igesh2016 keynote - sps utm · ani idris, iqbal ahmed, microwave assisted polymer dissolution...
TRANSCRIPT
14/8/2016
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Membrane Technology for Mankind: Fabrication and its
applications.
Presented by :
Prof. Dr. Ani Idris
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction2. Membrane technology 3. Types of Membranes;
- reverse osmosis, dialysis and ultrafiltration membranes
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ultrafiltration membranes4. Application of membranes5. Fabrication of membranes6. Research in membranes
Basic Principles of Membrane Separation
Membrane Separation Processes
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Membrane Separation Processes
•A membrane may be defined as an interphase separating two phases and selectively controlling the transport of materials between these phases
•It is widely applied to a range of conventionally difficult separations :
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separations :i) finely dispersed solids, especially those which are compressible and have a density close to that of the liquid phase , have high
viscosity, or are gelatinous
ii) low molecular weight, non-volatile organics or pharmaceuticals and dissolved salts
iii) biological materials which are very sensitive to their physical and chemical environment
Membrane Separation Processes
Advantages of membrane separation processes
ambient temperature operation, avoiding phase changes/ extreme temperature
Both retentate and permeate can be used
relatively low capital and running costs
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relatively low capital and running costs
direct separation, eliminating the use of additives/ foam fractionation/ filter aid filtration
closed module separating operation, avoiding formation of aerosols
flexibility, since it can be ‘tailor made’ to meet individual requirement
Membrane Technology
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Characteristics
Name of process Driving force Separation size range
Examples of materials separated
Microfiltration Pressure gradient 10‐0.1 mm Small particles, large colloids,
microbial cells.
Pressure < 0 1mm – 5 Emulsions colloids
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Ultrafiltration Pressure gradient
< 0.1mm 5 nm
Emulsions, colloids, macromolecules, proteins
Reverse osmosis (hyperfiltration)
Pressure gradient < 5 nm Dissolved salts, small organics
Electrodialysis Electrical field gradient < 5 nm Dissolved salts
Dialysis Concentration gradient < 5 nm Treatment of renal failure
Applications
• Food, Biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries
• Water Treatment processes
• Hemodialysis and artificial lungsHemodialysis and artificial lungs
• Separation azeotropic mixtures
• recovery of organic vapours such as petro‐chemical vapour recovery
• the electrolysis for chlorine production.
• Fuel cells8
Hemodialysis Peritoneal dialysis
(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Disease, 2006a)
Membrane Technology
• various kinds of materials can be used to suit a particular process, which can be organic or inorganic materials
h l i i l d l lf
MEMBRANE MATERIALS
• the most common polymeric materials used are polysulfone, polyethersulfone, cellulose acetate, polycarbonate, polyvinyldifluoro, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile
• the membrane can be of homogeneous, asymmetric andcomposite in nature
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Membrane Structures
•homogeneous membrane:• same porosity or density throughout their structure• may have capillary pores or no definable pore at all
•asymmetric membranes:•normally prepared through phase-inversion method•thin dense skin in the range 0 1 to 1 mm
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•thin dense skin, in the range 0.1 to 1 mm•with or without pores•since membrane is very thin, it poses a low overall resistance
•composite membranes:•a very thin dense layer (1 m) on top of a very permeable base structure.•The dense layer is selective for particular component
Membrane Separation Processes
• (a) (b) (c)
•
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•• (d) (e) (f)
• Figure 2.1 Membrane structure: symmetric membrane a) straight pores b) foam like c) coral like (tortuous); asymmetric membrane d) finger‐like substructure e) foam like substructure f) sintered ceramic spheres substructure (Scott, 1998)
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Membrane modules
•
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Membrane Modules
Figure 20 9 (b)
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Figure 20.9 (b) page 876
Chem eng Vol 2
Flat sheet membrane
Membrane modules
c) Spiral wound modules
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Membrane modules
Hollow-fiber modules
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1) Conventional heating 1) Microwave heating
Membrane fabrication
Polymer dissolution
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Polymer solution
Membrane polymer
The PES membranes have a life span of 3‐5 years for the conventional application such as NF,UF and MF.
Advantages: It has high
Polyethersulfone PES
Advantages: It has high chemical resistance to solvents, many acids and alkalis,(pH1‐10) and also has good thermal resistance.
Disadvantage: Hydrophobic, low permeation
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Additives
y y g y ,Polyethlylene glycol, PEG
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights have been used widely as an additive to enhance membranes
It is a pore forming agent and
Water permeation modifier
It is a pore forming agent and increases the macrovoids and pore size of the membranes.
Entrapped PEG in the membrane matrix helps to increase the membrane hydrophilicity due to its two –OH groups.
Membrane Casting
Membrane fabrication
Flat sheet membranes
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‐casted using casting knife of 150um.
Membrane fabrication
Hollow fiber membranes
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Early Research Findings
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Early Research Findings
CA RO membranes HF membranes; 94-96%; 1.6 l/m2/day
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Dialysis membranes
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Ultrafiltration membranes
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Recent Findings
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UF HF membranes
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UF HF membranes
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AWARDS
PATENT GRANTED
Ani Idris, Iqbal Ahmed, Microwave assisted polymer dissolution apparatus for membrane production, MY-143133-A
AWARDS
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Ani Idris, Iqbal Ahmed, A microwave irradiation method for producing polyethersulfone membrane, MY-143505-A
CRADLE FUND from MOF RM 150,000
AIM: Develop a pilot plant module and business plan
1. Membranes2. Mem modules
Type 13. Prototype lab.
Scale
PILOT UF MODULE
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34. Mem modules
Type 2
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Pilot plant scale
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1 2 3 4
1. Multimedia filter2. Iron filter3. Active Carbon filter4. Water softener filter5. Storage vessels
ItemsStatus
YES NO
R&D Completed YES
Prototype Completed YES
IP Protection Applied & granted
YES
Pilot plant scale
grantedIndustry Partner Identified YES
Market Survey Undertaken YES
Field Test/Clinical Trial Undertaken
YES
Approval From Relevant Authorities
- NO
LAB TO MARKETFUND (MOHE)