbs the sun's light and transforms it into electric current. The electricity can then run

machines, and appliances ;n the buildings. The more ?V cells, the more electricity panelscan create.

eHcw sola, ceUenergy wo,lcs

Put on sunglasses,rub in sunscreen, and hit the beach. It's time to

soak up some rays! The sun can give you a great tan or make you sweat

playing Frisbee. The sun's light and heat can also help us solve our energy

problems. You have probably noticed wires running from your home to

poles on the street. These wires connect you to the power grid of your

community. Home's that use solar power, don't need asmuch energy from

the grid. There are two types of solar power: solar cell energy and solar

thermal energy.

G Sola, energy

(';;\ The solutions

~hat can we do about our energy problems? Instead of relying on fossil fuels, we need to examine

"green" alternatives. Green energy is renewable - it is constantly being replaced and won't run out.

forces, such as wind, water, and sunlight are green energy sources. It's not easy to switch to green e

however, we rely on fossil fuels every day. People would need to spend huge amounts of money to

from one kind of fuel to another. We need to take action, but first, we need to understand our

alternatives, then we can make the best energy choices to preserve our planet.

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 . 2011 u

25

ActivitiesWrite in each square and explain some energy sources: .

• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=oIUSfFmOeSc• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=q_fvb02VXjc&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=T1HmY_lmHAg&feature=channel• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=KIGOxk93J-E&feature=channel• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=oJAbATJCugs&feature=fvw

Suggested videos:

• Investigate at least 15 technical words from this chapter that you previously did not know andwrite the translation and definition of each

• Investigate about the following topies: magma, and mantle• Watch the suggestedvideos. Then, answer this question: What could you do help to introduce

people to living a "green" life? What are some ways to change their way ofthinking and living?

4.8 Homework


2

• Conduction: it is the flow of heat that occurs, either due to the exchange energy from onemolecule to another without appreciable motion of the molecules or due to the motion of freeelectrons if they are presento Conduction occurs on the molecular scale, molecules with arelative higher energy imparting energy to adjacent molecules at lower energy levels. Forexample, the heat flow through the brlck wall of a furnace or the metal wall of a heatexchanger tu be occurs by conduction.

• Convectlon: it is the transfer of heat between relatively hot and cold portions of a fluid bymixing (convection occurs through actual physical movement of warmer portions of fluidtowards cooler portions of the samematerial). Convection is thus restricted to the flow of heatin fluids. If the fluid motion is caused by differences in density resulting from temperaturdifference in a fluid, the heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection. If the fluid motiois artificially created by means of an external agency like pump, blower or agita~or, the hea

There are three distinct modes of heat transfer from a source to a receíver: conduction, convection andradiatíon.

5.2 Modes of heat transfer

The major difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer is that the former is concerned withthe relation between heat and other forms of energy, whereas the later deals with the analysis of the rate 01heat transfer. Thermodynamics deals with systems In equilibrlum, so it can't be used to predict how fast achange will take place since the system is not in equillbrium in a process but it may be used to predlct theamount of energy required to change the system from one equilibrium state to another. Consider the coollngof a hot steel bar that is placed in ajar of water. Thermodynamics may be used to predict the final equllibrlumtemperature of the steel bar-water system but will not tell us how long it will take to reach the equilibriumcondition or what the temperature of the bar will be after a certain time period before the attalnment 01equilibrium condition whereas heat transfer may be used to predict the temperature of both bar and water asa function of time.

Heat transfer is the sciencethat dealswith the study of rates of exchange of heat between hot and coldbodies. The hot and cold bodies are called the souro: and the recelver respectively. Processheat transfer dealswith the rates of exchange of heat as they occur in the heat transfer equipment of engineering and chemicalprocesses. In all such cases,the temperature difference between a source and a receiver acts as a driving forcefor heat transfer.

(5.1 Introduction


01 HEATTRANSFER

27

1. Fourier's law of heat conduction2. Newton's law of cooling/Newton's law of heat flow between a solid surface and a fluid.

Thesubsidiary laws generally used are:

Thefundamentallaws used in heat transfer are:1. Law of conservation of mass2. Newton's law of motion

3. Lawsof thermodynamics

The foundation of heat transfer rest on a number of the fundamental and subsidiary laws. Afundamentallaw is the one which validity rests on the fact that it has not been proved to be wrong orfalse in the broad area of appfication of the subject under consideration. Therefore, these laws must

be satisfied in so\ving any prob\em. On tne other hand, a subsid\af'i \aw may be emp\f\ca\ in nature,

5.3 , The laws of heat transfer

In the case of an insulated steam pipe, heat flows by convection through the steam film on theinsideof the pipe, by conduction through the layer of scale and the metal wall of the pipe, and thelayer of the insulation, and finally by convection and radiation from the outside insulation to theambient/surrounding airo Hence, in this case, heat transfer involves all the three modes of transfer.This is also true with almost all heat transfer applications in the process industries. In a large ofpractical cases, one of the modes could be dominant, whereas in severa I cases it is required to dealwith more than one mode of heat transfer, owing to significant impact of these modes on the overallheattransfer rates.

In many of the applications of heat transfer in chemical engineering, heat will be transferredby combination of two or three of the basic mechanisms/modes of heat transfer. Consider a doublepipe heat exchanger in which a hot fluid flows through the inside pipe and a cold fluid flows throughthe annular space. In this case, heat will flow by combination of convection and conduction from thehot fluid to the cold fluid. Here heat flows by conduction through the metal wall of the inner pipe anddepositson both sides of the inner pipe, and by convection through the fluid films.

TECHNICAl ENGlISH 3 2011 USAC

transfer is termed asforced convection. The heating of water in a cooking pan is an example ofheat transfer mainly by convection.

• Radiatlon: it refers to the transport of energy through space by electromagnetic waves. Thetransfer of heat from the sun to the earth is the most important example of heat transfer byradiation.

21

I·~"·~··- ~1 = ~2 +~~/dt I: 6 t:::.:_~+ dh/dt ;

If mi > m2water gets accumulated in the tank and if mi < m2water gets depleted. for steady state operationwhen accumulation is constant or nil, the equation reduces to:[::~:p~~=;O(

Rate at which water enters the tank = rate at which water leaves the tank + rate ot occumuiauon o/ waterthe tank

Consider a water tank containing some water initially as shown in fig. 1.1 Water enters the tank atrate of mi kg/h and leaves the tank at arate of m2kg/h and accumulates at arate of dm/dt. Then according j

the law of conservation of mass,

Examples:

Input = output + accumulation or disappearonce

Thus for any unit operation or unit process:

® FundamentallawseLaw of conservation of mass

It states that the total mass o/ various components involving during o unit operatíon or unit prOCeJremains constant or simply the total mass o/ the moterials toking part in any process ls constant. Conservatioof mass requires that the materials entering any process must either accumulate and/or leave the precesThere can be neither loss nor gain.

3. Lawsof thermal radiation.4. Equationof state

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 . 2011 US1

23

Ate , -.... ,."lo'1II -.10~ ~~." .........• , ~.. __-.,.,.J .. ~.,... _ ._~tU·1

Wind can be powerfui, as with a destructive hurricane, but its power can

alsobe used for good. Sailors use the wind to keep their sailboats moving.

Throughouthistory people have used windmills to harnessthe wind's energy for

grindinggrain or pumping well water. Today people use wlnd turblnes to

generateelectricity.

Wind ls moving airoThe motion is causedby changes In air temperature. Warm air Is IIght, and cold air

isheavy.When the land beats up during the day, it warms the air aboye it. This warm air rlses higher in the sky;

whilecoldair moves down to fill the space left by the warm alr. Thls movement of air creates wind.

8Wlnd Ene,BY

Thermal energy can also create electricity. In a solar power plant, the sun heats a IIquid until it boils.

Thenthe steam created from this boiling liquid runs a turbine to generate electricity. In order for the llquids to

boil,these power plants use mlrror to tocus the sun's heat and increase its strength. Some mirrors are curved

andshaped like a saucer. Others are shaped like a trough or placed in a line. Some new solar energy plants

haveapower tower. Thousands of mirrors surround the tower and focus the sun's heat to the topo

•....... .."., ,.. ....... NIy pi ~..-..~,' ' 1,..,. 1". """',.,,..._,

Solar thermal energy uses heat instead of light. People can place

thermalpanels on their roofs to absorb the sun's heat. Tublng filled with

water runs under the panels. The sun warms the water. Thls water can

thenbe used to make a cup of cocea, fill a swimming pool, or run through

ahome'sheating system.

eHow sola, thermal energy wo,ks

Your family can install solar panels on your home, even though you are connected to the power grid. At

times, the panels may even generate more power than your home needs. The power company then buys any

extra power you create and puts It back Into the grid for someone else to use. So by uslng solar panels you

could help your whole community rely more on a green energy source.

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 ' 2011 USAC

24

Water sometirnes eollects in the rocks underground and heats up

If there is a vent leading from this deep rock to the suñace, superheata

water shoots upward. Earth's crust is thicker in sorneareas than others.'15W' I.t. """')1.... ,.,.,,l'1<li4..............Il'.~"""......!IN,~.a.."'''' ,.w........,llu....1i1:rt,ll+

layers. At the center, Earth has a solid coreoAround this eore is an area of hot, tiquid rock ealledmagma. AboVlthe magma is a layer of solid rock and magma called the mantle. The temperature of the rnantle can be veq

_ ......,....._ high - frorn 2,520 to 5,400 degrees Fahrenheit (1,382 to 2,982 degree

Celsius)depending on how deep you go. The surfaee of Earth, the crust

sits on the mantle.

Old faithful, Yellowstone National Park's most farnous geyser,

erupts with thousands of gallons of water and steam every hour to hour

and a half. This popular Wyoming tourist spot is the horne to more than

60 percent of the world's geysers. In just one square rnile (2.6 square

kilometers), you can seemore than a 150 of them.

Sorne people think of Earth as a solid ball of rock, but ít has many \"_V..lI"Af·' ~N7 "'~'K" r..u,1'It l' ....'01.';, .....,.., ......r.;.' 01 p....:_,-.: C'IV'!o-

owned by "wind farrners" who sell the electricity to power companies. Willl

turbines work best where wind blows strongest. Wind is usually stronge

the higher you go. That's why turbines are often mounted on tall towers oplaced on the top of hills. Sorne towers stand between 100 and 250 feet (31

and 76 meters) high. Shorelines and wide-open prairies are also good place

for towers. Turbines don't work well in location of too many rnountains

forests, or buildings, which block the wind's flow. Sorne people place smal

turbines on their roofs and position them in away to catch the rnost wind.

' ,.II1ooj_c __(,..,..., (1-....",,,..,,..,,,,,,,,,

e Geothermal ene'l'l

l.........«t"'¡,...~ I,,:.. '"I~ (:("11' .,.,.1"" ~ ..."'" ,....,_"k:,."j b (,:1"1"\ WIffl'IJ n. _iI' ~n.c.A."""

To increase the amount of power, turbines are often grouped in wind

farms. Most wind farms aren't owned by electric power companies. They are

eHowwind powerworks

A wind turbine has what looks like an airplane propeller mounted very

high in a tower. The bJadesof the turbine catch the wind and spin. The blades

spin a shaft that is connected to an electrical generator. Wires connect the

generator to the power grid to bring electricity to buildings in the area.

29

JForaone-dimensional flow in tne x-direction, we have:

-WhereM =mu; m is the massflow rate of fluid and u is the linear velocity of the fluid.

For the volume control show in Fig. 1.2 assuming flow to be steady and unidirectional in the X-direction,accordingto Newton's second law of motion, the sum of all forces acting on the fluid in the x-direction is equalto the increase in the time rate of change of momentum of the tlowing fluid. For example, sum of all torcesactingin the x-direction equals the difference between the momentums leaving with the fluid per unit timeandthat brought in per unit time by the fluid.

f rF=1/gc(M2-M~

Where F is the resultant of all forces acting on the body, m ls massand u is velocity.

F= k d/dt (mu)

It states that the resultant 01 all forces acting on a bady 01mass NmNis praportional to the time tate 01momentum change 01the body in the direction 01resultant force.

5.4.2 Newton's secondlaw of mation

Thisisthe equation of continuity.

Plu1A1 = PZU¡A~~puA = constant------

let ul and u2 be the velocities of the fluid at entrance and exit. Let p1 and p2 be the densities of thefluidat entrance and exit. Assume density in a single cross-section is constant and u1 is constant across area Alandu2 is constant across area A2. For steady-state conditions, the rate of mass entering the control volumeequalsthat leaving.

u~p.- -.

Considera stream tube (control volume) as shown in the figure 1.2. Assume that a fluid enters at apointwherethe area of cross-section of the tube isAl and leaveswhere the area of cross-section isA2•


3

11

[ dU=dQ-dW

[

. 'dU _ dQ dWdt - Tt- dt

Taking derivatlves from respect to time,

The equatlon applles to the processesinvolving finite changes in the system. For dlfferentlal changes,thls equation iswritten as:

This is the mathematical expression/statement of the flrst law of thermodynamics. In words, theequation states that the total energy change of a system is equal to the heat added to the systems minus thework done by the system.

---,J

I Q=I1U+WL L1U=Q-W

Heat absorbed by system = increase in internal energy + work done by the system

Let the Initial state of a system be A. let the quantlty of heat Q be absorbed by the system. The resultabsorptlon of heat is both to increasethe internal energy and also to produce some mechanical work.

It states that energy can neither be creoted nor destroyed during a process, although the conversionenergy from one form into another is possible. The law can also be stated in the alternative way as - theenergy of an Isoloted system remains constant. When system gains or lossesenergy, It must be exactly equalthe loss or galn of energy by the surroundlngs. Hence, the first law of thermodynamics is concerned withconservation of energy.

(5.4.3 Flrst law of thermodynamics

Where Pl and P2 are pressures at entrance and exit; Al and A2 are cross-section area at entrance and exit,the net force of wall channel on fluid and Fgis the component of force of gravity (for flow in upward dlrectlort

From the last equation we can say that the rate of increase of energy of the system is equal to tbedifference between the rate at which heat enters the system and the rate at which the system does work onsurroundings.

---r3.- Explain First Law of Thermodynamics:

~ ~_._'a ~. P J • __ '.

1r\

2.-Explain Newton's second law of motion:

1í'"=--.,-1.-What is radiation?

Answer the following questions:

Activities

• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=77R4arwD8G8&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=SpG-tkbQgMo&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=SOTurHQp_AE&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=8jeHd3ZbsFg• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=wz6wzOtv6rs• http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=OSSlxXFGpKk&feature=related .•)

~ ......~ 1'~''''''''''''lI*;:·~

Suggested videos:

• Investigate about the subsidiary laws of heat transfer.• Watch the following videos

5.5 Homework

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 I 2011 USAC

3

Solar cells generate most of their electricity from direct sunlight. They can also generate electricitycloudv days - and some systems caneven generate very small amount of electricity on bright moonlíght níg

When a photon hit the solar cell, it can do one of three things: it can be absorbed by the cell, be refleclof the cell, or pass straight through the cell. If a photon is absorbed by the slllcon, this causes some of 1electrons to jump from one layer to another. An electrical circuit is made as the electrons move frorn one lato another, creating an electrical current. The more photons (the more intensity of Iight) that are absorbedthe solar cell, the greater the current generated.

To create this effect, two layers of a semí-conductíng material have to be combíned. One layer hasto hia depleted number of electrons. When exposed to sunlíght, sorne of the photons are absorbed by the matewhich excites, causing some of them to jump trom one layer to the other. As the electrons move from (layer to another, a small electrical current is generated. The semi-conducting material used to build a solarIis sílicon. Very thin wafers of silicon are cut and polished. Some of these wafers are doped to contamímthem, thereby creating an electron imbalance in these wafers. The wafers are then aligned together to maksolar cell, Conductive metal strips are attached to the cells to take the electrical current.

6 The principies of solar electriclty

A solar panel generates electricity using the photovolto;c effect, a phenomenon discovered in the early :Century, when it was observed that certain materials produced an electric current when exposed to light.

Solar electricity is a wonderful concept - taklng power from the sun and using it to power electrequipment is a terrific idea. No ongoing electricity bilis, no reliance on an electrical socket - "free" energv í

doesn't harm the planetl

Oirect\'i or \ndirect\'i, OUT sun provides a\\ tne power we need to exist and support alllife forms. The\drives our climate and our weather. Without it, our world would be a frozen wasteland of ice-covered rock.

nuclear activity.

oSOLAR POWERe Introduction

93 mili ion miles from Earth, our Sun is 333,000 times the size of our planet. It has a diameter of 865,miles, a surface temperature of 5,600°Cand, a core temperature of 15,OOO,OOO°C.It is a hugemass of cons

TECHNICALENGUSH3 2011

•

33

Withsolar powered bollers, thls is instead fuel!ed bythe solar power collected through panelson the roof of yourhome.

Solar BOllers:

Themainway that a conventional gas"comblnation boíler" continually wastesenergy isby replenishingstoredwaterassoonasthe volume or temperature decreases.

From watertank

To watertank

GlassSolar coverEnergy' \

BlaCk"\,

This helps out your central heating system, andcutsyaur fuel bilis. However,with the basic type ofpanelshown in the diagramyoumust drain the waterout to stop the panels freezing in the winter. Sornemanufacturers llave systems tnat do thisautomatically. Solar water heating is easilyworthwhile in places like California and Australia,where you get lots of sunshine. Mind you, astechnologyimproves it's becomingworthwhile in theUK.

Wnercheat from the Sunisusedto heat water in glasspanelson your roof. Thismeansyou don't need to usesomuehgasor electricity to heat your water at home. Water is pumped through pipes in the panel. The pipes arepaintedblack, so they get hatter when the Sun shines on them. The water is pumped in at the bottom so thatconvectionhelpsthe flow of hot water out of the topo .

SolarWater Heating:

In a sunny c1imate,you can get enough power to run alOOW light bulb from just one square meter of solar panel.Thiswasoriginally developed in order to provide electricityfor satellites, but these days many of us own calculatorspoweredby solar cells. Peopleare increasingly installing PVpanelson their roofs. This coststhousandsof pounds, but jfyouhavea south-facing roof it can helpwith your electricitybilisquite a bit, and the govemment paysyou for any extraenergyyou produce and feed back into the National Grid(ealledthe "feed-in tariff").

(reallycalled"photovoltaic", "Pv" or "photoelectric" cells)thatconvert light directly lnto electricity.

SolarCells

Individual solar cells typically only generate tiny amounts of electrical energy. To make useful amounts ofelectricity,these cells are connected together to make a solar module, otherwise known asa solar panel or, to~mQt~",t~dse, a photovoltaic module.

TECHNICALENGLlSH3 2011 USAC

3

Solar fumaces are basically huge "solar cookers". A solar cookercan be used in hot countries to cook food. This one is in the UK,making tea and coffee, although it does take a long time!

Use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy intoa small space and produce very high temperatures. There's oneat Odeillo, in France, used for scientific experiments. It canachieve temperatures up to 3,000 degrees Celsius.

Solar Furnaces:

The power collected through the solar tiles is used to fuel and thereforeheat a sepárate water cylinder, thus saving energy throughout the courseof every day. Another smaller tank, still powered by gas, is provided withmost solar boiler installations as a backup.

I

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 2011 US,

35

The production of bioethanol from traditional means, or 1stGenerationBiofuels is based upon starch crops like corn and wheatandfrom sugar crops like sugar cane and sugar beet. However, thecultivation of alternative sugar crops like sweet sorghum opens upnew possibilities in Europe, especíallv in hotter and drier regions,suchas Southern and Eastern Europe. Sweet sorghum requires lesswater or nutrients and has a higher fermentable sugar content thansugarcaneas well as a shorter growing period which means that insorneregions like in Africa vou can get 2 harvests ayear from the samecrop. In addition to thls, the development of lingo-cellulosictechnologyhasmeant that not only high energy content starch andsugarcrops can be used but also woodv biomass or waste residuesfrorn forestry. This development is seen as the 2nd Generation ofBiofuels.

Bloethanol Productlon:

In recent years the concept of the bio-refinery has emerged, whereby one integrates blomassconversionprocesses and technology to produce a variety of products including fuels, power, chemicalsandfeed for cattle. In this manner one can take advantage of the natural differences in the chemical andstructural composition of the biomass feed stocks.

Bioethanolls seen asa good fuel alternative becausethe source crops can be grown renewably and in mostcJirnatesaround the world. In addition the use of bioethanol is generally C02 neutral. This is achievedbecausein the growing phase of the source crop, C02 is absorbed by the plant and oxygen is released inthesamevolume that C02 is produced in the combustion of the fuel. This creates an obvious advantage overfossllfuels which only emit C02 as well as other poisonous emissions. In the 1970s, Brazil and the USAstartedmassproduction of bioethanol-grown from sugarcane and corn respectively. Smaller scale productionstartedmore recently in Spain,Franceand Swedenmostly from wheat and sugar beet.

Bioethanol production

In recentyears, largely in response to uncertain fuel supply and efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions,bioethanol(alongwith biodiesel) has become one of the most promising biofuels today and is considered asthe only feasible short to medium alternative to fossil transport fuels in Europe and in the wider world.

I

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH3 2011 USAC

36

Bioethanol has a number of advantages over conventional fuels. It comes from a renewable resource i.e.crops and not from a finite resource and the crops it derives from can grow well (Iike cereals, sugar beet ancmaize). Another benefit over fossil fuels is the greenhouse gasemissions. The road transport network accountsfor 22% of all greenhouse gas emissions and through the use of bioethanol, sorne of these ernisslons will bereduced asthe fuel crops absorb the C02 they emit through growing. Also, blending bicethanol with petral wilhelp extend the life of the diminishing oll supplies and ensure greater fuel security, avoíding heavy reliance onoíl producing nations.

Benefits

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C2HsOH) is a clear colourless liquid, it is biodegradable, low in toxicity and cause:little environmental pollution jf spilt. Ethanol burns to produce carbon dioxide and water, is a high octane fueand has replaced lead as an octane enhancer in petral. By blending ethanol with gasoline we can als(oxygenate the fuel mixture so it burns more completely and reduces polluting emissions. Ethanol fuel blend:are widely sold in the United States. The most common blend is 10% ethanol and 90% petral (El0). VehielEengines require no modifications to run on fl0 and vehicJewarranties are unaffected also. Only flexible fuevehieles can run on up to 85%ethanol and 15%petral blends (E8s;.

The main sources of sugar required to produce ethanol come from fuel or energy crops. These crops angrown specifically for energy use and inelude corn, maize and wheat crops, waste straw, willow and populatrees, sawdust, reed canary grass, cord grasses, jerusalem artichoke, myscanthus and sorghum plants. Thenis also ongoing research and development into the use of municipal salid wastes to produce ethanol fuel.

The principie fuel used as a petral substitute for road transport vehieles is bioethanol. Bioethanol fuel imainly produced by the sugar fermentation process, although it can also be manufactured by the chemicaprocessof reacting e.thylene with steam.

What is Bioethanol?

1. Storage2. Canecrushing and juice extraction3.Dilution4. Hydrolysis for starch and woody biomassS. Fermentation with yeast and enzymes6. C02 starage and ethanol recapture7. Evaparation8. Distillation9. Waste water treatment10. FuelStorage

_Dependingon the biomass source the steps generally inelude:

!TECHNICAL ENGLlSH3 : 2011 US

37

Ethanolcan be produced from biomass by the hydrolysis and sugar fermentation processes,Biomasswastescontaina complex mixture of carbohyárate polvmers from the plant cell walls known as cellulose. hemicelluloseand lignin. In order to produce sugars from the blornass, the bíomass is pre-treated with acids orenzymesin order to reduce the sizeof the feedstock and to open up the plant structure. The cellulose and thehemicelluloseportions are broken down (hydrolysed) by enzymes or dilute acids into sucrose sugar that isthenfermented into ethanol. The IIgnin which is also present in the biomass is normally used as a fuel for theethanolproduction plants boilers. There are three principie methods of extracting sugars from biomass.Tneseareconcentratedacid hydrolysis, dilute acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis.

BioethanolProduction

I.Jfge·l.". I'rOttsSllttlttt ComIOI1""*' Haw... Duty Ha!TtICt CooUOI5p1,,",NIln9If*J111 CMwtdioIIMI MllCoIIhIt

" '«*-M .....

./ I".~ -.. ,Ay B';8 ¡~.. .7ft .. 11.- .....- ... ,.. ~

1:"- ..... -:-11 (::)

Another advantage of bioethanol is the easewith which it can be easily integrated into the existing roadtransportfuel system. In quantities up to 5%, bioethanol can be blended with conventional fuel without theneedof engine modifications. Bioethanol is produced using familiar methods, such as fermentation, and it canbedistributedusing the same petrol forecourts and transportation systems as before.

By encouragingbioethanol's use, the rural economy would also receive a boost from growing the necessarycrops.Bioethanol is also biodegradable and far less toxic that fossil fuels. In addition, by using bioethanol inolderenginescan help reduce the amount of carbon monoxide produced by the vehicle thus improving airquality.


3!

3. Distillation: After fermentation, we have to make the purity of ethanol higher. Distillation is one of thEsteps of the purifications. Distillation is the method to separate two liquid utílizing their differenboiling points.

2. Fermentation:Yeast is a facultative anaerobe. In an aerobicenvironment, lt converts sugars into carbon dioxide andwater. In an anaerobic environment, it converts sugarsinto carbon dioxide and ethanol. Thus, for an ethanolindustry, it is important to exclude significant oxygenfrom its system. This fermentation process is relativelyslow process, so it is important for an industrial use tomake it faster. Usually, a propagation tank is employed.In this tank, mash, water, enzymes,nutrients, and veas!are mixed to re-hydrate the yeast.

pieces. Around the rolls there are some trenches toimprove the effectiveness of the crush. Also, therotating speeds of two rollers are different in order togenerate more stress on the corno Finally, screening isimplemented at the bottom of the mlíl. Then, the fineparticles can pass the screen, and the big particles,which cannot match the required size, become thesubject of the grinding again.

~~Fttmented_ is

~ IntoaIcdlcI ,lidl~uledd'9tAIedlIlI is distiled .1Id~bI lo200-pr00t,fuej.,. tthanoI.

T/!tptomslfIWIIaOlA thf/9l1li.1 tough

ptrbitI bctrIfd lo!/)(JIIIfIgfM(lllotL

f«mIn!I",MIsIl iS cooIed lIIdmt.e6 lIIi!I'I)aSt,

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~ ....Elv)ns~~InIo~ A roller mili has sorne roll pairs consisting of two rollers.

Corn is pressed by two rollers and crushed into small

First, starch should be exposed from the peel of corn tocontact with water. Also, grinding makes corn smallpieces, which can increase its surface area. Then, theincrease in its surface area can enhance the contactbetween starch and water. Two types of milis, a rollermili and a harnrner mili, are usually employed. For anindustrial use, a harnmer mili is mostly used becauseofits accuracyand its appHcationfor large amount.

1. Grinding Grain

Production Process:

· .

39

Bioethanol has mostly been used as a biofuel for transport, especially in Brazil. Indeed it was in Brazilwhere the first bioethanol fuelled carsemerged on a large-scale. Although generally unknown to theaverage consumer, a large volume of bioethanol isalready used in Europe as it is blended with petrol at 5%.It is used as a substitute for lead asan oxygenating additive and has a high octane rating, which improvesperformance. Although the eventual target is the prívate consumer, few are aware of bioethanol'spotenial to, at least, partly replace petrol as a transport fuel in Europe.

Transport Fuet:

A number of chemicals are produced in the ethanol industry and potentially even more in the 2nd•generation bioethanol industry, serving a wide range of uses in the pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, beveragesandmedical sectors aswell as for industrial uses. The market potential for bioethanol is therefore not justlimited to transport fuel or energy production but has potential to supply the existing chemicals industry.

Chemicals

Bioethanol Use

ROII pa1f

DehverydeviceAs stated aboye, after traditional distillation, about 5% of

water remains in ethanol. Especially, this water is a bigproblem for fuel ethanol because the presence of thisamount of water enhances the molecular polarity ofethanol for example ethanol and gasoline are mixed, theyseparate into two phases, ethanol phase and gasolinephase. It is easy to imagine that this inhomogeneous fuelis not acceptable. Thus, dehydration can be another issue.

4. Dehydration

However, to achieve high purification, several distillations are required. This is because all materials haveíntermolecular interactions with each other, and twomateríals will co-distill during distillation. This means thatproportion between two materials, in this case ethanolandwater, can be changed, still, there are two materials inboth layers, the liquid and the vapor layers.


Secondron pau

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Fuel cells are another potentialarea for ethanol use to produceheat and power. Fuel cellsfunction by combining the fuelhydrogen with oxygen from the airto produce electrical energy, withwater vapour and heat as byproducts. Fuel Cells have atypical electrical efficiency ofbetween 30 and 60 % and anoverall efficiency, if using the heatby-product, of 70-90 %. The unitsrun with very 10\V noiseemissions and pollutant gasemissions are also reduced

Fuel Cells:

• bioethanol producers• fuel suppliers• car manufacturers• the government

Stakeholdersin the BioethanolFuelMarket:

41

EM'GY EIIICI.MY• EII\dlIOI hola 010 ... to negall\e ""1 011<-'11) \o1luo• Wh9lhe, IJIhancll$ 'ellC ...olI:lIo·d.:polllll on .00.,1)of ene,qy uso<! rOl ds p,odoc100n~~=o~--~~----

-.Walellllble

UflOCOlome • 1OQUIIO~""ge $IJb~oJoo~• Ag"cU«uI,"

IlfOIOCIOIlISfll dlJlIl6'~ a1\ ,nI) lo Ihe W()(kl " pool• (lhAOO¡Ploo\)(l),OIIgalt"'''' o.,SI,n 1MIJ S and Au'>l'"Io.'• EIh.J1lOIptO'JucloOnle<¡uoles Vil$1aleas oflalld 'oItIlCh ,mpaclsblOdlVCls~y• (1h.,1Iof r:OlnC'JIIi,J~ WIII loql.,Ogcneloc¡,lIy IflO(',hoclOf¡¡.Jnl!ol~

Sublurftc.Contamln.t1OnIncleaS8d ,,$11of'illla(}e wilh ( 10COIIO$lOn ,lCampal 11>,11110&)IncII.IIIS0<.1SovolrtyI COlllam'll<IloOn!J'caler splClldl"i} •"O..., "'>n/MIl

S'

Suttllnlblllly• I;.I~,~

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Therefore, there are still so many concerns to saybioethnaol is a real ideal energy source.

ln addition, an lncrease in the demand of bloethanol may burden on our money. This is because, currently,ethanol production ls supported by huge subsidies coming from our tax. Besides, an increase in the ethanolproduction means an increase in the demand of corn . This may causean lncrease in the corn price. Today, corniseverywhere In our mea!.

Bloethanol has some deficit. Next figure shows some environmental impacts of ethanol in gasoline.Although, some of them may be exaggerated, but thls approach is very important when we are consideringbioethanol from overall environmental aspects. Corn production causes more soil erosion and uses moreherblcidesand insecticides. Also, wastewater from ethanol plant is also another big problem.

Negatlve sides of Bloethanol

considerably. It's disadvantages are its relatlvely high cost and their short life span (regular replacement ofcomponents). They are, however, regarded as very reliable for the duration of thelr lifespan and are oftenused for emergency power.

1


4

1.- Usethe box beJowto describe the picture of the BioethanoJproduction where you can see the differentsteps of the process:

Activities

I TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 2011 USAC

43

The most common blend is 10%ethanol and 90%petrol (E10):

After fermentation comes Grinding in Bioethanol production:

An increase in the ethanol production means an inrease in the demand of cornoThis may causea decrease inthe corn price.

Fuel Cells have a typical electrical efficiency of between 30 and 60 %

Byencouraging bioethanol's use, the rural economy would never receive a boost from growing the necessarycrops:

Ethanol can be produced from biomass by the hydrolysis and sugar fermentation processes.

2. Write True or Falseaccording to the sentence:

TECHNICAL ENGLlSH 3 2011 uSACI

44

Write a comment about the importance of Bioethanol in the economy of a country:

,


4S

Cool.a<>I

3. With the next picture do a "Proecess diagram" to reeognizethe activity in eaeh part of the Bioethanolproduction writing eaeh speeification in the square below.


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