“if a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps ... · pdf file“if a man...
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“If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away.”
Henry David Thoreau
“Approximately 80% of what a pastor does on a day-to-day basis involves inter-personal relations.”
Roy Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership, 38.
ArtisanHedonicSanguineChangeableInnovativeEsthetic HypomanicExploitingPerceptiveDionysianArtisans
GuardianProprietaryMelancholicIndustriousTraditionalEconomicDepressiveHoardingJudiciousEpimetheanGuardians
RationalDialecticalPhlegmaticCuriousAgnosticTheoreticalAnestheticMarketingThoughtfulPrometheanRationals
IdealistEthicalCholericInspiredDogmaticReligiousHyperestheticReceptive FeelingApollonianIdealists
Plato 340 BCAristotle 325 BCHippocrates 370 BC Paracelsus 1550Adickes 1907Spränger 1914Kretschmer 1921Fromm 1947Myers 1955Keirsey 1978Keirsey 1987
FourTemperament
Early 20th Century Debate
People are not bornwith dispositions
(behaviorists)
Ivan PavlovJohn Watson
People are bornwith dispositions
Early 20th Century Debate
People are not bornwith unique motives
(hierarchical motivation)
Sigmund Freud – LustAlfred Adler – Social SolidarityHarry Sullivan – Social Status
Carl Rogers – Self ActualizationAbraham Maslow – Self Actualization
People are bornwith unique motives
Carl Jung’sPsychological Types
Jung's book Psychological Types, published in 1921, studied ancient and modern cultures.
The premise of his work was to discover– How people take in information
(sensing or intuition)– How people make decisions (thinking
or feeling).
He also studied two core mental functions relating to how people get and expend their energy (extraversion or introversion).
Myers-Briggs Temperament Indicator
• Katherine Briggs began researching personality on her own in 1917, later to realize that Jung’s theory was similar to her own discoveries.
• Isabel Briggs Myers took her mother’s thoughts and expanded them.
• Myers began creating the indicator during World War II to help women entering the work force to discover their “most comfortable and effective” job.
• The “official” Myers-Briggs Temperament Indicator was first published in 1962.
• Myers and Briggs added a forth dimension to Jung's scheme focusing on how people deal with the outer world (judging or perceiving).
Big Five Personality Theory
Not in MBTIA tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability; sometimes called emotional instability.
Neuroticism
Sensing/Intuition in MBTI
Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience
Openness to New Experiences
Judging/Perceivingin MBTI
A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior.
Conscientiousness
Thinking/ Feeling in MBTI
A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.
Agreeableness
Extroversion/ Introversion in MBTI
Energy, positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others.
Extraversion
N (Intuition)Process information by reading in between the lines for meaning
“What could be” – Future focusRely on possibilities and imagination
30% of people
S (Sensing)Process information with five senses
“What is” – Present focusGrounded in the practical, concrete aspects of life
70% of people
What kind of informationdo you notice?
Sensing-Intuition Clergy Roles
Needs to be reminded of the factsNeeds to reminded of new possibilitiesSermons are more abstractSermons are more practicalProvides “change” in stalenessProvides “groundedness” in chaos
Asks “Where should the church be in the 21st century?”
Asks “Where is the church now?”Possible futureImmediate needsTranscendence of GodImmanence of God
Looks for meaning, possibilities, and relationships
Prefer dealing with facts and reality
Intuition – 57% of clergySensing – 43% of clergy
Roy M. Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership, 34-36, 45.
P (Perceiving)Prefer spontaneity and taking in more information
“Our options are open”45% of people
J (Judging)Prefer structure, order, and making decisions
“The matter is settled”55% of people
S (Sensing)Process information with five senses
“What is” – Present focus
Judging-Perceiving Clergy Roles
Sermons are open-ended (options)Sermons are predictable (outlined)Can be perceived as indecisiveCan be perceived as too decisiveBrings options and freshnessBrings stability and dependabilityFocus outside organized religionOrganized religion important
Energy in taking in more information (maintaining flux)
Energy in organizing and scheduling (seeking closure)
Spontaneous, flexible wayDecisive, planned, orderly way
Perceiving – 30% of clergyJudging – 70% of clergy
Roy M. Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership, 36-39.
F (Feeling)Prefer to make decisions based on how much
they care or what they feel is right“Empathetic and compassionate”
Stand inside the situation to decide what they like and dislike60% of women; 40% of men
T (Thinking)Prefer to make decisions in a logical manner
“Objective and analytical”Stand outside of the situation and analyze its cause and effect
60% of men; 40% of women
N (Intuition)Process information by reading in between the lines for meaning
“What could be” – Future focus
Thinking-Feeling Clergy Roles
Needs support to arouse enthusiasmNeeds encouragement in making tough decisions
Sermons are more objective and conceptual (logic, precision, and clarity)
Sermons are more sympathetic (persuasion and emotional impact)
Keeps the church honest to its rhetoric and tradition
Keeps the church connected to the people
Objectify religion to understand and explain it
Experience religion and become enveloped in it
Logical and analytical (truthful)Harmony and warmth (tactful)
Thinking – 32% of clergyFeeling – 68% of clergy
Roy M. Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership, 36-39, 47-48.
Caretakers, dutiful to the social units they
belong to
More comfortable being the giver than
the receiver
Most responsible of all the types
SJGuardian
Conserving, ServingPastor
38% of people35% of clergy
Power over content and surroundings
Wants to understand, control, predict, and
explain
Loves abstract theory and architectural plans
NTRational
Intellectual, CompetentPastor
12% of people16% of clergy
Wants to be engaged, involved, to do something now
Bored with the status quo, being
spontaneous and impulsive
Great in a crisis
SPArtisan
Action Oriented Pastor
38% of people8% of clergy
Searches for authenticity and self-
actualization
Natural questors, in search of self, wanting to become who they
really are
Most idealistic and romantic of all types
NFIdealist
Authentic, Relational Pastor
12% of people41% of clergy
Roy M. Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership.
Gospel of Luke (compassion)GospelFailure of relationshipsFailure
Can become a people pleaser
Can be seen as too idealistic and simplistic (not practical, down to earth)
Sometimes follows the latest fad
Restless, always searching
Can be perceived as insincere
Not good at setting personal boundaries, saying “no”
Risks seduction the most
Pitfall
Personal growth coach
Highly articulate and effective communicators
Great at pastoral care
PastoralRoles
Strengths
Very adaptable and optimistic
Attached to helping roles to deal with human suffering
Love community life as a means of finding their authentic self
High interpersonal skills and great empathy
NF (Idealist) -- Authentic, Relational Pastor
Roy M. Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership, 82-89.
Failure of actionFailureGospel of Mark (action)Gospel
Impatient with the status quo, theoretical discussions, and meetings (maverick)
Loses interest or bored over time and with routine
Frustrated with organized religion, confined by pastoral roles
Irritated when told how to do their work (wants to “fly by the seat of their pants”)
Careless with details
Finds sermon preparation draining
Church and staff desire more follow through (not just new ideas)
Pitfall
Retreat speaker or interim/guest pastor
Church planting or churches in rapidly changing environments (new work)
“Entertainers” at heart
PastoralRoles
Strengths
Always looking for options/possibilities over structure and order
Great at observation (practical pragmatists)
Good humor
Great in crisis and negotiation
SP (Artisan) -- Action Oriented Pastor
Roy M. Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership, 58-65.
Failure of procedureFailure
Gospel of Matthew (authority)Gospel
Frustrated with things that are open-ended or unstructured
Can become pessimistic
Vulnerable to burnout
Perceived as constantly hammering on rules, regulations, policies (too cautious)
Can drive others with little show of appreciation
Irritated with non conformity
Pitfall
Trainer or facilitator
Sermons are organized and practical
PastoralRoles
Strengths
Stabilizing force and loyal (dependable)
Offers practical, concrete ways to assist those in pain, need, or distress (common sense)
Servant to all, faithful
Brings order to the vision of others (specific over idealistic)
Stress on community (belonging)
Traditional – protectors of the rich history of the church, emphasizing the fundamentals
SJ (Guardian) – Conserving, Serving Pastor
Roy M. Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership, 75-82.
Failure of incompetenceFailure
Gospel of John (enlightenment)Gospel
Frustrated with laypeople who do not desire “deep theological truth”
Lacks practical application in teaching
Can be too demanding of others, impatient
Self-critical
Wrestles with the “non-rational” side of ministry
Perception of interpersonal distance or “theological snobbery”
Pitfall
Classroom teacher
Resident religious authority
Apologist
PastoralRoles
Strengths
Called to ideal of truth and justice
Excellence in all they do
Desire to understand the “science” of religion
Up to date in every field (competent)
NT (Rationalist) – Intellectual, Competent Pastor
Roy M. Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership, 66-75.
ESTJSupervisor
ESFJProvider
12.4% of clergy
ISFJProtector
8.5% of clergy
ISTJInspector
SJGuardian
38% of people35% of clergy
ENTPInventor
ENTJFieldmarshal7.3% of clergy
INTPArchitect
INTJMastermind
NTRational
12% of people16% of clergy
ESTPPromoter
ESFPPerformer
ISFPComposer
ISTPCrafter
SPArtisan
38% of people8% of clergy
ENFPChampion
11.6% of clergy
ENFJTeacher
16.1% of clergy
INFPHealer
INFJCounselor
7.6% of clergy
NFIdealist
12% of people41% of clergy
Roy M. Oswald and Otto Kroeger, Personality Type and Religious Leadership.
Temperament and Spiritual Disciplines
“You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart (feeling) and with all your soul (intuition) and with all your strength (sensing)and with all your mind (thinking), and your neighbor as yourself.”
Luke 10:27, ESV
Oswald, Roy M. and Otto Kroeger. Personality Type and Religious Leadership. Bethesda, MD: Alban, 1988.
Keirsey, David. Please Understand Me II. Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis, 1998.
Tieger, Paul D. and Barbara Barron-Tieger. Do What You Are. Rev. Ed. Boston: Little Brown, 2001
Resources
The greatest strength?
The greatest liability?