Informationfor Authors

IEEE PE R I O D I C A L STR A N S A C T I O N S/ JO U R N A L S DE PA RT M E N T

445 HO E S LA N E

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©2000 TH E IN S T I T U T E O F EL E C T R I C A L

A N D EL E C T R O N I C S EN G I N E E R S, IN C.

RE V I S E D: 2/00

IEEE TR A N S A C T I O N S, JO U R N A L S, A N D LE T T E R S

INFORMATION FOR IEEE TRANSACTIONS,JOURNALS, AND LETTERS AUTHORS

Table of Contents

I. IEEE Author Rights and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

A. Author ResponsibilitiesB. RightsC. IEEE Copyright

II. A General Overview: Steps to Publishing in an IEEE Scholarly Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

A. Initial DecisionsB. FormatsC. Peer ReviewD. Final AcceptanceE. Preparation of Electronic and Final ManuscriptsF. Author ProofsG. Reprint RequestsH. Printed IssueI. No Returns

III. Submission Procedures for Peer Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

A. Transactions, Journals, and LettersB. Proceedings of the IEEE

IV. General Manuscript Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

A. Typing SpecificationsB. Consecutive Numbering of PartsC. Manuscript FormatsD. AbstractE. ReferencesF. References—Electronic SourcesG. Figures, Tables, and Captions ListH. Section HeadingsI. Mathematical NotationJ. Units and Abbreviations

V. Final Preparation for Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A. Electronic Disk PreparationB. E-Mail PreparationC. Graphics PreparationD. Author Supplied Electronic GraphicsE. Proofs

VI. Reprints and Page Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

A. Page ChargesB. Mandatory and Overlength Page ChargesC. Ordering ReprintsD. Billing/Ordering Information for Authors and Purchasing Departments

Appendix I. Table of Units and Quantity Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1Appendix II. Some Common Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9Appendix III. List of IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A13Appendix IV. List of IEEE Magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A16

Information for IEEE Transactions,Journals, and Letters Authors

I. IEEE AUTHOR RIGHTS AND

RESPONSIBILITIES

A. Author Responsibilities

Manuscripts submitted for publication to IEEE Transactions,Journals, Letters, or to the PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE shouldbe original work submitted to a single IEEE Journal. It shouldnot have been previously published and should not be underconsideration for publication elsewhere.

The IEEE assumes that material submitted to its publicationsis properly available for general dissemination for the reader-ship of those publications. It is the responsibility of the authors,not the IEEE, to determine whether disclosure of their materialrequires the prior consent of other parties and, if so, to obtainit. If an author uses charts, photographs, or other graphics frompreviously printed material, he/she is responsible for obtainingwritten permission from the publisher to use the material inhis/her manuscript.

Statements and opinions given in work published by theIEEE are the expressions of the authors. Responsibility for thecontents of published papers rests upon the authors, not theIEEE.

B. Rights

Occasionally an author may disagree with the referees’recommendations and with the editorial decision based onthose comments. In such a case, the author shall be giventhe opportunity to prepare a suitably worded rebuttal to thereferees’ criticism where the author believes it is unfoundedand to submit the rebuttal to the Editor-in-Chief. Technicaldisagreements often occur in such instances because the man-uscript is interpreted differently by the referee than is theintended interpretation of the author. Rebuttals can correctsuch erroneous interpretations. In any case, the Editor-in-Chiefforwards the rebuttals to the referees for their comments,acting as an intermediary to continue to preserve the referees’anonymity. The referees return their recommendations if theargument put forth is persuasive. On the other hand, the refereeis free to counter the rebuttal of the author. However thereferee chooses to act, he or she furnishes additional informa-tion to the Editor-in-Chief which, together with the rebuttalof the author, provides the Editor-in-Chief with additionalinformation on which to base a decision. The Editor-in-Chief may seek advice from additional referees during suchan exchange. It is understood that such occasional lengthyexchanges will require an extension to the deadline for the finaldecision of the submission beyond the 90-day requirement.The author should be so informed.

The editorial policy of an IEEE publication is to be deter-mined by the entity which sponsors or controls the publication,within the framework and policies set by the IEEE PublicationsBoard and the IEEE Board of Directors. Implementation ofthese policies is the responsibility of the Editor-in-Chief ofthe publication. The Editor-in-Chief is, in general, the finalauthority on matters of content and appropriateness of materialin the publication. Disputes that arise over review or accep-tance of the material submitted for publication are expected tobe resolved by the Editorial Board of the publication.

In the event of a challenge to the review or publishingprocess that cannot be resolved at the sponsoring entity level,the Vice President of Publication Activities shall, within 30days of receipt of written complaint, determine whether thedispute merits a formal arbitration process. For arbitration, theVice President shall appoint an individual who will, throughconsultation with parties to the dispute and with the assistanceof knowledgeable members of the professional community,assess the merits of the dispute and recommend a resolution.The recommendation will be presented to the PublicationsBoard within 120 days of the receipt of the complaint, unless atime extension is granted by the Vice President of PublicationActivities. The decision on the matter will then be made bythe Vice President of Publication Activities and is binding onthe IEEE entity which is a party to the dispute.

C. IEEE Copyright

The IEEE Intellectual Properties Department will process allpermission requests and will monitor and report on electronicreuses of IEEE-copyrighted material relative to the proposedpolicies described here. The procedures outlined below willenable the department to carry out these responsibilities.

A completed IEEE Copyright Form should accompany anyoriginal material when it is first submitted to an IEEE technicalperiodical or conference publication. In any event, an authormust transfer copyright to IEEE upon being notified of theacceptance of his/her paper if the transfer has not been doneprior to acceptance. IEEE will not insist on a transfer ofcopyright rights (other than a license to print, reprint, anddistribute) in any computer programs set out in the text of thematerial.

The following copyright notice must be displayed on thefirst page of any paper copy reproduction of IEEE-copyrightedmaterial or on the initial screen displaying IEEE-copyrightedmaterial electronically:

Personal use of this material is permitted. However, per-mission to reprint/republish this material for advertisingor promotional purposes or for creating new collective

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works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists or toreuse any copyrighted component of this work in otherworks must be obtained from the IEEE.

Paper Copy Preprints: A paper (hard) copy preprint maybe an article which an author and/or company wishes todistribute, but which either

1) has been only recently submitted for review or2) has been reviewed and accepted but not yet published.

Paper copy preprints must carry the following notice on thefirst page of the reproduction:

This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possiblepublication. Copyright may be transferred without notice,after which this version will be superseded.

Electronic Preprints: Upon submitting an article to theIEEE for review and possible publication, the author mustadd the following notice to the first screen of any of his/herposted electronic preprint versions of the paper:

This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possiblepublication. Copyright may be transferred without notice,after which this version may no longer be accessible.

When the IEEE accepts the work for publication, the authormust add the IEEE copyright notice to any previously postedelectronic versions of the particular paper submitted andprovide IEEE with the electronic address (URL, ftp address,etc.) of the primary electronic posting.

When IEEE publishes the work, the author must replace theprevious electronic version of the accepted paper with either

1) the full citation to the IEEE work or2) the IEEE published version, including the IEEE copy-

right notice and full citation.

Prior or revised versions of the paper must not be representedas the published version.

Collected Works: IEEE copyrighted collected works, suchas conference proceedings (full text and/or abstracts) andcollections of published papers (including collections dis-tributed from a single server or created through a collection ofpointers or hyperlinks that refer to versions posted by IEEEauthors), may not be posted for electronic distribution withoutprior written permission from IEEE. Such permission willbe contingent upon the placement of prominently displayedcopyright and reuse notices. Another condition in grantingpermission will be that the posted collected work include amonitoring mechanism for authorizing access to the materialand for the reporting of usage data.

Personal Servers: Authors and/or their companies shallhave the right to post their IEEE-copyrighted material ontheir own servers without permission, provided that the serverdisplays a prominent notice alerting readers to their obligationswith respect to copyrighted material and that the posted workincludes the IEEE copyright notice as shown in Section I-Cabove. An example of an acceptable notice is:

This material is presented to ensure timely disseminationof scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rightstherein are retained by authors or by other copyright hold-ers. All persons copying this information are expectedto adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each

author’s copyright. In most cases, these works may not bereposted without the explicit permission of the copyrightholder.

Classroom Use: Instructors are free to post their own IEEE-copyrighted papers on their institution’s servers, provided thatappropriate copyright, credit, and reuse notices appear promi-nently with the posted material. Other electronic distributionof IEEE-copyrighted works on university servers may be doneonly with prior written permission from the IEEE.

After IEEE accepts the work for publication and the copy-right has been transferred, IEEE will not allow changes orrevisions to the work without further review and approval.

The IEEE and many affiliated societies provide publicationand society information via Internet servers. Links to societyservers are encouraged, and prior consent is not required.

II. A GENERAL OVERVIEW: STEPS

TO PUBLISHING IN AN IEEESCHOLARLY PUBLICATION

A. Initial Decisions

IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters are published bythe individual societies within the IEEE representing the vari-ous fields of engineering interest. Each society/publication hasits own requirements and procedures for peer review, the firststep towards publication of a paper. Individual publicationsoften give details on how the manuscript should be preparedfor peer review on one of their covers.

Papers submitted for publication in the IEEE Transactions,Journals, and Letters should be sent directly to the Editor(s)-in-Chief of the specific publication in which the author wishesto publish. These names and addresses can be found on theinside covers of the publication, by e-mailing trans@ieee.org,faxing IEEE Transactions at +1 732 562 0545, or on the Webat http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/guide.html.

The PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE is an IEEE general spon-sored publication with paid subscription. It does not representone particular field of engineering interest as in Transactions,Journals, and Letters. Therefore, its manuscripts are reviewedwith different criteria, but follow the same general publishingprocedures (or criteria) of an IEEE society-sponsored publi-cation.

B. Formats

IEEE Transactions generally contain major manuscriptsapproximately eight to ten printed pages or 24 to 30 double-spaced pages.

IEEE Journals follow the same length criteria as Trans-actions, but often are focused on selected topics and morespecialized areas of interest.

IEEE Letters are generally short papers approximately threeprinted pages or nine double-spaced pages.

C. Peer Review

After the Editor/Editor-in-Chief of a publication determinesthat a paper is suitable for his/her publication, it will beforwarded to a group of reviewers selected for their expertisein a given field.

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During this process, an author is often asked to expand,rewrite, or explain further the content of his/her paper. It isnot uncommon that an author is asked to provide another draftwith the suggested changes for further review.

D. Final Acceptance

Once a manuscript has received the final approval of thereviewers and Editor-in-Chief, the author will be notifiedand sent an IEEE Copyright Form. He/she will be asked toprepare the manuscript for final electronic publication and topossibly complete an additional information form. (See detailsin following sections.)

E. Preparation of Electronic and Final Manuscripts

The author will need to check the electronic guidelines onfinal preparation for production of manuscripts and graphics.For the societies which do not use electronic production fortheir publication, the author will need to follow the specificprocedures for that society.

Note: A manuscript cannot enter the final productionprocess at IEEE unless a copyright form has been signedand forwarded with the manuscript.

If an author’s disk or e-mailed manuscript cannot be pro-cessed due to technical difficulties, he/she will be notifiedby the IEEE Transactions/Journals Department and asked toprovide another copy.

If the author’s graphics are not reproducible, he/she will becontacted by the IEEE Transactions/Journals Department andasked to provide a new set of graphics for the manuscript orto sign a disclaimer.

If an author cannot provide an electronic version of themanuscript, arrangements can be made to handle a paper copyversion.

F. Author Proofs

The author will receive a final proof of his/her manuscriptas it will appear in the printed publication. The proofs areusually accompanied by the IEEE Page Charges and ReprintOrder Form depending upon a society’s requirements for itspublication.

In a case where an author has four-color graphics, thesociety may require that the author pay the extra charges andhe/she will be notified of that charge.

The author is requested to provide corrections to the finalproof of his/her paper within a few days after receipt of theauthor proofs.

G. Reprint Requests

At the time the author receives the final proofs of his/herpaper, he/she should also receive an IEEE Page Chargesand Reprint Order Form. This should be completed andreturned with the proofs or sent directly to the IEEE ReprintsDepartment, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ08855-1331 USA; fax: +1 732 981 8062.

H. Printed Issue

Once the issue of a publication has been printed, a compli-mentary copy will be sent to the author.

If an author has requested reprints, these will be sentseparately after the issue has been mailed.

I. No Returns

The IEEE does not return disks, graphics, photographs, orpaper copies of the manuscripts used in the production processof its issues.

III. SUBMISSION PROCEDURES FOR PEER REVIEW

A. Transactions, Journals, and Letters

Papers submitted for publication in the IEEE Transactions,Journals, and Letters should be sent directly to the Editor(s)-in-Chief of the specific publication in which the author wishes topublish. These names and addresses can be found on the insidecovers of the publication. Also found on the inside covers or inthe ending pages of the publications are instructions on how toprepare the manuscript for Peer Review. General manuscriptpreparation procedures can be found in Section IV.

B. Proceedings of the IEEE

The PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE publishes comprehensive,in-depth review, tutorial, and survey papers for technicallyknowledgeable readers who are not necessarily specialists inthe subjects being treated. The papers are of long-range interestand broad significance. Applications and technological issues,as well as theory, are emphasized. The topics include allaspects of electrical and computer engineering and science.From time to time, papers on managerial, historical, economic,and ethical aspects of technology are published. Papers areauthored by recognized authorities and reviewed by experts.They include extensive introductions written at a level suitablefor the nonspecialist, with ample references for those who wishto probe further. Several issues a year are devoted to a singlesubject of special importance.

Prospective authors, before preparing a full-length manu-script, are urged to submit a proposal containing a descriptionof the topic and its importance to PROCEEDINGS readers, adetailed outline of the proposed paper and its type of coverage,and a brief biography showing the authors’ qualificationsfor writing the paper. A proposal can be reviewed mostefficiently if it is sent electronically to the Managing Editorat j.calder@ieee.org. If the proposal receives a favorablereview, the author will be encouraged to prepare the paper forpublication consideration through the normal review process.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE445 Hoes LaneP.O. Box 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USAFax: +1 732 562 5456

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IV. GENERAL MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

A. Typing Specifications

Manuscripts should be typed double spaced on one side ofa sheet only, with margins of about 2.5 cm on each side ofeach page.

B. Consecutive Numbering of Parts

All manuscript pages, footnotes, equations, and referencesshould be labeled in consecutive numerical order. Illustrationsand tables should be cited in text in numerical order. SeeSection IV-G of this guide.

C. Manuscript Formats

See copies of the publications for examples of proper paperformats and requirements for the types of papers accepted foreach publication (i.e., Full Papers, Letters, Short Papers, etc.).

Full length papers generally consist of the title, byline,author affiliation, footnote (including any financial support ac-knowledgment), index terms, abstract, nomenclature if present,introduction, body, conclusions, reference list, list of figuresand table captions, and original figures and tables for repro-duction. A paper may also include appendixes, a glossary ofsymbols, and an acknowledgment of nonfinancial support.

D. Abstract

The abstract should be limited to 50–200 words and shouldconcisely state what was done, how it was done, principalresults, and their significance. The abstract will appear later invarious abstracts journals and should contain the most criticalinformation of the paper.

E. References

A numbered list of references must be provided at the endof the paper as a separate page or pages of the manuscript.The list should be arranged in the order of citation in text, notin alphabetical order. List only one reference per referencenumber.

Each reference number should be enclosed by square brack-ets. In text, citations of references may be given simply as “in[1] . . . ”, rather than as “in reference [1] . . . ”. Similarly, itis not necessary to mention the authors of a reference unlessthe mention is relevant to the text. It is almost never useful togive dates of references in text. These will usually be deletedby Staff Editors if included.

Footnotes or other words and phrases that are not part of thereference format do not belong on the reference list. Phrasessuch as “For example,” should not introduce references in thelist, but should instead be given in parentheses in text, followedby the reference number, i.e., “For example, see [5].”

Sample correct formats for various types of references areas follows.

Books:

[1] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,”in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.

[2] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont,CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.

Periodicals:

[3] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation—Part I: An assess-ment of feasibility,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol.ED-11, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959.

[4] E. P. Wigner, “Theory of traveling-wave optical laser,”Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635–A646, Dec. 1965.

[5] E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays,” IEEE Trans.Antennas Propagat., to be published.

Articles from Conference Proceedings (published):

[6] D. B. Payne and J. R. Stern, “Wavelength-switched pas-sively coupled single-mode optical network,” in Proc.IOOC-ECOC, 1985, pp. 585–590.

Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished):

[7] D. Ebehard and E. Voges, “Digital single sideband detec-tion for interferometric sensors,” presented at the 2nd Int.Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany, 1984.

Standards/Patents:

[8] G. Brandli and M. Dick, “Alternating current fed powersupply,” U.S. Patent 4 084 217, Nov. 4, 1978.

Technical Reports:

[9] E. E. Reber, R. L. Mitchell, and C. J. Carter, “Oxygenabsorption in the Earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp.,Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov.1968.

F. References—Electronic Sources

The guidelines for citing electronic information as offeredbelow are a modified illustration of the adaptation by theInternational Standards Organization (ISO) documentation sys-tem and the American Psychological Association (APA) style.Three pieces of information are required to complete eachreference: 1) protocol or service; 2) location where the itemis to be found; and 3) item to be retrieved. It is not necessaryto repeat the protocol (i.e., http) in Web addresses after“Available” since that is stated in the URL.

Books: Author. (year, month day). Title. (edition) [Type ofmedium]. volume (issue). Available: site/path/file

Example:

[1] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks. (2nd ed.) [Online].Available: http://www.atm.com

Journals: Author. (year, month). Title. Journal. [Type ofmedium]. volume (issue), pages. Available: site/path/file

Example:

[2] R. J. Vidmar. (1992, Aug.). On the use of atmosphericplasmas as electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans.Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3), pp. 876–880. Available:http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps03-vidmar

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Papers Presented at Conferences: Author. (year, month).Title. Presented at Conference title. [Type of Medium].Available: site/path/file

Example:

[3] PROCESS Corp., MA. Intranets: Internet technologiesdeployed behind the firewall for corporate productivity.Presented at INET96 Annu. Meeting. [Online]. Available:http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp

Reports and Handbooks: Author. (year, month). Title.Company. City, State or Country. [Type of Medium].Available: site/path/file

Example:

[4] S. L. Talleen. (1996, Apr.). The Intranet Ar-chitecture: Managing information in the newparadigm. Amdahl Corp., CA. [Online]. Available:http://www.amdahl.com/doc/products/bsg/intra/infra/html

Computer Programs and Electronic Documents: ISO rec-ommends that capitalization follow the accepted practice forthe language or script in which the information is given.

Example:

[5] A. Harriman. (1993, June). Compendium of genealog-ical software. Humanist. [Online]. Available e-mail:HUMANIST@NYVM Message: get GENEALOGYREPORT

G. Figures, Tables, and Captions List

All graphics should be submitted as separate items fromthe body of your paper on separate sheets of paper or ondisk. IEEE Transactions/Journals Department does not providedrafting or art services. Thus, the better the quality of thematerial submitted, the better the published result.

Line art, graphs, charts, tables, drawings, photos, and grayscale diagrams will be scanned electronically for final pro-duction or you may submit them as TIFF, PostScript, orEncapsulated PostScript files (see Section V-D for more in-formation on electronic graphics). If submitting for scan-ning, all graphics should be original proofs and not photo-copies.

Whenever possible photos should be glossy prints with noscreening. Laser prints will not reproduce as well as originalphotos. All line drawings and photos should be in black andwhite, unless special arrangements have been made to processthem in color.

Please use consistent typefaces on all your figures. Figureswill be reduced to make the smallest typesize 8 points.Generally one or two typefaces should suffice. It is suggestedthat you use either Times Roman or Sans Serif. For best results,all of your figures should be the same size (width length)whenever possible. For scanned graphics the original materialshould be no larger than 22 28 cm.

On graphs, show only the coordinate axes, or at most themajor grid lines, to avoid a dense result after reduction.

DO NOT put boxes around your figures to enclose them.Captions should be included as a separate list at the end of

the paper.

Corrections cannot be made on a graphic. New correctedcopies (including tables) must be submitted by the author whenreturning the proofs.

H. Section Headings

Primary section headings within papers are enumeratedby Roman numerals and are centered above the text. Forthe purpose of typing the manuscript only, primary headingsshould be capital letters. Sample:

I. PRIMARY HEADING

(TEXT)

Secondary section headings are enumerated by capital lettersfollowed by periods (“A.”, “B.”, etc.) and are flush left abovetheir sections. The first letter of each word is capitalized. Inprint the headings will be in italics. Sample:

A. Secondary Heading

(TEXT)

Tertiary section headings are enumerated by Arabic numer-als followed by a parenthesis. They are indented, run into thetext in their sections, and are followed by a colon. The firstletter of each important word is capitalized. Sample:

1) Tertiary Heading: (TEXT)

Quaternary section headings are rarely necessary but areperfectly acceptable if required. They are identical to tertiaryheadings except that lowercase letters are used as labels andonly the first letter of the heading is capitalized. Sample:

a) Quaternary heading: (TEXT)

Enumeration of section headings is often desirable, but is nota requirement. If an author does choose to enumerate sectionheadings, then ALL levels of section headings in the papershould be enumerated. Similarly, if section headings are not tobe enumerated, the choice should be consistent for all headingsin the paper. In either case, the remaining style rules for eachlevel of section heading should be followed.

I. Mathematical Notation

To avoid errors in editing and typesetting, authors shouldclearly identify subscripts, superscripts, Greek letters, andother symbols. Add margin notes or other explanations wher-ever necessary. It is especially important to distinguish clearlybetween the following terms.

a) Capital and lowercase letters when used as symbols.b) Zero and the letter “O.”c) The lowercase letter “l,” and numeral one (1), and the

prime sign ( ).d) The letters “k” and (kappa), “u” and (mu), “v” and

(nu), and “n” and (eta).

A wavy line under a character or letter indicates boldfacetype. (Bold type should be indicated for certain vectors andmatrices.)

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A straight line under a character or letter indicates italictype. (Italic type should be indicated for all text variables.)

Break equations to fit in a space no wider than 21 picas or3.5″ in width.

Avoid ambiguities in equations and fractions in text throughcareful use of parentheses, brackets, solidi (slants), etc. Notethat in text, fractions are usually “broken down” to fit on oneline and confusion can result if terms are not properly labeled.The conventional order of brackets is {[()]}.

For simplicity in international usage, IEEE practice is toseparate numbers of more than four digits into groups of threeon either side of the decimal point, separated by a space. Ifthe magnitude of a number is less than zero, the decimal signshould be preceded by a zero. Examples:

12 531 7465 9.2163 0.102 834

Use of the multidot ( ) rather than the multi whenmultiplying by powers of ten in equations or text is at theauthor’s discretion.

J. Units and Abbreviations

The International System of Units (SI units) is advocatedfor use in IEEE publications. Refer to the units list providedin Appendix I of this guide for information on preferred usageof units, conversion factors, etc.

Unit symbols should be used with measured quantities, i.e.,1 mm, but not when unit names are used in text withoutquantities, i.e., “a few millimeters.”

Acronyms and abbreviations should be defined the first timethey are used in text. A list of acronyms and abbreviations,including those that need not be defined, is given in AppendixII of this guide.

V. FINAL PREPARATION FOR PUBLICATION

A. Electronic Disk Preparation

The IEEE requests that all authors submit their final man-uscripts in electronic and hard copy (two copies) form. How-ever, considering the myriad of word processors on the market(public domain included) and disk formats available through-out the world, the following guidelines and suggestions havebeen set forth in an effort to expedite the production process.

General Guidelines: The following is a list of generalguidelines for the submission of electronic media by prospec-tive authors.

• The operating system and word processing software usedto produce your document should be noted on your diskor e-mail (e.g., DOS/Word). In the case of UNIX media,the method of extraction (i.e., tar, bar, restore, etc.) shouldalso be noted.

• PostScript and Acrobat PDF files are not acceptablebecause the files are simply pictures of the pages andcannot be edited.

• Disks should be labeled with file name(s) relating to themanuscript.

• Check that your files are complete. Include: abstract,index terms, text, references, footnotes, biographies, andfigure captions.

• The hardcopy should exactly match its companion disk.Any changes made to your files should be reflected onthe manuscript.

• No program files should be included on the disk.• Graphics should be on a disk separate from the text as

graphics and text are processed separately and graphicscannot be extracted from the text.

• Include a flat ASCII version on the disk with the word-processor version, if possible.

• Please package disks in such a way as to minimizepossible damage in the mail.

• Try to adhere to the accepted style of the Transac-tions/Journal as much as possible. Of particular impor-tance here is the reference list. Please try to follow theformat as described in Section IV-E and IV-F of thisdocument.

Preferred Formats: For the most accurate and effi-cient transferral of your manuscript, especially those con-taining extensive mathematics, use TEX, LATEX, or Troffprograms. An IEEE LATEX style file can be found athttp://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/authors.html.

The following points are important to remember when sub-mitting electronic manuscripts (compuscripts) in TEX, LATEX,or Troff.

• Please include all macros or definitions that are requiredto produce your document, references, biographies, indexterms, etc., in one file.

• Remember, IEEE Transactions style dictates a 21-pica(3.5-inch) column width. If mathematical phrases areproduced with this in mind, they are apt to appear moreaesthetically pleasing in the final version.

• When using TEX, avoid using a matrix routine for any-thing other than a matrix. Use \eqalignno or \displaylinesfor aligning series of equations.

An IEEE Word style file can also be found at http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/authors.html. When using this stylefile, use the Word equation editor for equations and symbols.Also, please do not embed graphics in the file as graphicsneed to be submitted separately.

Acceptable Media: The IEEE will accept the following.

• Any IBM-PC (or 100% compatible) disk format:5.25″ /360k/1.2Mb — 3.5″ /720k/1.44Mb.

• Macintosh disk format (low and high density).• 3.5″ UNIX floppy disk.• Zip disk.• CD-ROM.• E-Mail.

If you are in doubt, please do not hesitate to inquire usingtrans@ieee.org.

B. E-Mail Preparation

Upon completion of the review process and with the ap-proval of the Editor-in-Chief, an author may wish to e-mailthe electronic version of his or her manuscript to the StaffEditor at IEEE. The following set of guidelines should befollowed to ensure a smooth transition and subsequent uploadto the IEEE electronic publishing environment.

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General Guidelines:

1) Files should not be e-mailed to the IEEE Staff Edi-tor without the prior knowledge and approval of theTransactions Editor-in-Chief.

2) The transmitted file should reflect the exact contentof the final manuscript, including captions, abstracts,references, and biographies.

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7

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8

APPENDIX ITABLE OF UNITS AND QUANTITY SYMBOLS

NOTE: Asterisks (*) indicate SI units, preferred multiples of SI units, or other units acceptable for use with SI.

Unit Unit Symbol

SometimesOccurs as:

(do not use) Applications and Notes

Quantity Symbol(for use as

variables, etc.)

�ampere A amp, a SI unit of electric current. I

U

F

ampere-hour Ah amp-hr Also A � h.�ampere (turn) A At SI unit of magnetomotive force. F�ampere per meter A/m SI unit of magnetic field

strength.A

H

angstrom A A A4 10�10 m.

Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEEStd 268-1992).

atmosphere, standard atm atm 4 101 325 Pa.Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEEStd 268-1992).

atmosphere, technical at at 4 kgf/cm2.Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEEStd 268-1992).

�atomic mass unit(unified)

u The (unified) atomic mass unitis defined as one-twelfth of themass of an atom of thecarbon-12 nuclide. Use of theold atomic mass unit (amu),defined by reference to oxygen,is deprecated.

�atto a SI prefix for 10�18.�attoampere aAbar bar b, barye bar 4 100 kPa. Use of the bar

is strongly discouraged (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).Except for limited use inmeteorology.

barn b b 4 10�28 m2.

barrel bbl bbl = 42 galUS

= 158.99 L.This is the standard barrel usedfor petroleum and petroleumproducts. Different standardbarrels are used for othercommodities.

barrel per day bbl/dbaud Bd baud (w/prefix) In telecommunications, a unit of

signaling speed equal to oneelement per second. Thesignaling speed in bauds is equalto the reciprocal of the signalelement length in seconds.

l/�

bel B b�becquerel Bq SI unit of activity of a

radionuclide.billion electronvolts GeV bev, BeV The name gigaelectronvolt is

preferred for this unit.bit b In information theory, the bit is

a unit of information contentequal to the information contentof a message, the a prioriprobability of which is one-half.In computer science, the namebit is used as a short form ofbinary digit.

A1

Unit Unit Symbol

SometimesOccurs as:

(do not use) Applications and Notes

Quantity Symbol(for use as

variables, etc.)

bit per second b/sBritish thermal unit Btubyte B A byte is a string of bits,

usually eight bits long, operatedon as a unit. A byte is capableof holding one character set.

calorie (InternationalTable)

calIT 4 calIT4:1868 J. Deprecated(see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

calorie(thermochemical)

cal 4 cal 4:1840 J. Deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

�candela cd SI unit of luminous intensity. I

candela per squareinch

cd/in2 Use of the SI unit cd/m2 ispreferred.

�candela per squaremeter

cd/m2 nit SI unit of luminance. L

candle cd The unit of luminous intensityhas been given the namecandela. Use of the name candlefor this unit is deprecated.

�centi c (prefix) SI prefix for 10�2.�centimeter cmcentipoise cP cP 4 mPa � s. The name

centipoise is deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

centistokes cSt cSt 4 mm2/s. The namecentistokes is deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

�circular mil cmil cmil 4(�=4) � 10�6in2.�coulomb C c SI unit of electric charge. Q

�cubic centimeter cm3 cc Volume. (Preferred SI unitmultiple.)

cubic foot ft3

cubic foot per minute ft3/min cfm

cubic foot per second ft3/scubic inch in3�cubic meter m3

�cubic meter persecond

m3/s

cubic yard yd3

curie Ci C Ci 4 3.7 x1010 Bq. A unit ofactivity of a radionuclide. Useof the SI unit, the becquerel, ispreferred.

cycle per second Hz c/s, cps, c/sec,cycle

See hertz.

darcy D D 4 cP�(cm/s)�(cm/atm) =0.986923 �m2. A unit ofpermeability of a porousmedium. By traditionaldefinition, a permeability of onedarcy will permit a flow of 1cm3/s of fluid of 1 cP viscositythrough an area of 1 cm2 undera pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm.Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std268-1992).

day d day 4 24 h.deci d (prefix) SI prefix for 10�1.decibel dB db, DB

A2

Unit Unit Symbol

SometimesOccurs as:

(do not use) Applications and Notes

Quantity Symbol(for use as

variables, etc.)

degree (plane angle)degree (temperature)

� � �

� deg

degree Celsius �C degreecentigrade

SI unit of Celsius temperature.The degree Celsius is a specialname for the kelvin, used inexpressing Celsius temperaturesor temperature intervals.

t

degree Fahrenheit �F Note that the symbols for �C,�F, and �R are comprised of twoelements, written with no spacebetween the � and the letter thatfollows. The two elements thatmake the complete symbol arenot to be separated.

degree kelvin K See kelvin.degree Rankine �Rdeka da SI prefix for 10.dyne dyn dyne dyn 4 10�5 N. Deprecated (see

ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).F

�electronvolt eV everg erg erg 4 10�7 J. Deprecated (see

ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).exa E SI prefix for 1018.�farad F f, fd SI unit of capacitance. C�femto f SI prefix for 10�15.femtometer fmfoot ft ft 4 0:3048 m.foot of water ftH2O ftH2O = 2989.1 Pa. (ISO).1

foot per minute ft/min fpmfoot per second ft/s fps, ft/secfoot per secondsquared

ft/s2

foot pound-force ft � lbffootcandle fc fc 4 lm/ft2. The name lumen

per square foot is also used forthis unit. Use of the SI unit ofilluminance, the lux (lumen) persquare meter, is preferred.

footlambert fL fL4(1=�) cd/ft2. A unit ofluminance. One lumen persquare foot leaves a surfacewhose luminance is onefootlambert in all directionswithin a hemisphere. Use of theSI unit, the candela per squaremeter, is preferred.

gal Gal Gal 4 cm/s. Deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

gallon gal 1 galUK

= 4:5461 L.1 gal

US4 231 in3 = 3:7854 L.

gauss G The gauss is the electromagneticCGS unit of magnetic fluxdensity. Deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std. 268-1992).

B

�giga G kM SI prefix for 109.gigabyte GB GB 4 109 B.�gigaelectronvolt GeV bev, BeV�gigahertz GHz kMHz, KMC,

Gc/s1The term “(ISO)” means thatthe definition is from ISO 31.

A3

Unit Unit Symbol

SometimesOccurs as:

(do not use) Applications and Notes

Quantity Symbol(for use as

variables, etc.)

gilbert Gb The gilbert is the electromagneticCGS unit of magnetomotiveforce. Deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

grain gr gr 4 lb/7000.�gram g gm m

gram per cubiccentimeter

g/cm3

�gray Gy SI unit of absorbed dose in thefield of radiation dosimetry.

�hecto h SI prefix for 102.�henry H Hy, hy SI unit of inductance. L

P , Pm�hertz Hz cps, c/s, cycle SI unit of frequency. f , �

B

horsepower hp hp 4 550 ft � lbf/s = 746 W.The horsepower is ananachronism in science andtechnology. Use of the SI unit ofpower, the watt, is preferred.

�hour h hrinch in in. in 4 2:54 cm.inch of mercury inHg inHg = 3386.4 Pa (ISO).inch of water inH2O inH2O = 249.09 Pa (ISO).inch per second in/s ips�joule J SI unit of energy,

work,and quantity of heat.

E

W

Q

�joule per kelvin J/K SI unit of heat capacity and ofentropy.

S

kelvin K In 1967, the CPGM gave thename kelvin to the SI unit oftemperature, which had formerlybeen called degree kelvin, andassigned it the symbol K(without the symbol �).

�kilo k SI prefix for 103. The symbol kshall not be used for kilo. Theprefix kilo shall not be used tomean 210 (that is, 1024).

�kilobit per second kb/s�kilobyte kB kB 4 1000 bytes.kilogauss kG Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std

268-1992).�kilogram kg SI unit of mass.kilogram-force kgf Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std

268-1992). In some countries thename kilopond (kp) has beenused for this unit.

�kilohertz kHz�kilohm k R

�kilometer km�kilometer per hour km/hkilopound-force klbf Kilopound-force should not be

misinterpreted as kilopond (seekilogram-force).

�kilovar kvar Q

�kilovolt kV�kilovoltampere kVA KVA, kva�kilowatt kWkilowatthour kWh Also kW�h.

A4

Unit Unit Symbol

SometimesOccurs as:

(do not use) Applications and Notes

Quantity Symbol(for use as

variables, etc.)

knot kn kn 4 nmi/h: 0.514 m/s.lambert L L 4(1=�)cd/cm2

: A CGS unit ofluminance. One lumen per squarecentimeter leaves a surfacewhose luminance is one lambertin all directions within ahemisphere. Deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

�liter L L 4 10�3 m3. In 1979, theCGPM approved L and l asalternative symbols for the liter.Because of frequent confusionwith the numeral 1, the lettersymbol l is not recommended forU.S. use (see Federal Registernotice of December 20, 1990,vol. 55, no. 245, p. 52242). Thescript l shall not be used as asymbol for liter.

V , v

liter per second L/s�lumen lm SI unit of luminous flux. �

lumen per square foot lm/ft2 A unit of illuminance and also aunit of luminous exitance. Use ofthe SI unit, lumen per squaremeter, is preferred.

�lumen per squaremeter

lm/m2 SI unit of luminous exitance. M

�lumen per watt lm/W SI unit of luminous efficacy. K(�)K, Kt

�lumen second lm�s SI unit of quantity of light. Q

�lux lx 1x/lm 4 /m2. SI unit ofilluminance.

E

maxwell Mx The maxwell is theelectromagnetic CGS unit ofmagnetic flux. Deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

�mega M SI prefix for 106. The prefixmega shall not be used to mean220 (that is, 1 048 576).

megabit per second Mb/s�megabyte MB MB 4 1 000 000 bytes.�megaelectronvolt MeV�megahertz MHz�megohm M M�meter m SI unit of length. l

metric ton t t 4 1000 kg. Use of the nametonne is deprecated in the U.S.(see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

mho S �1. The name mho wasformerly given to the reciprocalohm. Deprecated; see siemens(S).

�micro � SI prefix for 10�6:

�microampere �A�microfarad �F�microgram �g�microhenry �Hmicroinch �in�microliter �L See note for liter.�micrometer �m �

micron �m � The name micron is deprecated.Use micrometer.

A5

Unit Unit Symbol

SometimesOccurs as:

(do not use) Applications and Notes

Quantity Symbol(for use as

variables, etc.)

�microsecond �s�microwatt �Wmil mil mil 4 0:001 in:mile (statute) mi mi 4 5280 ft = 1609 m.mile per hour mi/h mph Although use of mph as an

abbreviation is common, itshould not be used as a symbol.

�milli m SI prefix for 10�3.�milliampere mAmillibar mbar Use of the bar is strongly

discouraged in ANSI/IEEE Std268-1992, except for limited usein meteorology.

�milligram mg�millihenry mH�milliliter mL See liter.�millimeter mmmillimeter of mercury mmHg mmHg = 133.322 Pa. Deprecated

(see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).millimicron nm Use of the name millimicron for

the nanometer is deprecated.�millipascal second mPa � s SI unit-multiple of dynamic

viscosity.�millisecond ms�millivolt mV�milliwatt mW�minute (plane angle) 0

�minute (time) min Time may also be designated bymeans of superscripts as in thefollowing example: 9h46m30s.

�mole mol SI unit of amount of substance.The mole is the amount ofsubstance of a system thatcontains as many elementaryentities as there are atoms in0.012 kg of carbon 12. When themole is used, the elementaryentities shall be specified andmay be atoms, molecules, ions,electrons, other particles, orspecified groups of suchparticles.

month mo�nano n SI prefix for 10�9.�nanoampere nA�nanofarad nF�nanometer nm�nanosecond nsnautical mile nmi nmi 4 1852 m.�neper Np�newton N SI unit of force.�newton meter N � m�newton per squaremeter

N/m2 SI unit of pressure or stress. Seepascal.

oersted Oe oe The oersted is theelectromagnetic CGS unit ofmagnetic field strength.Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std268-1992).

�ohm SI unit of resistance.ounce (avoirdupois) oz oz 4 1/16 lb = 28.350 g.

A6

Unit Unit Symbol

SometimesOccurs as:

(do not use) Applications and Notes

Quantity Symbol(for use as

variables, etc.)

�pascal Pa Pa 4 N/m2. SI unit of pressureor stress.

�pascal second Pa � s SI unit of dynamic viscosity.�peta P SI prefix for 1015.phot ph ph 4 lm/cm2. CGS unit of

illuminance. Deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

�pico p SI prefix for 10�12.�picofarad pF�picowatt pWpint pt pt (U.K.) = 0.568 26 L.

pt (U.S. dry) = 0.550 6 L.pt (U.S. liquid) = 0.473 18 L.

poise P Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std268-1992).

pound (avoirdupois) lb lb 4 0.453 592 37 kg.pound per cubic foot lb/ft3

pound-force lbf lbf = 4.4482 N.pound-force foot lbf � ftpound-force per squarefoot

lbf/ft2

pound-force per squareinch

lbf/in2 psi Although use of the abbreviationpsi is common, it should not beused as a symbol.

poundal pdl pdl 4 lb � ft/s2 = 0.1383 Nquart qt qt (U.K.) = 1.1365 L.

qt (U.S. dry) = 1.1012 L.qt (U.S. liquid) = 0.946 35 L.

rad rd rd 4 0.01 Gy. A unit ofabsorbed dose in the field ofradiation dosimetry. Use of theSI unit, the gray, is preferred.

�radian rad SI unit of plane angle.rem rem rem 4 0.01 Sv. A unit of dose

equivalent in the field ofradiation dosimetry. Use of theSI unit, the sievert, is preferred.1 rem = 0:01 Sv.

revolution per minute r/min Although use of rpm as anabbreviation is common, itshould not be used as a symbol.

revolution per second r/sroentgen R A unit of exposure in the field

of radiation dosimetry.�second (plane angle) 00

100

= 4:848 � 10�6 rad.

�second (time) s SI unit of time.�siemens S S 4

�1. SI unit ofconductance.

�sievert Sv SI unit of dose equivalent in thefield of radiation dosimetry.

slug slug slug 4 lbf � s2/ft = 14:594 kg.

square foot ft2

square inch in2�square meter m2

�square meter persecond

m2/s SI unit of kinematic viscosity.

�square millimeter persecond

mm2/s SI unit-multiple of kinematicviscosity.

square yard yd2

A7

Unit Unit Symbol

SometimesOccurs as:

(do not use) Applications and Notes

Quantity Symbol(for use as

variables, etc.)

�steradian sr SI unit of solid angle.stilb sb sb 4 cd/cm2. A CGS unit of

luminance. Deprecated (seeANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992).

stokes St Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std268-1992).

�tera T SI prefix for 1012.terabyte TB TB 4 1012 B.�tesla T T 4 N/(A � m)24 Wb/m2. SI

unit of magnetic flux density(magnetic induction).

therm thm thm 4 100000 Btu.ton (short) ton ton 4 2000 lb.ton, metric t t 4 1000 kg. Use of the tonne

for this unit is deprecated in theU.S. (see ANSI/IEEE Std268-1992).

�(unified) atomic massunit

u The (unified) atomic mass unitis defined as one-twelfth of themass of an atom of thecarbon-12 nuclide. Use of theold atomic mass unit (amu),defined by reference to oxygen,is deprecated.

�var var IEC name and symbol for SIunit of reactive power.

�volt V SI unit of voltage.�volt per meter V/m SI unit of electric field strength.�voltampere VA va IEC name and symbol for SI

unit of apparent power.�watt W SI unit of power.�watt per meter kelvin W/(m � K) SI unit of thermal conductivity.�watt per steradian W/sr SI unit of radiant intensity.�watt per steradiansquare meter

(W/sr � m2) SI unit of radiance.

watthour Wh�weber Wb Wb 4 V�s. SI unit of magnetic

flux.yard yd yd 4 0.9144 m.year a Also W�h.yocto y SI prefix for 10�24.yotta Y SI prefix for 1024.zepto z SI prefix for 10�21.zetta Z SI prefix for 1021.

A8

APPENDIX IISOME COMMON ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

NOTE: Asterisks (*) indicate terms which must be defined the first time they are used in text. Other terms listedhere may be used without definition.

ac alternating currentA–D, A/D analog-to-digitalAF audio frequency*AFC automatic frequency control*AGC automatic gain control*AM amplitude modulationAPD avalanche photodiodeAR antireflection*ARMA autoregressive moving average*ASIC application-specified integrated circuit*ASK amplitude shift keyingATM asynchronous transfer modeav average (subscript)*avg average (function)AWGN additive white Gaussian noise*

B–E base–emitter sourceBER bit error rate*BPSK binary phase-shift keyingBWO backward-wave oscillator*

c.c. complex conjugate (in equations)CCD charge-coupled device*CDMA code division multiple access*CD-ROM compact disk read-only memoryCIM computer integrated manufacturing*CIR carrier-to-interference ratio*CMOS complimentary metal–oxide–semiconductorCPM continuous phase modulation*CPFSK continuous phase frequency-shift keying*CPSK continuous phase-shift keying*CPU central processing unitCRT cathode-ray tubeCT current transformer*CV capacitance–voltageCW continuous wave*

dc direct currentDC directional couplerDF direction finder*; deuterium fluoride; degree of freedom*DFT discrete Fourier transform*DMA direct memory access*DPCM differential pulse code modulation*DPSK differential phase-shift keying*

EDP electronic data processingEHF extremely high frequency*ELF extremely low frequency*EMC electromagnetic compatibility*

A9

EMF electromotive force*EMI electromagnetic interference*ems expected value of mean square*

FDM frequency-division multiplexing*FDMA frequency-division multiple access*FET field-effect transistorFFT fast Fourier transform*FIR finite-impulse response*FM frequency modulationFSK frequency-shift keying*FTP file transfer protocolFWHM full-width at half-maximum*

GUI graphical user interface

HBT heterojunction bipolar transistorHEMT high-electron mobility transistorHF high frequencyHTML hypertext markup languageHV high voltageHVdc high voltage direct current

IC impedance compensation*; integrated circuitID inside diameter; induced draft*; interdigital*IDP integrated data processing*IF intermediate frequencyIGFET insulated-gate field-effect transistori.i.d. independent identically distributed*IM intermediate modulationIMPATT impact ionization avalanche transit time (diode)I/O, I–O input–outputIR infraredIR current–resistanceISI intersymbol interference

JFET junction field-effect transistorJPEG Joint Photographers Expert Group

LAN local area networkLC inductance–capacitanceLED light-emitting diodeLHS left-hand side*LMS least mean squareLO local oscillator*LP linear programming*LPE liquid phase epitaxy*LR inductance–resistance

MESFET metal–semiconductor field-effect transistorMF medium frequency*MFSK minimum frequency-shift keyingMHD magnetohydrodynamics

A10

MIS metal–insulator–semiconductorMLE maximum-likelihood estimator*MLSE maximum-likelihood sequence estimator*MMF magnetomotive forceMMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuit*MoM method of moments*MOS metal–oxide–semiconductorMOST metal–oxide–semiconductor transistorMOSFET metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistorMPEG Motion Pictures Expert Group

NA numerical aperture*NIR near infrared response*NMR nuclear magnetic resonance*n-p-n (diode)NRZ nonreturn to zero*

OD outside diameterOEIC optoelectronic integrated circuit*OOP object-oriented programming

PAM pulse-amplitude modulation*PC personal computerPCM pulse-code modulation*pdf probability density function*PDM pulse-duration modulation*PF power factor*PLL phase-locked loop*PM phase modulation*PML perfectly matched layerp-i-n, p-n-p (diode)pp, p–p peak to peak*PPM pulse-position modulation*PRF pulse-repetition frequency*PRR pulse-repetition rate*PSK phase-shift keying*PTM pulse–time modulationp.u. per unit*PWM pulsewidth modulation*

quality factor; figure of meritQoS quality of serviceQPSK quaternary phase-shift keying

R&D research and developmentRAM random access memoryRC resistance–capacitanceRF radio frequencyRFI radio frequency interference*RHS right-hand side*RIN relative intensity noise*RL resistance–inductancerms root mean square

A11

ROM read-only memoryRV random variable

SAW surface acoustic wave*SGML standard generalized markup languageSHF super high frequency*SI International System of Units; severity index*SIR signal-to-interference ratioS/N, SNR signal-to-noise ratioSSB single sideband*SW short wave*SWR standing-wave ratio*

TDM time division modulation*; time division multiplexing*TDMA time-division multiple access*TE transverse electricTEM transverse electromagneticTFT thin-film transistor*TM transverse magneticTVI television interference*TWA traveling-wave amplifier*

UHF ultrahigh frequencyUV ultraviolet

VCO voltage-controlled oscillator*VHF very high frequency*V–I voltage–currentVLF very low frequency*VLSI very large scale integration*

WAN wide area networkWDM wavelength division multiplexing*

A12

APPENDIX IIILIST OF IEEE TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, AND LETTERS

NOTE: * denotes past acronyms/abbreviations of journals.

Publication Acronym Reference Abbreviation

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ADVANCED PACKAGING ADVP IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag.CPMTB* IEEE Trans. Comp., Packag., Manufact.

Technol. B* (1994–1998)IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC

SYSTEMS

AES IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

ANE* IEEE Trans. Aeronaut. Navig. Electron.*ANE* IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Navig. Electron.*AS* IEEE Trans. Aerosp.*MIL* IEEE Trans. Mil. Electron.*AE* IEEE Trans. Airborne Electron.*

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION AP IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY ASC IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconduct.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL AC IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING BME IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

BME* IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng.*BME* IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Electron.*PGME* IEEE Trans. Med. Electron.*

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING BC IEEE Trans. Broadcast.BC* IEEE Trans. Broadcast. Technol.*

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—PART I:FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

CAS1 IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—PART II:ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

CAS2 IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II

CAS* IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.* (1974–1992)CT* IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory* (until 1973)

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR

VIDEO TECHNOLOGY

CSVT IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS COM IEEE Trans. Commun.COM* IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol.*

(through 1971)IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS COMML IEEE Commun. Lett.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS AND PACKAGING

TECHNOLOGY

CAPT IEEE Trans. Comp. Packag. Technol.

CPMTA* IEEE Trans. Comp., Packag., Manufact.Technol. A* (1994–1998)

CHMT* IEEE Trans. Comp., Hybrids, Manufact.Technol.* (1978–1993)

MFT* IEEE Trans. Manufact. Technol.*(1972–1977)

PHP* IEEE Trans. Parts, Hybrids, Packag.*(June 1971–1977)

PMP* IEEE Trans. Parts, Mater., Packag.*(until 1971)

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

CAD IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS C IEEE Trans. Comput.EC* IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput.*

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS CE IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY CST IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL

INSULATION

DEI IEEE Trans. Dielect. Elect. Insulation

EI* IEEE Trans. Elect. Insulation*(until 1993)

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION E IEEE Trans. Educ.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY EMC IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.

RFI* IEEE Trans. Radio Freq. Interference*

A13

Publication Acronym Reference Abbreviation

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES ED IEEE Trans. Electron DevicesIEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS EDL IEEE Electron Device Lett.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS PACKAGING

MANUFACTURING

EPM IEEE Trans. Electron. Packag. Manufact.

CPMTC* IEEE Trans. Comp., Packag., Manufact.Technol. C* (1996–1998)

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION EC IEEE Trans. Energy ConversionIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT EM IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION EVC IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS FUZZ IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE

SENSING

GRS IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing

GE* IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron.*(1962–1979)

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING IP IEEE Trans. Image ProcessingIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS IE IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS IA IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

IN BIOMEDICINE

ITB IEEE Trans. Inform. Technol. Biomed.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY IT IEEE Trans. Inform. TheoryIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND

MEASUREMENT

IM IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

I, PGI* IEEE Trans. Instrum.*IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEMS

ITS IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA

ENGINEERING

KDE IEEE Trans. Knowledge Data Eng.

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY LT J. Lightwave Technol.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS MAG IEEE Trans. Magn.IEEE/ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS MECH IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING MI IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS MEMS J. Microelectromech. Syst.IEEE MICROWAVE AND GUIDED WAVE LETTERS MGWL IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND

TECHNIQUES

MTT IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA MM IEEE Trans. MultimediaIEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING NET IEEE/ACM Trans. NetworkingIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS NN IEEE Trans. Neural NetworksIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE NS IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING OE IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED

SYSTEMS

PDS IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND

MACHINE INTELLIGENCE

PAMI IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PTL IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE PS IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS PAS* IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.*

(through 1985)IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY PWRD IEEE Trans. Power DeliveryIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS PEL IEEE Trans. Power Electron.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS PWRS IEEE Trans. Power Syst.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION PC IEEE Trans. Prof. Commun.IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS QE IEEE J. Quantum Electron.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON REHABILITATION ENGINEERING RE IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY R IEEE Trans. Rel.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION RA IEEE Trans. Robot. Automat.

RA* IEEE J. Robot. Automat.* (1985–1988)IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS SAC IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM

ELECTRONICS

STQE IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING SM IEEE Trans. Semiconduct. Manufact.

A14

Publication Acronym Reference Abbreviation

IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL IEEE Sensors J.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING SP IEEE Trans. Signal Processing

ASSP* IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, SignalProcessing* (1975–1990)

AU* IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust.*(until 1974)

IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS SPL IEEE Signal Processing Lett.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING SE IEEE Trans. Software Eng.IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS SSC IEEE J. Solid-State CircuitsIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SPEECH AND AUDIO PROCESSING SAP IEEE Trans. Speech Audio ProcessingIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND

CYBERNETICS—PART A: SYSTEMS AND HUMANS

SMCA IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. A

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND

CYBERNETICS—PART B: CYBERNETICS

SMCB IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. B

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND

CYBERNETICS—PART C: APPLICATIONS AND REVIEWS

SMCC IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. C

SMC* IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern.*(1971–1995)

SSC* IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybernetics*(through 1970)

IEEE TRANSLATION JOURNAL ON MAGNETICS IN JAPAN TJMJ IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Jpn.MMS* IEEE Trans. Man-Mach. Syst.*

(through 1970)HFE* Hum. Factors Electron.* (through 1968)

IEEE JOURNAL ON TECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER

AIDED DESIGN

JTCAD IEEE J. Technol. Computer Aided Design

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS,AND FREQUENCY CONTROL

UFFC IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect.,Freq. Contr.

SU* IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason.*(through 1985)

UE* IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Eng.*PGUE* IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Eng.*

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY VT IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.VC* IEEE Trans. Veh. Commun.*

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION

(VLSI) SYSTEMS

VLSI IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND

COMPUTER GRAPHICS

VCG IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE Proc. IEEEProc. IRE* (through 1962)

A15

APPENDIX IVLIST OF IEEE MAGAZINES

Magazines Reference Abbreviation

IEEE Aerospace and Electronics Systems MagazineIEEE Annals of the History of ComputingIEEE Antennas and Propagation MagazineIEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine (1979–1984)IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine (1985–present)IEEE Communications Society Magazine (through 1978)IEEE Communications Magazine (1979–present)IEEE Computation in Science and Engineering MagazineIEEE ComputerIEEE Computer Applications in PowerIEEE Computer Graphics and ApplicationsIEEE ConcurrencyIEEE Control Systems MagazineIEEE Design and Test of ComputersIEEE Electrical Insulation MagazineIEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology MagazineIEEE Engineering Management ReviewIEEE Expert (through 1997)IEEE Industry Applications MagazineIEEE Instrumentation and Measurement MagazineIEEE Intelligent Systems (formerly IEEE Expert)IEEE Internet ComputingIEEE IT ProfessionalIEEE MicroIEEE Microwave MagazineIEEE MultimediaIEEE NetworkIEEE Personal CommunicationsIEEE PotentialsIEEE Power Engineering ReviewIEEE Robotics and Automation MagazineIEEE Signal Processing Magazine (1991–present)IEEE ASSP Magazine (1984–1990)IEEE SoftwareIEEE SpectrumIEEE Technology and Society MagazineToday’s Engineer

IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag.IEEE Annals Hist. Comput.IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag.IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag.IEEE Circuits Devices Mag.IEEE Commun. Soc. Mag.IEEE Commun. Mag.IEEE Comput. Sci. Eng. Mag.IEEE ComputerIEEE Comput. Appl. PowerIEEE Comput. Graph. Appl.IEEE ConcurrencyIEEE Control Syst. Mag.IEEE Des. Test. Comput.IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag.IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag.IEEE Eng. Manag. Rev.IEEE ExpertIEEE Ind. Appl. Mag.IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag.IEEE Intell. Syst.IEEE Internet Comput.IEEE IT Prof.IEEE MicroIEEE MicrowaveIEEE MultimediaIEEE NetworkIEEE Pers. Commun.IEEE PotentialsIEEE Power Eng. Rev.IEEE Robot. Automat. Mag.IEEE Signal Processing Mag.IEEE ASSP Mag.IEEE Softw.IEEE Spectr.IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag.Today’s Eng.

A16

GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRONIC TEXT FILES: PAGE 2

GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRONIC GRAPHICS FILES: PAGE 2

COLOR GRAPHICS REQUIREMENTS: PAGE 3

NON-ACCEPTABLE FILE FORMATS: PAGE 3

PREPARING ELECTRONIC GRAPHICS FOR SUBMISSION: PAGE 4

NAMING MULTIPLE-PART FIGURES: PAGE 4

IEEE TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, AND LETTERS

Guidelinesfor Author

Supplied ElectronicText and Graphics

REV. 5/02

EXAMPLES OF BAD LINE ART IMAGES: PAGE 5

EXAMPLES OF GOOD LINE ART IMAGES: PAGE 7

EXAMPLES OF GOOD AND BAD QUALITY PHOTOS: PAGE 9

USING ADOBE PHOTOSHOP: PAGE 10

Guidelines for electronic text filesTo: All IEEE Authors

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers elec-tronically processes all its Transactions, Journals, and Letters. Tocomplete the production and final printing of your paper, theTransactions Department will need to receive your electronic file(and two paper copies) in the format described below. The fol-lowing set of guidelines should be followed to ensure a smoothtransition and subsequent upload to the IEEE electronic pub-lishing environment.

General Instructions1) Files should be submitted via 3 1/2” disk. We also accept

CD-ROM, zip disk, e-mail, and 640 MB magneto-optical disk.2) Note the operating system, software, and version number

used to create your disk (e.g., DOS/Word97). Write this infor-mation on the disk label with a felt pen. When using UNIX,note method of extraction.

3) Please note that graphic files must be submitted on sepa-rate disks. We do not process graphics files from text files. Ifthere are graphics in your file, please submit them separately andaccording to the Guidelines for Electronic Graphics Files.

4) Make sure your files are self contained, i.e., that there areno pointers to your system setup.

5) Check that your file is complete. Please submit one filethat contains abstract, index terms, text, references, footnotes,biographies, and figure captions.

6) Package diskettes to protect them in the mail.7) Please include all necessary contact information, including

e-mail address, phone number, fax number, and mailing addresswhere proofs may be sent.

SoftwareFor the most accurate and efficient transfer of your manu-

script, especially if it contains extensive mathematics, use TEXor LATEX programs. Include macros used with your files. If pos-sible, set manuscript column size to 21 picas (3.5” wide). IEEELATEX style files and TRANS-JOUR.DOC, an author templateand user’s guide for Microsoft Word, are available at:http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/transactions/stylesheets.htm. When using Word, please use the equation editor for equa-tions or symbols.

Manuscripts developed using other software, such as Word-Perfect, are acceptable, but the mathematics may be rekeyed intoa TEX format. If none of these programs is available, send alltext aspects of the manuscript in ASCII format.

Things Not to Do:• Please do not send PostScript or Acrobat PDF files of the

text. Files must be in a word processing format or ASCII inorder to be published.

• If there are graphics in your word processor file, you mustalso include the graphics separately according to the Guide-lines for Electronic Graphics Files.

• Files submitted in a page layout software (such as FrameMak-er) will have the math rekeyed.

Text Via E-Mail1) Files should not be e-mailed to the IEEE Staff Editor

without the prior knowledge and approval of the TransactionsEditor-in-Chief.

2) The transmitted file should reflect the exact content of thefinal manuscript, including captions, abstracts, references, andbiographies, and contain all pieces of the manuscript in one file.

3) Header information should accompany the transmittedfiles, clearly identifying the following:

a) the name of the transactions;b) author’s name;c) software used to format manuscript, e.g., TEX, LATEX,, etc.4) No encoding is necessary to accommodate the size of files.5) When e-mailing TEX, LATEX, etc., always remember to also

e-mail any macros (\defs) used to create your manuscript.6) Two paper copies of the e-mailed file, along with original

figures and photos, should be sent to the IEEE Staff Editor.

5/1/20029:32 AMC:\My Documents\My Files\PDF &Graphics Guidelines\Guide for text submission-CathyCardon.doc

Guidelines for electronic graphics files

IntroductionIn order to facilitate the accurate handling of your graphics,

the IEEE Transactions/Journals department has developed thefollowing guidelines. For production purposes any line art,graphs, charts, drawings, tables, and photographs may be treat-ed as a graphic.

Acceptable File FormatsAll charts, graphs, tables or photographs may be submitted

electronically in PostScript (PS) and Encapsulated PostScript (EPS)Tagged Image File Format (TIFF). As part of the production processPS and EPS files are converted to TIFF format. Graphics submittedin other formats may be rejected and will need to be scanned.

TRANSACTIONS AND JOURNALS AUTHOR GUIDELINES

2

Authors are requested to supply reproduction quality hardcopy prints along with the electronic files. They should be goodclean sharp prints free of dirt and other marks, printed usingdark ink on opaque paper. Poor quality laser prints or graphicscut out from a printed publication will reproduce poorly, andshould be avoided. Laser prints or photo copies are not acceptablein place of original photographs, or where grayscale images areinvolved, as the print quality will be substandard. If we feel thatwe cannot achieve a satisfactory match using the electronic ver-sion of your files, we may have to scan your hard copy.

We cannot accept application files that contain graphics i.e.,Corel Draw, Microsoft Word.

Image Quality of TIFF FilesIn order to achieve the highest quality of reproduction, we

recommend resolutions of 600 dpi (1 bit/sample) at final print-ed size for line art (graphs, charts, drawing or tables) and 220 dpi(8 bits/sample) at final printed size for photographs and othergray scale images. Most charts graphs and tables are one columnwide (3 1/2 inches or 21 picas) or two-column width (7-1/16inches, 43 picas wide). The exceptions are for graphics submit-ted for publication in The Proceedings of the IEEE and IEEETransactions on Professional Communications. We recommendthat you avoid sizing figures less than one column wide, asextreme enlargements may distort your images and result in poorreproduction. Therefore, it is better if the image is slightly larg-er, as a minor reduction in size should not have an adverse affectthe quality of the image.

Using a lower than recommended resolution setting mayresult in degradation of the printed image. Images prepared forweb use with resolution of 72 dpi or lower, will not reproducecorrectly and will be rejected. Conversely, saving an image at aresolution higher than the recommended settings will notimprove the image quality.

• Save line art images art (graphs, charts, drawing or tables) asblack & white bitmap and not grayscale.

• Save halftones or photographs and graphics that have combi-nations of line and tone or shading as grayscale, and not asblack & white bitmap.

What does DPI stand for and what does it mean? DPI is an acronym for Dots Per Inch or the density of the

dots, and is also known as the resolution or simply the numberof rows and columns; it determines how sharply the image is rep-resented. If a printer specifies 300 DPI, it means that for everyinch of image there are 300 color dots (or pixels).

When preparing your graphics in TIF, PS or EPS formats please keepthe following in mind. If a graphic calls for fonts directly, we suggest thatyou use of one of the following Adobe Type 1 fonts: Times Roman, Hel-vetica, Helvetica Narrow, Courier, Symbol, Palatino, Avant Garde,Bookman, Zapf Chancery, Zapf Dingbats, New Century Schoolbook.

Non-Acceptable file formatsFiles prepared as GIF, JPEG, and BMP or in any other file

formats not listed, are not acceptable and cannot be processed.Also, please do not embed images in MS Word, since they can-not be extracted.

Sizing of GraphicsFont sizes for supplied graphics must be legible if the graph-

ic is reduced in size to one column (3 1/2 inches or 21 picas wide)or two-column width (7-1/16 inches or 43 picas wide) or asmuch as a 4:1 reduction from the original. The size of all origi-nal material should not be larger than 8-1/2 x 11 inches. Avoidsizing figures to less than one column wide (3 1/2 inches), asextreme enlargements may distort your images.

Size of Author PhotographsThe final printed size of an author photograph is fixed at

exactly 1 inch wide by 1 1/4 inches long (6 picas x 7 1/2 picas).Please ensure that the author photographs you submit are pro-portioned similarly. If the author’s photograph does not appear atthe end of the paper, then please size it so that it is proportionalto the standard size of 1 9/16 inches wide by 2 inches long (9 1/2picas x 12 picas).

Color Graphics Requirements for all Graphics Formats

At present only RGB TIFF format is accepted. You may bemore familiar with this format as either a “color map” or “colorindex” file. The advantage of using a RGB color TIFF file is thata higher quality image may be obtained when compared to ascanned version.

If you provide a color PS or EPS file it will be converted toRGB color TIFF. The resolution of a RGB color TIFF file shouldbe 400 dpi.

When supplying color graphics, please supply a high quali-ty hard copy proof of each image. If we cannot achieve a satisfac-tory color match using the electronic version of your files, wewill have to scan your hard copy.

Preparing Electronic Graphics for SubmissionNaming your graphics

Please use lower case letters when naming figures, tables,and author photographs. Figures should contain only the imageand not the caption text. If your figure has multiple parts, pleaseembed callouts to identify parts of figures, i.e., (a), (b), (c), with-in the figure. Callouts should be in a Times Roman font with aconsistent point size, avoid mixing point sizes in your graphics.

Below you will find the naming convention for thesekinds of images.

Figures (line artwork or photographs)-should be namedfig1.tif, fig2.eps, fig3.ps, and so forth. Please do not give themdescriptive names.

3

TRANSACTIONS AND JOURNALS AUTHOR GUIDELINES

Tables should contain only the body of the table and shouldbe named table1.tif, table2.ps, table3.eps, and so forth.

Author photographs-should be named using the first five charactersof the author’s last name, followed by the type of file TIF, EPS or PSwith the resolution at 220 dpi, 8 bits/sample. For example, four authorphotographs for a paper may be named: smith.ps, jones.tif, lee.eps, andmoshf.ps (for moshfefhi’s author photograph).

Accurate Preparation of GraphicsPlease submit your graphics on disks separate from your

manuscript, since they cannot be extracted. Format and saveyour graphic images using a suitable graphics processing pro-gram, that will allow you to create the images as TIF, PS or EPS,size them, and adjust the resolution settings.

Examples of suitable graphics programs are:Corel Photo Paint, Microsoft Photo Editor or Adobe Photo-

Shop. However, we highly recommend the Adobe PhotoShopprogram for its versatility and powerful features.

Note: that both students and teachers may purchase suchgraphics programs via the web, from vendors at considerable dis-counts over regular prices. (See Next Page).

Remember that whatever method you use, please include ahigh quality scannable proof. If there is a problem with your ini-tial submission, a Transactions / Journals staff editor will contactyou for a revised electronic graphic. If the revised graphic isunusable, we will need to scan your proof.• Revised or corrected graphics should always have the same

name as the original graphic.• If a graphic is to appear in print as black and white, it should

be saved and submitted as a black and white file. If a Graphicis to appear in color, it should be submitted as a RGB colorTIFF file. If the file is unusable, the hard copy of the colorgraphic may be scanned.

• If you are creating your graphics using a Macintosh and aresubmitting the graphics on disk, please send PC formattedfloppy disks.

• A column-wide graphic can be no wider than 3 1/2 inches or21 picas. A page-wide figure can be no larger than 7 1/6inches or 43 picas wide. The maximum depth of a graphic is9 3/4 inches or 58 picas. Please allow space for the caption.

• Please use consistent typefaces and type sizes in all your fig-ures and tables. Please choose type sizes that will allow thetype to be scaled to 8 points at final printed size.

Naming Multiple-Part FiguresIt may be necessary for you to combine your figures so that

they may be presented in the way that you prefer. The reason forthis is that the page composition software we use stacks graph-ics one above another. Thus, if you want to have an “a part” abovea “b part” (as shown below) you should submit two separategraphics files. Please place the callouts in the figure parts.

first file �(a)

second file �(b)

Figure 1 Caption Here

If you want to have an “a part” next to a “b part” and then a“c part” next to a “d part” then you should submit two figures.The first graphic will contain parts a and b, and the secondgraphic will contain parts c and d (as shown below). If this wereto be figure 1 then you would name them fig1ab.TIF and fig1cd.

Please place the callouts in the figure parts.

first file �(a) (b)

second file �(c) (d)

Figure 2 Caption Here

Transmitting your graphic filesFiles should be submitted via 3 1/2inch disk, CD-ROM, zip

disk, e-mail, and 640 MB magneto-optical disk.When submitting your graphics by e-mail, send them as sep-

arate attachments and please use a supported encoding method.• Note the operating system, software, and version number

used to create your disk (e.g., DOS/Word97). Write thisinformation on the disk label with a felt pen. When usingUNIX, note method of extraction.

• Check that your file is complete• Package diskettes to protect them in the mail.• Please include all necessary contact information, including e-

mail address, phone number, fax number, and mailing address.

TRANSACTIONS AND JOURNALS AUTHOR GUIDELINES

4

5

Encoding MethodsTo process your graphics more efficiently, it is best if you can

encode the files prior to submitting them. If you do not encode,the IEEE will encode the files during processing.

Please use one of the listed encoding methods if you are sending your graphics by e-mail or disk.

1) MIME base64 2) uuencode 3) Bin Hex 4

Compression MethodsIn order to save disk space or to fit a graphic on a disk, please

use the following compression methods.

1) compress 2) pkzip 3) stuffit 4) gzip

Things that you should not do!• Do not embed your images in MS Word, as we cannot

extract them• Do not save you images as GIF or JPEG• Do not send images with resolution settings at 72 dpi

or lower

What you should do!• Be sure to size you images correctly.• Use the correct image resolution. 600 dpi (1 bit/sample) at

final printed size for line art (graphs, charts, drawing ortables) and 220 dpi (8 bits/sample) at final printed size forphotographs and other gray scale images

• Supply a high quality hard copy proof of each image

Students & Teachers can Purchase Graphics softwareat a discount

The following are possible resources, which you may wantto investigate.

http://www.campustech.com http://www.micromaster.com/ http://www.gradware.com/ http://www.studentdiscounts.com

For More Information Contact:

Graphics H-E-L-P Desk graphics@ep.ieee.org

Examples of BAD Line Art Images

Some of the lines in the graph are dropping away.

TRANSACTIONS AND JOURNALS AUTHOR GUIDELINES

TRANSACTIONS AND JOURNALS AUTHOR GUIDELINES

6

Examples of BAD Line Art Images (continued)

The lines in this graph are fuzzy and the type looks unclear and not sharp.

The lines in this graph are fuzzyand seem to blur together makingit difficult to decipher.

7

Examples of GOOD Line Art Images

Time (sec.)

Rot

o m

isal

ignm

ent,

γ r (ra

d)

0.0025

0.0024

0.0023

0.0022

0.0020

0.0019

0.0018

0.0017

0.0016

control on

control off

Max relative misalignment

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

stator misalignment=2mrad

Sprung Mass, m5

s

u

k b

Z

uZ

rt

Zbk

Unsprung Mass, m

The text in both graphs iseasy to read and the lines areclear and sharp.

TRANSACTIONS AND JOURNALS AUTHOR GUIDELINES

TRANSACTIONS AND JOURNALS AUTHOR GUIDELINES

8

Examples of GOOD Line Art Images (continued)

Time (sec.)

Rot

o m

isal

ignm

ent,

γ r (ra

d)

0.0025

0.0024

0.0023

0.0022

0.0020

0.0019

0.0018

0.0017

0.0016

control on

control off

Max relative misalignment

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

stator misalignment=2mrad

The text is easy to read and the lines are clear and sharp on this graph.

9

Enlarged Author Photographs Showing Examples of Both BAD and GOOD Quality

BAD Quality ImagePhoto is blurry and out of focus

Low resolution file

GOOD Quality ImagePhoto has detail and is in focusHigh resolution file (300 dpi)

BAD Quality ImagePhoto is blurry and out of focus

Low resolution file

GOOD Quality ImagePhoto has detail and is in focusHigh resolution file (300 dpi)

TRANSACTIONS AND JOURNALS AUTHOR GUIDELINES

TRANSACTIONS AND JOURNALS AUTHOR GUIDELINES

10

Initial File SetUp:1. To create a graphic file, go to the FILE menu and click on NEW.

2. Name the file...Choose width, height, and resolution.

NOTE: If you chose RGB or CMYK as your color mode, go to the IMAGE menu,choose Mode, and then select Indexed Color. This will allow usable colors toconvert to CMYK without loss of shading or gamut warning.

3. When saving graphics, under the FILE menu, choose, SAVE AS and name your file. Use only tiff or photoshop eps format. If youused layers, please flatten all layers and discard all alpha channels. DO NOT save embedded color profiles.

Resolutions to Use

Lineart (Bitmap) Grayscale RGB/CMYK

600 dpi 220 dpi 400 dpi

31

2

5 4

2. Using the chart to the right, locate the numbers corresponding to the sliders.

Highlight adjustment: Slider 1 will lighten your photo.Slider 4 will darken your photo.

Mid-tone Adjustment: Slider 2 when moved to the left will lighten your photo.Slider 2 when moved to the right will darken your photo.

Shadow Adjustment: Slider 5 will lighten your photo.Slider 3 will darken your photo.

3. When you are done, click OK.

Image Adjustments Using LevelsUsing this command allows for the gradual adjustments to the brightness, contrast, and mid-tones in an image.

1. With your image open, under the IMAGE menu, choose ADJUST, and then choose LEVELS.

How to Use Adobe Photoshop to Create Graphic Files Using Levels, Brightness/Contrast, and Curves

11

Image Adjustments Using Brightness and ContrastUsing this command is the easiest way to make simple adjustments to the overall tonal range of the image.

1.With your image open, under the IMAGE menu, choose ADJUST, and then choose BRIGHTNESS/CONTRAST.

2. Dragging the slider to the left decreases the level; dragging to the right increases it.

3. When you are done, click OK.

Image Adjustments Using CurvesUsing this command, like levels, lets you adjust the tonal range of an image. However, you can adjust any point along the 0-255 scalewhile keeping up to 15 other values constant.

1.With your image open, under the IMAGE menu, choose ADJUST, and then choose CURVES.

2. Click any point on the curve that you want to remain fixed. You can add up to 15 points to the curve to lock those values as youmake adjustments. To remove a point from the curve, drag it off the graph.

3. Drag the curve until the image looks as you want it.

4. When you are done, click OK.

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Proofreader's marks

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