Idioms and Quotes • Badger someone into doing something• Method in ones madness• Play into someone’s hands• Put out feelers • Sit on the fence• Spoon-feed someone• Take someone for a ride• Text walking

• “Our natures are a lot like oil, mix us with anything else and and we strive to swim on top” (Beaumont, Francis,1584-1616)

Correction and homework for this week

• Inuit not intuit • Q-skills Listening and Speaking• Grammar Modals expressing attitude • Grammar extension • Vocabulary skill

References

• Aitken, R., (2002) Teaching Tenses, ELB Publishing, UK• Bonner, M., Fuchs, M., & Westheimer,(2006) Focus on

Grammar: An Integrated Approach, Pearsons Longman, NY

• Scrivener, J.,(2009) Teaching English Grammar : What to Teach and How to Teach it, Macmillan Press,

• Swan, M., 2005, 3rd ed. Practical English Usage, Oxford University Press

• University of Victoria : English Language Centre

Modal Verbs

Prohibition, strong obligation, recommendation and no

obligation

What is a modal verb?

• Modal verbs are helping / auxiliary verbs

• They can have more than one meaning

• A modal usually expresses a persons attitude connected to certainty or obligation,

• We are going to discuss modals of obligation

• They are important for rules and laws

Modal Verbs • Modals are followed by the base

form of a verb( the infinitive without to)

• Form subject + modal= basic verb

• they have no ‘s’ in the third person singular

• they have no past participle

• Negatives are always made using n’t/not

• Questions can be made by placing the modal verb before the subject.

• Mary can dance

• I can dance, and she can dance too.

• NOT She cans dance

• She can’t sing • NOT She doesn’t can sing

• Can Peter dance too?• NOT Does can Peter dance too?

Strong obligation • Must and have to show

that something is necessary not optional for example following the laws of a country, or the rules of an organization

• Must is the strongest and most common in writing

• Must and have to in questions are used to show someone that what they are doing annoys us

•I must study tonight. •In the UK you must drive on the left. •You have to finish all your assignments before the end of the month.

•Must you speak with your mouth full?•Do you have to make so much noise ?

Have to • Have to is the most

common (more common in American English in British English it is have got to) it is known as a semi-modal and does not follow all the grammatical rules for modals

• It is useful for forming questions

• and negatives

• Past

• I have to study tonight.

• Do I have to study tonight?

• I don’t have to study to night.

• I had to study last night

Prohibition

• To show that something is not allowed,not permitted we use “must not”= mustn't

• It has an opposite meaning to must • Students must not copy their work from

the internet. It is illegal .• People mustn't smoke. • It has no question form • It has no past form. • More common in writing.

Can’t is also used for prohibition

They can’t say anything false You can’t come in here

Weak obligation or recommendation

• You use should to give advice and opinions

• Should is weaker than must and have to

• Amanda should go to the doctor = that we think it is a good idea for Amanda to visit the doctor

Ought to • Ought to has similar meaning to should. • We use ought to to say what we consider to

be sensible , necessary or correct thing to do.

• He ought to lose weight. • It is different because it takes a to infinitive

rather than the bare infinitive• It has no past tense and we make the

negative using not• Teachers ought not to swear in front of the

children• American English doesn’t use ought in the

negative it uses shouldn’t

No Obligation

• Don’t have to indicates a lack of obligation

• Advertisers don’t have to send ads for approval. ( you can if you want but you don’t have to)

• You don’t have to use this door. ( you can if you want to but you don’t have to)

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What kind of verbs are modal verbs?

What kind of attitudes do they express?

What is an example of a modal verb that expresses prohibition?

Is ‘must/ must not’ more common in writing or speaking?

Why is ‘ought’ different?

Is ‘have' a modal verb?

Basic coordinating conjunctions

and, but, or, so.

Look at the two sentences:

It was raining. I took my umbrella .

We can join these sentences together by using a conjunction : and, but, so, or.

Which is the best conjunction to join this sentence

It was raining, so I took my umbrella with me.

The two sentences are joined together with the Conjunction “so”

This is a coordinating conjunction.

The result is a longer sentence made up of two independent clauses

Conjunction

Function Example

and Joins two similar ideas He lives in Riyadh and studies at LSE.

but Joins two contrasting ideas

Fawzia is Saudi, but Tung Chi is Chinese.

or Joins two alternative ideas, gives a choice

I could cook some supper ,or we could order some pizza.

so Shows that the second idea is the result of the first

She was sick, so she went to the doctor.

Extra information

These conjunctions are also used

nor = joining two negative sentences for = because yet = but

Things to remember Three things to remember when using coordinating conjunctions

1.Coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses. Each clause must be “a complete thought” which could be a sentence on its own. •With coordinating conjunctions, put the conjunction in the middle. You see some sentences starting with ‘but’ or ‘and’, but this is usually wrong, so it is best to avoid it. •With coordinating conjunctions , use a comma unless both clauses are very short.

Complete the sentences by choosing the best coordinating conjunction for each space-

1. Bill was cold,________   he put on a coat.

2. Maria tried to read a novel in French,___________ it was too difficult.

3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, _____you   can ride the ferry.

4. I bought a bottle of sparkling juice,________ we drank it together.

5. The waiter was not very nice,________  the food was delicious.

6. I went to buy a Quran CD,_____  the shop didn't have

it.

7. Anna needed some money,____  she took a part-time

job.

8. There's so much rain lately! Maybe it's because of

El Nino, ______maybe it's just coincidence.

9. Julie has a drum,_____she plays it really well.

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10. The lecture was cancelled,_____ we went

to

a restaurant instead.

Affixes

We add things to the beginning or the end of a word

to change its meaning or grammatical status

Suffixes

• The ending of a word will often show what part of speech the word has become. For example:

• –tion at the end of authorization tells us that the word is likely to be a noun;

• -s at the end of hides tells us that this is either the third person singular of the verb hide or the plural of the noun hide.

Advertisements

• What things have you bought because of an advertisement?

• Has an advertisement ever helped you in some way?

• What kind of ad was it?• How did it help you? • Are there any ads that you really like?• Why do you like them? • What are some things you would never

buy based on an ad?

Does advertising help or harm us?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jz61aDH8_E

Memory recall after learning

• ‘your boss has a bigger vocabulary than you have. That’s one good reason why he’s your boss. ( Dr Wilfred funk and Dr Norman Lewis).

• A simple formula to keep your memory sharp

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1. You must repeat something five times for it to stay in your long-term memory

• Your repetitions should be spaced out roughly according to the following formula:

• First repetition- after one hour• Second repetition- after one day• Third repetition – after one week• Fourth repetition- after one month• Fifth repetition- after six months

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNGKmz9paXs

How can advertisers change our behaviour?

• What are some of the techniques that advertisers use to influence consumers?

• What are the different types of products that may be marketed with those techniques?

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Could used in the past

• We use could to talk about the past. • She could read when she was four.• My grandmother could sing like an

angel.• My last car could do 200kmp.• In those days everybody could find a

job.

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Review Present Perfect

• When is present perfect used?

• What is its form?

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Present perfect is used to show that an action started in the past and is still happening ( up to now)

Form: have/ has + past participle

Ex. I have lived in Riyadh for 5 years.I am still living in Riyadh

Past Perfect/ Simple Past

• The smart board had fallen down before I arrived at class.

• Which event happened first?

• The smart board falling or the arriving to class?

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The smart board falling 1st event

Arriving to class is the 2nd event

Two past events , one happened before the other.

Past perfect = 1st eventSimple past= 2nd event

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She had called her boss before she went home. past perfect simple pasthad called went

X X Now 1st 2nd

Had called 1st went home 2nd

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They had made many mistakesbefore they did it right.

past perfect simple pasthad made did

X X Now1st 2nd

mistakes = 1st eventright = 2nd event

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You had left before the meeting started. past perfect simple pasthad left started

X X Now

__X____________X______Nowpast perfect simple pasthad called 1st event went 2nd eventhad made 1st event did 2nd eventhad left 1st event started 2nd event

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the past perfect tense is also used with when, by the time, and until

He had been at work for hours when we called him.

The had already eaten dinner by the time I got home.

They hadn’t heard anything about it until they read twitter this morning.

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