If transduction does not occur, what do you perceive about a stimulus?

1. It is stronger than usual.

2. It is as though the stimulus did not take place and you feel nothing.

3. UV light was not converted into part of the visible spectrum.

4. It is weaker than usual.

Receptor A has a circular receptive field with a diameter of 2.5 cm. Receptor B has a circular

receptive field of 7.0 cm in diameter. Which receptor allows you to more precisely localize a stimulus?

1. Receptor A

2. They would provide the same precision of sensory information

3. Receptor B

4. It would depend upon the location of the receptors

Distinguishing facts concerning tonic receptors include all of the following except:

1. Tonic receptors are always active.

2. The frequency of action potential generation indicates the background level of stimulation.

3. Tonic receptors are active for a short time whenever a change occurs in conditions monitored.

4. When a stimulus increases or decreases, the rate of action potential generation changes.

Which of the following has occurred if you no longer notice the smell of a dirty cat litter box?

1. Peripheral adaptation

2. Anosmia

3. Sensory coding

4. Central adaptation

Which type of general sensory receptor is correctly paired with its function?

1. Mechanoreceptor/detect changes in temperature

2. Chemoreceptors/sensitive to stimuli that distort their cell membranes

3. Thermoreceptors/detect changes in concentration of specific chemicals or compounds

4. None of these is correctly paired

Nociceptors are _____ receptors. To what categories of sensations are nociceptors sensitive?

1. Thermoreceptors/extremes of temperature and changes in vibration

2. Pain/extremes of temperature, mechanical damage and chemicals released from injured cells

3. Pain/changes in pressure or stretch in muscles

4. Chemoreceptors/changes in concentration of chemicals or compounds

A patient who describes their pain as “prickling” is experiencing pain sensations carried by ____.

1. Substance P

2. Unmyelinated Type C fibers

3. Glutamate

4. Myelinated Type A fibers

What type of fibers carry information about itch and tickle sensations?

1. Unmyelinated Type C fibers

2. Myelinated Type A fibers

3. All nociceptors

4. None of these is correct

Which type of tactile receptor gives you the most information about location, size, and shape of the

source of stimulation?

1. Root hair plexus

2. Free nerve endings

3. Tactile (Merkel’s) discs

4. Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Someone is gently brushing your arm with a feather. Which type of receptor is stimulated?

1. Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

2. Tactile (Merkel’s) discs

3. Root hair plexuses

4. All of the above are correct

Baroreceptors are located in all of the following locations, except _____?

1. Blood vessels

2. Respiratory tract

3. Carotid bodies

4. Digestive tract

What would happen if the information from proprioceptors in your legs were blocked from

reaching the CNS?

1. You would not experience pain sensations from your legs.

2. Your lower limb movements would be uncoordinated.

3. You wouldn’t know position or degree of stretch in tendons of your legs.

4. 2 and 3 are correct.

Which of the following is incorrect concerning chemoreceptors?

1. They exhibit peripheral adaptation over a few seconds.

2. We are not consciously aware of the sensations they provide.

3. Information is routed through the cerebral cortex for control of respiratory and cardiovascular

function.

4. Chemoreceptive neurons are located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies.

If a sensation is to reach your conscious awareness, there must be a synapse with a ____ in the ____?

1. First-order neuron/thalamus

2. Second-order neuron/primary sensory cortex

3. First-order neuron/dorsal root ganglion

4. Third-order neuron/thalamus

As a result of pressure on her spinal cord, Jill cannot feel touch or pressure on her lower limbs.

Which spinal tract is being compressed?

1. Fasciculus cuneatus

2. Fasciculus gracilis

3. Lateral spinothalamic tract

4. Anterior spinothalamic tract

The ____ carries sensation of highly localized (fine) touch, while the ____ provides conscious sensations of poorly localized (crude) touch?

1. Posterior column pathway/anterior spinothalamic tract

2. Fasciculus gracilis/fasciculus cuneatus

3. Spinocerebellar pathway/lateral spinothalamic tracts

4. Spinothalamic pathway/spinocerebellar pathway

Which spinal tract carries action potentials generated by nociceptors?

1. Fasciculus cuneatus

2. Fasciculus gracilis

3. Lateral spinothalamic tract

4. Anterior spinothalamic tract

What is unusual about the posterior spinocerebellar tracts when compared with other ascending pathways?

1. The decussation of axons in the medulla innervate motor neurons on the opposite side of the body.

2. Axons enter the posterior spinothalamic tract on the same side of the body.

3. They are the only tracts to carry information about referred pain.

4. They carry information along visceral sensory pathways.

For what anatomical reason does the left side of the brain control motor function on the right

side of the body?

1. Motor function is controlled by a system of two neurons

2. Motor function is controlled by cranial reflexes

3. The motor area devoted to a particular area becomes larger

4. Decussation of axons

An injury involving the superior portion of the motor cortex affects which region of the body?

1. Upper portion of the lower limb

2. Upper limb

3. Lower leg and foot

4. Both 1 and 2

Why does the motor homunculus depict the hands, face, and tongue hugely out of proportion?

1. The brain area devoted to using those regions is vast.

2. More motor units are needed for fine control of those areas.

3. The cortical areas mapped for controlling those areas overlap with the sensory regions controlling those areas.

4. 1 and 3 are correct.

The medial pathway controls ______, whereas the lateral pathway controls _____.

1. Gross movements of the trunk and proximal limb muscles/distal limb muscles and precise movement

2. Background patterns of movement/transmits motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

3. Subconscious control of balance and muscle tone/subconscious control of reflex activity

4. None of these is correct

Parkinson’s disease manifests which of the following abnormalities?

1. The motor cortex ceases receiving messages from sensory neurons.

2. Excitatory neurons in the basal nuclei become more active, leading to faulty control of voluntary movements.

3. Axons that synapse in the thalamus no longer convey messages to the motor cortex.

4. GABA is released by neurons in excessive amounts.

Which of the following motor pathways remains uncrossed along its length?

1. Vestibulospinal tract

2. Tectospinal tract

3. Anterior corticospinal tract

4. Lateral corticospinal tract

The cerebellum monitors proprioceptive information for which two senses?

1. Visual and hearing

2. Hearing and postural information

3. Taste and smell

4. Vestibular and visual

Why is cerebellar control over well-practiced movements, such as swinging a baseball bat,

important?

1. Voluntary movements begin with activation of far fewer motor units than necessary.

2. Concentrating on voluntary control using the motor cortex disrupts the pattern and rhythm.

3. Patterns of movement are unchanging.

4. Both 1 and 2.