SMART GRIDS

WHAT IS THE BUSINESS CASE?

Prince Moyo PrEng FSAIEE

Chairman: CIGRE SA NC

General Manager: Power Delivery Engineering, Eskom South Africa

CONTENTS

• PART 1 BACKGROUND

• PART 2 WHAT IS A SMART GRID?

• PART 3 SMART GRID MODELS

• PART 4 BUSINESS VALUE PROPOSITIONS

• PART 5 SMART GRID ENABLERS

• PART 6 SMART GRID ROADMAPS

IEEE

• Resources:• www.ieee.org• IEEE Xplore Digital

Library• IEEE Spectrum

magazine• The Institute

newsletter• Proceedings of the

IEEE• IEEE Access• IEEE Author Centre

and IEEE Collabratec• All social platforms

www.cigre.org

10000 members96 countries59 National Committees16 Study Committees250 Working Groups3700 WG members

Electra Journal www.cigre.org/ElectraScience & Engineering JournalProceedings of conferencesGREEN BooksNewsletterCigre Reference Papers

EQUIPMENT

NEW

MATERIALS

& IT

SYSTEMSTECHNO

LOGIES

A1

A3

A2

B1

B4 B5

B2

B3

C6

C1

C3

C5

C2

C4

D1

D2

16

STUDY

COMMITTEES

CIGRE

A1 Rotating Electrical Machines

A2 Transformers

A3 High Voltage Equipment

B1 Insulated Cables

B2 Overhead Lines

B3 Substations

B4 HVDC And Power Electronics

B5 Protection And Automation

C1 System Development & Economics

C2 System Operation & Control

C4 System Technical Performance

C5 Electricity Markets & Regulation

C6 Distribution Systems & Dispersed Generation

D1 Materials & Emerging Test Techniques

D2 Information Systems & Telecommunication

C3 System Environmental Performance

CIGRE STUDY COMMITTEES

IEC

• IEC role in electro-technical standards

• IEC Structure

• Standardisation

• Conformity Assessments

• Systems Committees

• Works through NCs … private or standards body

• Many Technical Committees

Rwanda Background (stats)

• Rwanda stats – pop, energy, installed base, electrification rate, etc

• Electrification levels• 10.8% access in 2010, 22% in 2014, 34%

(750k conn) in 2017 to 70% in 2018• Customer numbers … 823,862

• Infrastructure plans - 53% is hydro power; 7% is solar program; 45MW in 2006, 97MW in 2010, 218MW in 2017 to 563MW + 450MW imports in 2018; USD3.2BN needed; peat in SW 70MW; Kivu natural gas; Cape Rubona 700MW methane gas

Rwanda Background – Electricity Grid

Rwanda Background (Kigali)

Rwanda Background (rural electr)

Rwanda Background (comparisons, oom only)US CHI UK FRA SA ZIM BOTS DRC RWA

Population (millions) 320 1,420 64.1 55 13 2.155 62 12

Installed base (GW) 1,275 1,505 77 46 2 0.75 1.2 0,218

Energy Sold (TWh) 4,314 5,649 328 225 8.9 4 6.24 1.13

Area (million km2) 9.83 8.43 0.243 1.22 0.391 0.582 1.5 0.026

Population Density/km2

33 168 264 43 33 4 41 456

GDP (US$Bn) 18,560 11,391 2,649 280 14.19 10.95 42 8.4

GDP/capita (US$) 58,000 8,022 41,326 5,290 1,092 5,080 677 696

Electricity price (USc/kWh)

21 9 24 20 9 10 14 9 22

Energy sold/capita (kWh/person/year)

13,481 3,978 5,117 4,245 685 1,856 101 30

Gini 0.44 0.47 0.35 0.66 0.43 0.61 0.41 0.50

What Is A Smart Grid?Eskom: A smart grid is a more “instrumented” grid that gathers, interprets and acts on information, increasing awareness of the state of the grid, and transforming and improving the way it is operated and utilized by its customers

EPRI: A smart grid is one that incorporates information and communications technology into every aspect of electricity generation, delivery and consumption in order to minimize environmental impact, enhance markets, improve reliability and service, and reduce costs and improve efficiency

NIST: A smart grid develops and implements measurement science underpinning modernization of the nation's electric grid in order to improve system efficiency, reliability and sustainability, by incorporating distributed intelligence, bi-directional communications and power flows, and additional advancements to create a smart grid

What Is A Smart Grid?

IEEE: Provides bidirectional communication of power quality, supply and demand across the power grid to utilize power more dynamically resulting in increased energy efficiency and power grid reliability. This change is necessary to manage the increased variability caused by renewable resources, the increased peak demand created by energy intensive consumers such as electric vehicles, and to minimize the environmental impact of ever increasing aggregate demand for electrical power

Gartner: IT/OT integration promotes a single view of enterprise information and process management to help ensure that every person, sensor, switch or other device has the right information, in the right format, at the right time

IEC: The general understanding is that the Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the electric grid. The Smart Grid comprises everything related to the electric system in between any point of generation and any point of consumption. Through the addition of Smart Grid technologies the grid becomes more flexible, interactive and is able to provide real time feedback

What Is A Smart Grid?

Instrumented Distributed intelligence

Information-driven Bi-directional communication

Sensors Cyber security

Distributed resources Renewables integration

Environmentally friendly

Better operation Increased reliability

Better utilisation Awareness of state

Enhance markets Bidirectional power flow

Reduce costs Improved efficiency

Smart Grid – Models (IEEE domains)

Smart Grid – Models (EPRI)

Business Cases

Smart Grid (1) – Reliability

• Reliability (YELLOW Block)

• Uptime

• Momentary/nuisance trips

Smart Grid (1) – Reliability

• System performance indices for Tx and Dx

• Operator rounds and use of asset scanning techniques

• Distribution Automation

• Condition Monitoring (CM)

• AHI … automated computation

• Physical security

• Cyber Security

• Smart Substation

SAIDI

1

𝑁𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

SAIFI

1

𝑁𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

CAIDI = SAIDI/SAIFI … interruption duration per customer

SML

1

𝑁𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑥 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝑖𝑛)

𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑀𝑉𝐴

Smart Grid (1) – Reliability

• SA Dx

• SAIDI – 35h urban and rural• SAIFI - 17• Thus CAIDI = 2hr

• SA Tx• SML … 3min

• WAMS

• DLR

• other

Smart Grid (2) – Power Quality

BLUE Block Distortion Of Waveform

Smart Grid (2) – Power Quality

Smart Grid (3) – WAMS

• For large transmission networks, geographically dispersed

• Based on Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

• Distributed C, V, f & df/dt (ROCOF) measurements, | | and φ, line θ via PDCs

• Micro/milliseconds, GPS synchronisation to 1μs, 0.1deg

• Analysis, early warning avoids cascading effects and eventual blackouts

• Event-Driven Data Analysis (EDDA)

• Monitoring benefits

POM (oscillations) PDM (damping) LTM (line thermal)VSM (voltage stability) etc

• 1st level of defence before UFLS, UVLS schemes, etc

• Need for RTDS for testing and validation

• Examples of operation - CIGRE Thailand paper

Smart Grid (4) – Network Operations

• SCADA/ DMS/ ADMS• Level of visibility/

instrumentation/ telemetry

• Data Acquisition … I, V, on/off

• Remote SS and Feeder Operations

• Other functions (e.g. AMI)

• GIS

Smart Grid (5) – Operator Dispatch

• Fault visibility

• Resource visibility

• Resource meta data

• Productivity management

• GIS vs Network Data

• Enables Customer Feedback

• All requires comms, instrumentation

• ADMS

Smart Grid (6) – Energy Efficiency

• EE• η appliances

• η equipment

• Reduces overall energy consumed

• Certifications

Smart Grid (7) – Energy Conservation

Smart Grid (8) – Analytics and Asset Utilisation

Analytics (detection to prognosis)

• Maintenance completeness visibility

• End-Of-Life ManagementHealth Indexing Asset Replacement Plans

Beyond ‘design life’

Utilisation

• Overhead lines … DLR

• Transformers … Short-Term Over-rating

Smart Grid (8) – Analytics and Asset Utilisation

Smart Grid (9) – FACTS

• Caps … fixed switchable banks

• SVCs … thyristor-controlled

• STATCOMs … fast-acting

Smart Grid (10) – Green

• GHG emissions leading to …

• Global warming … trend of rising surface temperatures

• Climate change … change in rain and snow patterns; more extreme weather

Smart Grid (10) – Green

Smart Grid (10) – Green (Flexibility)

Smart Grid (10) – Green (Flexibility)

Figure 1: CAISO Load Profile Demonstrates Need for Pulsed LoadsImage: Combined Cycle Journal

• Pulse Operation

• Two-shifting

• Impact on fuel of flexible plant

• Impact on plant life

Inertia - ramp rates ↑↓ ... < 15GW/h

(SA case)

ROCOF within grid code limits

Increased operating reserves

Fault levels

Variability … uncertainty

Flexibility

Minimum generation levelsThe required minimum generation level of a utility

system’s thermal units. Specifically, the lowest level

of operation of oil-fired and gas-fired units at which

they can be available to meet peak load needs.

Curtailment

Spatial diversity

Transmission/Distribution

constraints

Smart Grid (10) – Green (Flexibility)

Use cases:

i. Peak shaving

ii. Energy arbitrage

iii. Frequency control

iv. Volt/var support

Smart Grid (11) – Storage

v. T&D capex deferment

vi. PV smoothing

vii. Renewable firming

viii. Black start

Smart Grid (11) – Storage

• Small-scale

• Grid-scale

• Microgrid

• Death of the grid?

37Energy Storage Trends & Opportunities, IFC Report (Source: Navigant Research)

Smart Grid (11) – Storage (SA 100MW plant)

Smart Grid (11) – Storage (Utility Scale)

• Largest storage system, comprising more than 18,000 Li-ion batteries, is being built in Long Beach for Southern California Edison by AES Corp. When it’s completed, in 2021, it will be capable of running at 100 megawatts for 4 hours.

• Size of two-storey data centre

• 300MW storage being planned for the same site

• But that energy total of 400 megawatt-hours is still two orders of magnitude lower than what a large Asian city would need

Feb 2017: At 30 megawatts for 4 hours, SDG&E’s facility in Escondido, California, is thelargest Li-ion installation in the world.

Moss Landing, San Francisco Bay: 2018

1200 MWh

Smart Grid (12) – Smart Meters

• Online monitoring

• Two-way communication

• Demand Response (DR)/

Demand-Side Management

Energy Conservation

• other

Smart Grid (13) – eTransportation

• Electric vehicle transportation viability … < 2030?

• Lifetime km, maintenance

• Ride-hailing

• Peak oil?

• The death of the auto industry/ICE as we know it?

• Nexus of Ride-hailing, EVand Smartphone and self-driving

• AEVs

• TaaS

Smart Grid (14) – Safety and Productivity

• Employee safety• Heat stroke warning

• Proximity to prohibited areas

• Smart maintenance• Identification of plant during walk-down

• RFID tagged equipment and mobility tools

• Augmented Reality

Smart Grid Enablers - ICT

• Current – TDM technologies (SDH, PDH, packet radios)

• < 2Mbps common

• Need for greater bandwidth due to smart grids

• Becoming obsolete

• Skills challenges

• The future is ‘packet’

• Up to 400Gbps

Smart Grid Enablers - ICT

• Application layer 3/4 – use available microwave; fibre or satellite; 3rd

party solutions – nG, wi-fi, LoRa, PLC, etc; SCADA, AMI, etc; initiator of traffic

• Service layer 2/3 – MSAP interim; IP/ MPLS end-state; integrates business value devices; protocols; microwave, fibre or satellite; for high SLA sites

• Transmission layer 1/2 – OTN; 100Mbps; long-haul; fibre; MSTP for sub-100Mbps legacy; national footprint

• Zone I (protection, SCADA) most critical service

• Note prioritization of service and redundancy

Smart Grid Enablers - 5G

• IEEE 802.11ac interim standard

• GSMA specification• 1-10Gbps connections to end-points• 1ms end to end round trip delay• 1000x bandwidth per unit area• 10-100x connected devices• 99.999% availability• 100% coverage• 90% reduction in network energy use• Up to 10yr battery power for low power devices

• Consumer and carrier equipment

Smart Grid Enablers - 5G

Smart Grid Enablers - 5G

Smart Grid Enablers – Cyber Security

• NIST• Increased complexity of the grid• Common vulnerabilities• More entry points• Malicious attacks• Potential breach of customer

privacy

• LEVELS• Confidentiality/ ‘Sniffing’• Integrity/ Alteration• Denial/ Outage

Smart Grid – Roadmaps

Smart Grid – Roadmaps

Smart Grids – New Jobs

• Cyber Security

• Weather Forecasting

• Data Analytics/ Data Scientist

• Aggregator

• Battery Chemistry

• Smart Metering

Is Your Smart Grid Vision Clear?

Contact Us:

END