NEBOSH

International General Certificate

NEBOSH INTRODUCTIONWhat kind of people take the NEBOSH International General Certificate?

People throughout the world take the NEBOSH International General Certificate because it gives them the skills and know-how to fulfil their health and safety responsibilities in anycountry and in any kind of organisation.

What will I gain from this qualification?

Knowledge – Whether health and safety is your main responsibility, or just a part of what you do, the NEBOSH International General Certificate will give you vital knowledge to help you perform better in your role at work.

Enjoyment – You'll enjoy taking the NEBOSH International General Certificate. You'll discover skills and techniques that are useful and practical, not just theoretical.

NEBOSH INTRODUCTION

Recognition – Holders of the NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety are entitled to AssociateMembership (AIOSH) of the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH). The qualification also meets the academic requirements for Technical Membership (Tech IOSH) of IOSH.

Career development – For some, the NEBOSH International General Certificate is a first step towards a life-long career in health and safety. For others, it forms part of an important set of qualifications that brings them success and advancement in whatever field they choose. It also helps achievement of capability to gain a better job of officer level with standard salary in the shortest possible duration of effort which is 3 months only and with smallest investment in comparison to gains.

NEBOSH INTRODUCTION

NEBOSH stands for National Examination Board of Occupational Safety and Health.

This course deals with occupational safety and health, not the personal safety and health. The issues are all work related. There are many accidents that happens while working and also there are many work related reasons for worker’s sickness. This course deals about all these health and safety issues by extending knowledge to understand and to take control measures to minimise it.

NEBOSH INTRODUCTION

THE EXAM

¤ ¤ PART A – TWO WRITTEN PAPERS:

– IGC-1: The Management of international Health & Safety

– GC-2: Control of International Workplace Risks

¤ EACH IS TWO HOURS LONG AND MARKED BY NEBOSH.

THE PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT PART - B (PRACTICAL - GC3)

You will be required to carry out an Inspection of a workplace and note down your Observations in the Candidate Observation Template.

You will then write a Management Report in the Candidate Report Template on your significant findings, together with recommendations for further action.

Referrals and Re-sits

If performance is unsatisfactory in both theory papers:¤ Part A (i.e. less than 45%) and ¤ Part B (i.e. less than 60%), you will FAIL!¤ You can still register to re-sit at a later examination date.¤ If unsatisfactory in one part, then REFERRAL is given for

unsatisfactory part alone.¤ You can then re-sit the referred part. You must re-register within one

year of date of original result.¤ Only one re-sit is allowed – the result is capped to a PASS grade.

EXAM RESULTS

EXAM RESULTS

NEBOSH issues graded results of your performance for each exam paper.

Exam Total(max.)

Distinction(min.)

Credit(min.)

Pass(min.)

Refer Fail

IGC1 100 65 55 45 ¤<45% in IGC 1 and/or IGC 2or<60% in IGC 3

<45

GC2 100 65 55 45 <45

GC3 100 80 70 60 <60

Total 300 210 180 150

THE SYLLABUS

¤ Element 1: Foundations in Health and Safety

¤ Element 2: Health and Safety Management Systems – Plan

¤ Element 3: Health and Safety Management Systems – Do

¤ Element 4: Health and Safety Management Systems – Check

¤ Element 5: Health and Safety Management Systems 4 – Act

¤IGC 1:

THE SYLLABUS

¤ Element 1: Workplace Hazards & Risk Control

¤ Element 2: Transport Hazards & Risk Control

¤ Element 3: Musculoskeletal Hazards & Risk Control

¤ Element 4: Work Equipment Hazards & Risk Control

¤ Element 5: Electrical Safety

¤ GC 2:

¤ Element 6: Fire Safety

¤ Element 7: Chemical & Biological Health Hazards & Risk Control

¤ Element 8: Physical & Psychological Health Hazards & Risk Control

THE SYLLABUS¤ GC 2:

COMMAND WORDS

¤ Define : provide a generally recognised or accepted definition.

¤ State : a less demanding form of ‘define’, or where there is

¤ no generally recognised ¤

¤ Explain : give a clear account of, or reasons for.

¤ Describe : give a word picture.

¤ Outline : give the most important features of.

¤ Give : provide without explanation.

¤ Identify : select and name.

Question: Identify four kitchen appliances. (4)

Toaster

Electric Kettle

Microwave Oven

Dishwasher

COMMAND WORDS

¤ Question: Outline four kitchen appliances. (4)

Ans:¤ Toaster:¤ Accommodates slices of bread, ejects the toast when ready.

¤ Electric Kettle:¤ 1 to 2 litre capacity, used to boils water.

¤ Microwave Oven: ¤ Heats food rapidly using short wave length radio waves.

¤ Dishwasher:¤ Dirty table ware are placed in it. Mixture of high pressure water and

detergent automatically cleans

COMMAND WORDS

¤ Question: Describe a microwave oven. (4)

¤ Ans: Rectangular in shape, approximately 30 cm tall, 30 cm

deep and 60 cm long. There is a hinged door at the front,

typically see through. The door opens outwards and inside

there is space to place a plate. Outside on the front there is

the control to set power and heating time.

COMMAND WORDS

Question: Explain how a microwave oven works. (4)

Ans: The frequency of microwaves used in microwave oven

is sufficient enough to cause the water molecules in food to

vibrate. Vibrating molecules hit other water molecules and

put them into same vibration and therefore this vibration

of molecules is converted into heat.

COMMAND WORDS

IGC – 1

ELEMENT - 1

FOUNDATIONS INHEALTH AND SAFETY

LEARNING OUTCOME

The intended learning outcome of this element are that candidates will be able to:

• Outline the scope and nature of occupational Health and Safety

• Explain the Moral, Social and Economic reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of Health and Safety in the workplace

• Explain the role of national governments and International Bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of Health and Safety

1.1 THE SCOPE AND NATURE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND

SAFETY

The barriers to good standards of health and safety

– Complexity– Competing– Conflicting demands– Behavioral issues

THE MULTY DISCIPLINARY NATURE OF HEALTH AND SAFETY

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• Complexity :- Workplaces can be complicated areas, involving the co-ordination of many people performing different activities. Finding a solution to a specific health and safety problem can be complex, requiring extensive knowledge and awareness of possible consequences.

• Competing :- In making decisions on health and safety investments the company is balancing the costs and benefits of occupational health and safety. It is quite clear that investments in safety and health may compete with other investments in the company.

• Another conflict is the need to comply with different types of laws, eg. Health and Safety law and Environment Protection law

BARRIERS TO GOOD STANDARDS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY

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• Conflicting demands :- There are often competing and conflicting demands placed upon people and organizations, eg. Conflict of interest in between need of supply or a service at an appropriate speed

• Behavioral Issues :- Good health and safety practice often relies on the perfect behavior of individuals

BARRIERS TO GOOD STANDARDS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY

MEANINGS AND DISTINCTION BETWEENHEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE

What is Health:

Protection of the bodies and minds of people from illnesses resulting from the materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace.

(WHO)- "occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards.

What is Safety:

Protection of people from physical injury and protection of assets from any loss.

Welfare:Looking after people’s basic needs. For example: provision of drinking water, washrooms and toilet facilities, eating and resting areas.

Environment:The surroundings in which an organisation operates including land, air and water, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their inter-relationships.

MEANINGS AND DISTINCTION BETWEENHEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE

WHY MANAGE HEALTH AND SAFETY?

• Moral (Societal)

• Social or legal

• Economic or Financial.

Societal (Moral) Expectations:- Humanitarian reasons

Social (Legal) Expectations:- To avoid legal prosecutions and compensation claims. Save reputation of the organisation.

Financial:- The cost of the accident and ill health.

WHY MANAGE HEALTH AND SAFETY?

• Injuries cause suffering and pain to people

• Employers have a moral obligation based on the duty of care towards employees to protect them from injuries and ill health

• Workers should not be exposed to harm.

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MORAL REASONS FOR GOOD H&S PRACTICE

The ILO estimates that :-

• There are 270 million occupational accidents and 160 million occupational diseases recorded each year

• Around 2 million people die every year from occupational accidents and occupational diseases

• 4% of the world gross domestic product is lost each year through the cost of injury, death absence, etc.

• There are around 35,55,000 work related fatal accidents each year –Half of these occur in agriculture

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MORAL REASONS FOR GOOD H&S PRACTICE

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Region Economically active population

Total employment

Estimated number of Fatalities

Non fatal accidents, at least 3 days absence

Established Market Economies (EME)

40,91,41,496 38,08,33,643 16,170 1,23,40,216

Formerly Socialist Economies (FSE)

18,47,17,127 16,21,20,341 21,425 1,63,50,868

INDIA 45,87,20,000 41,95,60,000 48,176 3,67,65,877CHINA 70,82,18,102 69,97,71,000 73,615 5,61,79,742

Other Asia and Islands 40,44,87,050 32,86,73,800 83,048 6,33,78,830

Sub Saharan Africa (SSA)

26,07,25,947 1,05,40,604 54,705 4,17,48,723

Latin America (LAC) 19,34,26,602 1,14,60,496 29,594 2,25,84,726

Middle East Crescent (MEC)

11,29,06,300 4,86,35,240 19,986 1,44,89,130

273,23,42,624 216,47,39,590 3,54,719 26,38,38,111

MORAL REASONS FOR GOOD H&S PRACTICE

LEGAL REASONS

• To avoid fines, penalties, prosecution and

compensation claims.

• It is a demand of civil and criminal law to carry out active risk management. Risk management is the corner stone of modern Health and safety.

SOCIAL REASONS

• An accident affects name and fame of the

organization in the society

• Employers reputation can be affected due to accidents

FINANCIAL REASONS

• Accidents at work place cost a great deal of money,

interrupt production and business disruption. These costs may be insured, uninsured, direct and indirect. e.g. compensation claims, medical costs, loss of expertise, time lost in investigating the accident.

1.2 THE MORAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC REASONS FOR MAINTAINING AND

PROMOTING GOOD STANDARDS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE

• The size of the health and safety ‘problem’ in terms of the numbers of work related fatalities and injuries and incidents of ill-health

Bigger the risk and chances of accidents larger the provisions of safety need to be incorporated to control it. Larger the amount people which may be affected by the risk larger the provision of safety needed.

REASONS FOR MAINTAINING AND PROMOTING GOOD STANDARDS OF H & S

Societal expectations of good standards of health and safety

On humanitarian grounds, all employer must take care of their work force and must not put their life to danger to get work done.

REASONS FOR MAINTAINING AND PROMOTING GOOD STANDARDS OF H & S

EMPLOYERS NEED TO PROVIDE

• Safe place of work,

• Safe plant and equipment

• Safe systems of work

• Training and supervision

• Competent workers

• Cost of insured and uninsured accidents and ill-health

• Employer’s liability insurance

THE BUSINESS CASE FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY

COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

Insured Costs

Uninsured Costs = 8 to 36 times greater than insured

loss

Direct Costs of Accidents

Indirect Costs (Hidden Costs) of

Accidents

When an accident occurs there are two types of losses:-

Direct Costs:- The measurable costs arising directly from the accident.

Indirect Costs:- Those which arise indirectly as a consequence of the event. It is often difficult to quantify precisely and may be hard to identify.

COST OF ACCIDENT

• Damage to property, buildings, plant and equipment

• Repairs or replacement of damaged equipment and

buildings

• Medical costs

• Fines in Criminal courts

• Compensation payable to victim

• Salaries to unproductive workers on sick leave.

• Increases in insurance premiums

DIRECT COSTSCOSTS OF ACCIDENTS

INDIRECT COSTS

• Loss of staffs working hours due to incident investigation

• Loss of staff morale

• Cost of remedial action following an investigation, ie. introduction of further

control measures

• Compliance with any enforcement notice served

• Replacement of labour

• Lost production time while dealing with injury

• Over time payments to make up for lost time

• Costs associated with the rehabilitation of the injured workers and their

return to work

INDIRECT COSTS

• Cost of recruiting and retraining new staff

• Loss of goodwill of customers following delays in production and

fulfilling orders

• Penalty clauses for failing to meet delivery dates

• Damage to public image and business reputation

• Damage to industrial relations leading to industrial action (strikes).

• Loss of business due to accidents.

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COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

Indirect costs related to Accidents:• Production loss

• Time involved in investigating an accident

• Loss of expertise

• Hiring and training of new staff

• Loss of goodwill and reputation of company

• Poor morale of the workers

• Overtime paid to other workers.

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COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

Insured costs related to Accidents:

• Damage to plant and building

• Tools and equipment damage

• Third Party cost/ public liability

• Medical cost

• Compensation Claims

In most countries it is compulsory to take out employers’

liability insurance so that a worker is killed or injured at work there is insurance coverage to him or his dependent and to meet employer’s civil costs.

However it is not possible to insure against all losses, eg. one can not take insurance policy to pay money should he be prosecuted and fined in the criminal law courts.

INSURED AND UNINSURED COSTS:-

Another example – organizations can not insure themselves against loss of revenue if their business reputation is damaged through a major workplace accident. Many of the direct and indirect costs associated with work place accidents are uninsured for these reasons.

INSURED AND UNINSURED COSTS:-

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Insured costs Uninsured costsDamage to plant buildings and equipment Production delays or down time

Compensation paid to workers Loss of raw material due to accidents

Medical costs Accident investigation time

Legal costs (Civil Claims) Criminal fines and legal costs

Sick pay for injured workers

Overtime to make up for lost production

Hiring and training new employees

Loss of business reputation

COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

EMPLOYERS LIABILITY INSURANCE

The purpose of Liability insurance is to protect and compensate workers who have suffered personal loss due to the fault of the employer.

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EMPLOYERS LIABILITY INSURANCE

It is important that an organization maintains employer’s liability insurance because:

• It may be a legal requirement or clients/ contract requirement

• To improve the morale of the workers by giving them the feeling of financial security that they may be awarded in case of any personal loss while at work.

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1.3 THE ROLE OF NATIONAL GOVERNEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL

BODIES IN FORMULATING A FRAMEWORK FOR THE REGULATION OF HEALTH AND

SAFETY

Governments’ duties

Governments are responsible for drawing up occupational safety and health policies and making sure that they are implemented. Policies will be reflected in legislation, and legislation must be enforced. But legislation cannot cover all workplace risks, and it may also be advisable to address occupational safety and health issues by means of collective agreements reached between the social partners. Policies are more likely to be supported and implemented if employers and workers, through their respective organizations, have had a hand in drawing them up. This is regardless of whether they are in the form of laws, regulations, codes or collective agreements.

The competent authority should issue and periodically review regulations or codes of practice; instigate research to identify hazards and to find ways of overcoming them; provide information and advice to employers and workers;and take specific measures to avoid catastrophes where potential risks are high.

ROLE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES

Role and obligations of the competent authority

The formulation of a national OSH policy should reflect the respectivefunctions and responsibilities of public authorities, employers, workers and others, and should recognize the complementary character of those responsibilities.Having said that, is the responsibility of the national designatedcompetent authority to identify the major problems and draw up a realistic policy, taking into account the resources and means available. In doing so, the competent authority must set priorities on the basis of the urgency and importance of the problems to be overcome in that particular country.

ROLE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES

Legal standards governing workplace health and safety, most countries have their own laws, developed over the years to tackle their issues and concerns

In 1981, the ILO adopted the Occupational Safety and Health Convention (C155).This describes a basic policy for health and safety at both the national level and the level of the individual undertaking.

The occupational Safety Health recommendation 1981(R 164) supplements C155 and provides more detailed guidance on how to comply with policies of C155.

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ROLE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES

National laws, labour codes and regulations:

Appropriate legislation and regulations, together with adequate means of enforcement, are key policy instruments for the protection of workers. They form a basis for efforts to improve working conditions and the working environment. The inspection mechanism should make use, among other things, of a workers’ health surveillance system, which may be run by the government, the community or the enterprise.

ROLE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES

• To ensure that the workplace, machinery, equipment and process under their control are safe and without risk to health.

• To ensure that the chemical, physical and biological substances and agents under their control are without risk to health.

• To provide adequate protective clothing and protective equipment to prevent risk and accidents or of adverse effects on health.

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EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITIES

Article 16 of C155 identifies some basic obligations placed on employers.

Article 10 of R 164 states the following obligations on employers :-

• Provide work places and work equipments, and use work methods, which are safe and no risk to health.

• Provide appropriate instructions and training.• Provide necessary supervision.• To put in place health and safety arrangements adapted to suit the

size and nature of undertaking.• Provide any necessary protective clothing and equipment free of

cost.

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EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITIES

Article 10 of R 164 states the following obligations on employers :-

• Ensure that the hours work do not adversely affect employees’ safety and health

• To remove any extreme physical and mental fatigue

• To stay up-to-date with knowledge in order to comply with the above.

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EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITIES

EMPLOYERS’ RESPONSIBILITIES TO PROVIDE

• Safe plant and equipment

• Safe place of work, access & egress

• Safe system of work

• Competent workers

• Safe materials and substances

• Protective clothing and PPE’s

• Provide safety policy

• Risk Assessment

• Emergency procedures

• Health Surveillance

• Consult employees regarding H&S

• Adequate information, training, instructions and supervision

(ITIS)

• Safe environment & welfare facilities

• Competent H&S assistance

• Effective H&S management arrangements

EMPLOYERS’ RESPONSIBILITIES TO PROVIDE

WORKER’S/EMPLOYEE’S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS

• Must protect themselves and those around them

• Follow H&S rules and regulations

• Report dangerous situations

• Receive adequate ITIS

• Do not damage H&S controls

• Must co-operate with the Employer

• Protect companies assets

• To use the provided PPE’s adequately.

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• To protect the health, safety and welfare of people at work, and to safeguard others, mainly members of the public, who may be exposed to risks from the way work is carried out.

• Ensure that duty holders take action to deal immediately with serious risks;

• Promote and achieve sustained compliance with the law;

THE ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES

Enforcing health and safety law

• Enforcing fire safety legislation and/or advising

employers.

• Fostering co-operation between the parties involved.

• Setting targets for future improvement.

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THE ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES

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• Prosecution of the organization in the criminal courts.

• Prosecution of individuals such as directors, managers and

workers.

• Formal Enforcement action.

THE ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES

The health and safety inspector may serve:-

• An improvement notice :- When there is a breach of health and safety law and this breach is likely to continue or be repeated, eg. A damaged floor is to be repaired with in 21 days

• A prohibition notice :-When there is a breach of health and safety law and the occurrence of imminent risk of serious personal injury is likely, eg. Unguarded machine use to be stopped immediately

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THE ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES

The powers of health and safety inspector under Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974

• To enter any work premises• To ask questions and start investigations• To take samples from suspected materials• To seize and render anything that they believe might be the cause

of imminent danger• To take photographs• To issue improvement/prohibition notices• To initiate prosecution

THE ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES

Ensure that duty holders who breach health and safety requirements, and directors or managers who fail in their responsibilities, may be held to account, which may include bringing alleged offenders before the courts

THE CONSEQUENCES OF NON-COMPLIANCE OF ENFORCEMENT

AUTHORITIES

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CONVENTIONS ( ISO, ILO etc.)

• The ILO was established by the Versailles Peace Treaty in 1919, its primary task to draft Conventions on labour standards and oversee the development of international labour law.

• As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) "occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CONVENTIONS ( ISO, ILO etc.)

• ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is an independent, non-governmental organization, with 164 member countries. It is the world's largest developer of voluntary international standards and facilitates world trade by providing common standards between nations. Nearly 20,000 standards have been set covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture and healthcare.

The purpose of International Labour Organization is to Promote human and labour rights, freedom & equity for men and women. It is based on decent treatment of people.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CONVENTIONS ( ISO, ILO etc.)

• OHSAS 18001, Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems—Requirements is an internationally applied British Standard for occupational health and safety management systems in line with ISO standards.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CONVENTIONS ( ISO, ILO etc.)

Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems ILO-OSH 2001

As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) "occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CONVENTIONS ( ISO, ILO etc.)

• Control anti-social behaviour• Regulate the behaviour of our society• Set standards of acceptable behaviour• Resolve conflicts between parties

PURPOSE OF LAW:

LEGAL SYSTEMS

In any Legal system there are two distinct branches of the Law:

1. Civil Law

2. Criminal Law

CIVIL LAW

The aim of Civil Law is to compensate an injured party for losses that have been suffered:

Two types of Civil Liability:

1. Fault Liability2. No Fault Liability

CIVIL LAW

Civil Law with Fault liability :For the employee to be successful in a Civil claim, they must prove that:1. There was a duty of care owed2. Duty of care owed was breached - negligent3. The breach resulted in the loss or injury or ill health or death of the victim.

Civil Law with No-Fault liability :4. It is assumed that the employer is liable to pay the victim and so

compensation is awarded accordingly5. The claimant is not required to prove the employer is negligent

CRIMINAL LAW

• The aim of Criminal Law is to punish and deter individuals and organisations from behaving in a way that is unacceptable to society.

• Punishment for organisations usually involves a fine or restriction of activities.

• Punishment for individuals could be imprisonment, fines, restriction of offices held or a combination.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON NATIONAL LAW

• Government Decree

• Health and safety authority

• HAAD/HSE

• CP

• CoP

• General and Technical Guidance documents

• International HSE Organisations, agencies, conventions

• Government HSE organizations

• National safety organizations

• Suppliers & manufacturer

• International standards

• Consultants & specialists

• Internet

• Insurance companies 80

EXTERNAL INFORMATION SOURCES

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• Accident reports.• Medical reports.• Maintenance reports.• Risk assessments.• Inspections with safety representatives.• Audits, surveys, sampling and tours.• Safety committee meeting minutes.

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INTERNAL INFORMATION SOURCES

• Accident, ill-health• Method statement on manual handling.• Risk assessments.• Consulting the work force• ILO & WHO• International HSE Organizations IOSH, OSHA• Trade unions and employers organization• Benchmarking with organization in similar business• Reference book on physiology• Internet• Library

SOURCES OF INFORMATION IN GENERAL

Outline reasons why it is important that an organization maintains employer’s liability insurance. (2)

An organization has had an increase in the number of manual Handling accidents and associated ill health.

Identify sources of information that may be available to help reduce the risks to the workers. (8)

• Outline reasons for promoting and maintaining good standards of health and safety in the workplace. (6)

• . “A serious accident has occurred to a worker and there will be costs to the organization as a result”. Identify FOUR costs which are likely to be insured and uninsured. (8)

• Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of an employer. (8)

• Outline the health and safety responsibilities of workers.

• Identify actions an enforcement authority might take if it finds that an employer is not fulfilling its responsibilities. (2)

• Outline how workers may influence each other with regard to an organization’s health and safety culture.

• Identify ways in which findings from monitoring can be communicated to managers and workers. (4)

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THE END