iff technology
DESCRIPTION
Application of secondary surveillance RADAR in Identification-friend or foe (IFF) technology. Finds a very important application in defence (military) domainTRANSCRIPT
APPLICATION OF SECONDARY
SURVEILLANCE RADAR(SSR) IN
MILITARY IDENTIFICATION-
FRIEND OR FOE(IFF) TECHNOLOGY
PREPARED BY-ADRIJA CHOWDHURY
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INTRODUCTION
Surveillance systems provide breakthrough performance in the Detection, Interrogation, Identification, Tracking & Data Extraction of targets in severe environments
Aim on Civil and Military air traffic control, battle management, efficient decision making in air defense system & keeping friendly forces out of harms way
Modern Methods of surveillance- IFF systems TCAS FLIR etc
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SURVEILLANCE IN DEFENSE SYSTEMS
SURVEILLANCE ~ A radar system used for locating the position of
both civilian as well military aircrafts & ships, or ground vehicles & most commonly in air traffic management
Used by ATC to indicate the position of aircraft while flying or on airport surface
Makes use of radio waves Also gives information like-speed, range, bearing,
altitude & direction of aircrafts Most Important function- Identifies the friendly
aircrafts & ships and distinguishes them from the hostile ones 3
OBJECTIVES OF SURVEILLANCE
For civil as well as air traffic control & management – safely directing traffic
For extracting various information regarding the targets
For defense mechanism• Identifying the friendly forces out of many &
keeping them out of harms way• Thus reducing the risk of enemy attack
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Also known as ‘INTERROGATOR’ A radar system used in ATC that
relies on a piece of equipment that is placed within the aircraft & is known as a 'transponder‘
For IFF system it is basically synchronized with the PSR on ground station
Gives additional information unlike PSR
Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
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IFF is IDENTIFICATION-FRIEND OR FOE A system that distinguishes FRIENDS from FOES Based on the application of Secondary Surveillance
Radar Inception-1935, U.S. Initially was developed to identify
U.S aircrafts Mainly works on these major modes of operation- MODE 1 MODE 2 MODE 3/A MODE 4 MODE C MODE S newly developed
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IFF-A MODERN METHOD OF SURVEILLANCE
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF IFF
• The technology IFF was developed during WORLD WAR-II by British and American military
• Sir ROBERT WATSON WATT invented the first IFF transponder and SSR in 1935
• This technology was later used by Civil Aviation in 1950s.
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Detection And TrackingIdentificationInterrogationData ExtractionAir Traffic Control And ManagementEfficient decision making during battles and wars
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FEATURES OF IFF
HOW AN IFF SYSTEM WORKS
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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF IFF SYSTEM
Ground based transmitter known as interrogator that is the Secondary Surveillance radar synchronized with primary radar, transmits a radio signal(interrogating signal) to the aircraft’s transponder at 1030 Megahertz by selecting a unique transponder code
Transponder receives the signal and decodes it After decoding, the transponder replies back to the
interrogator for that particular transponder code Now the interrogator will decode the reply and report
back to ATC and thus we will get the display 10
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WORKING PRINCIPLE (Contd.)
RADAR DISPLAYWhat appear on radar
display?• Aircraft Identity.• Altitude• Speed• Direction• Example • MH092 FL280• 585• Meaning: Flight
Malaysian 092 cruising at 28’000ft with speed of 585knots
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• Transponder codes are four digit numbers transmitted by the transponder in an aircraft in response to an interrogation signal assisted by air traffic controllers in traffic separation. A discrete transponder code (often called a squawk code) is assigned by air traffic controllers to uniquely identify an aircraft.
• Squawk codes are four-digit octal numbers; the dials on a transponder read from zero to seven, inclusive. Thus the lowest possible squawk is 0000 and the highest is 7777. Four octal digits can represent up to 4096 different codes, which is why such transponders are often called "4096 code transponders” (ROUTINE & EMERGENGY CODES)
TRANSPONDER CODES (XPNDR CODES)
MODES OF OPERATION OF IFF SYSTEMS
Mode 1 is a non-secure method used to track aircrafts; codes manually set by pilot but assigned by ATC(military only)
Mode 2 is for identification; identifies the tail no.(military only) Mode 3/A is the standard system also used by civilian
aircrafts to relay their position to ground controllers throughout the world for ATC. Used in conjunction with MODE C(military & civilian)
Mode 4 is secure encrypted IFF(the only true method of determining friend or foe); only military
Mode "C" is the altitude encoder(military & civilian) Newly developed Mode S does selective interrogation; each aircraft
can be addressed using its unique 24 bit address(military & civilian) but not implemented yet
Mode 5-advanced mode of Mode S under processing 14
CHARACTERISTICS OF IFF MODES
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FRUITGARBLEFAILURE OF TRANSPONDERWRONG ENCRYPTION KEYSBATTLE DAMAGE
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PROBLEMS WITH IFF
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CONCLUSIONo IFF technology serves as one of the best methods of surveillanceo Multipurpose fulfilmento MODE S & MODE 5-GOOD FUTURE ASPECTS Less power required as Transmitter is typically more
efficient If the SSR interrogates selectively Mode S can reduce
power even more as it can replace both Mode 3/A & Mode C as together both modes would consume a lot of power
END OF THE PRESENTATION BUT NOT THE END OF THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
IFF AND SSR
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THANK
YOU
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ANY QUESTIONS?????
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ACRONYMS• IFF~IDENTIFICATION-FRIEND OR FOE• TCAS~TRAFFIC COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM• FLIR~FORWARD LOOKING INFRARED RADAR• ATC~AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL• FAA~FEDERAL AVIATION AUTHORITY• SSR~SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR• PSR~PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR• FRUIT~FALSE REPLIES UNSYNCHRONISED WITH
INTERROGATOR TRANSMISSION or FALSE REPLIES UNSYNCHRONISED IN TIME
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