Exercise 7The Australian government collects tax in a number ofdifferent ways. Firstly money is collected at source fromeveryone in Australia who has a job. Income tax, as this isknown

, can be as high as 48% for some people. Secondly.the government gains money by imposing a tax on allgoods purchased or services received so that every timemoney changes hands a tax of 10% is paid. The termservices includes anything from getting a haircut to havingyour house painted. Another way that the governmentraises money is by charging an additional tax on luxuriessuch as wine, tobacco or perfume. In addition to this taxon luxuries, there is a special tax on fuel which brings in alarge amount of revenue for the government. Tax on petrolis also aimed at reducing the number of cars on the roadsby discouraging motorists from using their cars.

Exercise 8a This graph shows how, over a ten-year period, money

was spent on different products in Asia, Europe and the

United States. The products cited in the graph arecomputers, radios and telephones.

b Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to ask if you have found a bag which, Ibelieve, I left on the train when I travelled to Dover.When I arrived home I realised that my bag was missingand so I am assuming that I left it on the train. Wouldyou mind checking in your lost property office. It's asmall, black bag with a handle on the top. Inside thereare some personal possessions and my certificate whichI received from the English course I attended.

Exercise 21 But first I'll have to pass several general Chemistry

exams. /

2 I am really looking forward to studying in thiscountry. X

3 My mother is a chemical engineer and so I've alwaysbeen interested in the field. /

4 I expect that life at university will be very different fromlife at school. X

5 I'm interested in working as an industrial chemist. /6 I'm hoping to win a scholarship. X

Exercise 3a . the person's appearance /

. their home

. reasons why you liked them /

. the name of the person /

. their hobbies /

. your relationship to the person /

Exercise 4a 2 in my opinion

3 I'm convinced

4 I don't believe ...

I suppose5 Personally

,

I believe

6 One of the best things about

Test 1

Section 11 c

2 C

3 D

4 McDonald/Macdonald/MacDonald5 Post Office Box/PO Box 6766 775431

7 credit card/Visa

8 D, F (any order)9 A, F (any order)10 after (the) exams

Section 211 473

12 (open) 2/two(-)seater13 smooth

14 180 kilometres

15 frame (and) engine16 instrument panel/instruments/stop-watch17 30

18 light aircraft/plane19 wings20 rear wheels

Section 321 Out and About 26 A

22 (the) university/campus 27 X23 B 28 South American

24 C 29 25 B 30

Section 431 human activity/activities 36 drought32 farming and drainage 37 irrigation33 Dirty Thirties/30s 38 two-thirds34 dry thunderstorms 39 salty/saline/toxic35 machine operators 40 crops/plants/agriculture

ANSWER KEY 147

24 manuscript Para 1: ... there was a distinctionbetween those who could read printand those who could manage themore difficult task of readingmanuscript.

25 (tabloid)newspapers

See the first sentence of paragraph 2.

26 shopping lists Para 3: ... research suggests that formany people the only use for writing,outside formal education, is thecompilation of shopping lists.

Passage 3 The Revolutionary Bridgesof Robert MaillartAnswer Location of answer in text

27 x The invention of the automobilecreated an irresistible demand for ...vehicular bridges ... The type ofbridge needed for cars and trucks,however, is fundamentally different...

28 viii...

Maillart developed a uniquemethod for designing bridges ...

29 v His crucial innovation wasincorporating the bridge's arch androadway into a form called thehollow-box arch, which wouldsubstantially reduce the bridge'sexpense by minimising the amount ofconcrete needed.

30 iii His first masterpiece ... gained littlefavourable publicity ...on thecontrary...

31 vii His most important breakthrough ...but the leading authorities of Swissengineering would argue against hismethods for the next quarter of acentury.

32 ii In 1991 it became the first concretebridge to be designated aninternational historic landmark.

33 i Mail/art,s hollow-box arch became thedominant design form ...InSwitzerland, professors finally began

'

to teach Maillart's ideas, which theninfluenced a new generation ofdesigners.

34 columns Para C: In a conventional arch bridgethe weight of the roadway istransferred by columns to the arch ...

35 vertical walls Para C: In Maillart's design, though,

the roadway and arch wereconnected by three vertical walls ...

36 hollow boxes Para C: forming two hollow boxesrunning under the roadway ...

37 D Para C: ... a form called the hollow-box arch, which would substantiallyreduce the bridge,s expense byminimising the amount of concreteneeded.

38 C

j

Para D: Maillart, who had foundedhis own construction firm in 1902

,

was unable to win any more bridgeprojects ...

39 G Para E: For aesthetic reasons, Maillartwanted a thinner arch and hissolution was to connect the arch tothe roadway with transverse walls.

40 F Para F: Salginatobel... had the mostdramatic setting of all his structures,vaulting 80 metres above the ravineof the Salgina brook.

Test 2

LISTENING

Section 11 B

2 A

3 B

4 C

5 Hagerty6 ricky457 29 February8 business

9 conversation/to communicate10 (at) school

Section 211 loyal12 statue

13 (possibly) count14 gentle (nature)15 donations/donors16 search and rescue17 (international) database18 love their food/love food/love eating19 80 people20 in a team

ANSWER KEY

Section 321 father's workshop22 1824

23 night writing24 B

25 A

26 C

27 C

28 mathematics/maths29 science30 music

Section 431 (particular) events32 string33 14 days34 (a) fortnight/2 weeks/two weeks35 six months

36 language37 retrieve/recall/recover38 (an) argument39 70%

40 40%

Passage 1 Tackling Obesity in the WesternWorld

Answers Location of answer in text

1 X However, rather than take

responsibility for their weight,

obesepeople have often sought solace inthe excuse that they have a slowmetabolism ...

2 vii Dr. Jebb explains that overweightpeople actually burn off more energy.

3 iii...

researchers were able to show... thather metabolism was not the culprit...

4 iv...

Professor Stephen O'Rahilly, goesso far as to say we are on thethreshold of a complete change in theway we view not only morbid obesity

,

but also everyday overweight.5 xi Professor Ian Caterson is confident

that science will, eventually, be able

to 'cure' some forms of obesity butthe only effective way ...to loseweight is a change of diet and anincrease in exercise.

6 ii This paragraph spells out the clangersof using drugs or resorting to surgery.

7 vi Research being done on anoverweight mouse is significant.

8 viii...

leptin deficiency turned out to bean extremely rare condition ...

9 metabolism Para A: obese people have oftensought solace in the excuse that theyhave a slow metabolism

10 less Para A: it doesn't matter how littlethey eat, they gain weight becausetheir bodies break down food andturn it into energy more slowly thanthose with a so-called normalmetabolic rate. Ref paragraph C also.

11 genetic Para D: Prof. O'Rahilly'sgroundbreaking work in Cambridgehas proven that obesity can be causedby our genes.

12 consume Para E: explains that they need to eati.

e.

consume more than others.

13 behaviour Para F: Until recently, research andtreatment for obesity hadconcentrated on behaviourmodification ...

Passage 2 Wheel of FortuneAnswer Location of answer in text

14 D They have the potential both to makethe companies in the business a greatdeal richer, and to sweep them away.

15 C Eventually it will change every aspectof it, from the way cartoons are madeto the way films are screened to theway people buy music. That much isclear.

16 A Each such innovation ... has beenaccompanied by a period of fearmixed with exhilaration

17 F...

the smarter companies in theentertainment business ... saw whathappened to those of theirpredecessors who were stuck withone form of distribution.

18 B When the entertainment companiestried out the technology, it workedfine - but not at a price that peoplewere prepared to pay.

19 C What nobody is sure of is how it (thedigital revolution) will affect theeconomics of the business.

150 ANSWER KEY

20 F Part of the reason why incumbentsgot pushed aside was that they ...faced a tighter regulatoryenvironment than the present one.

21 G It remains to be seen whether thelatest technology will weaken thosegreat companies, or make themstronger than ever

22 B Old companies always fear newtechnology Hollywood was hostile totelevision, television terrified by theVCR. Go back far enough, points outHal Valarian.

23 E He says, . It happened to the oiland automotive businesses earlier thiscentury; now it is happening to theentertainment business'

.

24 C MGM, once the roaring lion ofHollywood, has been reduced to awhisper because it is not part of oneof the giants.

25 A In 1992, John Malone, chief executive

of TCI, an American cable giant,welcomed the '500-channel universe'.

26 D This is a reflective piece that looksback at the effects of technologicalinnovation. Hence D is the correctanswer.

27 C The message throughout the text isthat technological innovation shouldbe embraced and that resistance doesnot lead to a positive outcome.Paragraph F in particular asserts thisview.

Passage 3 Creative FamiliesAnswer Location of answer in text

28 IQ/intelligence Para 1: Test(s)/testing percentagedefinition was eclipsed by the adventof IQ tests

29 multi-facetedapproach

Para 2: The IQ test has been eclipsedin turn. Most people ... now prefer abroader definition, using amultifaceted approach

30 B Para 4: Individual differences wereencouraged, and friendly siblingrivalry was not seen as a particularproblem

31 C Para 6: ... are often moresurrounded by an atmosphere ofwork and where following a callingappears to be important.

32 E Para 6: They may see from theirparents that it takes time anddedication to be master of a craft

,

and so are in less of a hurry toachieve for themselves ...

33 C Para 3: The conclusion of theexperiment was that a dull rat in astimulating environment will almostdo as well as a bright rat who isbored in a normal one.

34 A Para 4: ...there always needs to besomeone who sets the family careerin motion, as in the case of the Sheenacting dynasty.

35 NOT GIVEN IQ tests are referred to briefly in thefirst two paragraphs

,

but noinformation is given about theirreliability. They became less popularamongst researchers.

36 YES Para 4: This can sometimes causeproblems with other siblings ... Theircreative talents may be undervaluedand so never come to fruition.

37 YES Para 7: This last point - luck - isoften not mentioned where talent isconcerned but plays an undoubtedpart.

38 NO Para 7: Mozart himself simply wantedto create the finest music ever writtenbut did not necessarily view himself asa genius ...

39 NO Para 8: Albert Einstein and BillGates are two more examples ofpeople whose talents haveblossomed by virtue of the timesthey were living in.

40 D The passage discusses how geniusesor very talented people emerge. Itconsiders the factors that have aninfluence and in particular it focuseson the family environment.

Test 3

LISTENING

Section 11

234

567

8910

Mitchell

66, Women's College/Womens CollegeEducation994578EDC

ACA

ANSWER KEY 151

Section 211 fishing village12 pine trees13 marshland/marsh(es)14 sunbeds and umbrellas15 longest16 flag system/flags17 north(-)west18 white cliffs19 sand(-)banks20 food and drink

Section 321 (course) booklists/reading list(s)22 recommended23 sales figures24 year (group)25 catalogues26 letters/correspondence27 inspection/free copies28 value (for money)29 clear/easy to use30 easy to use/clear

Section 431 C32 m33 D/A34 A35 B36 (a) competition(s)37 design (and) print38 styles/techniques39 categories40 two/2 names

6 A Last para: ... it makes sense toconsider the small-scale pollution athome and welcome internationaldebate about this. Scientistsinvestigating indoor pollution willgather next month in Edinburgh atthe Indoor Air conference ...

7 C Para 1: ... industrialised countrieswhich encourage a minority of theworld's population to squander themajority of its natural resources.

8 D Para 2: ... and left the angry residentswondering how such a disaster couldhave been allowed to happen.

9 A Para 4: research suggests that it isthe process of keeping clean that maybe making indoor pollution worse.

10 F Para 6: ... the high-temperaturespray, splashing against the crockeryand cutlery, results in a nasty plumeof toxic chemicals that escapes ...

11 H Para 7: people are so concernedabout water-borne pollutants thatthey drink only bottled water,worldwide sales of which are forecastto reach $ 72 billion by next year.

12 I Para 9: Overcrowded classroomswhose ventilation systems weredesigned for smaller numbers ofchildren frequently contain levels ofcarbon dioxide that would beregarded as unacceptable on board asubmarine.

13 G Para 9: 'New car smell' is the resultof high levels of toxic chemicals ...

READING

Passage 1 Indoor PollutionAnswer Location of answer in text

1 D Short sighted, selfish policies =caused by human self-interest

2 B Para 2: accidentally discharging itscargo into Sydney Harbour ...

3 D Refer first line paragraph 3.4 B Para 4: ... baths

, showers ... can all

be significant sources of indoor pollution5 C Para 8: ... disproportionate effort is

wasted campaigning against certainforms of outdoor pollution

, when

there is as much ... indoors, right

under people's noses.

Passage 2 RobotsAnswer Location of answer in text

14 viii Paraphrase of first sentence ...whose presence we barely notice butwhose creeping ubiquity has removedmuch human drudgery. Rest ofparagraph gives examples.

15 vi First sentence and ... there arealready robot systems that canperform some kinds of brain andbone surgery with submillimeteraccuracy - far greater precision thanhighly skilled physicians can achievewith their hands alone.

16 ix Final sentence of paragraph C sumsup the argument.

152 ANSWER KEY

Test 4

Section 11 Sun(day) 2nd July2 MARINA3 9

.30(am)4 1,000/one/a thousand pounds5 Hong Kong6 (team) captain7 parents' permission8 (20/twenty) life jackets9 clothes/clothing/set of clothes10 name

Section 211 stamps and coins12 (shrill) call13 sense of smell

14 fly15 introduced animals16 (scientific) research17 global education18 eggs (are) collected19 chicks (are) reared20 5% to 85%

Section 321 C22 A23 A24 B

25 Sydney26 Frankfurt27 A/D28 D/A29 B/F30 F/B

Section 431 export/transit {overseas)32 food shortages33 lasts longer/lasts much longer34 food-poisoning/poisoning35 electricity/electricity supply/supply of electricity/power36 chemical preservation/add (adding) chemicals/using

chemicals (not salt/sugar/vinegar)37 cheap to store38 (hot) soup39 (heated) belt40 powdered soup/dried soup/dry soup

Passage 1 The Great Australian FenceAnswer Location of answer in text

1 D Para 1: To protect their livelihood,the farmers built a wire fence ...

2 B Para 2; ... such a barrier would neverbe allowed today on ecologicalgrounds. = people would protestagainst such a fence being built.

3 C Para 3: To appreciate this unusualoutback monument and to meet thepeople ...

4 A Paras 3 & 4: He is impressed. Hecalls it a monument and says it isprodigious in length.

5 NO Para 3: It is known by differentnames but serves one purpose - toform a single dog fence.

6 YES Para 6: What is this creature that byitself threatens an entire industry,inflicting several millions of dollars ofdamage a year despite the presenceof the world*s most obsessive fence?

7 NO Para 6: ... the dingo was introducedto Australia more than 3,500 yearsago probably with Asian seafarers ...

8 YES Para 8: it is estimated that sincesheep arrived in Australia, dingonumbers have increased ahundredfold.

9 NOT GIVEN Text says they commonly representevil - but there is no informationabout them attacking humans.

10 YES Para 10: Now they are ubiquitous forwithout a native predator thekangaroo population has explodedinside the Fence.

11 NOT GIVEN Para 10: We are not told what hethinks. He intimates surprise at thenumber that are killed.

12 B Para 7: Dingoes officially becameoutlaws in 1830 when governmentsplaced a bounty on their heads.

13 A Para 10: Park officials, who recognisethat the fence is to blame, respond tothe excess of kangaroos by saying'The fence is there, and we have tolive with it.'

154 ANSWER KEY