IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

Nanoparticle Induced DNA Damage

Thomas Prevenslik

Discovery Bay, Hong Kong, China

1

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

Introduction NPs offer significant technological advancements as

antibacterial agents in food processing, reducing infections in burn treatment, sunscreen skin lotions, and

treating cancer tumors.

However, NPs have a darkside

2

Over the past few decades, experiments have shown NPs produce ROS of hydroxyl radicals that cause apoptosis/cell death and single and double strand breaks in the DNA.

ROS = Reactive Oxidative Species

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

Oxidative Stress Paradigm

ROS is correlated with the surface area of <100 nm NPs

Surface activity is the proposed ROS mechanism.

Problem – Coarse PM > 300 nm enhance ROS

3

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

DNA Damage Levels

Direct DNA require at least photolysis at UV levels. The DNA ionization potential ~ 7.5 to 10 eV. Breaking

SS and DS in dry DNA ~ above 7 eV.

Indirect Hydroxyl radicals cause SS and DS breaks by chemical reaction ~ 5.2 eV break H-OH.

Most likely to DNA damage path.

Surface activity unlikely source of EM energy > 5 eV4

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

DNA Damage by EM Radiation

Experiments over pas 20 years show DNA damage by NPs that by conventional EM radiation

beyond the UV.

5

mimics

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

Hypothesis

NPs in body fluids produce EM radiation beyond the UV that generates the ROS that provides:

Bactericidal action

But also damages the DNA

6

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

QED induced EM radiation

Classically, heat (EM energy) is conserved by an increase in temperature.

But at the nanoscale, QM forbids an increase in temperature because specific heat vanishes.

QED allows heat to be conserved at the nanoscale by the emission of nonthermal EM

radiation

7

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

QM Restrictions

cf Dn2 r hfEP

QED induces the creation of photons of wavelength by supplying EM energy to a box with walls separated

upon /2. For a spherical NP of diameter D having refractive index nr > 1:

8

QM restricts the heat content of atoms depending on temperature and EM confinement given by the Einstein-

Hopf relation for harmonic oscillator

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

Einstein-Hopf Relation

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1 10 100 1000

Wavelength - - microns

Pla

nck

Ene

rgy

- E -

eV

1

kT

hcexp

hc

E

9NPs

0.0258 eV Heat

capacity vanishes

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

QED radiation in NPs

• • • Specific Heat Vanishes

No Temperature change

EM

Emission

= 2Dnr

Molecular

Collisions

Laser/Solar/Supernova

Photons

Residual

Thermal

kT

Energy

Joule

Heat

NP

10

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

NPs and Biological Cells

11

Collision

DNA Damage

UV

H2OHydroxyl Radical

NP

Biological Cell Wall

NP

UV

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

Collisional Power

0.1

1

10

100

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000

NP Diameter - D - nm

Col

lisio

nal P

ower

- Q

C -

nW

avag2

C N/MWm,m

kTpPD

32Q

Collision Power

12

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

QED Photons and Rate

13

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000 10000

NP Diameter - D - nm

Pla

nck

Ene

rgy

- E P

- e

V

1.E+12

1.E+15

1.E+18

1.E+21

1.E+24

1.E+27E P

dNP /dt

QE

D P

hoto

n ra

te -

dNP /

dt.

Non-IonizeIonize

Silver nr = 1.35

CP

P Qdt

dNE Photolysis Power

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

PM Enhancement

14

d

dUV

UV

NIRD

Collision

Collisions

DNA

DNA

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

PM Enhancement

1

10

100

1000

0 20 40 60 80 100

Fine NP Diameter - d - nm

Enh

ance

men

t Rat

io -

R

D = 1500 nm

D = 300 nm

15

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

Conclusions NPs < 100 nm produce UV radiations act as bactericidal agents but also

damage DNA and increase the risk of further cancer.

NIR lasers are not necessary to kill cancers. The EM energy required to produce UV radiation is the thermal kT energy of surrounding solution

molecules that upon absorption is induced by QED to be frequency up-converted to UV levels.

The oxidative stress paradigm that DNA damage is caused by ROS produced proportional to the area of <100 nm NPs needs to be modified to include the

effect of larger 300-1500 nm PM.

Surface activity is an unlikely source of ROS

Sunscreens having NP < 100 nm NPs should be replaced by NPs > 100 nm

Silver NPs in limiting bacteria in food processing should cease immediately.

16

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

Extensions Einstein’s Static Universe

Redshift in NPs means Universe is not expanding and dark energy does not exist.

TribochemistryRubbing of surfaces produces NPs that produce VUV to enhance chemical reactions

Gecko walking on walls and ceilingsSpatulae under index of refraction EM confinement produce electrostatic attraction

Unification of Static ElectricityRubbing of surfaces produces NPs that charge the surroundings.

Nanocatalysts and Chemiluminescence Gold NPs added to chemical reactants in solution enhance chemical reactions

X-rays from peeling Scotch TapeNPs that form as adhesive tears accumulates charge that at breakdown produces x-rays

Casimir forceEM confinement of BB thermal radiation in gap between parallel plates produces attraction

Etc…

17

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October 18 - 21 , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan

Questions & Papers

Email: nanoqed@gmail.com

http://www.nanoqed.org

18