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IET Factles and

inuencing policymakers

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ContentsCommunications ............................................................... 3Education and skills .......................................................... 5EMC for Functional Safety ................................................. 6Energy .............................................................................. 7Energy .............................................................................. 9Energy ............................................................................ 11Health and safety ............................................................ 12Independent Safety Assurance (ISA) ............................... 15Information technology .................................................... 16Manufacturing factles .................................................... 19Mobiles, pylons and health .............................................. 20Transport ........................................................................ 21Reports and briengs for Northern Ireland ....................... 23Reports and briengs for Scotland ................................... 24Key topics ....................................................................... 25IET Policy Panels ............................................................ 26IET expertise ................................................................... 27

About This DocumentThe IET acts as a voice for the science, engineering andtechnology professions by providing independent, reliableand factual information to the public and policy makers.

This document provides a comprehensive list of all factles,reports and briengs produced by the IET with direct links tothe document on the web.

For more Briengs, Position Statements and Factles onengineering and technology topics please visit:http://www.theiet.org/factles

For more information please visit:http://www.theiet.org

© The IET 2015

The Institution of Engineering and Technology is registeredas a Charity in England & Wales (no 211014) and Scotland(no SC038698).

Enquiries to

policy@theiet.org

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Communicationshttp://www.theiet.org/factles/comms/index.cfm

Providing information on aspects of communications technology for members and the public.

Engineering the future of communications 2014

The UK Communications infrastructure is increasingly vital for our daily lives, facilitating business,wealth creation and accessing services - in fact if an organisation is not accessible via the internetthen many would assume they don’t exist. This fact and the relentless growth in the use of both xedand mobile communications has had many benets but is presenting unforeseen challenges. Thechallenges are global with the traditional carriers struggling to carry the unprecedented data volumeswithout having to invest on a prohibitively large scale.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/comms/hol-comms14-page.cfm

Engineering the future of communications 2013

The relentless growth in the use of mobile communications has had many benets but presentsunforeseen challenges. One of the challenges has been the explosive growth in data that is being both

generated and accessed by mobile handsets. This is occurring on a global scale with the traditionalcarriers struggling to carry the data volumes without having to invest on a prohibitively large scale.This challenge is only going to worsen unless a more radical joined up approach is taken across theindustry and the regulatory bodies.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/comms/hol-comms13-page.cfm

Engineering the future of communications 2012

The pace of change both in business and society, as a result of the increasing adoption of the internetas a means of communications, is continuing to impact lives and economies on both a personal anda global scale. These advances will continue apace, generating change and innovations that aredifcult to predict and which sometimes lead to step changes in the way we conduct our lives. One

of the most signicant changes is the increase in the use of broadband (IP-TV) to receive video andbroadcast content, rather than the traditional satellite and terrestrial services. This is below the radarto many, but is another example of the revolution approaching in the way we will receive news andentertainment as well as presenting new challenges in terms of regulation.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/comms/hol-comms12-page.cfm

Engineering the future of communications 2011

This document was produced for the third IET policy meeting held at the House of Lords in 2011on communications issues. It contains summaries on a number of issues facing communicationstechnology, such as the growth of personal data communications, machine to machine technology(M2M) and smart cities, and super fast broadband and its implications for boradcast television.

These summaries were used as part of a discussion at the House of Lords to inform key members ofparliament.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/comms/hol-comms11-page.cfm

Engineering the future of communications 2010

This document was produced for the second IET policy meeting held at the House of Lords in 2010on communications issues. It contains summaries on a number of issues facing communicationstechnology, such as smart metering, availability of communications, and television broadcastingand IPTV. These summaries were used as part of a discussion at the House of Lords to inform keymembers of parliament.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/comms/hol-comms10-page.cfm

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Engineering the future of communications 2009

This document was produced for the rst IET policy meeting held at the House of Lords in 2009on communications issues. It contains summaries on a number of issues facing communicationstechnology, such as communications sensors, energy issues in communications systems, and thefuture for digital broadband. These summaries were used as part of a discussion at the House ofLords to inform key members of parliament.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/comms/hol-comms09-page.cfm

Contacting emergency services in the digital age

Communications have changed drastically since the world-leading UK ‘999’ service was launched inLondon in the late 1930s. We are now ‘Digital by Default’ and data rather than voice dominate as doincreasingly smart mobile handsets rather than land lines. Furthermore younger people are shown byOfcom data to be more likely to use data services including text and social media than voice, as mightany user faced with high ambient sound. Most calls are made from mobiles - and the modern smartmobile has extensive capabilities (such as call trace, messaging, video, GPS enhanced mapping) thatcan greatly improve response but are not yet being fully used.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/comms/999-digital-page.cfm

Emergency services mobile communications programme

The Emergency Services Mobile Communications Programme (ESMCP) was created by the HomeOfce to collate the future requirements of the emergency services for mobile communications.In order to facilitate further discussion in a neutral and impartial manner, the IET was approachedwith the objective of pooling cross industry expertise to hold a forum to investigate areas where aconsensus could be agreed.

http//www.theiet.org/factles/comms/emergency-services-page.cfm

Demand attentive networks

It is generally acknowledged that universal super-fast broadband would benet the UK’s economyand help close the gap between urban and rural economies and between northern and southerneconomies. Ideally the UK would have a universal bre to the premise infrastructure with extensivehigh speed wireless resources at the edges of the network. The Institution of Engineering &Technology studied the underlying issue, and recognising that public investment of this size isunaffordable in the foreseeable future, took a different approach. Their key underlying principle is thatit is not necessary to have such high speed capacity available everywhere at all times; it is enough ifthe device or appliance which is using the connectivity nds that it is not constrained in its demandsby the network infrastructure in place. This can be achieved by a combination of technical standards,network architecture and smart regulation which work together to organise the demand for bandwidthin real time.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/comms/dan-page.cfm

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Education and skills http://www.theiet.org/factles/education/

Providing information on aspects of education and skills for members and the public.

Transforming Engineering Education

The IET is pleased with the way the Engineering Diploma is being implemented. Over the pastyear, almost 3,000 students have taken up the new qualication, and this is expected to increasesignicantly in coming years. The Diploma now offers a unique opportunity. In the past, if taught inschools at all, engineering has tended to be an extra-curricular activity. The Diploma has the potentialto place engineering at the heart of the school curriculum for the rst t ime. However, there arechallenges still to overcome, including improving the public prole of the new qualication.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/education/eng-dip-page.cfm

IET Skills Surveys - IET Skills Surveys: a series of yearly reports from 2006

The results, published in the eighth annual IET Skills and Demand in Industry report, outline currentand planned levels of engineering and IT recruitment, the difculties that employers are experiencing

in recruiting the people they need and the skills gaps they nd with the people that they employ.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/education/skill-survey-page.cfm

Studying STEM: what are the barriers?

The current decline in post-16 uptake of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)subjects is of great concern. A great deal of work has been done on why this is happening, andthe IET commissioned this review of studies to identify the most commonly agreed upon ‘switch-offfactors’. Through this review we can reach conclusions as to why fewer young people are pursuingSTEM studies at higher levels and therefore losing the chance to pursue STEM related careers. Theproblem is well documented. Three global surveys (ROSE, PISA and TIMSS) indicate that 13-15 year-olds in developed nations display a positive relationship between self-efcacy and achievement inSTEM, but do not place a high value on science and technology. In contrast, in developing countries aSTEM related career is frequently seen to be the route to improving life for many in their country.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/education/stem-report-page.cfm

IET Education Brieng

STEM skills are vital for a 21st century knowledge economy, yet businesses across the UK report skillsshortages. Redressing skills shortages in the engineering and technology sectors requires a robusteducation and skills system.

science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) should be given a key position in thecurriculum

students must be taught STEM by teachers with appropriate subject qualications improving the image of STEM is extremely important, but there is no quick x. high quality careers education and guidance must be widely available so that young people have

the opportunity to learn about the exciting career

http://www.theiet.org/factles/education/edu-brief-page.cfm

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EMC for Functional Safety http://www.theiet.org/factles/emc/

Providing information on aspects of EMC for Functional Safety (mainly aimed at members but may be of interest to thepublic.

Introductory Manager’s Guide to EMC for Functional Safety

Functional safety is part of the overall safety of a system that depends upon the correct functioningof electrical and/or electronic equipment. All electronic equipment (hardware and/ or software) isvulnerable to certain electromagnetic disturbances (electromagnetic interference EMI). Where EMImight cause errors, malfunctions or failures in the correct functioning of equipment or systemsthat need to be functionally safe then design measures need to be taken to reduce such risk to anacceptable level. The IET has produced guidance on the subject.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/emc/intro-manage-emc.cfm

Overview of techniques and measures related to EMC for Functional Safety

Functional safety is part of the overall safety of a system that depends upon the correct functioning

of electrical and/or electronic equipment. All electronic equipment (hardware and/ or software) isvulnerable to certain electromagnetic disturbances (electromagnetic interference EMI). The aim ofthis guide is to provide a non-exhaustive range of techniques and measures that can address theinterfering effects of EMI that a safety related system could experience over its complete lifecycle.When competently selected and applied, a set of such techniques and measures will provide part ofthe evidence required for functional safety arguments and for compliance with IEC 61508.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/emc/emc-overview.cfm

Electromagnetic compatibility for functional safety

Addressing key topics within the EMC for functional safety sector.

One of the problems peculiar to all electronic technologies is electromagnetic (EM) interference (EMI).All electrical and electronic technologies emit EM disturbances that can interfere with the correctoperation of radio-communications or other electronics. Without pre-emptive measures modernelectronic technologies are in general more likely to cause such disturbances than those they replace.

All electronic technologies can also suffer from degraded functionality (including complete failure)when exposed to EM disturbances. Without pre-emptive measures modern electronic technologiesare in general more likely to be susceptible in this way than those they replace.

The aim of the guidance is to provide management and technical tools that enable the use ofelectronic technologies in applications where they could have an impact on functional safety –controlling the risks due to EMI for customers and third parties, and thereby reducing nancial risksto manufacturers and service providers. The guidance takes into account international work onfunctional safety as embodied in IEC 61000-1-2.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/emc/emc-factle.cfm

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Energyhttp://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/

Energy issues concerning the generation and use of electricity.

UK energy policy

The IET energy principlesEnergy is often seen as a complex technical issue. While it is true that technical knowledge isfundamental to the development of sound energy policy, it is all too easy to lose sight of the bigpicture. At the IET, we believe that there are certain high-level principles derived from engineeringthat offer policy-makers a comprehensive vantage point from which to review energy policy. Here wedo not offer technical solutions, but guidance towards effective policy-making based on sound expertknowledge and experience.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/energy-prin-page.cfm

What is a Smart Grid?

This brieng paper seeks to explain, in non-technical terms, what a Smart Grid is, how it is differentfrom the electricity grid we have today and why we will need it in the future. It also provides someexamples of where Smart Grid ideas are already being put into practice.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/smart-grids-page.cfm

IET brieng on smart grids - the wider picture

The creation of a smart grid in the UK requires collaboration between experts in energy,communications, IT and transport. This brieng is a tool for reaching a common understanding of the

challenges and goals ahead.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/smart-grid-wide-page.cfm

UK Electricity Market Reform

The Electricity Market Review needs to facilitate the rapid move to deployment of new large-scaleelectricity generation to avoid supply shortfalls over the next ten years, and also to enable thetransition to a low carbon energy system. It would be undesirable to have to introduce further largescale reform to achieve the latter. This brieng looks at the requirements of future electricity markets;capacity mechanisms; feed-in tariffs; energy storage and interconnectors; and the political risks.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/market-reform-page.cfm

Home Energy Revolution

Countries around the world are gearing up to change the way they use energy in order to combatclimate change. The energy supply needs to become low carbon, while remaining secure andaffordable. The UK Government has a target to reduce carbon emissions by 34% by 2020. Thisrequires a large increase in the use of renewable energy and new nuclear power capacity is likely tobe built. This brieng looks at how these changes will affect the energy supply, the consumer, andthe UK electricity supply industry. It also considers how to balance the electricity supply and demand,and to increase control over energy use.

http://www.theiet.org/factles.energy/home-energy-page.cfm

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UK Energy Policy 1980-2010: A history and lessons learnt

This review is published jointly by The IET and the Parliamentary Group for Energy Studies. The aimof this review is to take a longer term perspective on UK energy policies since 1980, the year in whichthe Parliamentary Group for Energy Studies was founded. The publication identies some key trendsin the development of UK energy policies, and offers some reections on what has changed (andwhat has not) and what lessons might be learned.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/uk-energy-policy-page.cfm

Energy storage

There is increasing interest around the world in electricity storage as one of the ways to counteract thevariability of renewable power sources such as wind and solar and also to provide balancing servicesto the grid. While pumped storage and lead-acid batteries are mature technologies, a range of othertechnologies are mostly at demonstration or early commercial stage. This paper briey describesthe technologies and answers some key questions about the roles that storage can play within theelectricity system, including the relationship between storage and other ways of increasing systemexibility, such as interconnectors and demand management.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/energy-storage-page.cfm

Britain’s power system (the case for a system architect)

This brieng paper, the third publication in the IET’s Power Networks Joint Vision series, has beendesigned to accompany face to face discussion of the IET’s system architect proposals with keystakeholders in industry and Government.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/brit-power-page.cfm

Electricity networks - handling a shock to the system (position statement)

Decarbonisation of energy is probably the biggest peace-time change to national infrastructure thatthe UK will have seen. Ensuring the future stability of the grid while creating a system that can dealwith two-way local power ows and less-predictable generation and new demands such as charging ofelectric vehicles will be a big challenge. The IET brought together experts from industry, governmentand the regulator to share learning and knowledge and identify long-term and cost-effective solutionsto this challenge.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/elec-shock-page.cfm

Transforming the electricity system - summary

This is the Executive Summary of a report published by the IET Power Network Joint Vision group inOctober 2014. It explains the challenges facing the electricity system and why the IET believes thata System Architect is the best and most cost-effective approach to meeting these challenges. Toavoid any misunderstanding, the use of the engineering term ‘system architect’ refers primarily to atechnical co-ordination role, not a ‘central buyer’ or market activity.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/pnjv-report-sum-page.cfm

Transforming the electricity system - full report

This report published by the IET Power Network Joint Vision group in October 2014 provides anin-depth study of other UK industries employing a System Architect function to provide soundengineering input into the planning and operation of complex infrastructure systems.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/pnjv-report-full-page.cfm

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EnergyEnergy issues concerning the generation and use of electricity.

Nuclear power

The principles of nuclear power

This factle summarises the main principles underlying nuclear power: the structure of atoms, theconcept of ssion, chain reaction and the essential elements of a power reactor.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/nuc-prin-page.cfm

Nuclear reactor types

Many different reactor systems have been proposed and some of these have been developed toprototype and commercial scale. Six types of reactor (Magnox, AGR, PWR, BWR, CANDU and RBMK)have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. A furtherreactor type, the so-called fast reactor, has been developed to full-scale demonstration stage. Thesevarious reactor types will now be described, together with current developments and some prototypedesigns.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/nuc-reac-page.cfm

Nuclear safety

It has long been known that very high doses of radiation can cause death through the destruction ofbody tissues and that lower doses can increase the risk of cancer and may lead to genetic damage.It is probably because of the association of radiation with nuclear weapons and with cancer that itinspires fear in many people. More is probably known, however, about the effects of radiation thanalmost any other environmental agent. It is not generally appreciated that we are all inescapablyexposed to natural radiation arising from sources such as cosmic rays, rocks and soil, buildingmaterials and natural radioactivity in the food we eat. The average person in the UK normally receivesmore than 85% of his or her annual radiation dose from their surroundings, although there is a widevariation.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/nuc-safety-page.cfm

Legal framework of nuclear power

This factle presents the legal framework which applies to the UK nuclear industry and summarisesthe key aspects of the relevant Acts of Parliament.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/legal-frame-nuc-page.cfm

Nuclear decommissioning

Radioactive waste arises from many sources, including medical and industrial activities, as well aspower stations and fuel reprocessing. The waste can be in a gaseous, liquid or solid state, but themost important factor regarding its disposal is the level of radiation emitted by it. This has implicationsfor the temperature of the waste materials; if the level is high, then the waste will generate heat. Theother important factors are the half-lives of the isotopes forming the waste and the type of radiationemitted. A highly radioactive material with a half-life of seconds only requires a minimal delay period

before it can be safely discharged into the environment whereas many radioactive elements have half-lives of several thousands of years and require isolation for long periods.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/nuc-dec-page.cfm

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Nuclear waste disposal and transport of spent fuel

Radioactive waste arises from many sources, including medical and industrial activities, as well aspower stations and fuel reprocessing. The waste can be in a gaseous, liquid or solid state, but themost important factor regarding its disposal is the level of radiation emitted by it. This has implicationsfor the temperature of the waste materials; if the level is high, then the waste will generate heat. Theother important factors are the half-lives of the isotopes forming the waste and the type of radiationemitted.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/nuc-waste-page.cfm

The nuclear fuel cycle

This factle summarises the main aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle: the mining of uranium, itsprocessing to make it suitable for use in nuclear reactors to produce electricity, the reprocessing ofspent fuel to produce new fuel and the treatment of wastes.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/nuc-fuel-page.cfm

The radioactive decay rate of uranium 238

This factsheet shows the radioactive decay chain of uranium-238, the resulting products, theradiation emitted in the process and the time scales involved.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/uranium238-page.cfm

Glossary of nuclear terms

This factle presents a detailed glossary of the most commonly used nuclear terms and phrases.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/nuc-terms-page.cfm

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EnergyEnergy issues concerning the generation and use of electricity.

Energy generation technologies

Distributed generation

This factle provides an introduction to Distributed Generation (DG), also sometimes referred to asembedded generation. It provides a high level summary of the following topics:

the development and current structure of the electricity supply chain the drivers that have accelerated the recent growth of DG current and potential future DG technologies data on the current DG capacity in Great Britain issues of licensing and markets; and the impacts of DG on distribution systems

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/dist-gen-page.cfm

Combined heat and power (CHP)

The conversion of primary fossil fuels, such as coal and gas, to electricity is a relatively inefcientprocess. Each year, UK power stations typically reject more energy as waste heat than is consumedby the entire domestic sector. The principle of Combined Heat and Power (CHP), also known asco-generation, is to recover and make benecial use of this heat, signicantly raising the overallefciency of the conversion process. The very best CHP schemes can achieve fuel conversionefciencies of the order of 90%.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/combined-heat-page.cfm

Electrical generation and environment – glossary of terms

This glossary details the most commonly used terms that are used in the generation of electricity andthe environmental effects of electricity generation.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/enviro-glossary-page.cfm

Fuel cells

This factle describes the principles behind the operation of fuel cells and the various types of fuelcell available, and gives information on fuel cell performance, systems and applications.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/fuel-cells-page.cfm

Hydroelectric power

Hydropower is by far the most signicant renewable resource of electricity exploited to date.According to the IEA, the share of hydropower in electricity production will remain at at its currentshare of 16%, or decline slightly by 2035, yet only about one third of the economic potentialworldwide has been built to date. This factle provides an introduction to the technology and potentialof hydropower.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/energy/hydro-power-page.cfm

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Health and safetyhttp://www.theiet.org/factles/health/

Information on key aspects of health and safety for engineers, technicians and managers.

General health and safety factles

Health and safety risk managementGood health and safety risk management in business practice is necessary to avoid accidents,unnecessary claims and reputational damage. Properly identifying hazards and risks, carrying out asuitable risk assessment and inculcating a safety culture within an organisation will protect employeesand all those affected by workplace activities. This fact-sheet outlines the principle of health andsafety risk management for engineers and technicians.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/risk-manage.cfm

Colour vision defects

An introduction to colour vision defects and engineering

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/colourdefects-page.cfm

Electrical safety - a perspective based on incidents

This discussion paper provides information about electrical safety incidents and the serious nature ofthe issue.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/elec-safety-page.cfm

Safe set up at home

A short factle giving advice on interconnecting mains-powered equipment in the home and avoidingelectrical shocks.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/safe-page.cfm

Safety, Health and Environmental Risk

The teaching of safety, health and environmental risk (SHE) issues to undergraduates studyingengineering courses is an important part of the education of future engineers, and is generally thoughtto be an area insufciently covered in current courses.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/she-page.cfm

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Risk communication and professional engineers

This paper by the Inter-Institutional Group on Health and Safety identies the key issues forprofessional engineers in health and safety risk communication. It summarises recent developmentsin the subject by professional and government bodies. It identies where further action might beappropriate and makes recommendations on what more might be done to promote appropriate actionto improve risk communication.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/risk-comms-page.cfm

Life Long Learning for Health and Safety Risk Management for IIG Institution members

The Inter-Institutional Group on Health and Safety has produced a schedule of guidance describing inbroad terms the continued health and safety risk assessment and mitigation learning that is likely tobe required as part of a professional’s Continuing Professional Development (CPD).

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/life-long-page.cfm

The business case for engineering in health and safety

This paper highlights the essential and growing role of engineering in supporting health and safetyrisk management and economic sustainability, listing some key steps for engineers, managers andgovernment to consider.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/business-case-page.cfm

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Health and safety briengs

Over 50 short briengs designed to demystify health and safety topics, from dealing with asbestos to reducing stressat work. These have been broken down into 4 sections, namely management, specic hazards, controlling risk, andlegislation.

Management of health and safety

The following briengs discuss the management of health and safety, and include topics such asreporting of events, re safety risk assessment, ofce safety management, and safety culture.Management of health and safety - (full list of health and safety briengs relating to management)

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/manage-health.cfm

Specic hazards

The following briengs discuss specic hazards under health and safety, and include topics such asasbestos, electricity in the workplace, manual handling, and stress at work.Specic Hazards - (full list of health and safety briengs relating to specic hazards)

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/specic-hazards.cfm

Controlling risk

The following briengs discuss controlling risk in health and safety, and include topics such as hazardanalysis (HAZAN), fault tree analysis (FTA), risk assessment, and determining the acceptability of risk.Controlling risk - (full list of health and safety briengs relating to controlling risk)

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/controlling-risk.cfm

Health and safety legislation

The following briengs discuss health and safety legislation, and include topics such as CDMregulations, control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH), provision and use of workequipment, and safety regulations likely to affect IET members.Health and safety legislation - (full list of health and safety briengs relating to legislation)

http://www.theiet.org/factles/health/health-legislation.cfm

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Independent Safety Assurance (ISA)http://www.theiet.org/factles/isa/

Providing information on independent safety assurance also known as ISA

What is independent safety assessment (ISA)?

Independent safety assessment is the formation of a judgement, separate and independent from anysystem design, development or operational personnel, that the safety requirements for the systemare appropriate and adequate for the planned application and that the system satises those safetyrequirements. A person who carries out independent safety assessment is known as an independentsafety assessor or ISA.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/isa/isa-intro-page.cfm

Code of practice for independent safety assessors (ISAs)

Independent safety assessment is the formation of a judgement, separate and independent from anysystem design, development or operational personnel, that the safety requirements for the system

are appropriate and adequate for the planned application and that the system satises those safetyrequirements. It is increasingly being used to obtain assurance of safety.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/isa/isa-code-page.cfm

Competency framework for independent safety assessors (ISAs)

Independent safety assessment is the formation of a judgement, separate and independent from anysystem design, development or operational personnel, that the safety requirements for the systemare appropriate and adequate for the planned application and that the system satises those safetyrequirements. A person who carries out independent safety assessment is known as an independentsafety assessor or ISA.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/isa/comp-frame-page.cfm

Guidance on use of accident and incident data by ISAs

Accidents and incidents are potentially valuable sources of information for ISAs and others involved insafety. By understanding why and how they happen, safety can be improved in future and potentiallydangerous situations avoided in new and existing systems. It is therefore important that ISAs makeeffective use of accident and incident data. The following guidance is offered regarding the use ofaccident and incident data by ISAs.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/isa/isa-accident-page.cfm

Documents useful to independent safety assurance (ISA)

A list of documents that may be of use to independent safety assessors

http://www.theiet.org/factles/isa/isa-doc-page.cfm

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Information technologyhttp://www.theiet.org/factles/it/

Providing information on aspects of information technology for members and the public.

Radio frequency identication device technology (RFID)

For efciency and economic purposes there is a need to track materials, components and productsduring their manufacture, and when they leave the factory oor through, at least, to their point of sale.With certain products there is a need to track their status even after acquisition by the end user – forexample to keep a record of a safety critical capital plant’s service history. Printed means, for examplebarcode, for identifying a product and its build status etc. has limitations, not least of which, is that toread them line of sight access is required. Further to update such printed identiers requires that theybe physically replaced.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/rd-page.cfm

Information Assurance Strategy

The National Information Assurance (IA) Strategy recognises the need for stronger IA standards

and delivery capabilities, but it does not acknowledge the magnitude of the task and the need forsustained strategic action. The Information Commission should be funded separately from theGovernment and thus be seen to be clearly independent of the Executive. The benets of electroniccommunication will never be realised unless everyone has some basic understanding of the coreprinciples of IA.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/info-assure-page.cfm

Identity Management: Myths and Realities

Plans for both Identity Cards and Transformational Government have given rise to a great deal ofdebate and controversy. This document aims to provide both the myths and realities around this oftenmisunderstood subject.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/identity-manage-page.cfm

Communicating by Email - A good practice guide

Email is a very effective and popular form of communication. However, talking is the best form ofcommunication as any misunderstandings can be cleared up on the spot. Email requires extrapoliteness, not less. Try to avoid sending large les by email, and make it easy for recipients to le andretrieve emails. Finally, do not add to email overload.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/email-page.cfm

Potential problem dates for computers

Failures in computer systems can potentially cause damage to critical systems, transport, energyproduction, industry, and also to the many millions of home computers across the globe. The IET hascompiled a list of dates that may potentially cause problems in computer systems from 2001 to 2100.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/problem-dates-page.cfm

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e-Business reference centre

As part of its mission to help UK organisations realise the business benets from information andcommunications technology (ICT), the IET has produced a list of useful internet sites. These coverprocurement, programme/project management; management; e-business operations; protectinge-business operations; training; and legislation and regulation.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/e-business-page.cfm

Computer Based Safety Critical Systems

Computer-based systems are widely used in safety-related applications in transport, medicine,process control, energy generation and elsewhere. The IET supports the appropriate use of suchsystems (hereafter referred to as safety-critical systems or SCS), which can deliver improved safetyand economic benets.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/comp-scs-page.cfm

Formal Methods

“Formal methods” are techniques, frequently supported by tools, for systems and softwaredevelopment. Their distinguishing characteristic is that they exploit notations that have amathematically rigorous semantics so that the analysis tools available can offer high levels ofassurance and consistency in the analysis of models, designs and programs. This factle considersthe advantages of formal methods; why that is important; the formal methods that are widely used;and who uses them for real systems.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/formal-methods-page.cfm

Digital Britain - illegal le sharing

Since the launch of the Digital Britain report in 2009, there has been much discussion around the

prevention of illegal le sharing and downloading. Following on from the report recommendationsthe government has attempted to legislate against some of these activities as part of the DigitalEconomy Bill. The Bill proposed to grant Ofcom the powers to force Internet Service Providers (ISPs)to target or block alleged illegal le sharing via “technical measures”. As a result the IET respondedto the government consultation advising against the measures and warning of the futility of such anapproach.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/le-sharing-page.cfm

Cloud computing: introducing cloud computing (part 1)

This factle introduces cloud computing and examines key factors in its design, implementation andadoption. Cloud computing stems from technical developments that remove the physical ties between

the hardware and software components of computing systems. The factle covers the ways in whichcloud services can be offered; cloud service provision; the private and public cloud; the issues withcloud computing; and performance.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/cloud-computing-page.cfm

Cloud computing: commercial opportunities and business cases (part 2)

The rst factle on Cloud Computing shows how three technologies have combined to create orenable the Cloud proposition. At a personal level, almost everyone will have some experience of CloudComputing. However, this fact le is not primarily aimed at consumer use of Cloud based softwareapplications (in Cloud jargon, Software as a Service - SaaS) but at the commercial opportunities Cloudcomputing can provide for business and government.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/cloud-computing2-page.cfm

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Cloud computing: the security challenge (part 3)

This, the third factle in the cloud computing series, examines the many aspects of security in thecontext of cloud computing and offers some evidence based advice on the considerations needed toenter the world of cloud computing with condence; and, conversely, to know when cloud adoptionmay not be appropriate. There is no attempt to discuss specic solutions to IT security issues asthere are many other sources of expert guidance on that subject. The factle, will however, attempt todiscuss these issues in the context of Cloud computing models and contrast these with those found ina typical in house IT department and infrastructure.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/cloud-computing3-page.cfm

Cloud computing: procurement and implementation (part 4)

In the rst three fact les in this series we discussed the technology behind Cloud computing, thecompelling business and commercial drivers that support the Cloud computing model and the risksinherent in Cloud adoption that need to be tackled. For those who now want to take the rst stepstoward Cloud adoption, how should they go about starting this journey? What should they look for ina Cloud provider? How can they ensure that the Cloud environment delivers value for their business?This factle attempts to provide some guidance to these questions.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/cloud-computing4-page.cfm

Open source software

The shift to Open Source Software is one of the most important current trends in technology, yet it issurprisingly little discussed compared with other developments - including those that, ironically, haveonly been made possible by the adoption of open systems. Open Source can offer huge benets,enabling faster innovation and reduced total cost of ownership. Whilst transitioning from closed toopen systems is no trivial task, unless this step is taken, businesses risk being left behind as theircompetitors capitalise on the new possibilities this offers.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/it/open-source-page.cfm

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Manufacturing factleshttp://www.theiet.org/factles/manufac/

Providing information on aspects of manufacturing for members and the public.

IET brieng on manufacturing

Over the last year, manufacturing has advanced rapidly up the public and political agenda. In thisbrieng document, the IET’s Manufacturing Policy Panel summarises the current state of the UK’smanufacturing sector and gives recommendations to Government on how to help secure a world-leading place for UK businesses as well as create new job opportunities.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/manufac/manufac-brief-page.cfm

Insight into modern manufacturing

The aim of this report is to highlight some of the paths to growth that manufacturers are following andto spell out some of the challenges that they continue to face. Using the words of the manufacturersthemselves, the report aims to build a realistic picture of the issues that confront industry and to pointto areas where Government can help UK manufacturing to become globally competitive.

http://www.theiet.org/policy/collaboration/etf/manufac1.cfm

UK manufacturing and the Green Investment Bank

Green process innovation is a fundamental part of transitioning toward a low carbon economy. TheGreen Investment Bank (GIB) should be free to invest in efciency-oriented green process innovationand not be limited to just low carbon infrastructure and goods. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)should have priority access to the GIB to spur green growth and technology. Success for the GIB mustnot come at a cost to other low carbon initiatives.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/manufac/green-invest-page.cfm

Fostering UK high tech growth through public procurement

This position statement examines the role of the Small Business Research Initiative (SBRI) in drivinginnovation and growing UK SME’s through public procurement

http://www.theiet.org/factles/manufac/sbri-page.cfm

Engineering an industrial strategy

This position statement outlines four key pillars that the IET feels should form the basis of asuccessful national industrial strategy in the UK.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/manufac/industrial-strategy-page.cfm

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Mobiles, pylons and healthhttp://www.theiet.org/factles/bioeffects/

Looking into the possible health effects of mobile phones, base stations, electricity power lines and pylons.

The Possible Harmful Biological Effects of Low-Level Electromagnetic Fields ofFrequencies up to 300 GHz

The IET has a special interest in any possible health effects of occupational exposure toelectromagnetic elds (EMFs) as well as in any due to exposure of the population at large. The IETremains determined to be at the forefront of rigorously examining the scientic evidence for any sucheffects and identifying any hazards as early as possible. To this end it maintains its Biological EffectsPolicy Advisory Group on low-level electromagnetic elds (BEPAG). BEPAG has concluded that thebalance of scientic evidence to date still does not indicate that harmful effects occur in humans dueto low-level exposure to EMFs. This conclusion remains reassuringly the same as that reached in itsprevious position statements, the last being in May 2010, and has not been substantially altered bythe peer-reviewed literature published in the past two years.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/bioeffects/emf-position-page.cfm

Electromagnetic elds and healthElectromagnetic elds (EMFs) are inevitably produced by any electrical apparatus. Examples includepower lines and cables, electrical appliances, mobile phones and base stations, and TV and radiotransmitters. For more than thirty years there have been concerns about health risks from EMFs.Originally, these concerns were about the elds produced by the electric power system that suppliesenergy for domestic and industrial use, but more recently, the concerns have included mobile phonesas well. The IET has been examining the issue carefully for many years, and has produced thisbooklet to provide authoritative information and unbiased advice on the subject.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/bioeffects/emf-factle-page.cfm

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Transporthttp://www.theiet.org/factles/transport/

Providing information on aspects of transport for members and the public.

Meeting the needs of older and disabled travellers

This report, published by IET and ITS UK, highlights the role technology plays in transport and howlarge sections of society that could benet most are missing out. Making the best use of technologyfor enhancing transport accessibility is a challenge, but one that if met, offers enormous scope toimprove mobility, health, and well being, not only for disabled and older people, but for all membersof society.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/transport/age-pop-page.cfm

Road user charging

This factle provides an overview of road user charging, which describes any process that associatesa cost with using a length of road, such as tolling and congestion charging. The factle covers theexternalities of road use; the growing demand on road space; the economic cost of congestion;environmental benets; and changing public behaviour. The concerns about road pricing includesocial inclusion; privacy and surveillance; access to businesses; and public distrust in government.The technologies involved are automatic number plate recognition (ANPR); dedicated short-rangecommunication; and global navigation satellite systems. A number of case studies are considered.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/transport/road-user-page.cfm

Rebound: unintended consequences of transport policy

Transport accounts for about 20% of global manmade carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and 24% ofemissions in the UK, and is the only sector where emissions are still rising. The carbon reductiontargets are challenging and policy makers have to make bold decisions to reduce the CO2 emissionsand energy use from transport. Those reductions will have to be implemented through a mix ofbehavioural changes and technical innovations. Policy makers must not get overwhelmed by theirtask and use the rebound effect as an excuse to do nothing. Whole life cycle analysis has to beperformed, and policy makers have to be careful that emissions are not simply moved from one sectorto another. Carbon pricing needs to be considered as a means to mitigate the indirect rebound effect.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/transport/unintended-page.cfm

Can we really do more at less cost with the UK road network?

More can be done at less cost with the UK road network to achieve transport policy objectivessuch as reducing congestion, accidents and emissions. The targeted application of technology canprovide effective improvements in shorter timescales to transport networks, whilst helping to boostthe economy and support policy objectives. New methods of procurement need to be implementedso that new technology not only performs its function, but also offers further benets from integrationwith existing systems.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/transport/more-for-less-page.cfm

The lifestyle implications of electric vehicle adoption

This brieng sets some of the key issues surrounding the electric vehicles (EVs) debate and putsthem in context.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/transport/electric-vehicles-page.cfm

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Local authority guide to emerging transport technology

The guide will include an introduction to emerging technology and help local authorities deliver localtransport objectives in a way that reduces cost through the use of new emerging technology. Thereport also aims to prevent local authorities from investing in a technology that will be over taken ina few years’ time. The guide will highlight case studies where emerging technology is already beingutilised in order to create a more efcient local transport system.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/transport/emerging-trans-page.cfm

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Reports and briengs for Northern Irelandhttp://www.theiet.org/factles/nireland/

Why STEM careers for Northern Ireland?

Science and engineering professional careers which produce wealth creation can be rewarding bothfrom enjoyment (job satisfaction) and nancial perspectives, as well as being gateways to diverse

careers in business, nance and law. The pool of graduates within the workforce has a rather narrow,unspecialised subject focus. There is an over abundance of business and mass communicationsgraduates and a notable under-representation of creative arts, design and STEM graduates. Thegrowing sectors of the NI economy will require an increasing number of STEM qualied graduatesand skilled labour.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/nireland/ni-stem-page.cfm

Mathematics the lingua franca of career opportunities and a strong economy

The many excellent features of the new Northern Ireland (NI) curriculum in trying to match thecapabilities of pupils leaving compulsory education to the needs of the NI economy and society, andto prepare pupils for continued education and examination are recognised. However, when making

Key Stage 4 selections pupils must be made aware that cessation of study in mathematics andnumeracy subjects will place signicant constraints upon their future career choices, particularlywithin a knowledge economy. It is recommended that at least one mathematics and numeracy courseshould be mandatory for all pupils at Key Stage 4.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/nireland/ni-math-page.cfm

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Reports and briengs for Scotlandhttp://www.theiet.org/factles/scotland/

Exploiting Scotland’s Shale Gas Opportunities

This document comprises material presented and derived during an Engineering Policy GroupScotland ‘Holyrood Brieng’ on Wednesday 26th February 2014, at the Scottish Parliament. The

event was hosted and chaired by Murdo MSP, Convener of the Economy, Energy and TourismCommittee.

Professor Rebecca Lunn - Head of Department, of the Department of Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering at the University of Strathclyde gave the included keynote presentation.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/scotland/shale-scotland-page.cfm

STEM securing a prosperous future for Scotland

Scotland has a long and enviable STEM history. The issues that need to be addressed to ensureScotland’s future economic and competitive sustainability include a greater focus on STEM in schoolsand colleges; the provision of the necessary resources and pathways to inspire the next generation of

students; to ensure proper funding mechanisms are in place to drive Scotland’s STEM base; and toincentivise the business sector to engage with academia to deliver tomorrow’s technological and skillsneed.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/scotland/stem-scotland-page.cfm

Securing Scotland’s Energy Future: From science to solutions

The major challenges facing the energy sector globally are securing energy supplies, and reducinggreenhouse gas emissions. The transition to a low carbon economy is a massive long-term challengethat can only be tackled using a diverse portfolio of technologies. The next 10-15 years will be criticalfor the demonstration and deployment of large scale low-carbon technologies for power generation,for example carbon capture and storage, and for renewable sources of energy such as wind and

wave.

http://www.theiet.org/factles/scotland/energy-scotland-page.cfm

Holyrood 2011 brieng summary

A summary of the brieng held at Holyrood during 2011

http://www.theiet.org/factles/scotland/holyrood-2011-page.cfm

Holyrood 2010 brieng summary

A summary of the 3 briengs held at Holyrood during 2010

http://www.theiet.org/factles/scotland/holyrood-2010-page.cfm

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Key topicshttp://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/index.cfm

The following key topics offer summaries of the IET’s positions on many of the most important policy topics.

Communications key topic

A concise summary on communications issues important to members and society in general.

http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/comms/index.cfm

Education key topic

A concise summary on education and skills issues important to members and society in general.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/education/index.cfm

EMC for functional safety key topic

A concise introduction to guidance on designing systems to mitigate electromagnetic compatibility risks.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/emc/index.cfm

Energy key topic

A concise summary on energy issues important to members and society in general.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/energy/index.cfm

Health and safety key topic

A concise summary on health and safety issues important to members and society in general.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/health/index.cfm

Information technology key topic

A concise summary on information technology issues important to members and society in general.

http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/it/index.cfmInnovation key topic

A concise summary on innovation issues important members and society in general.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/research/index.cfm

Intellectual property key topic

A concise summary on intellectual property and raising awareness with members and society in general.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/ip/index.cfm

Manufacturing key topic

A concise summary on manufacturing issues important to members and society in general.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/manufac/index.cfm

Mobiles, pylons and health key topics

A concise summary of issues regarding any possible adverse health risks from mobiles and pylons.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/mobile/index.cfm

Smart grid key topic

A concise summary of issues regarding smart grids.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/mobile/index.cfm

Transport key topic

A concise summary on transport issues important to members and society in general.http://www.theiet.org/policy/key-topics/transport/index.cfm

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IET Policy Panelshttp://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/

These panels provide strategic advice in response to Government consultations and develop position statements and othermaterial within their eld of expertise.

Communications

Identifying policy issues applicable to the communications sector.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/comms/index.cfm

Education and Skills

Identifying policy issues applicable to the education and skills sector.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/education/index.cfm

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Identifying policy issues applicable to the EMC sector.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/emc/index.cfm

EnergyIdentifying policy issues applicable to the energy sector.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/energy/index.cfm

Health and Safety

Identifying policy issues applicable to the health and safety sector.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/health/index.cfm

Information Technology

Identifying policy issues applicable to the IT sector.

http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/it/index.cfm

Innovation and Emerging Technologies

Identifying policy issues applicable to the innovation sector.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/innovation/index.cfm

Manufacturing

Identifying policy issues applicable to the manufacturing sector.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/manufac/index.cfm

Mobile Phones, Pylons and Health

Identifying policy issues applicable to the low level electromagnetic elds sector.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/bepag/index.cfm

Transport

Identifying policy issues applicable to the transport sector.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/transport/index.cfm

Northern Ireland

The N. Ireland Policy Panel acts as a two-way link between the profession and government in N. Ireland.

http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/nireland/index.cfmScotland

The Scotland Policy Panel acts as a two-way link between the profession and government in Scotland.http://www.theiet.org/policy/panels/scotland/index.cfm

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IET expertiseBy denition, the implementation of government policy has direct and indirect effects on society both immediately andinto the future. Many aspects of government policy rely upon the successful application of engineering technologies andsystems. Examples include, but not limited to, the provision and development of energy and transport infrastructures.However there are many less obvious instances where the provision of services such as health, rely upon complex ICTbased systems. It is therefore important that government seeks engineering input early to help them plan and implementefcient, effective public policy. Failure to do so can result in unnecessary expense, delays and perhaps even thecancelation of key policies.

The IET has a wealth of engineering expertise within its membership, covering a broad range of technologies and sectors.The Policy Department seeks to tap into this and offer it to policymakers in the UK. Unlike many organisations, the IET canoffer unbiased, independent, evidence based policy advice, free from commercial or political inuence.

Around 30 submissions are made each year to UK Government, UK Devolved Administrations, Parliamentary Committees,other agencies and the European Commission.

http://www.theiet.org/policy/expertise/

The IET believes that good public policy should be based on the best, evidence based advice available. We also recognisethe need to make it as easy as possible for policymakers to nd the best advice and for the engineering profession to speakwith “one voice” on key issues. To this end, the IET works with a number of institutions, organisations and companies.Collaboration can take the form of joint committees, projects and events

The IET supports joint standing committees including the Hazards Forum, the Inter-Institutional Group on Health and Safetyand the Independent Safety Assurance Group and works closely with the other engineering institutions in the Education forEngineering and the Engineering the Future alliances.

The IET sponsors a number of engineering related associate parliamentary groups and works with the Campaign for Scienceand Engineering to promote engineering in public policy.

http://www.theiet.org/policy/collaboration/index.cfm

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The Institution of Engineering & Technology

Michael Faraday House

Six Hills Way

Stevenage

SG1 2AY

01438 765690 - Policy Department

email: policy@theiet.org

http://www.theiet.org/policy

http://www.theiet.org/factles