ifm10 ch10 lecture
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
CHAPTER 10
Determining the Cost of Capital
![Page 2: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Topics in Chapter
Cost of Capital Components Debt Preferred Common Equity
WACC
![Page 3: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
What types of long-term capital do firms use?
Long-term debt Preferred stock Common equity
![Page 4: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Capital Components Capital components are sources of funding
that come from investors. Accounts payable, accruals, and deferred
taxes are not sources of funding that come from investors, so they are not included in the calculation of the cost of capital.
We do adjust for these items when calculating the cash flows of a project, but not when calculating the cost of capital.
![Page 5: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Before-tax vs. After-tax Capital Costs Tax effects associated with
financing can be incorporated either in capital budgeting cash flows or in cost of capital.
Most firms incorporate tax effects in the cost of capital. Therefore, focus on after-tax costs.
Only cost of debt is affected.
![Page 6: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Historical (Embedded) Costs vs. New (Marginal) Costs
The cost of capital is used primarily to make decisions which involve raising and investing new capital. So, we should focus on marginal costs.
![Page 7: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Cost of Debt Method 1: Ask an investment
banker what the coupon rate would be on new debt.
Method 2: Find the bond rating for the company and use the yield on other bonds with a similar rating.
Method 3: Find the yield on the company’s debt, if it has any.
![Page 8: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
A 15-year, 12% semiannual bond sells for $1,153.72. What’s rd?
60 60 + 1,00060
0 1 2 30I = ?
-1,153.72
...
30 -1153.72 60 1000
5.0% x 2 = rd = 10% N I/YR PV FVPMT
INPUTS
OUTPUT
![Page 9: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Component Cost of Debt
Interest is tax deductible, so the after tax (AT) cost of debt is: rd AT = rd BT(1 - T) rd AT = 10%(1 - 0.40) = 6%.
Use nominal rate. Flotation costs small, so ignore.
![Page 10: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Cost of preferred stock: Pps = $113.10; 10%Q; Par = $100; F = $2.
Use this formula:
rps =Dps
Pps (1-F)=
0.1($100)
$116.95(1-0.05)
=$10
$111.10= 0.090 = 9.0%
![Page 11: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Time Line of Preferred
2.50 2.502.50
0 1 2 ∞rps=?
-111.1
...
$111.10=DQ
rPer
= $2.50rPer
rPer =$2.50
$111.10= 2.25%; rps(Nom) = 2.25%(4) = 9%
![Page 12: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Note:
Flotation costs for preferred are significant, so are reflected. Use net price.
Preferred dividends are not deductible, so no tax adjustment. Just rps.
Nominal rps is used.
![Page 13: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Is preferred stock more or less risky to investors than debt?
More risky; company not required to pay preferred dividend.
However, firms want to pay preferred dividend. Otherwise, (1) cannot pay common dividend, (2) difficult to raise additional funds, and (3) preferred stockholders may gain control of firm.
![Page 14: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Why is yield on preferred lower than rd?
Corporations own most preferred stock, because 70% of preferred dividends are nontaxable to corporations.
Therefore, preferred often has a lower B-T yield than the B-T yield on debt.
The A-T yield to investors and A-T cost to the issuer are higher on preferred than on debt, which is consistent with the higher risk of preferred.
![Page 15: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Example:rps = 9%, rd = 10%, T = 40%
rps, AT = rps - rps (1 - 0.7)(T)
= 9% - 9%(0.3)(0.4) = 7.92%
rd, AT = 10% - 10%(0.4) = 6.00%
A-T Risk Premium on Preferred = 1.92%
![Page 16: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
What are the two ways that companies can raise common equity?
Directly, by issuing new shares of common stock.
Indirectly, by reinvesting earnings that are not paid out as dividends (i.e., retaining earnings).
![Page 17: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Why is there a cost for reinvested earnings?
Earnings can be reinvested or paid out as dividends.
Investors could buy other securities, earn a return.
Thus, there is an opportunity cost if earnings are reinvested.
![Page 18: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Cost for Reinvested Earnings (Continued)
Opportunity cost: The return stockholders could earn on alternative investments of equal risk.
They could buy similar stocks and earn rs, or company could repurchase its own stock and earn rs. So, rs, is the cost of reinvested earnings and it is the cost of equity.
![Page 19: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Three ways to determine the cost of equity, rs:
1. CAPM: rs = rRF + (rM - rRF)b
= rRF + (RPM)b.
2. DCF: rs = D1/P0 + g.
3. Own-Bond-Yield-Plus-Risk Premium: rs = rd + Bond
RP.
![Page 20: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
CAPM Cost of Equity: rRF = 7%, RPM = 6%, b = 1.2.
rs = rRF + (RPM )b.
= 7.0% + (6.0%)1.2 = 14.2%.
![Page 21: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Issues in Using CAPM
Most analysts use the rate on a long-term (10 to 20 years) government bond as an estimate of rRF.
More…
![Page 22: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Issues in Using CAPM (Continued)
Most analysts use a rate of 5% to 6.5% for the market risk premium (RPM)
Estimates of beta vary, and estimates are “noisy” (they have a wide confidence interval).
![Page 23: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
DCF Cost of Equity, rs: D0 = $4.19; P0 = $50; g = 5%.
rs =
D1
P0
+ g =D0(1+g)
P0
+ g
= $4.19(1.05)
$50+ 0.05
= 0.088 + 0.05= 13.8%
![Page 24: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Estimating the Growth Rate
Use the historical growth rate if you believe the future will be like the past.
Obtain analysts’ estimates: Value Line, Zacks, Yahoo!Finance.
Use the earnings retention model, illustrated on next slide.
![Page 25: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Earnings Retention Model
Suppose the company has been earning 15% on equity (ROE = 15%) and retaining 35% (dividend payout = 65%), and this situation is expected to continue.
What’s the expected future g?
![Page 26: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Earnings Retention Model (Continued) Growth from earnings retention model:
g = (Retention rate)(ROE) g = (1 - payout rate)(ROE) g = (1 – 0.65)(15%) = 5.25%.
This is close to g = 5% given earlier. Think of bank account paying 15% with retention ratio = 0. What is g of account balance? If retention ratio is 100%, what is g?
![Page 27: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Could DCF methodology be applied if g is not constant?
YES, nonconstant g stocks are expected to have constant g at some point, generally in 5 to 10 years.
But calculations get complicated. See the Web 10B worksheet in the file IFM10 Ch10 Tool Kit.xls.
![Page 28: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
The Own-Bond-Yield-Plus-Risk-Premium Method: rd = 10%, RP = 4%.
rs = rd + RP rs = 10.0% + 4.0% = 14.0%
This bond RP CAPM RPM. Produces ballpark estimate of rs.
Useful check.
![Page 29: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
What’s a reasonable final estimate of rs?
Method Estimate
CAPM 14.2%
DCF 13.8%
rd + RP 14.0%
Average 14.0%
![Page 30: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Determining the Weights for the WACC
The weights are the percentages of the firm that will be financed by each component.
If possible, always use the target weights for the percentages of the firm that will be financed with the various types of capital.
![Page 31: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Estimating Weights for the Capital Structure
If you don’t know the targets, it is better to estimate the weights using current market values than current book values.
If you don’t know the market value of debt, then it is usually reasonable to use the book values of debt, especially if the debt is short-term.
(More...)
![Page 32: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Estimating Weights (Continued)
Suppose the stock price is $50, there are 3 million shares of stock, the firm has $25 million of preferred stock, and $75 million of debt.
(More...)
![Page 33: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Estimating Weights (Continued)
Vce = $50 (3 million) = $150 million.
Vps = $25 million. Vd = $75 million. Total value = $150 + $25 + $75 =
$250 million.
![Page 34: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Estimating Weights (Continued)
wce = $150/$250 = 0.6 wps = $25/$250 = 0.1 wd = $75/$250 = 0.3
![Page 35: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
What’s the WACC?
WACC = wdrd(1 - T) + wpsrps + wcers
WACC = 0.3(10%)(0.6) + 0.1(9%) + 0.6(14%)
WACC = 1.8% + 0.9% + 8.4% = 11.1%.
![Page 36: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
What factors influence a company’s WACC?
Market conditions, especially interest rates and tax rates.
The firm’s capital structure and dividend policy.
The firm’s investment policy. Firms with riskier projects generally have a higher WACC.
![Page 37: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Is the firm’s WACC correct for each of its divisions?
NO! The composite WACC reflects the risk of an average project undertaken by the firm.
Different divisions may have different risks. The division’s WACC should be adjusted to reflect the division’s risk and capital structure.
![Page 38: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
The Risk-Adjusted Divisional Cost of Capital
Estimate the cost of capital that the division would have if it were a stand-alone firm.
This requires estimating the division’s beta, cost of debt, and capital structure.
![Page 39: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Pure Play Method for Estimating Beta for a Division or a Project
Find several publicly traded companies exclusively in project’s business.
Use average of their betas as proxy for project’s beta.
Hard to find such companies.
![Page 40: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Accounting Beta Method for Estimating Beta
Run regression between project’s ROA and S&P index ROA.
Accounting betas are correlated (0.5 – 0.6) with market betas.
But normally can’t get data on new projects’ ROAs before the capital budgeting decision has been made.
![Page 41: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Divisional Cost of Capital Using CAPM
Target debt ratio = 10%. rd = 12%. rRF = 7%. Tax rate = 40%. betaDivision = 1.7. Market risk premium = 6%.
![Page 42: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Divisional Cost of Capital Using CAPM (Continued)
Division’s required return on equity:rs = rRF + (rM – rRF)bDiv.
rs = 7% + (6%)1.7 = 17.2%.
WACCDiv. = wd rd(1 – T) + wc rs
= 0.1(12%)(0.6) + 0.9(17.2%)
= 16.2%.
![Page 43: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Division’s WACC vs. Firm’s Overall WACC?
Division WACC = 16.2% versus company WACC = 11.1%.
“Typical” projects within this division would be accepted if their returns are above 16.2%.
![Page 44: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
What are the three types of project risk?
Stand-alone risk Corporate risk Market risk
![Page 45: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
How is each type of risk used? Stand-alone risk is easiest to
calculate. Market risk is theoretically best in
most situations. However, creditors, customers,
suppliers, and employees are more affected by corporate risk.
Therefore, corporate risk is also relevant.
![Page 46: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
A Project-Specific, Risk-Adjusted Cost of Capital
Start by calculating a divisional cost of capital.
Use judgment to scale up or down the cost of capital for an individual project relative to the divisional cost of capital.
![Page 47: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Costs of Issuing New Common Stock
When a company issues new common stock they also have to pay flotation costs to the underwriter.
Issuing new common stock may send a negative signal to the capital markets, which may depress stock price.
![Page 48: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Cost of New Common Equity: P0=$50, D0=$4.19, g=5%, and F=15%.
re =D0(1 + g)
P0(1 - F)+ g
= $4.19(1.05)
$50(1 – 0.15)
+ 5.0%
= $4.40
$42.50+ 5.0% = 15.4%
![Page 49: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Cost of New 30-Year Debt: Par=$1,000, Coupon=10% paid annually, and F=2%.
Using a financial calculator: N = 30 PV = 1000(1-.02) = 980 PMT = -(.10)(1000)(1-.4) = -60 FV = -1000
Solving for I/YR: 6.15%
![Page 50: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Comments about flotation costs: Flotation costs depend on the risk of the
firm and the type of capital being raised.
The flotation costs are highest for common equity. However, since most firms issue equity infrequently, the per-project cost is fairly small.
We will frequently ignore flotation costs when calculating the WACC.
![Page 51: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Four Mistakes to Avoid
Current vs. historical cost of debt Mixing current and historical
measures to estimate the market risk premium
Book weights vs. Market Weights Incorrect cost of capital components
See next slides for details. (More ...)
![Page 52: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Current vs. Historical Cost of Debt
When estimating the cost of debt, don’t use the coupon rate on existing debt.
Use the current interest rate on new debt.
(More ...)
![Page 53: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Estimating the Market Risk Premium
When estimating the risk premium for the CAPM approach, don’t subtract the current long-term T-bond rate from the historical average return on common stocks.
For example, if the historical rM has been about 12.2% and inflation drives the current rRF up to 10%, the current market risk premium is not 12.2% - 10% = 2.2%!
(More ...)
![Page 54: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
(More...)
Estimating Weights Use the target capital structure to
determine the weights. If you don’t know the target weights, then
use the current market value of equity, and never the book value of equity.
If you don’t know the market value of debt, then the book value of debt often is a reasonable approximation, especially for short-term debt.
![Page 55: IFM10 Ch10 Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062417/5517117949795947228b473f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Capital components are sources of funding that come from investors.
Accounts payable, accruals, and deferred taxes are not sources of funding that come from investors, so they are not included in the calculation of the WACC.
We do adjust for these items when calculating the cash flows of the project, but not when calculating the WACC.