ies faculty - closing the performance gap

IES – Faculty Closing the Performance Gap

• What is the Performance Gap?

• Current Practice• CIBSE TM:54• Soft landings

• How the Virtual Environment is responding

• Case Studies

• The Future

Eradicating the Performance GapTodays Agenda

What is the Performance Gap?

Eradicating the Performance Gap

There is a mismatch between the expectations around the performance of new buildings and the reality of the utility bills.

This difference between expected and realised energy performance has come to be known as the ‘Performance Gap’.

TM:54

Eradicating the Performance GapWhat is the Performance Gap?


Adapted from Carbon Buzz


Regulated energy: heating, hot water, cooling, ventilation and lighting


Unregulated energy: plugload, server rooms, security, external lighting, lifts, etc


Extra occupancy and equipment operating hours: evening/weekend working


Inefficiencies: Poor control, commissioning, maintenance, etc


Special Functions: trading floors, server rooms, cafeterias, etc


Carbon Trust Conclude:

• NCM, theoretical Exercise

• Focus on REAL building analysis

• Soft Landings

• Continued Monitoring of Building


Better energy prediction at design stage is fundamental to understanding and therefore closing the Performance Gap.

TM:54

Eradicating the Performance GapExample: Supermarket Bakery

Discussion Point:Consider the following profile, any comments?

• The Blue profile is a typical profile that a design team would use as a best guess of the energy used.

Compliance profile: Food Prep Equip profile

Eradicating the Performance GapExample: Supermarket Bakery

• The Red line is the actual or measured energy used.

• Using the red line profile in your simulation increases accuracy of the predictions.

Compliance profile: Food Prep Equip profile

Measured profile: Actual Oven Equip

profile

Eradicating the Performance Gap Building Energy Simulation Tools are used to analyse buildings for a range of purposes. Some of these purposes require a specific type of model that is specific to its purpose. However, the differences between these model types is poorly defined which causes confusion


Eradicating the Performance Gap

Within IES we use four model definitions:

• Design Model• Compliance Model• Reference Model• Operational Model


Eradicating the Performance GapCurrent Practice

Current Practice – TM 54

Eradicating the Performance GapCurrent Practice – TM:54

1. How many have read the TM:54

2. How many of you abide by these principles in day to day projects

3. We’ll discuss towards the end of this section.


TM 54 Aim:

1. Compliance does not take into account all the energy uses in a building.

2. that the design is built as intended, the engineering systems are commissioned effectively and the operators and occupiers of the building understand how to operate and maintain the building.


“In the UK, energy models are used at the design stage to compare design options and to check compliance with Building Regulations. These energy models are not intended as predictions of energy use, but are sometimes mistakenly used as such” TM:54


1. TM 54: Published August 2013

2. KeyPoint 1: Methodology for DSM calculations at Design to better understand operational energy usage (Design Model!)

3. KeyPoint 2: Soft landings / Post Occupancy Evaluation (Min Ref: CarbonBuzz.org)

Eradicating the Performance GapCurrent Practice – TM:54TM:54 Methodology Steps:1. Establishing Floor Areas2. Estimating Operating hours and occupancy factors3. Evaluating Lighting Energy use4. Evaluating energy use for lifts and escalators5. Evaluating energy use for small power6. Evaluating energy use for catering7. Evaluating energy use for server rooms8. Evaluating energy use of other equipment9. Evaluating energy use of domestic hot water10. Evaluating internal heat gains11. Evaluating energy use of space heating, cooling, fans

and pumps12. Evaluating energy use for humidification and

dehumidification13. Estimating management factors14. Running scenarios15. Sensitivity analysis16. Review against benchmarks17. Presenting results

Eradicating the Performance GapCurrent Practice – Soft Landings

Current Practice – Soft Landings


“A process for the graduated handover of a new or refurbished building, where a period of professional aftercare by the project team is a client requirement – planned for and carried out from project inception onwards – and lasting for up to three years post-completion”


University of Cambridge: Centre of Mathematical Sciences


Its been around for a while:

Late 1990s: Initiated by Mark Way “Sea Trials”

2002: University of Cambridge (Trial Project)

2004: scope of service documentation developed with construction industry sponsorship

2008: Picked up by BSRIA. Open-source documentation developed into a Framework by industry task group led by BSRIA

2009: BSRIA “Soft Landings Framework’ published (free to use)


What is it?:

• It’s a way of working, a new professionalism that says we have to change the way we do things to deliver better buildings

• It’s designed to foster greater mutual understanding between clients, project managers, designers, builders and occupiers about project objectives

• It is designed to reduce tensions and frustrations that occur during initial occupancy, and to ensure clients and occupiers get the best out of their new asset

• It involves greater investment in problem diagnosis and treatment, and in monitoring, review and post-occupancy evaluation


What does it do?:

• Provides a framework of activities for the entire project team

• Drives for clarity at inception and briefing about client needs and operational outcomes

• Requires the early setting of performance targets (such as energy use) and a method of reality-checking them

• Places greater emphasis on building readiness

• Requires a Soft Landings team to be on site during the initial settling-in period

• Requires the project team to be involved for up to three years to fine-tune the building and monitor its performance


Work Stages:

Stage 1: Inception and briefing clarify operational outcomes in the client’s requirements

Stage 2: Design development & construction review past experience, agree performance metrics, agree design targets, regularly reality-check

Stage 3: Pre-handover Prepare for occupation, train FM staff, demonstrate control systems, review monitoring strategy of occupants and energy use

Stage 4: Initial aftercare support staff in first few weeks of occupation, be resident on site to respond to queries and react to emerging issues

Stage 5: Long term aftercare monitor, review, fine-tune, and perform periodic feedback studies for up to three years


Why do it; Benefits?

• Helps with management of end-user expectations about comfort and usability

• Provides for regular reality-checking of assumptions as design develops

• Begins the process of closing the gap between design targets and operational energy and environmental performance

• Creates greater confidence in the built product

• Creates project team involvement and ownership of the project

• Makes the migration into the new building a positive event

• Supports occupants in their new building, keeping them informed, making them happier, and removing barriers to productivity


University of Cambridge:

• No-blame attitude adopted by client and team

• Post completion of first phase, a POE was carried out to measure building performance of the recently occupied buildings

• The results were incorporate into the final phases

• Final appraisal revealed that the occupants and the University viewed the project as a great success.


1. Mentioned in TM:54

2. Free to use

3. Open to public

4. Central database for gathering benchmark data

5. Have you used it?

6. Good start but want more,….?!

Eradicating the Performance GapHow the VE is Responding

How the VE is Responding


Radiators and chilled ceilings may now be autosized

Using specified room temperatures and loads (either manually entered or generated by a System Loads analysis)

Users can elect to autosize the number of units of a chosen type and the required water flow.

New features: Master templates!!


Eradicating the Performance GapHow the VE responds

New features: Design Options!!


How the VE is Responding – Future(ish)

Enhanced Operational Model within the VE:1. BMS/Recorded data is collected and imported into VE

Cloud2. Creates Free Form Data (FFD’s) Profiles3. FFD’s are assigned to the project VE-Model in ApPro4. Model is simulated in Apache5. Results reviewed with Vista’s powerful analytic tools6. User gets better understand of building performance

and identification of potential energy savings.


Cloud


Examples


Example 1-

Office Building

2. The Compliance office electrical Lighting profile is taken from the ASHRAE 90.1 methodology.

• Compliance lighting profile with ASHRAE 90.1 Office lighting profile assigned

Eradicating the Performance GapOffice Building: Lighting

Closer view of profile

Measured Lighting Load

Compliance Lighting load profile

Security guard turns lights on

and off at weekend

• The annual lighting load when the ASHRAE 90.1 Compliance lighting profile (blue) was used in the Operational Model is 63.6 MWh.

• IES Cloud solutions was used to import the actual measured lighting load into the Operational Model. The actual recorded lighting load (red) is 131.6 MWh and is considerably different compared with the Compliance profile.

Eradicating the Performance GapOffice Building: Lighting

3. Impact of using the actual profile on annual boiler energy

• Significantly higher Lighting load to the building• This will result in higher heat gain to the building, consequently

annual heating energy reduced by 40%, and heating plant capacity reduced by 18%

Compliance Profile results for Boiler

Energy

Measured Profile results for Boiler

Energy

Eradicating the Performance GapOffice Building: Boiler Energy

4. Impact on annual chiller energy of using actual lighting profile

• Significantly higher heat gain results in the annual chiller energy increasing by 45%, cooling plant capacity increased by 31%

Compliance profile results for Chiller

Energy

Actual Profile results for Chiller

Energy

Eradicating the Performance GapOffice Building: Chiller Energy

Eradicating the Performance GapEnhanced Operational Models

Example 2-

Supermarket Bakery

1. Use compliance profile to calibrated the Operational model (Supermarket Equipment).

2. This is the Food Prep equipment profile as defined by the ASHRAE 90.1 Compliance procedure.

• This profile was used as the basis of the Operational Model

Eradicating the Performance GapRetail Supermarket: Food Preparation Equipment

3. In this case the retail bakery ovens operated very differently, see actual measurements below (red).

• The actual measurement is a substantially different profile in terms of time of operation and total energy required.

• The Compliance equipment load profile was 126.5 MWh Vs 32.2 MWh for the actual building profile.

Compliance Profile for Food Prep Equip .

Measured Profile for Actual Oven Equip.

Eradicating the Performance GapRetail Supermarket: Equipment

3. The actual equipment profile used in the OM caused significant differences in annual boiler energy

• Significantly lower equipment load resulting in less heat gain to the building and annual heating energy increasing by 47% and Boiler Capacity by 23%

Compliance Profile results for Boiler Energy

Measured Profile Boiler Energy results

Eradicating the Performance GapRetail Supermarket: Boiler Energy

4. The impact on annual chiller energy of using the equipment load is less dramatic but still significant.

• Significantly lower heat gain results in the annual chiller energy reducing by 21% for the actual building with the chiller plant capacity 15% oversized.

Compliance profile results for

Chiller EnergyMeasured profile

Chiller Energy results

Eradicating the Performance GapRetail Supermarket: Chiller Energy

Eradicating the Performance GapEnhanced Operational Models

Example 3-

Warehouse

1. This example is a warehouse. There was good information collected from the building which helped calibrate the Operational Model. The BMS system collected metered data for both lighting and equipment.

2. The Compliance profile used in the OM was the ASHRAE 90.1 Warehouse lighting profile with dimming control

Eradicating the Performance GapWarehouse: Lighting

3. The actual lighting load for the warehouse was different – tending to use less energy

• Calibrating the Operational Model with the actual lighting load profile resulted in a lighting load of 53.4 MWh compared to 73.6 MWh for the Compliance profile

Compliance Profile for Lighting load

Actual Lighting profile

Eradicating the Performance GapWarehouse: Lighting

4. Also the equipment load was measured and was much lower in the actual building when compared to the Compliance profile

• The annual equipment load using the Compliance profile was 72.5 MWh Vs 27.7 MWh for the measured load.

Compliance Profile Warehouse Equip.

Actual measurements for Warehouse Equip.

Eradicating the Performance GapWarehouse: Equipment

5. The combined impact of the actual equipment and lighting loads on the annual boiler energy compared with the Compliance profiles is shown below

• Due to the lower heat gain from lighting and equipment, the annual heating energy was 34% higher in the Operational Model when compared with the Compliance profile.

Measured Profile Boiler Energy results

Compliance Profile Boiler Energy results

Eradicating the Performance GapWarehouse: Boiler Energy

6. Compare the Measured and Compliance profiles results with the actual heating energy

Eradicating the Performance GapWarehouse: Boiler Energy

Measured profiles (Boiler Energy)

Compliance profiles (Boiler Energy)

Actual Boiler Load

Eradicating the Performance GapThe Future

The Future


Decision Making tools for City Architects & Urban Planners

Closing the Gap, through BIM Design optimisation tools

SMART Buildings & retrofit design & retrofitting tools

Intelligent & Model Based Control

District modelling and Simulation


1. The Internet of Things (IoE, IoT)

2. Cisco – Barcelona test bed,

3. “in 20 years time each of us could be exposed to between 3,000 and 5,000 ‘things’ in our everyday life. The ability to Connect with ‘things’ Monitor ‘things’ , Search, Manage, Control and Play. Connection of physical with digital world. how do we fit in? If we can better manage energy – not only in buildings – perhaps we can get to grips with the deathwish we appear to have wrt climate. John Barrett :Cork Institute of Technology


NEST Thermostat• Easy to use• Wifi connected• Learning algorithms• Cloud based control

NEST Protect• Easy to use• Wifi connected• Cloud based control


Benefit1: if the smoke alarm sense fire and/or senses CO it will auto shutoff the boiler through the thermostat

Benefit2: the smoke alarm has motion detectors. It can turn the boiler through the thermostat on when you get home

They all talk together for added benefit


Imagine what could happen to the nondomestic sector..


A glimpse to the possibilities of our cities…....

Eradicating the Performance GapPhew – we got there!

Questions & Open Forum

ies faculty - closing the performance gap

Environment

performance gapwhat

performance gapexample

performance gaptodays

predictionsof energy

unregulated energy

energy models

measured energy

energy use of space