ì`§h$q>oe ms>jyih$a `m§mm n[am`marathi)/visheshgranthk... · gdmªzmm Ë`m§mo boiz...

$: ì`§H$Q>oe mS>JyiH$a `m§Mm n[aM`Marathi)/VisheshGranthk... · gdmªZmM Ë`m§Mo boIZ AmdSy> bmJbo. b½ZmZ§Va _mS>JyiH$a H$mhr H$mi _w§~B©V amhmV hmoVo. à{gÜX g§nmXH$ lr. nw$
nmR> : 1

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mm n[aM`

1.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, "{deof J«§WH$ma Aä`mg' `m {df`m A§VJ©V Amnë`mbm J«§WH$maì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m gm{hË`mMm gImob Aä`mg H$am`Mm Amho. H$moUË`mhrboIH$mÀ`m boIZmda Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm R>gm C_Q>Vmo. VgoM Ë`m Ë`m boIH$mMm H$mi,Ë`mÀ`m doiMr gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr, Á`m n[agamV boIH$mMr OS>UKS>U Pmbr Vmo n[aga`m§Mohr nS>gmX Ë`mÀ`m gm{hË`{Z{_©Vrda àË`j qH$dm AàË`jnUo nS>V AgVmV. åhUyZì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m H$mhr gm{hË`H¥$VtMm àË`j Aä`mg H$aÊ`mnydu Ë`m§À`mbm¡{H$H$ M[aÌmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m nmR>mV AmnU _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo~mbnU, {ejU, boIZmMr gwê$dmV Am{U Ë`m§Mr g_J« gm{hË`g§nXm `m§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z¿`m`Mm Amho.

hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Amnë`mbm-

l ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo bm¡{H$H$ M[aÌ {b{hVm `oB©b.

l _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m gm{hË`g§nXoMr _m{hVr {b{hVm `oB©b.

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mm n[aM`/ 1

1.0 C{Ôï>o1.1 àmñVm{dH$1.2 _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ~mbnU d {ejU1.3 dmMZ d boIZ

1.3.1 _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo H$WmboIZ1.3.2 _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo H$mX§~ar boIZ1.3.3 _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ZmQ>Ho$1.3.4 _mS>JyiH$am§Mo b{bV JÚboIZ1.3.5 _mS>JyiH$am§Mo BVa boIZ

1.4 g_mamon1.5 gmam§e

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : CÎmao

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

ì`§H$Q>oe {XJ§~a _mS>JyiH$a åhUOo _amR>rVrb EH$ loð> gm{hpË`H$. J. {X. _mS>JyiH$a`m Amnë`m Wmoaë`m ~§Yy§À`m nmdbmda nmD$b R>odyZ Vo _amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m Xa~mamV AmboAm{U {VWo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m à{V^oMm ñdV§Ì R>gm C_Q>dbm. AZoH$ H$bm§_Ü`o JVr AgUmaoAm{U Ë`m Ë`m H$bmjoÌm§V JwUdÎmmnyU© {Z{_©Vr H$aUmao gm{hpË`H$ åhUyZ Vo n[a{MV AmhoV.

1945 Z§Va _amR>r bKwH$Wobm Zdo diU bmdUmao _hÎdmMo H$WmH$ma åhUyZ Or ZmdogVV KoVbr OmVmV, Á`m Zmdm§Mm Jm¡admZo CëboI Ho$bm OmVmo, Vr åhUOo J§JmYa JmS>Jri,AaqdX JmoIbo, nw. ^m. ^mdo Am{U ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a. Ho$di H$WmM Zìho Va H$m§X~ar,ZmQ>H$, àdmgdU©Z Agohr dmS>²._`àH$ma Ë`m§Zr Amnbogo Ho$bo. gw§Xa aoIm{MÌo H$mT>br,{MÌnQ> H$Wm {b{hë`m, {ZgJm©V _Z_wamX ^Q>H§$Vr Ho$br Am{U Amnbo gmao AZw^d eãX~ÜXHo$bo.

Aem `m g§nÞ ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m boIH$mMm n[aM` AmnU àñVwV nmR>mV H$ê$Z KoUmaAmhmoV.

1.2 _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ~mbnU d {ejU

ì`§H$Q>oe {XJ§~a _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mm OÝ_ 6 Owb¡ 1927 amoOr Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m AmB©MoZmd ~ZwVmB©. Ë`m§Zm nmM ^mD$ Am{U XmoZ ~{hUr. {d»`mV gm{hpË`H$ J. {X. _mS>JyiH$a hoË`m§Mo gdmªV _moR>o ~§Yy. gmVmam {OëømVrb _mUXoemVrb _mS>Jyi ho Ë`m§Mo Jmd. hm gd© ^mJH$_r nmdgmMm, d¡amU, COmS>. XwîH$mi Zoh_rMmM.

KamV J[a~r, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m embo` {ejUmMr Am~mi Pmbr. _mS>Jyi, AmQ>nmS>r,{d^yVdmS>r Am{U {H$ÝhmB© Aem bhmZ bhmZ JmdmV Ë`m§Mo {ejU Oo_Vo_ gmVdrn`ªV (åhUOoìhZm©Š`wba \$m`Zbn`ªV) Pmbo hmoVo; nU nwT>o _mÌ Ë`m§Zr ñdH$ï>mZo _amR>r Am{U B§J«Orgm{hË`mMm Iyn _moR>m ì`mg§J Ho$bm Am{U Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU Oar \$mago Pmbo Zmhr Var'OJmÀ`m emioV' _mÌ Ë`m§Zm Iyn {eH$m`bm {_imbo. Am{U J§_V nmhm, AmO Ë`m§Mr nwñVHo$E_. E gmR>r Zo_br OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mda Aä`mgH$ E_. [\$b d nrEM. S>r.Mo g§emoYZH$aVmV !

_mS>JyiH$am§Zr Amnë`m d{S>bm§Mr H$Wm a§JdyZ gm§JÊ`mMr e¡br Am{U AmB©Mr {MÌH$bmho JwU CMbbo. g§V Am{U em{ham§Mo dmS²>._`, H$sV©Z-àdMZ-nwamU `m§Mo g§ñH$ma Ë`m§Zm{_imbo. bhmZnUr d¡Xy, \$mgonmaYr, am_moer, YZJa, Ýhmdr, Vobr Aem {d{dY ì`dgm`m§À`mgd© VèhoÀ`m g_d`ñH$ {_Ìm§Mr g§JV Ë`m§Zm {_imbr. JmdmÀ`m n[agamV AgUmè`m gwVma,bmohma, Mm§^ma, Ýhmdr B. ~bwVoXmam§à_mUoM _hma, _m§J, am_moer B. gd© bmoH$m§Mo OJUo Ë`m§ZràË`j nm{hbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`m_YyZ `m gd© bmoH$m§À`m lÜXm, ê$T>r, ar{V[admO,Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X^© ì`ŠV Pmbo. Ë`m_wio X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo Xe©Z

2 µ/ {deof J«§WH$ma Aä`mg AÜ``Z gm{hË`

Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ KS>Vo.

_mUgm§BVH$mM {ZgJ©hr _mS>JyiH$am§À`m gm{hË`g¥ï>rMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.amZmdZmV, O§JbmV qhS>Uo Ë`m§Zm {dbjU {à` hmoVo. Ë`m_wio àmUr, njr, PmS>o-nmZo-\$wbo,F$Vy `m§Mr ~hmaXma dU©Zo Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mMo d¡{eï>` R>abo.

'{H$ÝhmB©Mo H$sV©ZH$ma, amIUXma ~ir am_moer, XmXm-AmB© Am{U ~amo~arMr nmoao `mgdmªZr Jmoï> H$er gm§Jmdr, ho _bm gm§{JVbo'- Ago Ë`m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

1.3 dmMZ d boIZ

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m dmMZmg gwédmV Pmbr Vr Vo amhV Agboë`m ^mS>çmÀ`mKamVrb Ka_mbH$mÀ`m AS>JirV nS>boë`m ImoŠ`m§Vrb nwñVH$m§nmgyZ. hm`ñHy$b_ÜòAgVmZm ^m. am. Vm§~o, am_ JUoe JS>H$ar, Ho$edgwV, ñdmV§Í`dra {d. Xm. gmdaH$a `m§Mogm{hË` Ë`m§Zr dmMbo. AmB©H$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm {MÌH$boMmhr dmagm {_imbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wiobhmZnUmnmgyZ Vo {MÌhr H$mT>rV AgV. à{VHy$b n[a{ñWVr_wio {MÌH$boMr gmYZo nadS>VZgV Am{U Ë`m_wio _J AmnU boIH$ Pmbmo Aer I§V Ë`m§Zr AZoH$Xm ì`ŠV Ho$br.

_¡bmMo Ym|S>o a§JdÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm 'am_m _¡bHw$br' ôQ>bm. àmW{_H$ emioV{ejH$mMr VmËnwaVr ZmoH$ar H$arV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm 'Poë`m' ôQ>bm. _mS>Jyicm H§$Q>mim AmbmH$s Vo H$moëhmnyabm Amnë`m dS>rc~§Yy§H$S>o-åhUOo-J{X_m§H$S>o òD$Z amhmV. VoWo H$Wm,H$m§X~è`m, H${dVm, AmË_M[aÌo, M[aÌo Ago nwîH$i dmMZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. 1942 À`m 'MboOmd' MidirV Ë`m§Zr gh^mJ KoVbm. Ë`m§Mr n{hbr H$Wm 'H$mù`m Vm|S>mMr' hr Ë`m H$mimV(1946) à{V{ð>V g_Oë`m OmUmè`m 'A{^éMr' `m _m{gH$mV à{gÕ Pmbr. `m H$WoMoIyn H$m¡VwH$ Pmbo. Ë`mZ§Va hiyhiy 'gË`H$Wm', 'g_rjH$', '_m¡O' B. {Z`VH$m{bH$m§_YyZË`m§À`m H$Wm àH$m{eV hmoD$ bmJë`m. Q>rH$mH$ma, a{gH$ dmMH$, _moR>_moR>o boIH$ Aem


1.2 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) _amR>r bKwH$Wobm Zdo diU bmdUmao _hÎdmMo Mma H$WmH$ma H$moU ?

2) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mm OÝ_ H$Yr Am{U H$moR>o Pmbm ?

3) _mS>JyiH$am§Zm Ë`m§À`m AmB©H$Sy>Z H$moUË`m H$boMm dmagm {_imbm ?

4) _w§~B©V AgVmZm _mS>JyiH$a H$moUm~amo~a EH$Ì amhV hmoVo ?

5) '_m¡O' gmßVm{hH$mMo g§nmXH$ H$moU ?

gdmªZmM Ë`m§Mo boIZ AmdSy> bmJbo.

b½ZmZ§Va _mS>JyiH$a H$mhr H$mi _w§~B©V amhmV hmoVo. à{gÜX g§nmXH$ lr. nw. ^mJdVd J. am. H$m_V `m§À`m Imobrda Vo H$mhr _{hZo am{hbo. {VWo H$m_Vm§À`m AmJ«hmdê$Z Ë`m§Zr'Y_m© am_moer' d '{edm _mir' hr ì`pŠV{MÌo {b{hbr. lr. nw. ^mJdV Voìhm '_m¡O' `mgmßVm{hH$mMo g§nmXH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Vr à{gÕ Ho$br Am{U Ë`mZ§Va _mUXoer _mUg§, `mZmdmZo _mS>JyiH$am§Zr AZoH$ ì`pŠV{MÌo {b{hbr. AmOhr '_mUXoer _mUg§' AmnbrbmoH${à`Vm {Q>H$dyZ Amho.

XmXa_Üò MmirV amhmV AgVmZm Ë`m§À`m ImobrV J§JmYa JmS>Jri AmdO©yZ OmV._mS>JyiH$a gm§JVmV H$s JmS>Jrim§Zr Ë`m§Zm B§J«Or dmMm`bm bmdbo. ñQ>mB©Z~oH$, H$m°S>dob,MoH$m°ìh, Jm°H$s© B. AZoH$ Zm_d§V boIH$m§Mo gm{hË` Ë`m§Zr dmMbo. Ë`m_wio 'boIH$' åhUyZË`m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd g§nÞ ~ZV Jobo Am{U Aem g§nÞ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo {dbmo^Zr` H$dS>goË`m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ àH$Q> hmoD$ bmJbo. 1949 _Üò '_mUXoer _mUg§' hm H$Wmg§J«hà{gÕ Pmbm. Ë`mZ§Va _J gmVË`mZo _mS>JyiH$am§Mm hmV {b{hVm am{hbm. 18 H$Wmg§J«h,8 H$m§X~è`m, 8 ZmQ>Ho$, 8 b{bVJÚm§Mr nwñVHo$, àdmgdU©Z Am{U 5 AZwdm{XV nwñVHo$VgoM AmË_M[aÌna boIZ Ago âKmog gm{hË` Ë`m§À`m Zmdmda Amho.

1.3.1 _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo H$WmboIZ

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo Zmd _w»`V: H$WmH$ma åhUyZ n[a{MV Amho. AË`§V gH$gAm{U XO}Xma Ago Ë`m§Mo H$WmboIZ Amho. Amnë`m H$Wm§_YyZ Ë`m§Zr J«m_rU _mUgmMoAm{U Ë`m§À`m H$mimVrb J«m_OrdZmMo Añgb Am{U {Od§V Xe©Z KS>dbo. AX²^yVVm,H$ënZmaå`Vm, ñdßZa§OZ `m§À`m à^mdmVyZ Ë`m§Zr _amR>r H$Wobm _wŠV Ho$bo. _mUXoeÀ`m_mVrMm Añgb J§Y {Vbm àmßV H$ê$Z {Xbm.

Ë`m§À`m H$WoVyZ JmdJmS>m gmjmV g_moa C^m amhmVmo. H¥${fì`dñWoVrb nmQ>rb, Hw$U~r,bmohma, _mir B. ~bwVoXmam§BVHo$M JmdHw$gm~mhoa amhmUmè`m ^Q>Š`m-{d_wŠV Aem_mUgm§Mohr {MÌU Ë`mV òVo. _w»`V: J«m_rU dmñVdmMo {MÌU Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio _amR>rJ«m_rU H$WoÀ`m {dH$mgmV Ë`m§À`m H$WoZo _mobmMm hmV^ma bmdbm. Ë`m§À`mZ§Va AZoH$m§ZrJ«m_rU H$WoMm àdmh nwT>o Zobm. Z§VaÀ`m J«m_rU H$Woda _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$WoMm _moR>m Am{UMm§Jbm à^md nS>bm.

Ë`m§Mo gmoim H$Wmg§J«h Am{U VrZ {ZdS>H$ H$Wm§Mo g§J«h à{gÜX AmhoV. C§~aR>m,AmoP§, H$mir AmB©, H$m§Jmê$Mo Mm§J^b§, JmdmH$S>À`m Jmoï>r, KaXma, Om§îmMo {Xdg,S>mohmVrb gmdë`m, ~mOma, _mUXoer _mUg§, amZ_odm, dmKmÀ`m _mJmda, dmar, dmiyMm{H$ëbm, grVmam_ EH$ZmW d hñVmMm nmD$g ho Ë`m§Mo H$Wmg§J«h à{gÜX AmhoV. "ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$am§À`m Xhm H$Wm' hm g§J«h g. J§. _mbeo `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$bm Amho, Va AaqdXJmoIbo `m§Zr 'ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mr H$Wm' hm g§J«h g§nm{XV Ho$bm Amho. Jmo. _.Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr 'AmoP§' hm g§J«h g§nm{XV Ho$bm Amho.


1.3.2 _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo H$mX§~arboIZ

H$Woà_mUoM H$m§X~arÀ`m joÌmVhr _mS>JyiH$am§Zr d¡{eï>çnyU© H$m_{Jar ~Omdbr.1955 _Üò Ë`m§Mr '~ZJadmS>r' hr H$mX§~ar à{gÜX Pmbr Am{U AmYw{ZH$ _amR>rH$mX§~arÀ`m joÌmV AË`§V _hÎdmMr H$m§X~ar åhUyZ {Vbm g_rjH$m§Mr _mÝ`Vm àmßV Pmbr.'àmXo{eH$ H$mX§~ar' åhUyZ AmOhr '~ZJadmS>r'Mo Zmd {Q>Hy$Z Amho. '~ZJadmS>r' `mbhmZem JmdmVrb gm_y{hH$ OrdZmMo {MÌU Ë`mV Ambo Amho. '~ZJadmS>r' hrM Ë`mH$mX§~arMr Zm`H$ Amho. ñWm{ZH$ n[agamVrb ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH$OrdZmMo {d{dY n¡by,gU, lÜXm, g§Ho$V `m§Mo {Od§V Xe©Z Ë`m§Zr '~ZJadmS>r' _YyZ KS>dbo. qhXr, B§J«Or, O_©Zd S>°{Ze `m ^mfm§VyZ `m H$mX§~arMr ^mfm§Vao Pmbr AgyZ, {X½Xe©H$ A_mob nmboH$a `m§Zr{VÀ`mda {MÌnQ> ~Zdbm Amho.

'dmdQ>i' (1964), $H$éUmï>H$ (19 ) d H$modio {Xdg (19 ) `m Ë`m§À`mH$mX§~è`m AmË_M[aÌna AmhoV. Jm§YrdYmZ§Va _hmamï´>mÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmV Pmboë`m X§Jbr,Ominmoi `m§_wio ~«m÷U g_mOmda Pmboë`m AmKmVmMr H$hmUr 'dmdQ>i' _Üò Amho, VaVméÊ`m_Yë`m hþahþaË`m {Xdgm§Mo Am{U AMmZH$ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m ào_mMo {MÌU 'H$modio{Xdg' `m H$mX§~arV Amho. 'H$éUmï>H$' `m H$mX§~arV Ambo. AmB©-dS>rb d ^md§S>m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~Ë`m§Zr H$mX§~arê$nmZo {M{ÌV Ho$bo Amho. AmË`§{VH$ Xm[aÐçmZo J«mgbobr AmR> _wbm§Mr AmB©Ë`m§Zr 'H$éUmï>H$' _YyZ C^r Ho$br Amho. 'nwT>M§ nmD$b' hr H$mX§~ar 1978 _ÜòàH$m{eV Pmbr. Vr Ë`m§À`mM EH$m H$Wodê$Z Ë`m§Zr {b{hbr Amho. 'gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arVAma§^mnmgyZ AIoan`ªV dmZam§À`m Q>moù`m§_Yrb gÎmmg§Kf© _m§S>bm Amho. dmZam§À`m Q>moirMoO§JbmVrb joÌ, BVa dmZam§Mr KwgImoar, Ë`m§Mo g§Kf©, dmZam§Mo Hw$Qw>§~ OrdZ `m§Mo {dcjUdoJio d n[aUm_H$maH$ {MÌU Ë`m§Zr `m H$mX§~arVyZ Ho$bo Amho. `m H$mX§~arbm gm{hËÀH$mX_rMm nwañH$ma àmßV Pmbm. N>moQ>m OdmZ (1964) Am{U {MÌH$Wr (1979) `mhrË`m§À`m H$mX§~è`m à{gÜX AmhoV.

1.3.3 _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ZmQ>Ho$ :

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Zr H$mhr ZmQ>Ho$hr {b{hbr AmhoV. 'H$mim~amo~a Mbm', 'Hw$UmMmHw$Umbm _oi Zmhr', 'OmUma Hw$R>o?', 'Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma', 'Zm_m gmVnwVo', 'n{V Jobo J§H$mR>odmS>r', '{~H$Q> dmQ> d{hdmQ>', 'gVr', '{~Z{~`m§Mo PmS>' hr Ë`m§Mr ZmQ>Ho$. Ë`mn¡H$s 'VydoS>m Hw$§^ma' ho a§J^y_rda èñdr R>abo. '{~Z{~`m§Mo PmS>' Am{U 'Hw$UmMm Hw$Umbm _oiZmhr' hr bmoH$ZmQ>ç àH$mamVbr ZmQ>Ho$hr JmObr. _mÌ Ë`m§À`m H$Wm-H$mX§~è`m§À`m VwbZoZoË`m§Mr ZmQ>Ho$ {deof à^mdr R>aV ZmhrV, hr dñVwpñWVrhr bjmV ¿`m`bm hdr.


1.3.4 _mS>JyiH$am§Mo b{bVJÚboIZ :

_mS>JyiH$am§Zr H$Wm-H$mX§~è`m Am{U ZmQ>Ho$ `m§À`m~amo~a 'b{bVJÚ' boIZhr {dnwbHo$bo Amho. Ë`m§Mo g§nÞ ì`pŠV_Îd Ë`m§À`m b{bVJÚm_YyZ CbJS>Vo. 'Aer _mUg§ : Aergmhg§', 'Jmoï>r KamH$S>rb', 'O§JbmVrb {Xdg§', 'ZmJ{Pam', 'nadMm', 'nm§T>è`mda H$mio','dmQ>m', 'gIm' B. b{bVJÚm§À`m g§J«hmVyZ Ë`m§Mo _mUgm{df`rMo ào_ {XgyZ òVo. Ë`m§ZmAgUmar {ZgJm©Mr Am{U ^Q>H§$VrMr AmdS> bjmV òVo.

1.3.5 _mS>JyiH$am§Mo BVa boIZ :

`m{edm` _mS>JyiH$am§Mo 'nm§T>ar _|T>a§, {hadr Hw$aU§' ho àdmgdU©Z à{gÜX Amho. 'àdmgEH$m boIH$mMm' ho Ë`m§Mo nwñVH$ AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ Amho. 'amZ_odm'_Üò Ë`m§Mo {eH$ma{df`H$AZw^d gm§JUmao boI AmhoV, Va '{MÌo Am{U M[aÌo' ho {d{dY ì`ŠVtMr ì`pŠV{MÌo AgUmaonwñVH$ Amho.

'Oemg Vgo', 'nwT>M§ nmD$b', '_r Vwig VwÂ`m A§JUr', 'a§Jn§M_r', 'd§emMm {Xdm'Am{U 'gm§JËò EoH$m' `m {MÌnQ>m§À`m nQ>H$Wm§Mo boIZhr Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. 'amZmVbraoImQ>Z§', 'amOñWmZMr aoImQ>Z§', '{MÌH$ma XoD$gH$a', 'a§Jaofm§Mo _¥JOi' ho Ë`m§Mo{MÌH$bm{df`H$ boIZ Amho.

Ë`mMà_mUo ^mfm§VamÀ`m joÌmVhr _mS>JyiH$am§Zr bjUr` Aer H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho.'goaoZJQ>r e°b Zm°Q> S>m`' `m ~Zm©S>© Am{U _m`Ho$b J«Pr_rH$ `m§À`m J«§WmMm '{ghm§À`mXoemV' hm g§{jßV AZwdmX Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm Amho. _°Ý`wAb H$m°_am°\$À`m '{~J {gQ>r {bQ>rb~m°`' `mMm '_§Vabobo ~oQ>', lr. ~r. ^Å>mMm`© `m§À`m 'X e°S>mo \«$m°_ bS>mI' Mm 'gw_rVm',H$mbm} ~wbmogma `m§À`m "bmâQ>a {dW _m` \$mXa'Mm "_r AZ² _mPm ~mn' Ago Ë`m§Mo AZwdmXà{gÜX AmhoV. `m{edm` Om°O© Am°Iob `m boIH$mÀ`m AZoH$ boIm§Mmhr AZwdmX Ë`m§Zr Ho$bmAmho. Vo boI 'gIm' `m Ë`m§À`m b{bVJÚ g§J«hmV g_m{dï> Ho$bo AmhoV.

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ñdV:Mohr gm{hË` nmíMmÎ` ^mfm§_Üò AZwdm{XV Pmbo Amho.Ë`m§À`m '~ZJadmS>r' `m H$mX§~arMm AZwdmX B§J«Or, O_©Z, qhXr, S>°{Ze `m ^mfm§_Üò Pmbm


1.3.1 Vo 1.3.3 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm .EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Amnë`m H$Wm§_YyZ H$emMo Añgb {MÌU Ho$bo ?2) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$moUË`mhr Mma H$Wmg§J«hm§Mr Zmdo {bhm?3) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$moUË`m H$mX§~arbm '_hÎdmMr H$mX§~ar' åhUyZ

_mÝ`Vm àmßV Pmbr?4) Ë`m§À`m H$moUË`m VrZ H$mX§~è`m AmË_M[aÌna AmhoV. ?5) Ë`m§À`m H$moUË`m H$mX§~arV dmZam§À`m Q>moù`m§Mo {MÌU Ambo Amho ?6) _mS>JyiH$am§Mr H$moUVr bmoH$ZmQ>ço JmObr ?

Amho. 'dmdQ>i' `m H$mX§~arMm AZwdmX B§J«Or d a{e`Z `m ^mfm§V Va 'gÎmm§Va' `mH$mX§~arMm AZwdmX H$ÝZS>_Ü`o Pmbm Amho. 'Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>'V\}$ Ë`m§À`m AZoH$ H$Wm§Mohr^maVr` ^mfm§V AZwdmX Pmbo AmhoV.'

1.4 g_mamon

amZmo_mi ñdÀN>§X ^«_§Vr H$aUmao {ZgJ©ào_r, àmUr-njr `m§Mr ghO aoImQ>Zo H$aUmao{MÌH$ma, _mUgm{df`r, Ë`mÀ`m OJÊ`m{df`r Hw$Vyhb AgUmam, AmñWm AgUmam Om{Vd§VH$WmH$ma åhUyZ _mS>JyiH$a `m§Zm _moR>mM Zmdbm¡{H$H$ bm^bm. Ë`m§À`m AZoH$ nwñVH$m§ZmemgZmMo nwañH$ma cm^co. 1983 gmcr Am§~oOmoJmB© `oWo Pmboë`m A{Ib ^maVr` gm{hË`g§_obZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo. Aem `m MVwaò Am{U ~hþAm`m_r boIH$mÀ`m gm{hË`H¥$VtMmAä`mg AmnU nwT>rb nmR>m§VyZ H$aUma AmhmoV.

1.5 gmam§e

{_Ìm§Zmo, `m nmR>mV AmnU ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo bhmZnU, Ë`m§MrOS>UKS>U, Ë`m§Mo {ejU `mg§~§YrMo Vnerb Aä`mgbo. Ë`m§Zm dmMZmMr JmoS>r H$erbmJbr, Ë`m§Zr boIZmbm gwédmV H$Yr Ho$br Vo nm{hbo.

H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, ZmQ>H$, b{bVJÚ d BVa boIZ àH$mamVbo _mS>JyiH$am§Mo`moJXmZ Aä`mgbo.

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao

1.2 d 1.3

1. J§JmYa JmS>Jri, AaqdX JmoIbo, nw. ^m. ^mdo Am{U ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a.

2. 6 Owb¡ 1927 amoOr _mUXoe `m gm§Jbr {OëømVrb JmdmV ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm.

3. _mS>JyiH$am§Zm Ë`m§À`m AmB©H$S>yZ {MÌH$boMm dmagm {_imbm.

4. _w§~B©V AgVmZm _mS>JyiH$a lr. nw. ^mJdV d J. am. H$m_V `m§À`m~amo~a EH$Ì amhV hmoVo.

5. lr. nw. ^mJdV '_m¡O' gmßVm{hH$mMo g§nmXH$ hmoVo.


1.3.1 Vo 1.3.3

1. _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Amnë`m H$Wm§VyZ J«m_rU _mUgmMo Am{U Ë`m§À`m H$mimVrb J«m_OrdZmMo Añgb {MÌU Ho$bo.

2. '_mUXoer _mUg§', 'KaXma', 'Om§^imMo {Xdg' d '~mOma' ho _mS>JyiH$am§Mo H$Wmg§J«h.

3. '~ZJadmS>r' `m _mS>Jyiam§À`m H$mX§~arbm _hÎdmMr H$mX§~ar åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {_imbr.

4. 'H$éUmï>H$', 'dmdQ>i' Am{U 'H$modio {Xdg' `m Ë`m§À`m H$mX§~è`m AmË_M[aÌna AmhoV.

5. Ë`m§À`m 'gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arV dmZam§À`m Q>moù`m§Mo {MÌU Ambo Amho.

6. '{~Z{~`m§Mo PmS>' d 'Hw$UmMm H$moUmbm _oi Zmhr' hr Ë`m§Mr bmoH$ZmQ>ço JmObr.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> 2

AmË_M[aÌna boIZ åhUOo H$m`?

2.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m nmR>mV AmnU 'AmË_M[aÌ' d 'AmË_M[aÌna boIZ' `m gm{hË`àH$mam§À`m g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmbm-

l 'AmË_M[aÌ' d 'AmË_M[aÌna' boIZ `m§À`m ñdê$nm{df`r {b{hVm òB©b.

l AmË_M[aÌna boIZ d AmË_M[aÌ `m§Vrb \$aH$ gm§JVm òB©b.

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

_amR>r gm{hË`na§naoV AmË_naboIZmMr na§nam g§VdmL²>_`mnmgyZ {XgVo. _mÌ AmOÁ`m AWm©Zo AmnU 'AmË_M[aÌ' hm gm{hË`àH$ma _mZVmo, Omo AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r gm{hË`mVéObm Amho Vmo B§J«Or gm{hË`mer n[aM` Pmë`m_wio! AmË_M[aÌ d AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ boIZ`mV H$mhr gmå`ñWio d H$mhr ôX AmT>iVmV. `m nmR>mV AmnU AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ boIZAm{U AmË_M[aÌ `m g§H$ënZm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV. VgoM 'àdmgEH$m boIH$mMm', ho nwñVH$ åhUOo AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ boIZ H$go Amho, Vo g_OyZ KoUmaAmhmoV. VgoM `m boIZmVyZ _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ì`{º$_Îdmda Omo àH$me nS>Vmo, Ë`m{df`rOmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

AmË_M[aÌna coIZ åhUOo H$m`?/ 11

2.0 C{Ôï>o2.1 àmñVm{dH$2.2 AmË_M[aÌ : g§H$ënZm2.3 AmË_M[aÌ : ñdê$n2.4 AmË_M[aÌna boIZ : ñdê$n

2.4.1 AmË_M[aÌ d AmË_M[aÌna boIZ : gmå`ôX2.5 g_mamon2.6 gmam§e

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : CÎmaogamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

2.2 AmË_M[aÌ : g§H$ënZm

àmñVm{dH$mV åhQ>ë`mà_mUo AmO AmnU Á`mbm gagH$Q> 'AmË_M[aÌ' åhUVmo Vmogm{hË`àH$ma Amnë`mH$S>o B§J«Or gm{hË`mer g§~§Y Amë`mZ§Va _m{hVr Pmbm d Z§Va éObm.{dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V AmË_M[aÌ boIZ g§»òZo {dnwb Pmbo Am{U Ë`mMr JwUdÎmmhrMm§Jbr Amho.

AmË_M[aÌ boIZmV AmË_emoYmMr OmUrd _hÎdmMr AgVo. 'AmË_M[aÌ' hm eãXB§J«Or autobiography `m eãXmdê$Z Ambm Amho. 'ñdV:M ñdV:À`m OrdZmMm H$mT>bobmAmboI' Agm Ë`mMm AW© Amho. BZgm`Šbmo{n{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m _Üò 'Autobiography

the account of an individual human life written by the subject himself'

Aer ì`m»`m {Xbr Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmÀ`m àdmgmMm AmboI- Agm Ë`mMm WmoS>Š`mVAW© gm§JVm òB©b. Am°Šg\$S>© eãXH$moemV _mÌ 'An account of a person's life

written by that person' Ago åhUyZ nwT>o 'Such writting as a literary genre'

Ago åhQ>bo Amho. `mMmM AW© 'AmË_M[aÌ' hm EH$ dmL²>_`àH$ma Amho Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

'JVOrdZmMm AmboI VQ>ñWnUo H$mT>Uo' åhUOo AmË_M[aÌ. boIH$mMo AZw^d d VoKoUmao boIH$mMo ì`pŠVËd AmË_M[aÌmV gmH$ma ìhmdo Aer Anojm AgVo.

_amR>r {dídH$moe, I§S> 2 _Üò am. J. OmYd `m§Zr 'Amnë`m OrdZ{df`H$ AZw^dm§Mo,VXZwf§JmZo Amnë`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo, ñdV: boIH$mZo boIZê$nmZo KS>dbobo Xe©Z åhUOoAmË_M[aÌ' Aer ì`m»`m {Xbr Amho.

2.3 AmË_M[aÌ ñdê$n

AmË_M[aÌmMm Zm`H$ åhUOo ñdV: boIH$. Ë`mÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ AmË_M[aÌmMm àma§^hmoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmVrb ~hþVm§e H$mi AmË_M[aÌmV eãX~Õ Ho$bm OmVmo. Hw$R>ë`mhrì`ŠVrMm g§nyU© OrdZàdmg aoImQ>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m OÝ_nyd© H$mimMr nmíd©^y_r, Ë`mMmOrdZH$mi Am{U Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§VaMm bJoMMm H$mi `m§Mo {MÌU Ë`mV òUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.nU OÝ_mnyduÀ`m Am{U AJXr ~mbnUmÀ`m Amnë`m AmR>dUr EoH$sd AgVmV Am{U _¥Ë`y d_¥Ë`yZ§VaÀ`m H$mim{df`r H$moUrM {bhÿ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio AmË_M[aÌ AnyU© AgVo. åhUyZS>ãë`y. EM. S>Z `m§Zr Ë`mMo dU©Z '_ñVH$ d Ad`da{hV _yVu' Ago Ho$bo Amho.

AmË_M[aÌo hr Ë`mÀ`m boIH$mÀ`m OrdZmMo gyÌ gm§JUmar AgVmV. Amnë`mJVH$mimMm doY `m gyÌmÀ`m AmYmamZo boIH$ KoV AgVmo. `m gyÌmer OwiUmè`m Ë`mbmAZwHy$b AgUmè`m KQ>ZmM Vmo {ZdS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio Hw$R>ë`mhr AmË_M[aÌmV Ë`mÀ`m boIH$mMog§nyU© OrdZ H$Yrhr òV Zmhr. {edm` H$mhr KQ>Zm-àg§Jm§Mo {dñ_aU Pmbobo AgVo. H$mhrË`mbm _hÎdmÀ`m dmQ>V ZgVmV. H$mhr KQ>Zm AJXr ~marH$gmarH$ Vn{ebm§gh AmR>dVmV.Ë`m_wio 'boIH$mMr {ZdS>' hr Ë`m Ë`m AmË_M[aÌmMo ñdê$n {ZpíMV H$aV AgVo.

12 / {deof J«§WH$ma Aä`mg AÜ``Z gm{hË`

AmË_M[aÌmVyZ boIH$mÀ`m ^yVH$mbmMo EH$ gwg§JV {MÌ ñnï> ìhmdo Aer Anojm AgVo.VgoM EH$ dmL²>_`àH$ma åhUyZ Ë`mbm H$bmË_H$Vmhr àmßV ìhmdr bmJVo. H$bmË_H$Vm àmßVhmoÊ`mgmR>r VQ>ñWnUm, A{bßV d¥Îmr `m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Amnë`mM Am`wî`mH$S>oVQ>ñWnUo nmhmUo AdKS> AgVo. Vo Á`mbm O_Vo Vmo Amnë`m dV©ZmMm dñVw{Zð> {dMma H$ê$eH$Vmo. naIS> AmË_narjU H$ê$ eH$Vmo Am{U àm_m{UH$nUo Amnë`m Am`wî`mMm nQ>dmMH$m§g_moa C^m H$ê$ eH$Vmo. _amR>rV Aer H$mhr AmË_M[aÌo {Z_m©U Pmbr AmhoV. CXm.bú_r~mB© {Q>iH$ `m§Mo 'ñ_¥{V{MÌo', {dlm_ ~oS>oH$a `m§Mo 'EH$ PmS> Am{U XmoZ njr', gwZrVmXoenm§S>o `m§Mo 'Amho _Zmoha Var', H$_b nmÜò `m§Mo '~§Y-AZw~§Y', C{_©bm ndma `m§Mo'Am`XmZ', Á`moËñZm H$X_ `m§Mo 'ga Am{U _r' B.

2.4 AmË_M[aÌna boIZ : ñdê$n

AmnU nm{hbo H$s 'AmË_M[aÌ' hm g§nyU© OrdZmMm nQ> CbJSy>Z XmIdVo. `mMmM AW©AmË_M[aÌH$mamÀ`m OrdZmMo ~hþVm§er g§nyU© {MÌ Ë`mVyZ Cô amhVo. 'AmË_M[aÌna boIZ'ho AWm©VM AmË_M[aÌmnojm H$mhr A§er doJio AgVo.

'AmË_M[aÌna boIZ' ho gbJ ZgVo. gwQ>çm boIm§À`m ñdê$nmV AgVo. boIH$Amnë`m OrdZmVrb H$mhr {ZdS>H$ KQ>Zm dm àg§Jm§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur AemboIZmV H$aVmo. ho boIZ VwH$S>çm VwH$S>çm§Zr, {d{dY H$mimVhr {b{hboobo AgVo.{XdmirA§H$mVyZ dJ¡ao ho boI à{gÕ hmoVmV. Amnë`m Am`wî`mVrb H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m ì`ŠVr,Ë`m§À`mer Agbobo g§~§Y `m{df`r àg§JmonmÎm boIZ Ho$bo OmVo. H$mhr H$mimZo Ago boIg§H${bV Ho$bo OmVmV d AmË_M[aÌna boIZmMm g§J«h {gÕ hmoVmo.

2.4.1 AmË_M[aÌ d AmË_M[aÌna bIoZ-gmå`ôX

WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s 'AmË_M[aÌ' {bhm`Mo Agm CÔoe R>odyZ, gbJnUo



1) 'AmË_M[aÌ' hm gm{hË`àH$ma Amnë`mH$S>o .................... gm{hË`mer g§~§Y Amë`mda ê$Obm.

2) AmË_M[aÌmMm Zm`H$ ........................ hm AgVmo.

3) ..................... ................... hr AmË_M[aÌmMo ñdê$n {ZpíMV H$aV AgVo.

4) AmË_M[aÌmbm H$bmË_H$Vm àmßV hmoÊ`mgmR>r ..................... Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

5) _amR>rVrb Vwåhr dmMboë`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ AmË_M[aÌm§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

Ho$bobo boIZ åhUOo AmË_M[aÌ. OÝ_mnmgyZ Odi Odi g§nyU© Am`wî`mMm nQ> Ë`mV_m§S>bobm AgVmo. Va AmË_M[aÌna> boIZ ho àmg§{JH$ H$maUm§Zr Ho$boë`m gwQ>çm gwQ>çmboIZmMo g§H$bZ AgVo. g§nyU© Am`wî`mMo Xe©Z Ë`mVyZ KS>dÊ`mMm boIH$mMm CÔoeZgVmo. Va Amnë`m Am`wî`mVrb Á`m ^mJmMo Xe©Z dmMH$mbm KS>mdo, Ago boIH$mbm dmQ>VoVodT>mM ^mJ boIH$ eãX~Õ H$aVmo. åhUOoM boIH$mMm hoVy dm boIZm_mJMr Ë`mMr àoaUm`mVM \$aH$ Agë`m_wio AmË_M[aÌna boIZ ho AmË_M[aÌmnojm doJio R>aVo.

Amnë`mbm Aä`mgmgmR>r ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mo "àdmg : EH$m boIH$mMm' hoAmË_M[aÌna boIm§Mo nwñVH$ Zo_bo Amho. `m nwñVH$mÀ`m erf©H$mdê$Zhr ghO Ü`mZmV òVoH$s 'boIH$' åhUyZ ñdV:Mr OS>UKS>U H$er Pmbr `mMm emoY boIH$ KoVmo Amho d VmoemoY dmMH$m§g_moa R>dVmo Amho. OÝ_mnmgyZ gbJ g§nyU© OrdZM[aÌ dmMH$mg_moa R>odÊ`mMmhoVy Ë`m_mJo Zmhr. AYyZ_YyZ bhmZnUrÀ`m H$mhr AmR>dUr Ë`mV òVmV BVHo$M.

Amnë`m boIZàdmgm{df`r gm§JVmZm _mS>JyiH$a Amnbm Ka~m§YUrMm AZw^d,KamVbr {b{hÊ`mMr Imobr, H$mhr nwñVH$m§À`m {Z{_©VrH$Wm `m{df`r dmMH$mbm _m{hVrXoVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m boIZàdmgmMr PbH$ nhm`bm {_iVo. nU g§nyU© boIZàdmghrgbJnUo CbJS>Vmo Ago Zmhr åhUyZ øm nwñVH$mbm 'AmË_M[aÌ' Zìho Va 'AmË_M[aÌnaboIZ' åhUm`Mo.

`m boIZmVyZ _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ì`{º$_ÎdmÀ`m doJdoJù`m n¡by§da ZH$iV àH$me nS>bmAmho d Ë`mVyZ 'boIH$' `m _hÎdmÀ`m n¡byIoarO Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr {d{dY n[a_mUohr(Am`m_, dimensions) Amnë`mbm g_OVmV. Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg AmnU nwT>rb nmR>mVH$aUma AmhmoV.

2.5 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU AmË_M[aÌ `m dmL²>_`àH$mamMo ñdê$n, Ë`mMr d¡{eï>çoWmoS>Š`mV nm{hbr. _amR>rVrb _hÎdmMr d H$bmË_H$ nmVirda nmoMbobr H$mhr AmË_M[aÌo_mhrV H$ê$Z KoVbr. AmË_M[aÌna boIZ AmË_M[aÌmhÿ>Z H$go doJio R>aVo, Vo Aä`mgbo.



1) AmË_M[aÌmVyZ boIH$mÀ`m OrdZmMo--------{MÌ dmMH$mg_moa Cô amhmVo.

2) AmË_M[aÌna boIZ ho--------ZgVo.

3) 'àdmg : EH$m boIH$mMm' ho AmË_M[aÌ ZgyZ--------Amho.

AmVm nwT>rb nmR>mV 'àdmg : EH$m boIH$mMm' `m _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m AmË_M[aÌna boIZmMmg{dñVa n[aM` H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mm Amho.

2.6 gmam§e

_amR>r gm{hË`mbm 'AmË_M[aÌ' `m dmL²>_`àH$mamMr AmoiI B§J«Or gm{hË`mÀ`mn[aM`m_wio Pmbr.

AmË_M[aÌboIZmV boIH$mMr AmË_emoYmMr OmUrd _hÎdmMr AgVo. boIH$mMm hoVyAmË_M[aÌmMo ñdê$n {ZpíMV H$aV AgVmo. 'ñdV:M ñdV:À`m OrdZmMm H$mT>bobm AmboI'åhUOo AmË_M[aÌ Ago WmoS>Š`mV åhUVm `oB©b.

AmË_M[aÌo H$Yrhr g§nyU©-n[anyU© ZgVmV H$maU _mUgmÀ`m _¥Ë`yÀ`m jUmn`ªV Vr{b{hbr OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV. VgoM ~mbnUrÀ`m AmR>dUtgmR>r BVam§da Adb§~yZ amhmdobmJVo.

'AmË_M[aÌ' gm{hË`àH$ma åhUyZ _mÝ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vo H$bmË_H$ nmVirda nmohMmdobmJVo.

AmË_M[aÌna boIZ ho AmË_M[aÌmnojm H$mhr à_mUmV doJio AgVo. Vo gbJ ZgVo.gwQ>o gwQ>o boIZ AgVo. boIH$mÀ`m hoVyZwgma Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmVrb R>am{dH$ KQ>Zm§Mo eãXê$nAgVo.


2.3 1) B§J«Or 2) boIH$ ñdV:M

3) AmË_emoYmMr OmUrd 4) VQ>ñWnUmMr

5) ñ_¥{V{MÌo - bú_r~mB© {Q>iH$ d _mPo nwamU - ~m`m H$d}

2.4 1) g§nyU© 2) gbJ 3) AmË_M[aÌna boIZ

gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

'AmË_M[aÌ' `m gm{hË` àH$mamMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$ê$Z AmË_M[aÌna boIZ Ë`mnmgyZH$go doJio R>aVo Vo gm§Jm.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> 3 :

'àdmg EH$m boIH$mMm' : n[aM`

3.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, _mJÀ`m nmR>mV AmnU AmË_M[aÌna boIZ åhUOo H$m` Vo nm{hbo.ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m 'àdmg : EH$m boIH$mMm' `m AmË_M[aÌna nwñVH$mMm Aä`mgAmVm `m nmR>mV H$am`Mm Amho. _yi nwñVH$mÀ`m ~amo~arZo hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmbm,

l ~hþAm`m_r ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JVm `oB©b d Ë`m Ñï>rZo ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm {df`r {b{hVm `oB©b.

3.1 àmñVm{dH$

'àdmg EH$m boIH$mMm' `m AmË_na boIg§J«hmV _mS>JyiH$a `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m boIZmMrgwédmV, boIH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr OS>UKS>U H$er Pmbr `mMm öX`§J_ AmboI H$mT>bm Amho.OÝ_, ~mbnU, {ejU d J¥hñWml_ `m H«$_mZo {b{hbobo gm§Ho${VH$ nÕVrMo ho AmË_M[aÌ

"àdmg EH$m coIH$mMm' : n[aM` / 17

3.1 C{Ôï>o3.1 àmñVm{dH$3.2 boIH$ _mS>JyiH$a3.3 {MÌH$ma _mS>JyiH$a3.4 ^Q>H§$VrV a_Umam {ZgJ©ào_r3.5 {eH$mar _mS>JyiH$a3.6 eoVH$ar _mS>JyiH$a3.7 Hw$Qw>§~dËgb J¥hñW3.8 g_mamon3.9 gmam§e

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : CÎmaogamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

Zmhr. hr gwIXw:ImË_H$ AmR>dUtMr gmIir Amho. bm{bË`nyU© e¡brVbo AmË_{ZdoXZ Amho.1994 gmbr ho nwñVH$ à{gÕ Pmbo Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m VmodaÀ`m àdmgmH$S>o VQ>ñWd¥ÎmrZo nm{hbo Amho.

`m nwñVH$mVyZ _mS>JyiH$am§Mo Aï>n¡by ì`{ŠV_Îd àH$Q>bobo {XgVo. "boIH$ Ka~m§YVmo', 'Imobr {bhÊ`m-dmMÊ`mMr', '_mUXoer _mUg§', 'M[aÌ EH$m H$mX§~arM§', 'XßVaEH$m boIH$mMo', 'l_mMo \$i', 'YmàrÀ`m Imar', '^¥Jw gm§JVmV H$s' Am{U'g§H$ën EH$EH$a {nH$mMm' `m àH$aUm§VyZ Vo {deofËdmZo àË``mg òVo.

àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU `m àH$aUm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

1) boIH$

2) {MÌH$ma

3) ^Q>H§$VrV a_Umam {ZgJ©ào_r

4) {eH$mar

5) eoVH$ar

6) Hw$Qw>§~dËgb J¥hñW

Ago Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo {dbmo^Zr` n¡by 'àdmg EH$m boIH$mMm' `m nwñVH$mVyZÑï>rg nS>VmV.

àm. _. X. hmVH$U§JboH$a Ë`m§À`m{df`r åhUVmV, ""_amR>rVbo Vo AZoH$b{bVH$bm§_Üò JVr AgUmao Am{U Ë`mV JwUdÎmoZo dmdaUmao gm{hpË`H$ AmhoV. `m àH$maMmXwgam gm{hpË`H$ _amR>rV emoYyZ gmnS>Uo H$R>rU Amho.''

3.2 boIH$ _mS>JyiH$a

boIH$ åhUyZ ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m H$maH$sXuMr gwédmV 1946 gmbrPmbr. 1948 gmbr Vo _w§~B©bm amhm`bm Ambo. J. am. H$m_V Voìhm 'gË`H$Wm' `m _m{gH$mMoghm`H$ g§nmXH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m ImobrV _mS>JyiH$a amhÿ bmJbo. {VWoM Ë`m§Zr '_mUXoer_mUg§' {b{hbr. '_m¡O' `m gmßVm{hH$mVyZ Xa AmR>dS>çmbm EH$ `mà_mUo Vr à{gÕ Pmbr.Ë`m{df`r ñdV: _mS>JyiH$a åhUVmV, "" '_m¡O' àËòH$ _§Jidmar {ZKUma. àËòH$ _§Jidmar_bm EH$ Zdm _mUXoer _mUyg emoYmdm bmJUma, emoYm`bm Hw$R>§ Xya Xya ^Q>H$md§ bmJUmaZìhV§. _mUXoemVrb _mÂ`m bhmZ IoS>oJmdmVrb Ka§, _io, dmS>çmdaÀ`m dñË`m qhS>bmo.eoOmanmOmaMr, AmR>dS>m ~mOmaMr {R>H$mU§ Yw§S>br H$s _bm _mUg§M _mUg§ ôQ>Uma hmoVr. Ë`m


_mUgm§À`m JXuVyZ {ZdS> H$aU§ EdT>§ H$m_ _bm H$amd§ bmJUma hmoV§.'' (àdmg : n¥. 28)

Aer '_m¡O' `m gmßVm{hH$mVyZ Ë`m§Mr '_mUXoer _mUgo' à{gÕ Pmbr. hr _mUgo BVH$s^maVr`, BVH$s _ybJm_r, g_mOì`dñWoMr BVH$s àm{V{Z{YH$, BVH$s _mVrer B_mZamIUmar hmoVr H$s Ë`m§Zr gmam _mUXoer àXoe, na§nam, n`m©daU eãXm§V {Od§V Ho$bo.'_mUXoer _mUg§' Zo _mS>JyiH$am§Zm boIH$ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.

_mUXoemÀ`m d¡amU _wbyImV _mS>JyiH$am§Zr bhmZnUrMr OdiOdi AR>am df}Kmbdbr. {VWo A§YlÕm hmoVr, Xm[aÐç hmoVo. Myb noQ>dÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam {dñVdeoOmè`m§H$Sy>Z AmUbm OmB©. g§Ü`mH$mir {Xì`mda {Xdm noQ>dyZM KamoKar H$mimoI COibmOmB©. {VWo AR>amnJS> OmVr O_mVtÀ`m _mUgm§er boIH$mMm g§nH©$ òB©. Ë`m§À`m~amo~aboIH$mZo JmdmVrb D$ê$g, OÌm, Hw$ñË`m§Mo \$S>, H$moëhmQ>çm§Mo Ioi g_ag hmoD$Z nm{hbo.Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr Jmoï>rdoëhmi hmoVo. Vo {b{hVmV, 'øm d`mV Hw$Qw>§~mV _bm _m`m {_imbr Ë`m§Zr_bm _m`m {Xbr. ehmUnU {Xb§ Am{U Jmoï>r gm§JÊ`mMm dgm {Xbm. lmdU _{hÝ`mV,VihmVmda Mma YmÝ`XmUo R>odyZ _mPr AmB© gwaoI H$hmÊ`m gm§Jo. Am{XË`-amUy~mB©MrH$hmUr, ewH«$dmaMr H$hmUr, amZmV Jwa§ amIUmè`m am_m~amo~a H$Yr Jobmo, H$s gmdbrV ~gyZVmo Jmoï>r gm§Jo. MmoamMnmQ>çm, qeXiH$sÀ`m, _mòÀ`m, dS>rb H$YrH$Yr MH$ì`mÀ`m Jmoï>r \$maa§JyZ gm§JV. JmdmVë`m XodimV Mmbboë`m h[a{dO`, am_{dO`gma»`m nmoÏ`m, AYyZ_YyZhmoUmar H$sV©Zo, nmodmS>o, OÌoÀ`m amÌr nm{hbobo V_meo, EoH$bobr Eo{H$do, ømVyZ _r H$WZ-H$g~ H$iV-ZH$iV CMbb§. '(n¥. 161 àdmg EH$m boIH$mMm) Aem àH$mao Amnë`mboIZmÀ`m nyd©V`mar{df`r Vo {dZ_«nUo {b{hVmV.

g§ñH$maj_ H$modù`m d`mV Ho$boë`m dmMZ{df`mMo dU©Z Ë`m§Zr e¡brnyU© eãXm§V Ho$boAmho. '{H$ÝhB©' ZmdmÀ`m Jmdr Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Mr ~Xbr Pmbr hmoVr. {VWo Á`m ^mS>çmÀ`mKamV Vo amhmV hmoVo {VWo Ë`m KamV _mù`mda EH$m noQ>rV Iyn nwñVHo$ hmoVr. 'n§MV§Ì', harZmamÙ AmnQ>o `m§À`m H$m§X~è`m, Aa~r ^mfoVrb gwag Am{U M_ËH$m[aH$ Jmoï>r Aer{H$VrVar, `m nwñVH$m§Mm AmñdmX KoVmZm dmMZ ZmdmMr Jmoï> {H$Vr AmZ§XXm`H$ Agy eH$Vo`mMm Ë`m§Zr Anyd© AZw^d KoVbm. 'H$éUmï>H$' `m H$mX§~arV `m g§~§YrMo CëboI AmboAmhoV.

_w§~B©Mo KmB©JXuMo OrdZ Am{U MmirVë`m EH$m ImobrV amhUo Z _mZdë`m_wio XmoZ-AS>rM dfmªVM Vo nwÊ`mV ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. n§MmdÞ gmbr J«m_rU H$m`©H«$_m§Mo g§`moOH$ åhUyZnwUo AmH$medmUr H|$Ðmda Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Pmbr. Ë`m§À`m boIZmbm ~ha Ambm. gm{hË`{dœmV_mÝ`Vm {_imbr. bm¡{H$H$ èhr àmßV Pmbo. 'boIH$ Ka ~m§YVmo' `m àH$aUmV Ë`m§MrAmnbr ñdV:Mr 'Aja' dmñVy H$er C^r am{hbr `mMo amoMH$ dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. amÌr nhmQ>oAm{U Xwnmar em§VVm KamV `mdr.... gH$miM§ H$modi§ D$Z KamV am§Jb§ nm{hOo Am{U amÌrMmM§ÐàH$me A§JUmV CVabm nm{hOo ho Ë`m§Mo ñdßZ hmoVo. {ZgJm©À`m Hw$erV, {Zdm§V OmJr_mYd AmMdbm§Zr {S>PmB©Z Ho$bobo, Img ì`pŠV_Îd Agbobo Ka Cô am{hbo.


gwédmVrnmgyZ `m Kambm boIH$, àH$meH$ Am{U g§nmXH$ `m§Mm hmVâ H$gm bmJbm Ë`mMmVnerb bm{bË`nyU© e¡brV boIH$mZo gm§{JVbm Amho. AjagmYZo_wio 'Aja' hr dmñVyC^r am{hbr `m~ÔbMr H¥$VkVm Ë`m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$br Amho.

'M[aÌ' EH$m H$m§X~arM§, `m àH$aUmV boIH$mZo '~ZJadmS>r' `m Ë`m§À`mH$m§X~arboIZm_mJMr àoaUm, nmœ©^y_r, {Vbm bm^bobo {dbjU è gmè`m{df`r àm§ObnUoAm{U A{bßVnUo {b{hbo Amho. qZ~dS>çmbm H$mhr H$mi Ë`m§Zr {ejH$mMr ZmoH$ar Ho$br.{VWbr _|T>ao, {VWbr _mUgo, {VWbm A§Yma, {VWbr C~ {_iyZ Ë`m§À`m _Yrb g¥OZerbboIH$ KS>V Jobm. Jmoï>rdoëhmi ^mdmÀ`m Jßnm§VyZ, amÌr MmdS>r-XodimnwT>o A§YmamV hmoUmè`mJßnm§_YyZ _ZmV doJio agm`Z V`ma hmoB©. Amnë`m n[agamVyZ Am{U 'ñd' {df`H$Om{UdoVyZ Ë`m§Zm ~ZJadmS>rVrb ì`pŠVaoIm gmnS>ë`m. Vo åhUVmV, ""_bm dmQ>V§, _mÂ`m~mB© AmOrMohr H$mhr JwU _r eoHy$À`m ~m`H$mobm {Xbo AmhoV Am{U Ë`m ~mim ~ZJamVWmoS>mgm _rhr {_gibmo Amho.'' (n¥. 37 àdmg EH$m boIH$mMm)

`m H$mX§~arbm _hmamï´> emgZmM§ n{hb§ nm[aVmo{fH$ {_imb§. {VM§ B§J«Or ^mfm§Va à{gÕPmb§. S>m°. gmoÝ`m`_a `m§Zr {VM§ O_©Z ^mfm§Va Ho$b§.

MmoI§Xi g_rjH$m§Zr, a{gH$m§Zr, Í`§. e§. eoOdbH$a, S>m°. BamdVr H$d}, S>m°.gmoÝ`m`_a `m§À`mgma»`m àkmd§VmZr '~ZJadmS>rMo' H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo `mMo Ë`m§Zm g_mYmZdmQ>bo. gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$m§n`ªV Amnbr hr gm{hË`H¥$Vr nmohMbr `m~Ôb Ë`m§Zm H¥$VmW©VmdmQ>Vo.

'dmdQ>i' `m H$mX§~ardarb ñdV§Ì àH$aUmV Ë`m§Zr `m H$m§X~arV dmñVd AZw^dmMo{MÌU H$go Ho$bo Ë`m{df`r gm§{JVbo Amho. Jm§YrhËòZ§Va IoS>monmS>r Pmboë`m ^`mUOminmoirMo {MÌU Ë`mV Amho. Jm§YrdYmV _hmamï´>mÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmV Omo ~«m÷UO_mVr{déÕ CR>md Pmbm Ë`mMr H$Wm e§H$a ZmdmÀ`m EH$m VéU ~«m÷U {dÚmÏ`m©À`mVm|Sy>Z EoH$dbr Amho. nwÊ`mV ApñWaVm {Z_m©U Pmë`mda e§H$a Jmem Jw§S>miyZ Amnë`m{_Ìm§g_doV dmQ>oV ~o{MamI Pmboë`m Jmdm§Zm digo KmbV Kar OmV AgVmo. Ë`mZoAZw^dboë`m àg§JmVyZ g§e`, A{dœmg, Y¡`©, H«$m¡`©, namH$moQ>rMm A{dMmarnUm `mMo dU©Z_mS>JyiH$am§Zr naIS>nUo Ho$bo Amho.

'EH$ H$Wmg§J«h : ~mOma' `m àH$aUmV Ë`m§À`m '~mOma' øm H$Wmg§J«hm{df`r Ë`m§Zr{b{hb§ Amho. Vmo Ë`m§Mm AmdS>Vm H$Wmg§J«h. `mhr H$Wmg§J«hm_Yrb nmÌ§ Ë`m§À`m n[agamVrbAmhoV. nmoa d`mV, VéU d`mV Ë`m§Zm {eH$marMm ZmX bmJbm. {ZgJm©Mm ghdmg _Z_wamXbwQ>Vm Ambm. d¡Xy, \$mgonmaYr, am_moer, _m§J, H$mVH$ar, ôJm Aem bmoH$m§Mr gmW-gmo~V{_imbr. Ë`m_YyZ `m g§J«hmVrb H$Wm H$em gmH$ma Pmë`m, Ë`m{df`r _mS>JyiH$am§Zrg{dñVa {b{hbo Amho.

'XßVa EH$m boIH$mMo' `m àH$aUmV 1947 Vo 1968 `m H$mbmdYrV Ë`m§Zm


gm{hË`, {MÌnQ>, ZmQ>H$ Am{U AmH$medmUrer g§~§{YV Aem AZoH$ Zm_d§V gwöXm§Zr{b{hbobr nÌo-{Xbr AmhoV. VËH$mbrZ dmL²>_`rZ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmda Ë`m_YyZAmoPaVm àH$me nS>Vmo. g_H$mbrZ boIH$m§er Ë`m§Mo g§~§Y H$go {Oìhmù`mMo hmoVo VoCbJS>Vo. 'A{^éMr' _m{gH$mMo g§nmXH$ nw. Am. {MÌo d '_m¡O' Mo lr. nw. ^mJdV `m§À`merPmbobm Ë`m§Mm nÌì`dhma hm _mS>JyiH$am§Mm boIZàdmg g_OyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo A{Ve`_hÎdmMm R>aVmo. àm. J§JmYa JmS>Jri, àm. AmZ§X `mXd, àm. J§. ^m. {Za§Va, e§H$a nmQ>rb,kmZoœa ZmS>H$Uu, ~mi gm_§V, Hw$gw_mdVr Xoenm§S>o, JmonmiH¥$îU ^mo~o, qdXm H$a§XrH$a, nw.b. Xoenm§S>o, Jmo. Zr. Xm§S>oH$a, dm. {d. ^Q>, _mo. km. ehmUo, àm. AaqdX _§Jiê$iH$a `m§Zr{b[hbobr nÌo boIZmÀ`m g§X^m©Vbr AmhoV. VerM d¡`{º$H$ {Oìhmù`mZo AmoW§~bobrAmhoV.

AmnU H$m {bhm`M§ - `m{df`rM§ Ë`m§M§ ^mZ VéU d`mVhr OmJ¥V hmoV§. Vo {b{hVmV,""_mPr JaO M[aVmWm©gmR>r n¡go {_idU§ hr hmoVr. _bm {bhm`bm òV hmoV§. _J _rVmB©_mB©À`m JmoS> JmoS> Jmoï>r, b¢{JH$ MoVmdÊ`m XoUmè`m Jmoï>r, a§OH$ ahñ`H$Wm, ^yVH$Wm H$mZmhr {b{hë`m? dV©_mZnÌmgmR>r H$m Zmhr {b{hb§?

"_bm OrdZmer g§~Õ {bhm`M§ hmoV§. _mUXoe `m àXoemVrb bmoH$ H$go OJVmV, H$m`{dMma H$aVmV, H$m` ^moJVmV, H$m` Cn^moJVmV, ho _bm AZw^dmer àm_m{UH$ amhÿZgm§Jm`M§ hmoV§. øm _mUgm§Mr OJÊ`mMr XwX©å` BÀN>m Hw$R>ë`mhr n[apñWVrV nm` amodyZ Ambm{Xdg gwIXw:Imgh ñdrH$maÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr C_oX, Ý`m`~wÕr, Mm§Jë`m dmB©Q>m~ÔbMmd¡`pŠVH$ {d{Y{ZfoY `mM§ Xe©Z KS>dm`M§ hmoV§. AmnU ^m{fH$ H¥$Vr H$am`Mr Va hrM. XwgarH$mhr Zmhr, Ag§ R>m_ dmQy>Z _r _mUXoer _mUgm§H$S>o dibmo. {b{hUo hm J§^ranUo H$am`MmEH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ ì`dhma Amho, ho ^mZ _bm Ë`m d`mVhr hmoVo.'' (n¥. 30-31)

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m à{Vôbm AZoH$ dmQ>m AmhoV. AZoH$ gm{hË`àH$ma Ë`m§ZrèñdrnUo hmVmibo AmhoV. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, ZmQ>H$, àdmgdU©Z, ñ\w Q>, b{bV, _m{hVrna{eH$marMr dU©Zo, {MÌnQ>H$Wm B. {edm` aoImQ>Zo, {MÌnQ>mVrb bhmZ ^y{_H$m, ao{S>AmoVrbH$m_{Jar Ago {d{dY n¡by Ë`m§À`m gm{hpË`H$ Am{U H$bmË_H$ Am{dîH$mambm AmhoV. Am{UË`mn¡H$s H$mhtMm AJXr AmoPaVm C„oI 'àdmg EH$ boIH$mMm' _Üò Ambm Amho.

CXm. J§JmYa JmS>Jrim§À`m EH$m nÌmV '_r Vwig VwÂ`m A§JUr' `m {MÌnQ>mV_mS>JyiH$am§Zr Ho$boë`m EH$m ^y{_Ho$Mm C„oI Ambm Amho. (n¥. 86). '^ë`mMr Xw{Z`m' `m{MÌnQ>mVhr Ë`m§Zr EH$ ^y{_H$m Ho$br hmoVr. (n¥. 103)

Am§~oOmoJmB© òWo âboë`m 57 ì`m gm{hË`g§_obZmMo AÜ`jñWmZ ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$a `m§Zr ^yfdbo. Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo ^mfU `m nwñVH$mV g_m{dï> Ho$bo Amho.Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr ~mbnUrÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mm, g§ñH$mam§Mm CëboI Ho$bobm Amho. ñdV:À`mboIZà{H«$ò{df`r gm§{JVbo Amho. Ë`m§Mo OrdZ{df`H$ VÎdkmZ ghOnUo Ë`m ^mfUmVyZàH$Q> Pmbo Amho.


Vo åhUVmV, ''àË`j OrdZ OJV AgVmZm Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m g§X^m©V gm_m{OH$àý, g§Kf© AQ>i AgVmV. H$bmd§V Ë`mbm gmjr AgVmoM. Ë`mnmgyZ Vmo ~mOybm amhÿ eH$VZmhr nU Vmo H$moUVohr P|S>o Im§Úmda KoV Zmhr d Ë`mMr Oéar ZgVo.''

dmMZ _mUgmbm g_¥Õ H$aVo. Ë`m{df`r Vo åhUVmV, ""boIH$mbm dmMZ ho nmofH$ÐìÀmho. nU _wimV à{V^m Zgbr Va _mÌ nwVù`mbm nmofUÐì`§ Mmê$Z Vmo Ogm gOrd hmoVZmhr, Vgm dmMH$hr gm{hpË`H$ hmoUma Zmhr. Aem `m {b{IV Ajam§nbrH$S>rb EH$ dmMZgm{hpË`H$mbm H$am`M§ AgV§, Vo _mZdr g_yhmM§.''

3.3 {MÌH$ma _mS>JyiH$a

{MÌH$ma _mS>JyiH$a : bhmZ d`mVM _mS>JyiH$am§Zm {MÌH$boMm N>§X OS>bm.'H$éUmï>H$' `m H$m§X~arV Ë`mg§~§YmZo Ë`m§Zr {b{hbo Amho. {MÌH$boMr narjm XoÊ`mgmR>r VoEH$Q>oM H$go {MÌH$bm _mñVaÀ`m Kar am{hbo Ë`mMr hH$sH$V Ë`mV òVo. MdWrÀ`m narjmnmg Pmë`mda Vo VmbwŠ`mbm B§J«Or hm`ñHy$b_Üò Jobo. Ë`m emioV Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jbo {MÌH$bm{ejH$ ôQ>bo. _mS>JyiH$am§Zm {MÌH$boV ~è`mn¡H$s JVr hmoVr. nU AmOy~mOyMo dmVmdaU{MÌH$bobm nmofH$ ZìhVo. Vo {b{hVmV, '_r øm H$mimV Oa CÎm_ {MÌH$mam§Mr àXe©Z§ nm{hbrAgVr, {eënàXe©Z§ nm{hbr AgVr Va, _mPr dmQ> eãXm§H$S>o Z OmVm a§Jaofm§H$S>ohr dibrAgVr.' (n¥. 143) Ë`m§Zr Oba§JmVbr Am{U V¡ba§Jm§Vbr {MÌhr a§Jdbr. Ë`m§À`md{S>bm§Mr ~Xbr '{H$ÝhB©' `m {ZgJ©aå` Jmdr Pmbr hmoVr. {VWë`m amOdmS>çmV bmdbobr_moR>_moR>r ^ì` nmoQ´>oQ>g Ë`m§Zr nm{hbr. a{dd_m©, â_mßnm H$moQ>çmiH$a, {^d gwVma øm§Zra§Jdbobr V¡b{MÌ nm{hbr, {MÌH$ma ìhmd§ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Iyn IQ>nQ> Ho$br. nU {MÌH$bogmR>ra§J, ~«e, H$mJX hr _hmJS>r gmYZ§ Ë`m§Zm {_imbr ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio AJXr WmoS>çm gmYZm§ZrH$aVm òUmè`m aoIm{MÌm§H$S>o Vo dibo Am{U gVV aoIm{MÌo H$mT>rV am{hbo.



1) boIH$ åhUyZ _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$maH$rXuMr gwédmV ................... gmbr Pmbr.

2) ................... ho 'gË`H$Wm' _m{gH$mMo g§nmXH$ hmoVo.

3) '_mUXoer _mUg§' àW_ ................... `m gmßVm{hH$mVyZ à{gÕ Pmbr.

4) _mS>JyiH$am§Mo ~mbnU ................... BWo ì`VrV Pmbo.

5) S>m°. gmoÝ`m`_a `m§Zr '~ZJadmS>r' M§ ................... ^mfoV ^mfm§Va Ho$b§.

6) ................... hm H$Wmg§J«h _mS>JyiH$am§Mm AmdS>Vm H$Wmg§J«h.

7) ................... BWo Pmcoë`m gm{hË` g§_ocZmMo _mS>JyiH$a AÜ`j hmoVo.

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m boIZ e¡brV OmUdUmao {MÌXeu Vnerb åhUOo Ë`m§À`mVrb `m{MÌH$mamMrM {H$_`m Agob H$m? Agm {dMma _ZmV òVmo. '_bm dmQ>V§ _r boIUrbm Hw§$MbmAm{U H$moè`m H$mJXmbm H°$Zìhmg Ho$b§ nmoQ´>}Q>g Am{U b°ÊS>ñHo$n {MVmabr.' Ago Ë`m§ZråhQ>bo Amho.

à{gÕ \«| M {MÌH$ma ìh°Z Jm°J Á`m 'Amb©' `m Jmdr amhmV hmoVm {VWo OmÊ`mMr g§Yr_mS>JyiH$am§Zm {_imbr. '{MÌo Am{U M[aÌo' `m nwñVH$mV Ë`m§Zr {b{hb§ Amho, ""n§T>arbmJoë`mda àgmX-~wŠH$m ¿`mdm, Vgo H$mhr {MÌH$bm gm{hË` _r øm ìh°Z Jm°JÀ`m Jmdr KoVbo.a§JrV nopÝgbr, _moR>o ñHo$M~wH$, a§JrV H$m§S>çm§Mr noQ>r-EdT>o.'' Ë`m§À`m `m CÒmamVyZ{MÌH$bo{df`r Am{U {MÌH$mam{df`r AgUmar Ë`m§Mr CËH$Q> AmñWm {XgyZ òVo.

{MÌm§{df`r, a§Jg§JVr {df`r, N>m`m àH$memÀ`m Ioim{df`r _mS>JyiH$a AMyH$nUo Am{U__©knUo {b{hVmV. Ë`m§À`m ^mfoVbo {MÌX{e©Ëd hohr Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVrb {MÌH$mamMmàË`` XoVo.

3.4 ^Q>H§$VrV a_Umam {ZgJ©ào_r

^Q>H§$Vr_Üò a_Umam {ZgJ©ào_r :

_mUXoemVë`m ~mameo dñVrÀ`m EH$m bhmZem JmdmV _mS>JyiH$am§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm.d`mMr Odi Odi AR>am dfo© Ë`m§Zr {VWo H$mT>br. doJdoJù`m OmVr O_mVrÀ`mIoiJS>çm§~amo~a Ë`m§Zr 'dZ{dÚm' {eHy$Z KoVbr. Ë`mV AmoT>çmVë`m YmaoVbo _mgo nH$S>Uo,PmS>mÀ`m T>mobrVbr amKyMr {n„§ H$er H$mT>mdrV, OZmdam§Mm _mJ H$gm ¿`mdm, JbmobrZ§ nmado{Q>nUo ho gJi§ hmoV§. Ë`m_wio {ZgJm©Mr AmoT> Ë`m§Zm ~mbnUmnmgyZ hmoVr. Amnë`m XoemVbmg§nÞ-{ZgJ©, amZdZ§, dÝ` àmUr, njr ho Ë`m§Zm AmH$fy©Z KoVmV. '{ZË`mÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$mnojmdoJio ZmVodmB©H$' Ë`m§Zm {ZgJm©V ôQ>VmV. Ë`mMo àË`§Va Ë`m§À`m boIZmVyZ gVV òVo.Ë`m§À`m H$Wm H$mX§~è`mVyZ {ZgJ© _mZdr OrdZmer EH$ê$n hmoD$ZM Ambobm {XgVmo. 'àdmgEH$m boIH$mMm' `m nwñVH$mVhr Amnë`mbm Ë`m§À`mVrb {ZgJ©ào_r ^Q>Š`m H$bmd§VmMo Xe©ZKS>Vo. Ka ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r OmJm {ZdS>VmZm Ë`m§Zr Omo {dMma Ho$bm Ë`mVyZhr Vo ñnï> hmoVo.'_r \$ma O§OmimV Z {eaVm R>adb§ H$s OmJm ehamVë`m JXuÀ`m ^mJmbm, dmhË`m añË`mbm\$Q>Hy$ZM Agmdr, {VW§ amÌr, nhmQ>o Am{U Xwnmar em§VVm KamV `mdr. AmOy~mOybm ~a§M_moH$i§ amZ, àm¡T> PmS>o, JdV, PwS>n§ AgmdrV. Q>oH$S>rMm Am{U dmhË`m IimiË`m nmÊ`mMmeoOma Agmdm. {OW§ Ka ~m§Yy, Vr OmJm Var Eogn¡g nm{hOoM. gH$miM§ H$modi§ D$Z KamVam§Jb§ nm{hOo Am{U amÌrMm M§ÐàH$me A§JUmV CVabm nm{hOo.' (n¥. 5)

nwÊ`mOdi Ë`m§Zr EH$ EH$a O_rZ {dH$V KoVbr. gwÅ>rÀ`m {Xder Vo {VWo OmV, '"ImareonQ>çm CS>drV niV. dmam âmdV amhr. _moH$ù`m amZmV hþ§XS>Umè`m dmgambm hmoVmo, VgmAmZ§X _bm hmoB©.'' (n¥. 110) Ago Vo {b{hVmV. Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m§Zm {ZgJ© gm{ÞÜ`mMr {H$Vr


AZmda AmoT> hmoVr Vo OmUdVo. ñdV:À`m {ZgJm©À`m AmoT>r{df`r Vo {b{hVmV, "'_mUgmbm{ZgJm©nmgyZ doJi§ Ag§ _bm H$Yr nmhVmM Ambob§ Zmhr... Á`m VéU _wbmÀ`m hmVmV H$YrJiXm§S>r qH$dm ~§XyH$ nS>br Zmhr, Á`mZ§ ZXrVir, S>m|JaO§Jb§ Yw§S>mibr ZmhrV, Ë`m§À`m{ejUmV H$mhr AnwaonUm amhVmoM.'' (n¥. 140)

_mVrMr AmoT>, {ZgJm©V a_Ê`mMm N>§X Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr ^anya àdmg Ho$bm. ñdÀN>§X^Q>H§$Vr Ho$br. Ë`mVyZM 'ZmJ{Pam', 'nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' Aer àdmgdU©Zna nwñVHo${Z_m©U Pmbr.

PmS>m-nmZm§V, àmUr-njrg¥ï>rV a_Umao Ago ho ì`{º$_Îd Agë`m_wio gmh{OH$MË`m§À`m 'OmVrÀ`m' _mUgm§{df`r Ë`m§Zm AmË_r`Vm dmQ>Vo. OoZ JwS>mb `m Jmo[abm§da g§emoYZHo$boë`m YmS>gr ñÌrda Ë`m§Zr boI {b{hbm Amho. 'dmKm§~amo~a EH$ df©' `m boImV _méVr{MÎm_nëbr `m§À`m~amo~a ZmJ{Pè`mÀ`m O§JbmV Ho$boë`m dmñVì`m{df`r {b{hb§ Amho.'gÎmm§Va' hr H$m§X~ar Va g§nyU©nUo dmZam§À`mM OrdZmda Amho.

3.5 {eH$mar _mS>JyiH$a

'_mPm' {eH$marMm N>§X' ({MÌo Am{U M[aÌo) `m boImV _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Amnë`mbm hmN>§X H$gm bmJbm Ë`m{df`r g{dñVa {bhb§ Amho. 'àdmg : EH$m boIH$mMm' `m nwñVH$mV_mÌ _YyZ _YyZ KS>Umao '{eH$mar _mS>JyiH$a' `m§Mo Xe©Z {Q>nmdo bmJVo. bhmZnUram_moem§À`m _wbm§~amo~a Jmo\$U, Hw$èhmS>r, Jbmobr Aer hË`mao dmnê$Z Vo bhmZghmZàmÊ`m§À`m, nú`m§À`m {eH$marMm AmZ§X KoV. Vg§M dfm©VyZ EH$-XmoZ {Xdg gJù`m JmdmZoM{eH$marbm OmÊ`mMm àKmV hmoVm. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mr {eH$marMr AmdS> Omonmgbr Jobr. EH$ ~§XyH$,Xw~uU Am{U H°$_oam `m dñVy {_idm`Mr Ë`m§Mr _hÎdmH$m§jm hmoVr. Ë`mà_mUo d`mÀ`m {der-~mdrerV Ë`m§Zr EH$ CÎm_ ~§XyH$ KoVbr. 1952 Vo 70 `m H$mimV bhmZghmZ {eH$marË`m§Zr Ho$ë`m Am{U amZmdZmV qhS>Ê`mMm AmZ§X _Z_wamX Cn^moJbm. _mÌ _ZmMr àJë^VmdmT>ë`mda Ë`m§Zr ~§XyH$ Q>mHy$Z Xw~uU hmVmV KoVbr. 'àdmg: EH$m boIH$mMm' _Ü`o Vo{b{hVmV, "'nmoad`mV, VéU d`mV _r {eH$marMm ZmX Ho$bm. øm ZmXmV _r ~aM§ {eH$bmo,ehmUm Pmbmo, {ZgJm©Vbo EH$ XmoZ qH$dm H$~ramÀ`m ^mfoV gm§Jm`M§ Pmb§ Va AS>rM AjaH$iy bmJbr.'' {eH$marÀ`m ZmXmnm`r Vo Iyn qhS>bo, d¡Xy, \$mgonmaYr, am_moer, _m§J,H$mVH$ar ~¡Jm bmoH$m§Mr g§JV-gmo~V Ë`m§Zm {_imbr. `m bmoH$m§Mr ^mfm, Ë`m§M§ OrdZøm§À`mer n[aM` Pmbm. Vmo Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ H$gm H$gm C_Q>bm Vo AmnU Ë`m§À`mH$Wm-H$m§X~è`mVyZ AZw^dVmo.



3.6 eoVH$ar _mS>JyiH$a

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m Kar Oar eoVr hmoVr Var Ë`m§Mo dS>rb eoVH$ar ZìhVo. nU ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$am§Zm AmVyZM _mVrMr AmoT> hmoVr. WmoS>o Am{W©H$ ñdmñÏ` {_iVmM Ë`m§ZrnwÊ`mOdi EH$ EH$a eoV {dH$V KoVb§. 'g_mYmZ AmZ§X Am{U CËgmh `m§M§ EH$ar CËnÞ{H$Vr H$mT>Vm òV§'-ho AO_dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr eoV§ KoVb§. 'l_mM§ \$i' `m boImV Ë`m§Zr`m eoVmÀ`m VwH$S>çmM§ ~hmaXma dU©Z Ho$b§ Amho. Vo åhUVmV, '"EImXm H$dr Ogm nwT>çmVH$moam H$mJX KoD$Z ~gVmo Vgm _r hm O{_ZrMm VwH$S>m nwT>çmV KoD$Z ~go. {dMma EH$M.AmVm nm§T>è`mda H$mi§ H$m` H$amd§.'' eoVr H$aVmZm '{ZgJm©À`m' H¥$no~amo~a Ë`mMr AdH¥$nmhrPobÊ`mMr d¥Îmr Ë`m§Zm OmUdbr. eoVmVbr WmoS>r ^mOr AmoiIrÀ`m _mUgm§Zm XoÊ`mMm AmZ§XË`m§Zr KoVbm. WmoS>r {dH«$rhr Ho$br. Amnë`m eoVmVbr S>mqi~o {dHy$Z nmhÊ`mMm à`moJhrË`m§Zr Ho$bm.

IS²>S>o, amon§, IV§, H$sQ>H$ZmeH§$, JS>çm§Mm nJma, _mPo hobnmQ>o l_ Am{U _yi O{_ZrMrqH$_V bjmV KoVm Ooìhm Ë`m§Zr Vr aŠH$_ nm{hbr Voìhm Ë`m§À`m _ZmV Amb§ - Ë`mnojm _rghm _{hÝ`m§V EH$ nwñVH$ {b{hb§ AgV§, Va ? \$m`Xoera gO©Z H$moUV§, ho H$s Vo nU _J_mPm ^y_rer g§~§Y am{hbm AgVm H$m? _mUyg åhUyZ gwI emoYm`M§ Va, OrdZmVgmYonUmMo {ZImbg gmYonUmMo, H$mhr bm§~bMH$ nXa Amdí`H$ AgVmV, Vo Ë`m§Zm `meoVrÀ`m AZw^dmVyZ {_imbo eoVr hm Y§Xm Zmhr, Vmo OrdZ_mJ© Amho Ë`mMr OmUrd Pmbr.

3.7 Hw$Q>w>§~dËgb J¥hñW

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m nwñVH$m§Zm gaH$mar nm[aVmo{fHo$ {_imë`mZo H$mhr hOma énòË`m§À`mH$S>o AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr nwñVHo$ ¿`mdrV d ñdV:Mo Ago N>moQ>o J«§Wmb` C^mamdo Ago_ZmV òVmM hr H$ënZm Vo CËgmhmZo nËZrnmer ~mobVmV. gwédmVrnmgyZ Amnë`m KambmboIH$, àH$meH$, g§nmXH$ `m§Mm hmV^ma bmJbm `m{df`r Vo H¥$VkVm ì`º$ H$aVmV.

3.5 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm

1) _mS>JyiH$a boIH$ Pmbo ZgVo Va H$moU Pmbo AgVo ?

2) {ZgJm©V Ë`m§Zm H$moU ôQ>Vo ?

3) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m àdmgdU©Zna nwñVH$m§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

4) H$moUË`m dñVy {_idÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr _hÎdmH$m§jm hmoVr ?

'Kambm KanU òVo Vmo AmV amhUmè`m Am{U òUmè`m OmUmè`m _mUgm§_wiM§'. Aer Ë`m§MrYmaUm Amho. KamV _wbm§Zm Ë`m§Mr JwßV OmJm Agmdr åhUyZ Vo _mim H$aVmV, Hw$Q>§w~dËgb_mUgmbm H$R>rU H$mimV Cn`moJr nS>mdr åhUyZ EH$ H$moR>rMr Imobr H$mT>VmV. dS>rbYmè`m_mUgm§gmR>r EH$ XodKa, Vwier-d¥§XmdZ H$ê$Z KoVmV. _wbtMo WmQ>m_mQ>mZo b½Z H$aVmV.Amë`m Joë`m dmQ>gê$bm XmamV gmdbrV ~gmdo dmQ>Vo ho Vo g_OyZ KoVmV. `mM~amo~aAZoH$ {_Ì-_mUgo OmoS>bobm _mUgm§Mm ^wHo$bm, gwIXw:ImH$S>o g_ ^mdmZo nmhUmam, _mÂ`mboIZmMr ^mfm, Jwèhmimda ~mobmdyZ ag Úmdm. Ver bmoH$m§ZrM _bm {Xbr, Ago Z_«nUo Z_yXH$aUmam H$mhrgm A{bßV Agm H$bmd§V _mUyg `m nwñVH$mV {XgVmo.

3.8 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, boIH$ {H$Vr S>moignUo, {H$Vr g§doXZerbVoZo OJbm Ë`mMo àË`§Va Ë`mÀ`mboIZmVyZ òV AgVo. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Zr {Za{Zamio N>§X Omonmgbo. OJmÀ`m CKS>çmemioV Vo {eH$bo. Ë`m gdmªMo à{Vq~~ Ë`m§À`m boIZmV C_Q>bo. {d{dY AZw^dm§_wio g§nÞ~Zboë`m Ë`m§À`m AîQ>n¡by, ~hþAm`m_r ì`{º$_ÎdmMo Xe©Z Ë`m§À`m boIZmVyZ H$go KS>Vo hoAmnU nm{hbo. AmVm nwT>rb nmR>mV AmnU 'H$éUmï>H$' `m Ë`m§À`m AmË_M[aÌmË_H$H$m§X~arMm Aä`mg H$am`Mm Amho.

3.9 gmam§e

boIH$ åhUyZ ñdV:Mr OS>UKS>U H$er Pmbr ho 'àdmg : EH$m boIH$mMm' `mnwñVH$mVyZ _mS>JyiH$am§Zr g_moa R>odbo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo eoVrMo à`moJ, Ë`m§Zrhm¡goZo ~m§Ybobo Ka, Ë`m§À`m {d{dY nwñVH$m§À`m OÝ_H$Wm `m§{df`r Ë`m§Zr A{Ve`àm_m{UH$nUo, {ZVinUo H$WZ Ho$bo Amho. 'boIH$' åhUyZ Va Ë`m§Mo ì`pŠV_ÎdR>gR>erVnUo Ë`mVyZ Cô amhmVoM nU Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmbm Agbobr {MÌH$ma,{ZgJ©ào_r, {eH$mar, eoVH$ar Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` Agm Hw$Qw>§~dËgb J¥hñW hr doYH$n[a_mUohr ghO ZOaoV âVmV.



3.2

1. 1946 2. J. am. H$m_V 3. _m¡O

4. _mUXoe 5. O_©Z 6. ~mOma

7. Am§~o OmoJmB©

3.5

1. {MÌH$ma

2. {ZË`mÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$m§nojm doJio ZmVodmB©H$

3. ZmJ{Pam d nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo

4. ~§XyH$, H°$_oam d Xw~uU

***

` "àdmg EH$m coIH$mMm' : n[aM` / 27


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 4

"H$éUmîQ>H$' n[aM` d H$WmZH$

4.0 C{Ôï>o

"H$éUmîQ>H$' hr _mS>JyiH$am§Mr AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar Amho. n{hë`m nmR>mVAmnU "AmË_M[aÌ' `m gm{hË` àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoVco."AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar' Agm eãXà`moJ Ooìhm AmnU H$aVmo Voìhm ho ñnîQ>M Amho, H$sAmË_M[aÌ Am{U H$mX§~ar `m XmoÝhr gm{hË`àH$mam§Mr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`mV AgUma. åhUyZAmnU àW_ Vr Aä`mgUma AmhmoV d Ë`mZ§Va "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. H$mX§~ar~amo~arZo hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmcm -

l AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar åhUOo H$m` Vo {c{hVm `oB©c.

"H$éUmîQ>H$' n[aM` d H$WmZH$/ 29

4.0 C{ÔîQ>o

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n

4.3. "H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$

4.3.1 gwédmV

4.3.2 H$îQ>mMm g§gma

4.3.3 AmB©Mo _mUygào_

4.3.4 AmOrMm _¥Ë`y

4.3.5 _wcm§Mr AmOmanUo

4.3.6 AmB©Mo ~mi§VnU

4.3.7 gmIaJS>Mm _wŠH$m_

4.3.8 nwÝhm _yi Jmdr

4.4 g_mamon

4.5 gmam§e

- Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao

- gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

l "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ gm§JVm òB©c.

l AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar åhUyZ "H$éUmîQ>H$'Mr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVrc.

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar hm XmoZ dmL>²_`àH$mam§Mm g§H$a Amho.AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r gm{hË`mV AmVm hm àH$ma Mm§JcmM pñWamdcm Amho. Jmo. Zr. Xm§S>oH$a `m§Mr"Hw$Um EH$mMr ^«_UJmWm", ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "dmdQ>i' d "{MÌH$Wr', AmZ§X `mXd`m§Mr "Pm|~r' B. H$mX§~è`m `m AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~è`m AmhoV. Amnë`m Aä`mgmcmZo_cocr "H$éUmîQ>H$' hr _mS>JyiH$am§Mr H$mX§~arhr AmË_M[aÌmË_H$M Amho. åhUyZ"H$éUmîQ>H$'Mo H$WmZH$ g_OyZ KoÊ`mnydu AmnU AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar åhUOo H$m` Vog_OyZ KoD$.>

4.2 AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n

AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar hm {_l qH$dm g§H$[aV gm{hË`àH$ma Amho. AmË_M[aÌ Am{UH$mX§~ar `m XmoÝhr gm{hË`àH$mam§Mr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`mV EH$dQ>cocr AgVmV. åhUOoMË`mV "AmË_M[aÌ'hr Agmdo cmJVo Am{U H$mX§~arhr!

H$mX§~arV Zm`H$-Zm{`Ho$À`m OrdZàdmgmMo {MÌU AgVo, VgoM AmË_M[aÌmVhr-AmË_M[aÌ Zm`H$mÀ`m- åhUOoM AmË_M[aÌH$mamÀ`m OrdZmMo {MÌU AgVo. Ë`mVcrgwI-Xw:Io, Ë`m§Mo Pmcoco n[aUm_, Ë`m_wio Zm`H$mÀ`m OrdZmcm àmá Pmcocm AmH$ma hoXmoÝhr àH$mam§V {XgyZ òVo. \$ŠV H$mX§~arVrc nmÌo H$pënV AgVmV Va AmË_M[aÌmVrcnmÌo dmñVd, IarIwar AgVmV. Ë`m_wio AmË_M[aÌmVrc gwI-Xw:Iohr Ë`m Ë`m ì`ŠVtMrIarIwar gwI-Xw:Io AgVmV. H$mX§~arV gË`mcm, dmñVdmcm H$pënVmMr OmoS> {XcocrAgVo.

AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arMo gdmªV _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Ago H$s {VMm AmeÀmË_M[aÌmË_H$ AgVmo Am{U {VMr A{^ì`ŠVr H$mX§~argmaIr AgVo. åhUOo Ë`mVrcnmÌo, Ë`m§Mo OrdZM[aÌ ho dmñVdmV KS>coco AgVo, nU Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur _mÌ H$mX§~argmaIrAgVo. Ë`mV cm{cË` AgVo. ^mdZmZmQ>ç, H$mì`mË_Vm, qMVZ, AZw^dmMo AmH$cZ Am{UA{^ì`ŠVr `mVyZ Ë`mMo "H$mX§~ar'nU {gÕ hmoVo. H$mX§~arV coIH$mcm OmUdcoco dmñVd,Ë`m dmñVdmMo Ë`mMo AmH$cZ `m§Mm Am{dîH$ma AgVmo. AmVm "H$éUmîQ>H$'Mo CXmhaU nmhm.`m H$mX§~arMo {ZdoXZ àW_nwéfr Amho. Ë`mVrc AmB©, AmOr, XmXm Am{U AmR> ^md§S>o hr nmÌodmñVdmVrc nmÌo AmhoV. ñdV:À`m AmB©-d{S>cm§Mr "g§gma H$hmUr' Ago `m coIZmMo ñdê$nAmho. nU Vr H$hmUr gm§{JVcr Amho AmR> ^md§S>m§n¡H$s EH$mZo. åhUOoM ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a`m§Zr. hrM H$hmUr J. {X. _mS>JyiH$a `m§Zr qH$dm BVa Hw$Ur gm§{JVcr AgVr Va Vr doJir


Pmcr AgVr H$m? Va {c{hUmè`mMm AZw^d Ë`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ë`mÀ`m coIZmV C_Q>VmoM.

AmË_M[aÌmV coIH$ Amnë`m OrdZmMm B{Vhmg gm§JV AgVmo. Amnë`m d¡`pŠVH$,ImgJr Am`wî`m{df`r Vmo gm§JV AgVmo Am{U Vo "ñdV:'{df`r Agë`m_wio EH$m_`m©XoncrH$S>o Ë`mV VQ>ñWnUm, Ì`ñWd¥Îmr òUo AdKS> AgVo. H$mX§~arV _mZdr OrdZmdaàH$me Q>mH$cm OmVmo, Ë`mMo ahñ` emoYco OmVo. H$ënZoZo EH$ ZdoM {dœ H$mX§~arH$ma {Z_m©UH$aV AgVmo. `m {dœmVrc nmÌo, Ë`m§À`mV KS>Umao KQ>Zm-àg§J Am{U Ë`m§Zm à{V{H«$`mXoUmao nmÌm§Mo ñd^md ho gmao H$mX§~arH$ma KS>dV AgVmo. AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arV nmÌo,KS>coco àg§J Am{U nmÌm§Mo ñd^md{deof ho _yi dmñVdmVrcM AgVmV. nU Ë`m§Mm AÝd`_mÌ coIH$ ñdV:À`m ÑîQ>rZo cmdVmo åhUyZM da åhQ>ë`mà_mUo ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`mBVa Hw$Umhr ^md§S>m§Zr AmB©-XmXm§À`m g§gma{df`r {chm`Mo R>adco AgVo- Va Ë`mMoñdê$n doJio Pmco AgVo.

AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arV coIH$ Amnë`m OrdZmVrc EH$m {d{eîQ> H$mcI§S>mMm nQ>dmMH$m§g_moa R>odVmo. Ë`m_mJo H$mhr {Z{üV gyÌ AgVo. "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Üòhr nmhm, coIH$mZoAmncm ~mcnUmnmgyZMm H$mi {M{ÌV Ho$cm. Ë`mVhr Amnë`m AmB©cm H|$ÐdVu R>odyZ Ë`mÑîQ>rZo H$mX§~arMr aMZm Ho$cr Amho. Ë`mV Ë`mH$miMo dmVmdaU, ^modVmcMm n[aga,OrdZe¡cr, na§nam, Hw$Qw>§~mVrc BVa ì`ŠVr, {_Ì, {ejH$, ñZohr `mg§~§YmZo Amnco AZw^d_m§S>co AmhoV.

AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar "AmË_M[aÌ' dm "H$mX§~ar' `m gm{hË`àH$mam§à_mUoM{dñV¥V AgVo. _moR>m H$mcnQ> Ë`mVyZ {M{ÌV Ho$cm OmVmo. "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Üòhr AmB©À`mVéUnUmnmgyZ _¥Ë`yn`ªVMm H$mi coIH$mZo a§Jdcm Amho.

"H$mX§~ar' `m dmL>²_`àH$mamMo ~møê$n (form) Am{U "AmË_M[aÌ' `m dmL>²_`àH$mamMo> A§Va§J- `m_YyZ AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar {gÕ hmoVo. åhUOo eara H$mX§~arMo dAmË_m AmË_M[aÌmMm! Ë`m_wio coIH$mcm H$ënZmeŠVrMm \$magm dmna H$amdm cmJV Zmhr.ñWi-H$mi àË`jmVrc AgVmo. Ë`mVcr Jmdm§Mr Zmdo (CXm. {H$ÝhB©, gmIadmS>r B.) Ë`mVd{U©cocm {ZgJ© ho gmao àË`jmVrc AgVo. KQ>Zm (CXm. ßcoJMr gmW, d{S>cm§À`m ~Xë`mB.) d àg§J ho hr dmñVdmV KSy>Z Jococo AgVmV. nmÌo Va IarIwar AgVmVM. H$YrH$YrcoIH$ Ë`m§Mr Zmdo ~Xcy eH$Vmo (AmË_M[aÌmV _mÌ Ago H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` ZgVo.)J¡agmo`rMm ^mJ coIH$ Q>miy eH$Vmo qH$dm Ë`mcm H$cmË_H$ ê$n XoVmZm Ë`mV ~Xcm~XcH$ê$Z hdr Ver aMZm {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

AmË_M[aÌmV "AmË_naVm' A{YH$ AgVo, Va H$mX§~arV "d¡pídH$Vm.' `m XmoÝhtMmg_Ýd` gmYyZ AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar H$mcmË_H$VoMm AmZ§X XoD$ eH$Vo. Ogm"H$éUmîQ>H$', "Hw$Um EH$mMr ^«_UJmWm', "_mV¥H$m' B. H$mX§~è`m XoVmV.

AmVm AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arÀ`m ñdê$nm{df`r OmUyZ KoVë`mda "H$éUmîQ>H$' `mH$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ AmnU Aä`mgm`Mo Amho.


4.3 "H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$

gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo Am`wî` AgVo gm_mÝ`M nU Ë`m§À`m Am`wî`mV R>m`rR>m`r AmS>H$mR>rKmcyZ gwI cm§~ R>odUmar g§H$Q>o Omo cT>m ¿`m`cm cmdVmV, Vmo _mÌ Agm_mÝ` AgVmo.AerM H$R>rU n[apñWVrer Pw§OUmar EH$ AmB© Am{U EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ OÝ_cocr{VMr AmR> _wco `m§Mr H$Wm åhUOo "H$éUmîQ>H$'. IamoIa BVa gmYmaU Hw$dVrÀ`mcoIH$mÀ`m coIUr_YyZ EH$ emoH$H$Wm qH$dm nmZm§_mJyZ nmZo CcQ>Umar Xw:I_m{cH$m C_Q>crAgVr, na§Vw ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ghO AmoKdVr ^mfm, àmXo{eH$Vm, gm_m{OH$ d¡{eîQ>çoAm{U _mUwgH$s `m§Zr n[anyU© Agcocr coIZe¡cr `m_wio "H$éUmîQ>H$' Amncm doJim R>gm_amR>r H$mX§~arda C_Q>dyZ ~gco Amho.

4.3.1 gwédmV

nmoQ>mgmR>r amhVo Jmd gmoSy>Z naŠ`m Jmdr ZmoH$argmR>r OmUmao Hw$Qw>§~, BVŠ`m gmÜ`màg§JmnmgyZ `m H$mX§~arMr gwédmV hmoVo. `m gwédmVrcm ~mdMicoco, ~mdacoco ~mB©AmOrMoì`pŠV{MÌ g_moa òVo. _wimnmgyZ CnQy>Z XwgarH$S>o éOdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$coë`m PmS>mà_mUo`m AmOrMr AdñWm {M{ÌV Pmcr Amho.

ZdrZ _wcwImV nydu _mUgo ghOmghOr OmV ZgV. Ë`m_wio Amncm amhVm Jmd dOmoS>cocr _mUgo gmoSy>Z "~ocXmam à_mUo' nmoQ>m_mJo {\$aUo AmB©cm _moR>o {Odmda òVo. AmB©À`mZOaoVyZ nm{hcoco ho Zdo Jmd _mS>JyiH$am§Zm OmË`mM AñVmì`ñV, Hw$ê$n Am{U AZmoiIrMohè`mMo dmQ>co. EH$m CXma ~«m÷UmZo XoD$ Ho$coco Ë`mMo nyduMo nS>Ho$ Mm¡gmonr Ka AmB©cm^wVmQ>H$sà_mUo dmQ>o. WmoS>çm S>m|JaCVmamda OmD$Z AmoT>çmdê$Z nmUr ^ê$Z AmUÊ`mMoH$îQ>mMo H$m_ H$aUmar AmB© nmhUo, ho _mS>JyiH$am§Zm Ë`mhr d`mV ^md{ZH$ doXZm XoUmao hmoVo.`m EH$mH$s KamÀ`m AmOy~mOycmhr qIS>mao Am{U nS>PS> Pmcocm n{agaM hmoVm. AnamÌr-nhmQ>o H$Yr KamV ZmJ {eao Va H$Yr "nS>H$mV' åhUOo Kam~mhoa {hado dñÌ Zogcocr Amocr~mi§VrU AmB©g {Xgo. {VZo A§Jmcm cmdcoë`m gyú_ CQ>Ê`mMmhr dmg òV Ago. `mdmŠ`mdê$Z hm AZw^d ~mcnUm_Üò coIH$mÀ`m _Zmda {H$Vr Imoc n[aUm_ H$ê$Z JocmAgoc `mMr àMrVr òVo. ZdrZ Jmdm_Ycr emimhr _wcm§Zm AmdS>cr Zmhr. gXmZH$Xm _wcm§Zm"~XS>Umao' _mñVa Z AmdS>ë`m_wio coIH$ dma§dma Kar niyZ òV Ago.



1) AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arV H$moUË`m XmoZ gm{hË`àH$mam§Mm g§H$a AgVmo?

2) AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arMo gdmªV _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç H$moUVo?

3) "H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~arMo {ZdoXZ H$emàH$maMo Amho?

4) AmË_M[aÌmV EH$m _`m©XoncrH$S>o VQ>ñWnUm òUo H$m AdKS> AgVo?

4.3.2 H$îQ>mMm g§gma

AmoT>JñVrV g§gma MmcdVmZm Ë`m H$mir gdmªV H$îQ> ñÌrcmM nS>V AgV. {XdgâMmH$ar H$aUo Am{U ahmQ>JmS>½`m_Yrc ~mhoaMr {H$aH$moi H$m_o nmhUo EdT>rM nwéfmMrO~m~Xmar, ñÌrda _mÌ KaH$m_, nmR>monmR>Mr ~mi§VnUo Am{U òUmè`m AZ§V AS>MUr! VoAew^ Ka ~XcÊ`mMm {H$Vrhr Kmoem KoVcm Varhr {~Zm^mS>çmMo, BVŠ`m gmo`rMo Xwgao Ka{_iUo Am{U Vo nadS>Uo, XmoÝhrhr eŠ` ZìhVo. åhUyZ g§gma {VWoM gwê$ am{hcm. Ë`mVë`mË`mV XmXm "Ooca' Pmco Am{U AmB©Mr ñdßZo WmoS>r nmcdcr. Zdè`mÀ`m åhUOo Amnë`mhr{X_Vrcm ^mcm, cmc nÅ>odmcm {enmB© òB©c ho OmUyZ Pmcocm {VMm AmZ§X AJXr ^m~S>mAmho. _mS>JyiH$a åhUVmV, H$s `m ~T>Vr_wio "AmB©À`m Ü`mZr_Zr cm|~Umam ZmJ hiyhiy{ZKyZ Jocm.'

pñÌ`m OmË`mM ~mocKodS>çm Am{U Mma cmoH$m§_Üò nQ>H$Z {_giUmè`m AgVmV.Ë`mM Ý`m`mZo AmB©Zohr `m Zì`m JmdmV Amncr nmio_wio éOdm`cm gwédmV Ho$cr. AWm©VM_mUgo OmoS>m`cm {Vcm \$ma doi cmJcmM Zmhr. R>gR>erV CRy>Z {XgmdrV Am{U AJXrnm{hë`mgmaIr qH$dm nhmdrer dmQ>mdrV AerM hr H$mhr Zdr OmoS>cocr _mUgo dU©ZH$aVmZmMr _mS>JyiH$am§Mr AZw^dm§_Ycr Imocr, ñ_¥VtMm VmOonUm àËòH$ eãXmVyZàË``mcm òVmo.

dmS>çm_ÜòM eoOmar amhUmao gS>o\$qQ>J {dRy>H$mH$m ho n{hcdmZ hmoVo. nU J§_V åhUOoAmB©cm {Xgcoë`m ZmJmMm "~§Xmo~ñV' H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vo KoD$Z _mÌ Amco VWmH${WV_m§{ÌH$mcm! ZmJ _mÌ Ë`mcm _wirM gmnS>cm Zmhr; hm ^mJ _mS>JyiH$am§Zm {dZmoXrM dmQ>Vmo.{\$aVrdaM Agë`m_wio `m {dRy>H$mH$m§Mr "H$éUmîQ>H$m'Vrc Hw$Qw>§~mer AJXr amoOMr KgQ>Zgcr Var G$UmZw~§Y _mÌ ZŠH$sM hmoVo. ßcoJMr gmW Amë`mda Vo XmXm§Zm Vi_irZoåhUVmV, "H$m` amhUma Agë`m gmWrÀ`m ImB©V? Ahmo, nmoa§ AmhoV Mma nXamV Vw_À`m,n§V Xodmda hdmcm, åhUyZ ^mJm`M§ Zmhr.'

4.3.3 AmB©Mo _mUygào_

Ë`m H$mir eham_ÜòM d¡Ú, S>m°ŠQ>a \$mago ZìhVo Va IoS>oJmdm_Üò Hw$Ry>Z òUma?nS>ë`m-PS>ë`m XwIÊ`m-IwnÊ`mcm KaJwVr CnMmaM hmoV AgV. Ago CnMma H$aUmamH$ma§S>o_m_m Am{U Ë`mMr R>gR>erV "Vm§~S>^S>H$ BaH$cr cwJS>§" ZogUmar ~m`H$mo D$\©$H$ma§S>o_m_r hohr AmB©À`m AmVS>çmÀ`m JmoVmdiçmV g_m{dîQ> Pmco. AmB©À`m ~mOycm~gÊ`mÀ`m Mma {Xdgm§V Ë`m _m_rZo _wcm§Zm n«o_mZo nmoQ>â Oody-ImD$hr KmVco.

nwamUmVM EoH$m`cm {_imì`mV Aem H$mhr KQ>Zm H$Yr H$Yr A{Vgm_mÝ`_mUgm§À`mhr Am`wî`mV KS>VmV. Ë`mMà_mUo _mS>JyiH$am§Zm AmB© ahñ`ôX H$aVo H$s, "VynmQ>crUrM§ XyY {nD$Z dmT>cm Amhog.' Ë`m§Mo {eH$marcm OmUo, _m§g_ÀN>a ImUo ho gJioË`m XwYmMo JwU AmhoV. Ago g_W©Zhr Vr H$aVo! AWm©V hr nmQ>crU AmB© OwÝ`m, _yi JmdMrhmoVr. nU {VMm C„oI H$aUo A{Ve` Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo. H$maU AerM _mUgo AmB©Zo Zì`m


Jmdrhr OmoS>cr, Ë`mMo _yi H$Xm{MV `m hH$sH$VrV Amho Agohr _mS>JyiH$am§Zm chmZnUrÀ`mAZw^dm§dê$Z dmQ>V Agmdo.

n§Yam-drg EH$a ~mJmB©V O{_ZrMo _mcH$ AgUmao Vm§~o_mñVa Am{U Ë`m§Mr H$Zdmiy~m`H$mo hohr AmB©Mo gJogmoào Pmco. dm`m H$mhrhr Kmcdm`Mo Zmhr åhUyZ Ea§S>cmMr Am»Ir~mQ>cr {nD$Z Q>mH$Umè`m `m _mñVam§Zm Owcm~ gwê$ Pmco. KaJwVr Am¡fYm§Mr Mm§Jcr _m{hVrAgUmè`m AmB©Zo Ë`m§Mm Ìmg AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUcm Am{U g»` OmoSy>Z Ë`mda OUy {eŠH$m_moV©~M Ho$co. nwT>o ßcoJÀ`m gmWr_Üò `mM _mñVam§À`m _içm_Üò OUyH$mhr naV\o$S>Ho$ë`mgmaIm {Zdmam {_imcm Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mdaMo OrdKoUo A[aîQ> Q>ico.

AmUIr EH$m _mdeter AmB©Zo JmoV OmoS>co. "_moJamÀ`m \w$cmgma»`m' {XgUmè`m `mgm¡å` ñÌrMm Zdam _mÌ Vm§~acoë`m S>moiçm§Mm, CJ« ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm hmoVm. ho ZmZm Am{UË`m§À`m Vm|S>r AgUmè`m h[aZm_mÀ`m KmofUmgma»`m {eì`m, WmoS>o _moR>o Pmë`mda C§S>aUmè`mgJiçm _wcm§Zm, ZmZm Jm§Om AmoT>VmV, `mMmhr CcJS>m Pmcm Am{U Ë`m§À`m {eì`m§Zrâcoë`m àËòH$ dmŠ`mV ào_mì`{V{aŠV Xwgao H$mhrhr Zmhr, `mMmhr CcJS>m Pmcm.

AmUIr gmo`[aH$sMr _mUgo åhUOo godm{Zd¥Îm hmoD$Z AmVm ñdV§Ì d¡ÚH$s` ì`dgm`H$aUmao OdiOdi ~{hao Jmoio H§$nmC§S>a Am{U gmdcrgmaIm Ë`m§Mm gm§^mi H$aUmar Ë`m§Mr~m`H$mo- "JmoirU ~mB©' `m {Znw{ÌH$ OmoS>ß`mdahr ßcoJZo nwT>o Kmcm KmVcm, ~{hè`m Jmoiçm§ZmOJmV EH$Q>o gmoSy>Z Ë`m§Mr gmWr AgUmar ~m`H$mo Mma {Xdgm§_Üò ßcoJZo VS>H$m\$S>H$s_ê$Z Jocr. Voìhmhr ßcoJ Pmë`mMo H$iyZhr ndm© Z H$aVm Ë`m§Zm ôQ>m`cm {ZKmcoë`m AmB©cmWm§~dmdo cmJco. coIH$mMm _moR>m ^mD$ {Zdm©UrMo, H$S>H$ ~moccm åhUyZ Vr JmoirU ~mBªZmôQ>m`cm Om`Mr Wm§~cr.

4.3.4 AmOrMm _¥Ë`y

OmoS>coë`m Zì`m _mUgm§gh gwairV åhUVm òUma Zmhr, nU Am`wî` gwê$ Pmco Am{Unmdgmimhr! Ë`m~amo~aM ~mB©AmOrMr Vã~oV {~KS>cr Am{U Vr WmoS>çmM H$mimV Ajae:_aUmgÞ Pmcr. EHo$ {Xder Kamcm Hw$cyn cmdyZ AmB© AmoT>çmda YwUr-^m§S>r H$am`cm JocrAgVmZm EH$Q>rM Aghmæ`nUo AmOr _ê$Zhr Jocr. ~odmaemgmaIo EH$mH$snUo Pmcoco {VMo_aU AmB© Am{U XmXm XmoKm§À`mhr _Zmcm MQ>H$m cmdyZ Joco. {VMr _wio Zì`m {R>H$mUréOcrM ZmhrV. OUy hm` ImD$ZM {VMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm.

4.3.5 _wcm§Mr AmOmanUo

AmOrÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§VaMm gwZonUm hiyhiy H$_r Pmcm Am[U _wcm§À`m EHo$H$m AmOmanUmMmAmB©cm ì`mn hmoD$Z ~gcm. Amnë`m gJiçm _wcm§Mr Vã~oVrà_mUo Am{U ì`pŠV_Îdmà_mUoAmB©Zo Q>monUZmdo R>odcr hmoVr. H$mhr Zmdo XmXm§Zrhr R>odcr hmoVr. gJiçmV _moR>çmcmMchmZnUmMo Ago H$mhr Img Q>monUZmd R>odë`mMm C„oI H$éUmîQ>H$mV {XgV Zmhr. ZmhrVañdV: _mS>JyiH$a åhUOo "JS>Xy^mB©', MÈ>r KmcUo ng§V ZgUmam "ZmJyn§V', Vã~oVrZo{H$aH$moi AgUmam "~marH$amd' Am{U gmIaJS> g§ñWmZmÀ`m dmñVì`mV OÝ_mcm Amcocm


Vmo "~S>o'. ZmJyn§Vm§À`m nm`mcm Pmcocm ^`mZH$ ËdMmamoJ, Ë`mMo nm` H$m`_Mo cwio hmoVmhmoVmAmQ>moŠ`mV Amcm Am{U Vmo ~Mmdcm. VgmM hOm_V H$aÊ`mMm H§$Q>mim AgUmam ~marH$amdË`mZo S>moHo$ ^ê$Z Ho$g dmT>dco. Ë`mV OI_m Pmë`m. Ë`m {MKiyZ H¥$_r Pmco. amÌâ OmJyZË`mÀ`m OI_r S>moŠ`mVco H¥$_r doMUmar AmB©, hohr AgoM EH$ _mS>JyiH$am§À`m _ZmdaH$moaco Jococo Ñí` Amho.

EH$m ñdH$s`mcmM Vwé§JmV ~§X H$aÊ`mMr doi Amë`m_wio XmXm ì`{WV Pmco Am{UË`m§Zr ZmoH$arV {_imcocr ~T>Vr ZmH$mê$Z nwÝhm nyd©nX ñdrH$maco. cmc nÅ>odmcm {X_VrcmAgë`mMo AmB©Mo ñdßZ _mcdco. Amncr {Zamem {VZo "Z{e~mMo ^moJ' åhUyZ ñdrH$macrAm{U cndcrhr. dmñV{dH$ _mhoaMr ânya gw~Îmm Am{U dmagmhŠH$mZo eoVO_rZ, Kahr{Vcm [_imco hmoVo, Varhr ho H$îQ>mMo Am{U Am{W©H$ MUMUrMo OrdZ Vr Hw$aHy$a Z H$aVm{Z^mdV hmoVr hr coIH$mcm \$ma _hÎdmMr ~m~ dmQ>Vo. `mVM XwîH$mimV Voamdm _{hZm åhUyZH$s H$m`, {Vcm ^`§H$a AY©{e{ehr gwê$ Pmcr. Iwaß`mMo S>mJ KoUo, Jmogmì`mH$Sy>ZPmS>nmë`mMo Cnm` H$ê$Z KoUo Agë`m JmoîQ>r H$ê$Z KoD$Zhr Vr Wm§~cr Zmhr, {Z{_Îm _mÌAgUmam AmOma nwT>o {Vcm OÝ_â nwacm. d¥ÎmrZo Ym{_©H$ AgUmè`m AmB©Zo H$Yr Hw$UmcmXmamVyZ [aH$må`m hmVr OmD$ {Xco Zmhr. nU Xmar Amcoë`m Jmogmì`mcmM {nR>mMr `mMZmH$aÊ`mMr doi Ooìhm Amcr Voìhm _mÌ Vr \$ma H$îQ>r> Pmcr. WmoS>H$m H$mi, Z{e~mda Am{UH$Yr Zm H$YrVar òD$ KmVcoë`m cú_rdaMmhr {VMm {dœmg CS>mcm.

4.3.6 AmB©Mo ~mi§VnU

gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo Am`wî` AJXr gm_mÝ` AgVo. nU g§H$Q>o EH$_oH$m§Mm hmV Yê$ZqH$dm EH$mnmR>monmR> òD$ cmJcr H$s Vo {H$Vr IS>Va hmoD$Z ~gVo, `mMm àË``"H$éUmîQ>H$mVyZ' òVmo. AmOmanmOma, Cnmg_ma Am{U hmcmIrMo {Xdg Oo_Vo_ g§nVmV Zg§nVmV VmoM ßcoJÀ`m gmWrZo gd©Ì W¡_mZ KmVco. AemV \$mgonmaÜ`mà_mUo PmonS>r Q>mHy$Z,amZmV amhÿZhr `m Hw$Qw>§~mZo {Xdg H$mT>co. hmhr KoVcocm AZw^d Ogm ^mdcm VgmM_mS>JyiH$a eãXm§V AmUVmV. Hw$R>ohr A{V[aŠV H$éUm Zmhr H$s VH«$marMm gya Zmhr.ßcoJZ§Va d{S>cm§Mr H$Moar nwÝhm gwê$ Pmcr. nU Vr gaH$mar ~§Jë`mV. emim gwê$ ZPmë`m_wio _wcm§Mm doi amZmo_mi ^Q>H$Ê`mV Am{U C§M PmS>mda MT>Ê`mgmaIo MmioH$aÊ`mV OmD$ cmJcm. ßcoJÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo gwQ>coco "nS>H$mVco' ^wVmQ>H$sMo Ka AmB©À`mZ{e~mZo H$m`_Mo gwQ>co Am[U ~am eoOmanmOma Agcoë`m Xwgè`m EH$m Kar ho Hw$Qw>§~ AmVmamhÿ cmJco Am{U S>moŠ`mV {H$S>o hmoD$Z Pmcoë`m J§^ra, XwIÊ`mVyZ dmMcocm ~marH$amdAmnë`m H$mH$m~amo~a amhm`cm Am{U {eH$m`cm Xwgè`m Jmdr {ZKyZ Jocm. VodT>çmVM AmB©danwÝhm nmMdo ~mi§VnU hmoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar òD$Z nS>cr. Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZmMm \$magm àMma-àgma ZgcocmM Vmo H$mi hmoVm. pñÌ`m§Zr _wco nmoQ>mV Am{U A§JmIm§Úmda dmJdmdrV Am{Unwéfm§Zr \$ŠV ZmoH$arY§Xm ~Kmdm. `m nmMì`m J^m©anUmV, ~mi§VnUmcm H$go-Hw$R>o Omdo.H$m` H$amdo `mM {dd§MZoV AmB© hmoVr Am{U XmXm _mÌ Amnë`m doJiçmM {dœmV X§J,XmoKm§À`mhr {dMmaYmaoMo ho XmoZ doJio añVo Ë`m§À`m hmoUmè`m g§^mfUmVyZ {XgVmV åhUOoM_mS>JyiH$am§À`m chmZnUrÀ`m AmR>dUr_Yrc hmhr EH$ _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. AmB©Mo {dMma-


AZw^d-^md{dœ doJio Am{U d{S>cm§Mo doJio ho ~mc_Zmcm OmUdÊ`mBVnV ñnîQ> hmoVo.AIoarg AmB© ~mi§VnUmcm Jocr Am{U _mS>JyiH$a d{S>cm§~amo~a EH$Q>o am{hco. H$Yr \$magodmQ>çmcm Z Amcoco, Z òUmao dS>rc `m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`m§Zm OdiyZ AZw^dm`cm {_imco.{nR>c§^mV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ZmXmV Ho$coco, ñd`§nmH$mMo _OoXma à`moJ, nmUr ^ê$Z AmUÊ`mÀ`mZmXmV ñdV:M {d{harV AS>Hy$Z nS>Ê`mMm CÚmoJ, dS>rc d Ë`m§À`m {_Ìm§~amo~a H$mT>coë`mghcr Am{U ì`§H$Q>oeñVmoÌ EoH$Vm EoH$Vm Ë`m§À`m Hw$erV cmJcocr Pmon `m gJù`m Ë`mAZw^dmVëm J{hè`m-JS>X g§nÞ N>Q>m åhUVm òVrc. `mM H$mimV {eH$cocr {MÌH$cmhr_mS>JyiH$am§À`m coIUrVyZ H$éUmîQ>H$mV CVacr Amho. Vo åhUVmV- ~KVm ~KVm S´>m±BªJ~moS>©daÀ`m nm§T>è`m H$mJXmda _moJam Vamê$Z `m`Mm! narjm XoÊ`mAmYrM gmIaJS>g§ñWmZcm ~Xcr Pmcr Am{U `m Hw$Qw>§~mMo Am`wî` nwÝhm EH$Xm ~Xcco.

4.3.7 gmIaJS>Mm _wŠH$m_

AmVmn`ªVMr "nS>H$m'_Ycr hcH$s Kao, ßcoJMr gmW, `mVyZ gmIaJS>cm Pmcocr~Xcr Ajae: ñdßZdV hmoVr. {MÌmVë`mgma»`m `m Jmdr `m Hw$Qw>§~mcm Am`wî`mVcmWmoS>mgm H$m hmoB©Zm H$mi, nU â^ê$Z OJVm Amcm Amcm. ^co_moR>o Zmco, cmH$S>r XadmOo,nhmè`mdaMo am_moer, Mm¡H$, gmono, daÀ`m _Oë`mdaÀ`m ~¡R>H$s, h§S>çm, Pw§~ao Am{UamOKamÊ`mVë`m nwéfm§Mr {Od§V dmQ>mdr Aer V¡c{MÌo ho Am{U Ago gwag dU©Z _mS>JyiH$aVn{ecmgh Ooìhm H$aVmV Voìhm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s EImXm chmZ _wcJmM OUy JmoîQ>rÀ`mnwñVH$m_Yë`m AX²^wVaå` AZw^dm§Mo dU©Z H$aVmo Amho. dmS>çmMr XoI^mc H$aÊ`mMo H$m_Ë`m§À`m d{S>cm§Zm XoÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. {VWcm ZmoH$aMmH$am§Mm am~Vm, _wco, _mUgo CVê$Z ~gyeH$Vrc Aer _moR>r ^m§S>r Agm gJim AM§ã`mMm H$ma^ma hmoVm! BWco gUdma Am{UCËgdhr WmQ>m_mQ>mZo S>moio {XndUmao hmoVo. OÌm a§JJ§Ym§Zr Am{U _mUgm§Zr \w$ccoë`m hmoË`m."H$éUmîQ>H$m'Vë`m dmid§Q>mVë`m OrdZàdmgm_Ycm hm Q>ßnm OUy H$mhr _¥JOimà_mUohmoVm. Zdè`mÀ`m {X_Vrc B_mZr nÅ>odmcm {_iÊ`mMo AmB©Mo ñdßZ AmVm IamoIaM nwao Pmco.BVHo$M H$m`, {VÀ`m ñdV:À`mM {ZË` {X_Vrcm EH$ "gIy~mB©' Amcr. `m AënH$mimÀ`mnaŠ`m Eoœ`m©À`m H$m hmoB©Zm, nU AmYmamZo {VZo Amnë`m YmH$Q>çm {XamMo c¾ "OJX§~oÀ`mH¥$no'Zo gmJ«g§JrV, WmQ>m_mQ>mV nma nmS>co. nwT>o `m dmñVdmVë`m gwImcmhr J«hU H$imcmJcr. Om_XmaImÝ`mVë`m Xm{JÝ`mVyZ nÞm aËZ hadco. AZw^dr cImo~mÀ`m (nÅ>odmcm)H$gyZ Ho$coë`m emoYm_wio Vo gmnS>co Iao; nU Xaå`mZMm H$mi H$gmoQ>rcm CVadUmam R>acm.`mVM _mS>JyiH$am§Mo dS>rc ~§Yy _°{Q´>H$ Zmnmg Pmco. An_m{ZV hmoD$Z Vmo Ka gmoSy>Z namJ§XmPmcm. gmIaJS>er AgUmao cmJo~§Yhr g§nco Am{U Am¡Q> KQ>Ho$Mo Eoœ`© Cn^moJUmaod{hdmQ>Xma ~Zcoco coIH$mMo dS>rc Amnë`m _yi H$maHy$ZnXr nwÝhm éOy Pmco.

Xaå`mZ AmB©Mr ~mim§VnUo gwê$M hmoVr. AmR>do _yc _Yy OÝ_cm. H${damO-(J{X_m§Zm) ^«_§VrÀ`m A§Vr AIoarg {gZo_m ñQw>{S>AmoV ZmoH$ar {_iyZ Ë`mMr H$maH$sX© ~hê$cmJcr Am{U MT>-CVmamÀ`m Ý`m`mà_mUo XmXm§Zm ZmoH$arVyZ H$_r H$aÊ`mV Amco. C_oXrZoIMcoë`m `m J¥hñWmZo `m doionmgyZ Am`wî`mV C^mar Aer nwÝhm YacrM Zmhr. AmB© _mÌ{MH$mQ>rZo Am{U {MdQ>nUo Am`wî`mer Pw§OVM am{hcr. Wmoaë`m _wcmcm ~mocmdyZ {VZo H$O}


\o$S>Ê`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$cr. Vr \o$S>cr. _mS>JyiH$a åhUVmV, "AmB© {VMr dmQ> H$YrM Iw§Qy>Úm`Mr Zmhr' Ë`mn«_mUo {VMo n[apñWVr Am{U g§H$Q>m§er Mma hmV gwê$M am{hco._mS>JyiH$am§Zr S´>m°BªJÀ`m narjogmR>r _mñVam§À`m KamMm Amgam KoVcm. ho {Xdghr nwÝhm IynhmcmIrMo hmoVo Am{U AemVM AZm{_H$ XwIÊ`mMo {Z{_Îm hmoD$Z hgVm-IoiVm chmZ{ZamoJr _Yy _aU nmdcm.

4.3.8 nwÝhm _yiJmdr

nwT>o H${damOm§Zr A_mn è {_idco. c¾ R>adco. Vo c¾ WmQ>mV nma nS>co Am{UIè`m AWm©Zo O~m~XmarVyZ CVmad`mH$S>o AmB© XmXm§Mm n«dmg gwê$ Pmcm. Vo nwÝhm Amnë`mOwÝ`m Jmdr, OwÝ`m dmS>çmV OmD$Z am{hco. "H$éUmîQ>H$mÀ`m' AJXr gwédmVrcm Oo JmdgmoS>ë`mMm C„oI òVmo, Vo Jmd, Vo Ka Am{U Ë`mdoiMr AmVm Cacocr JmoVmdiçmVcr _mUgoË`m§Zm nwÝhm {_imcr. Amnco _yi Jmd Am{U _yi nyd©Om§Zr ~m§Ycoco Ka `m{df`rMo ào_(H$moUmMohr) gd©lwVM Amho. nU _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Ë`mgmR>r \$ma gw§Xa eãX dmnaco AmhoV."Ë`mV ho Ka nma dmS>d{S>cm§Zr C^macoco Agco Va {Vim^modVr AZoH$ gwIX ñ_¥Vr{MH$Qy>Z Ë`mcmhr ì`pŠV_Îd Amcoc§ AgV§!' gmIaoÀ`m H$UmgmaIo _m`m H$aUmao MwcVAmOmo~m Am{U H$mQ>çmà_mUo ~moMam XwîQ> ñd^md AgUmar MwcV AmOr `m chmZnUmÀ`mAmR>dUr {MÌmVë`m/JmoîQ>rVë`m nm§T>è`m qH$dm H$miçm a§JmVë`m nmÌm§gma»`m dmQ>VmV.åhgmo~mMo PmS> H$mnyZ Ë`mMr VwiB© Kamcm KmVcr. Ë`m VwiB©Imcr Pmoncocm àËòH$OUXadoir AmoaS>V OmJm hmoB©. Ë`mMà_mUo "VmB©-AmB©' hr nU EH$ _Ooera g§Vmnr J«m_XodVm.{VMm "Z¡doÚ' MwH$cm H$s KamVë`m dñVy Jm`~ hmoV!

`mM diUmda e¡ed g§nyZ nm¡J§S>mdñWm Am{U Vrhr g§nyZ OmUVonU _mS>JyiH$am§ZmAmco Agmdo. Ë`m§Mo Kar Hw$Umcmhr Z gm§JVm "N>moS>mo ^maV' MidirgmR>r {ZKyZ OmUo,_hm`wÕmMo Jm§^r`© g_OUo, ñdmV§Í`mMm Am{U Vo {_imco åhUyZ OZ_mZgmcm hmoUmè`mAmZ§XmMm C„oI H$aUo H$aUo `m JmoîQ>r `mMr gmj XoVmV. Jm§YrOtÀ`m hËòZ§Va PmcocrOminmoihr AerM OZ_mZgmda Imoc n[aUm_ H$aUmar hmoVr. Ë`m KQ>Zm§Mo nS>gmXhr"H$éUmîQ>H$' _Yrc g_J« Am`wî`m§À`m `m Q>ßß`mda ñnîQ> C_Q>coco {XgyZ òVmV. `m_moR>çm gm_m{OH$ ~XcmZ§Va _mS>JyiH$am§Mo dS>rc \$ma OJy eH$co ZmhrV. Vo {ZdV©co.OJÊ`mÀ`m Z OmUo Hw$R>ë`m {MH$mQ>rda Am{U nmR>~imda AmB© _mÌ WH$ë`m XohmZoCVmad`mVhr dmQ> MmcVM am{hcr.

nmR>monmR> OÝ_coco ho gJio _Oo_Ooera Q>monUZmdmMo ^mD$ H$_rOmñV àm_mUmV H$_dycmJco. H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m àH$mao _mJu cmJco. nU AmB©À`m nmoQ>À`m XmoÝhrhr _wctMr _mÌnyU© Am`wî`â dmVmhVM Pmcr. _moR>r ~hrU H$îQ>mZo gmgwadmgmZo _ocr. Xwgar _mZ{gH$-~m¡{ÕH$ H$_VaVm KoD$ZM {ZnOcr Var ^m½` COmS>ë`mgmaIm g§gma WmQ>cm. nU VmohrAm¡Q> KQ>Ho$MmM Ioi R>acm. AmOmar Zdam _ocm Am{U VrXoIrc _ZmZo IMcr Am{U _¥Ë`ycmgm_moar Jocr. `m XmoZ _wctÀ`m {d`moJmZo AmBªMm XodmdaMm Am{U X¡dmdaMmhr {dœmgCS>më`mgmaIm Pmcm. {VZo On_mi gmoS>cr. gJiçmV eodQ>Mm YŠH$m {Vcm ~gcm Vmo


nwÌ[d`moJmMm. Vmohr Wmoaë`m, H$V¥©ËddmZ, {X½JO _wcmÀ`m {d`moJmMm. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ {VcmnwÊ`mVë`m dmñVì`mV éMrM Cacr Zmhr. AIoarg {ZgJ©{Z`_mà_mUo {Z`VrZo {c{hcocm{VMmhr OmÊ`mMm {Xdg CJdcm. `m OmÊ`mMm Ü`mg {VZo nwÌ{d`moJmnmgyZM KoVcocm_mS>JyiH$am§Zm OmUdcocm {XgVmoo. Vo åhUVmV, ""Ë`mM doir {VÀ`m _ZmVc§ _cm H$ic§,`m nm`è`m AmVm nwÝhm H$Yr H$mir Vr MT>Uma ZìhVr.'' "H$éUmîQ>H$m'Mm àdmg AmB©À`m_¥Ë`ynmer g§nVmo Am{U g§nV Zmhrhr. 'AmB© Jocr H$s _mUgmM§ ~aM§ H$mhr OmV§' åhUOo OoOmVo Vo OnyZ R>odmdogo AmgwgyZ AZw^dcoco. aŠVmÀ`m, ZmioÀ`m AmoT>rMo, C~Xma AgVo. Vo[aVonU "H$éUmîQ>H$m'À`m eodQ>À`m H$moUË`m eãXm§V Amho ho gm§JUo AdKS> Agco Var Vo

{VWo AmoVàmoV âcoco Amho ho ZŠH$s.

4.4 g_mamon

AmB© Am{U {VMr AmR> _wco `m§À`m ^modVr `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ {\$aVo. àËòH$_wcmÀ`m ê$nmZo AmB©Zo OUy EHo$H$ Zdo Am`wî` AZw^dco. {MH$mQ>rZo Am{U {OÔrZo {VZoAm`wî` AmgwgyZ OJco. `m gmè`mMo chmZ _wcmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Ho$coco {MÌU `m H$mX§~arVAZw^dm`cm {_iVo. AmVm nwT>rc nmR>mV "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m erf©H$mMr AÝdW©H$Vm AmnUVnmgyZ nmhUma AmhmoV Am{U `m H$mX§~arVrc nmÌ{MÌU coIH$mZo H$go Ho$co Amho VohrAä`mgUma AmhmoV.

4.5 gmam§e

nmoQ>mgmR>r JmdmoJmdr {~èhmS> KoD$Z {\$aV amhmdo cmJUmè`m EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$hmUrAmnU "H$éUmîQ>H$' _Üò AZw^dVmo. hr H$hmUr \$ŠV Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mMr amhmV Zmhr. coIH$mZoAmnë`m à{V_oÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ë`m H$mimVrc dmVmdaU, g_mOOrdZ, MmcrarVr, VoìhmMm{ZgJ© Am{U _mUgo- ho gmaoM A{Ve` {Od§VnUo aoImQ>co Amho. AmB©À`m gwI-Xw:Im§~amo~admMH$mMo _Zhr hocH$mdo ImV amhmVo Am{U hoM `m H$mX§~arMo _moR>o è Amho.



1) AmB©Mr ñdßZo Ho$ìhm nmcdcr?

2) ßcoJÀ`m gmWrV _mS>JyiH$am§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mcm H$moUr Amgam {Xcm?

3) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mo `m H$mX§~arVrc chmZnUMo Q>monUZmd H$m` hmoVo?

4) AmB©cm H$moUVm AmOma OS>cm?

5) H${damO åhUOo H$moU?


4.2

1. AmË_M[aÌ d H$mX§~ar

2. {VMm Ame` AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ AgVmo d A{^ì`ŠVr H$mX§~argmaIr AgVo.

3. àW_nwéfr

4. AmË_M[aÌ "ñdV:'{df`r Agë`m_wio

4.3

1. XmXm "Ooca' Pmë`mda

2. Vm§~o _mñVam§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mZo

3. JS>Xy^mB©

4. AY©{eerMm

5. J. {X. _mS>JyiH$a

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àH$aU : 5

"H$éUmîQ>H$' - nmÌ{MÌU d erf©H$

5.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, _mJÀ`m nmR>mV AmnU "H$éUmîQ>H$' hr H$mX§~ar "AmË_M[aÌmË_H$H$mX§~ar' H$er Amho ho Aä`mgco. VgoM `m H$mX§~arÀ`m H$WmZH$mMm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM`H$ê$Z KoVcm. AmVm `m H$mX§~arVrc nmÌ{MÌU qH$dm ì`pŠVaoIm{MÌU coIH$mZo H$go Ho$coVo nmhmUma AmhmoV Am{U erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm VnmgyZ nmhUma AmhmoV. _yi H$mX§~ar d hmnmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmcm -

l H$éUmîQ>H$_Yrc AmB© d dS>rc `m _w»` ì`pŠVaoIm§Mr _m{hVr {c{hVm òB©c.

l AmOr, H${damO `m Jm¡U ì`pŠVaoIm§{df`r {c{hVm òB©c.

l erf©H$mMr AÝdW©H$Vm {M{H$ËgH$nUo {c{hVm òB©c.

"H$éUmîQ>H$' - nmÌ{MÌU d erf©H$/ 41

5.0 C{ÔîQ>o

5.1 àmñVm{dH$

5.2 "nmÌ{MÌU' åhUOo H$m`?

5.2.1 _w»` qH$dm n«YmZ nmÌo

5.2.2 Jm¡U dm Xwæ`_ nmÌo

5.3 "H$éUmîQ>H$' _Yrc à_wI nmÌo

5.3.1 AmB©

5.3.2 dS>rc (XmXm)

5.4 Jm¡UnmÌo

5.4.1 H${damO

5.4.2 ~mB©AmOr

5.5 "H$éUmîQ>H$' erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm

5.6 g_mamon

5.7 gmam§e

- Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao

5.1 àmñVm{dH$

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, H$Wm Am{U H$mX§~ar ho _hÎdmMo d H$WZmË_ gm{hË`àH$ma AmhoV.H$WZmË_ (narrative) åhUOo "Á`mV H$WZ Ho$coco AgVo' Vo. Á`mV H$Wm gm§{JVcocrAgVo Vo. gmh{OH$M "H$WmZH$' hm Ë`m§Mm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo. Ë`mZ§VaMm _hÎdmMmKQ>H$ åhUOo nmÌ{MÌU dm ì`pŠVaoIm {MÌU. "H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~arV AmB© Am{U XmXm(dS>rc) `m à_wI ì`pŠVaoIm AmhoV. Ë`mVhr AmB©Mr ì`pŠVaoIm à_wI qH$dm H|$ÐdVu(àmoQ>°Jmo{ZñQ>) Aer Amho. Va AmOr, H${damO, ñdV: coIH$ d BVa ^md§S>o `m H$_r_hÎdmÀ`m åhUOoM Jm¡U dm Xwæ`_ ì`pŠVaoIm AmhoV. coIH$mZo ho ì`pŠVaoIm {MÌU H$goHo$co Amho d "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m erf©H$mVyZ H$mX§~arMm Ame` H$gm EH$m gyÌmV ~m§Ycm OmVmoVo `m nmR>mV AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

5.2 "nmÌ{MÌU' åhUOo H$m`?$

H$Wm Am{U H$mX§~ar `m H$WZmË_ gm{hË` àH$mamMm "nmÌ' hm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo.nmÌ åhUOo Ë`mVrc _mUgo, Ë`mVrc ì`ŠVr. àm. J§JmYa nmQ>rc `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho,""ZmQ>çmË_ AWdm {ZdoXZmË_ gm{hË`H¥$Vr_Yrc ì`ŠVr åhUOo nmÌ... H$WmH$ma ì`ŠVrÀ`md¥Îmr, H¥$Vr, CŠVr, ñ_¥Vr, {dMma, H$ënZm, ^mdZm, g§doXZm, {dMmaàUmcr, OrdZnÕVrAmXtÀ`m {MÌUmVyZ Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr EH$ eãXê$n à{V_m H$WoV {Z_m©U H$aVmo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m `meãXê$n à{V_ocm "nmÌ' Ago åhQ>co Amho.'' CXm. 'H$éUmîQ>H$' `m H$mX§~arVrc "AmB©' honmÌ nhm. AmB©Mm ñd^md{deof, doimodoir àH$Q>Umè`m {VÀ`m ^mdZm-g§doXZm, {VMr{dMmaercVm `m§À`m {MÌUmVyZ coIH$mZo "AmB©' ho nmÌ Amnë`mg_moa Cô Ho$co Amho. H$Wm-H$mX§~arVrc nmÌ hr coIH$mMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo.

`m {Z{_©Vr_mJo coIH$mMm {d{eîQ> hoVy AgVmo. nmÌo H¥$Vr H$aVmV- Ë`mVyZ H$WmZH$mcmJVr {_iVo. H$mX§~arH$mamÀ`m _ZmV H$WmZH$ V`ma hmoVo VoM _wir nmÌm§À`mgh. nmÌm§À`mCŠVr, H¥$Vr_YyZ nmÌm§Mo ñd^md{deof dmMH$m§Zm g_OVmV.

5.2.1 _w»` qH$dm àYmZ nmÌo : (Protagonist)

H$Wm dm H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ Á`m nmÌm^modVr {\$aVo Ë`mcm _w»` nmÌ åhQ>co OmVo. honmÌ H$mX§~arÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AgVo. `m nmÌmMo ~mocUo, dmJUo, Ë`mMm ñd^md, Ë`mMr{dMmaYmaUm, Ë`mÀ`m ^mdZm, Ë`mMr gwI-Xw:Io, Ë`mÀ`m g§doXZm `m_wio H$Wm-H$mX§~arcm"AmH$ma' {_iVmo. ho nmÌ Ogo Amho Vgo ZgVo Va Vr H$Wm dm H$mX§~ar {ZamirM ~ZVo. VodJico Va Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrMo ñdê$n ~XcyZ OmB©c. CXm. 'H$éUmîQ>H$" _Üò "AmB©' honmÌ H|$ÐñWmZr ZgVo Am{U Ë`mEodOr dS>rc dm H${damO dm AmOr B. Hw$Ur H|$ÐñWmZr AgVoVa AmVm "H$éUmîQ>H$'Mo Oo ê$n Amnë`mg_moa Amho Vo Vgo am{hco AgVo H$m? ZŠH$sMZmhr. BWo g§nyU© H$mX§~arâ "AmB©' `m nmÌmÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm à^md Amho. åhUyZ "AmB©' hogdmªV _w»` nmÌ. Ë`mnmR>monmR> òVmV XmXm (dS>rc). "AmB©'À`m ImcmoImc `m H$mX§~arda


à^md Amho Vmo "dS>rc' `m nmÌmMm åhUyZ AmB© d XmXm hr `m H$mX§~arVrc à_wI nmÌo hmoV.

5.2.2 Jm¡U dm Xwæ`_ nmÌo

Ho$di EH$ dm XmoZM _w»` nmÌm§Zr H$Wm-H$mX§~arMm Ame` nyU© ~ZV Zmhr. H$Wm-H$mX§~arVyZ EH$ ZdoM {dœ coIH$mZo {Z_m©U Ho$coco AgVo. `m {dœmcm n[anyU©Vm AmUVmVXwæ`_ qH$dm Jm¡U nmÌo. CXm. EImXo amOmMo nmÌ a§Jdm`Mo Amho, Va amOm åhQ>cm H$sAn[ahm`©nUo Ë`mÀ`m _mJo Xmg-Xmgr, g¡{ZH$ B. òUmaM. Va ho Oo "BVa' AgVmV VråhUOo Jm¡U nmÌo. H$WmZH$ Ë`m§À`m_wio âKmog ~ZVo. H$WmZH$mVco H$mhr Xwdo OmoS>Ê`mgmR>rË`m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. doJiçm ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo EImXo Xwæ`_ nmÌ H$WmZH$mcm doJimM Am`m_(n[aUm_, S>m`_oÝeZ) XoVo. Ë`m_wio H$Wm-H$mX§~arVrc Jm¡U ì`pŠVaoImhr coIH$ hoVynyd©H${Z_m©U H$aVmo. "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Üòhr AmOr, ZmJyn§V, ~marH$amd, ~S>o, JS>Xy^mB©, H${damO `mKamVë`m _wcm§BVH$sM Jmoio H§$nmD§$S>a d JmoirU~mB©, Vm§~o _mñVa, {dRy>H$mH$m B. nmÌo hr Jm¡UnmÌo AmhoV. àg§Jmàg§JmZo Vr H$mX§~arV òVmV. Ë`m§Mm EImXm ñd^md{deof àH$memV òVmo,nU `m nmÌm§Mm gd© ^yVH$mi dm dV©_mZH$mi òV Zmhr.

5.3 "H$éUmîQ>H$' _Yrc à_wI nmÌo$

AmVm Amnë`mcm "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc AmB© Am{U XmXm `m à_wI nmÌm§Mo {MÌUcoIH$mZo H$go Ho$co Amho Vo Aä`mgm`Mo Amho.

5.3.1 AmB©

d{S>cm§Zr Zì`m Jmdr ZmoH$ar KooUo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r gd© Hw$Qw>§~H${~ë`mZo Xwgè`m JmdrOmUo AmOÀ`m H$mimgmR>r Zdo Zmhr, na§Vw "H$éUmîQ>H$' _Yë`m AmB©gmR>r Ë`m§Mr V`marH$aUo, VgoM EH$Xm nmohmoMë`mda Ë`m gd© ~Xcmcm Vm|S> XoUo ho \$ma OmoI_rMo H$m_ hmoVo,Ago {XgVo. BWyZ `m ì`pŠVaoIoMo g_J« Xe©Z hmoD$ cmJVo.



1) _hÎdmMo H$WZmË_ gm{hË`àH$ma H$moUVo?

2) 'H$éUmîQ>H$'_Üò H|$ÐdVu ì`pŠVaoIm H$moUmMr Amho?

3) ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$moUË`m à{V_ocm nmÌ åhQ>co OmVo?

4) H$Wm-H$mX§~arVrc nmÌ hr H$moUmMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo?

5) _w»` nmÌ H$moUmg åhUm`Mo?

6) H$Wm-H$mX§~arVrc {dœmcm n[anyU©Vm H$moU XoVo?

"àËòH$ KamVë`m H$Ë`m© ñÌrZo I_Ho$ AgÊ`mMr JaO AgVo Ago OUy {VÀ`m _Zmdaq~~dco Joco Amho. "...Am{U AmB© gdmªMrM AmB© Pmë`mgmaIo dmJo. AmOrMr, Am_Mr,XmXm§Mrhr' "H$éUmîQ>H$mÀ`m gwédmVrMo ho dmŠ` AmB©À`m ì`pŠVaoIo_Ycm H$UIanUmXmIdVo. Va "H$éUmîQ>H$'À`m eodQ>r AmB©À`m _¥Ë`yÀ`m C„oImAmYr XwJm©~mB© ^mJd§VmÀ`mcoIZm_Ycm C„oI; Ë`mM H$UIa AmB©À`m Am`wî`mMr nadS> XmIdVmo. H$mS>r-H$MamO_dyZ ~m§Ycoë`m KaQ>çmV {n„o AcJX ahmdr åhUyZ Jw§VdirMo AñVa AgUmar njrUñdV:M Ë`m Jw§Ë`mV AS>H$Vo Am{U _ê$Z OmVo. _mS>JyiH$a åhUVmV, "àËòH$ AmB©, H$mhrà_mUmV AerM Jw§VdyZ KoV Agcr nm{hOo.'

`m n{jUrMo ho ê$nH$, "H$éUmîQ>H$' _Yrc AmB©À`m ì`pŠVaoIogmR>r V§VmoV§V cmJynS>Vo. gwImV ~mcnU Kmcdcoë`m, Hw$cH$Ê`m©À`m à{VpîR>V KamVë`m `m _wcrZo c¾mAmYrXw:I nm{hcoM ZìhVo. Vmo gmam H$mi dm§S>nUm, d«mË`nUm H$aÊ`mVM Jocm hmoVm. Voamì`m dfuMc¾ Pmë`mZ§Va, _wco ìhm`cm gwédmV Pmë`mda ì`pŠV_Îdm_Yrc n[anŠdVm _mÌ `mAmB©_Üò nwaonya {XgVo. nwT>o n[apñWVr_wio Ë`mV Jm§^r`© Am{U H$UIanUmXoIrc òVmo.

AmB© hr ì`ŠVr d¥ÎmrZo Ym{_©H$ Amho. KaH$m_ H$aVmZm, CR>Vm~gVm XodmMo Zmd KoUo,Ë`mMm Ymdm H$aUo `mMr gmj XoVo. VgoM KamV Amcocm {^joH$ar H$mhrM Z KoVm nwT>o OmUo{Vcm _wirM éMV Zmhr. na§Vw KamV Cnmer AgUmè`m _wcmgmR>r Xmar Amcoë`mJmogmì`m§H$S>oM {nR>mMr _mJUr H$aUmar hr AmB© _mÌ Ë`m àg§JmV Xm[aÐçm_wio AJXr _moSy>ZnS>cocr {XgVo. Eadr KaMr OodUo Pmë`mda hr ñÌr AMmZH$ òUmè`m cú_rgmR>r MVH$moa^mH$ar Var {e„H$ R>odVo. nU `m àg§JmV _moSy>Z nS>cocr AmB©, cú_r Amnë`m Kar òB©cAer Amemhr gmoSy>Z XoVo. Voìhm _mÌ {VMm XodmdaMm Am{U Z{e~mdaMm amJ Am{U hVmenUm{XgyZ òVmo. Jmogmì`mZo {Xcoë`m {nR>mÀ`m ^mH$arMo _wcm§Mo OodU Pmë`mda CîQ>çmMm ngmamAmdaVmZm "H$emcm ao, hm Xoh OJdm`Mm _r?' Agm àý Vr _wcm§Zm [dMmaVo. AerM ^mdZm{Vcm {VÀ`m XmoÝhr _wctÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Vahr òVo. Voìhm Va Vr {VÀ`m ImocrVë`m Xodm§À`mVg{~ar, On_mim BVHo$M H$m` Vm|S>r Agcoë`m H$éUmîQ>H$mMmhr Ë`mJ H$aVo.

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m coIZmV EH$m {R>H$mUr Agm C„oI òVmo, "AmB© H$mhr n§{S>Vm ZìhVr.'nU {ejUmMo _hÎd {Vcm _Zmo_Z nQ>coco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {eHy$ BpÀN>Umè`m JaO§yZm _XVH$aUo hm {VÀ`m ñd^mdY_m©_Ycm _hÎdmMm {deof hmoVm. ñdV:À`m KamVcr gm§n{ÎmH$ pñWVrVmoim_mgm AgVmZmhr Hw$Um ZmVodmB©H$m§Mr _wco~mio Amnë`mOdi R>odyZ KoÊ`mg Vr ghOMV`ma hmoVo, "_mÂ`m ghm _wcm§V Vy gmVdm amherc.' Ago åhUVo. AS>MUrcm Hw$UmÀ`mhrCn`moJr nS>Uo, _XVrMm hmV nwT>o H$aUo ho {VÀ`m ñd^mdmVrc Am¡Xm`© XmIdVo. OmVrnmVrMmZgUmam AmOmar åhmVmam Kamda Amë`mda Vmo hŠH$mZo åhUVmo, "H$mH$s, _cm gm§Om ImdmdmQ>Vmo.' hr Am{U Aer AZoH$ CXmhaUo {VÀ`m Am¡Xm`m©Mr Am{U _mUwgH$sMr gmj XoVmV.Vr ê$T>mWm©Zo H$mhrhr {eH$cocr Zgcr Varhr {Vcm {_imcm Cƒ OrdZ_yë`m§Mm, g§ñH$mam§MmAm{U gX²gX²{ddoH$mMm dmagm {VZo Oncm Am{U nwT>À`m {nT>rn`ªV nmohmoMdÊ`mMmhr {OdmnmS>à`ËZ Ho$cm.


Z{e~r Amcoë`m Xm[aÐçmcm "XodmZo nXar KmVcoco ^moJ' åhUyZ {VZo {Z_yQ>nUo gmogco.`mMà_mUo g§ñWmZÀ`m XodñWmZr amhVmZm Oo Eoœ`© OdiyZ nm{hco, Oo A{YH$ma AZw^dcoVohr AJXr _ZmnmgyZ Ë`m Ym_Yw_rÀ`m Omoamda {VZo Amnë`m {XamMo WmQ>m_mQ>mZo c¾ H$ê$ZKoVco.

nmoQ>mgmR>r JmdmoJmd dUdU {\$aUo, Amncr _mUgo, JUJmoV gmoSy>Z OmUo ho {Vcm IaoVa _mÝ` ZìhVo. àËòH$ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g_ñòÀ`m doiog ZH$mo BVŠ`m Am{cáVoZo dmJUmè`mAmnë`m Zdè`mMm C„oI Vr VwH$mam_~modm Agm H$aVo. `mMmM AW© H$s Vr ñdV:VwH$mam_mÀ`m Amdcrà_mUoM _wcm§_mUgm§V Am{U àn§MmÀ`m gJiçm nXam§_Üò nyU©nUoJw§Vcocr, AS>H$cocr hmoVr. Jw§VdimÀ`m AñVamV AS>H$Umè`m n{jUrgmaIr!

{VMm gmo{eH$nUm, lÕmiynUm Am{U {Z`VrdaMm JmT> {dœmg {Vcm Ë`m {nT>r_Yrc"AmB©'À`m ê$T> à{V_oMr à{V{ZYr ~ZdVo. Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZmMm Img àMma-àMma Z PmcocmAgm Vmo H$mi hmoVm. Voìhm c¾ Pmë`mnmgyZ EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ Aem ~mi§VnUm_ÜòAS>H$Umè`m pñÌ`m§MoM {MÌ KarXmar Ago. nU AmB©Zo _mÌ Amnë`m H$moUË`mM _wcmMm amJamJ Ho$cm Zmhr. VgoM H§$Q>mimhr Ho$cm Zmhr. EH$mÀ`m nm`mcm Pmcocr "AmJn¡U' D$\©$ J§^raËdMmamoJ Am{U Xwgè`mÀ`m dmT>coë`m Ho$gm§_Üò Pmcoë`m OrdKoÊ`m OI_m `m àH$maMoAmOma ho VËH$mcrZ Amamo½`{df`H$ OmJ¥Vr Z Pmcoë`m g_mOmMo à{V{ZYr AmhoV. na§Vw hohrAmOma Vr gmo{eH$nUoM {ZñVaVo. YS>YmH$Q>, JmoaoJmo_Q>o OÝ_coco JwUr _yc AMmZH$ XmoZAS>rMM dfmªMo AgVmZm AMmZH$ VS>H$m\$S>H$s _ê$Z OmUo {VÀ`m {Odmcm MQ>H$m cmdVo.`m AZw^dmcm gmjr AgUmao _mS>JyiH$a {c{hVmV, "CVmad`mV nwÝhm ~mimoVr, XwnQ>r {edV~gcr AgVmZm Vr _cm åhUmcr, ""H$emcm ao, BVŠ`m C{eam ho nmoa AmVm _mÂ`m nmoQ>mVAmoP§ KoD$Z am{hc§`?'' Am{U VoM _yc Joë`mda Vr åhUVo, ""~mim _mÂ`m, Aao H$m, ao_mÂ`m nmoQ>r Amcmg Am{U XmoZ dfmªMm hmoD$Z _mÂ`m _m§S>rda Jocmg?''

Z¡amí`mÀ`m Aem JV}V Z{e~mÀ`m gJiçm H$gmoQ>çm, narjm§Zm Vm|S> XoUmè`m `m ñÌrcmnVrZo g§ñWmZmÀ`m Hw$cX¡dVmMr MmH$ar KoVë`mZ§Va Mma {Xdgm§Mo Am{U Xwgè`m§Mo H$mhmoB©Zm, nU Eoœ`© Cn^moJm`cm {_iVo. Vr A{Ve` AmZ§Xr hmoVo, nU hþaiyZ OmV Zmhr. `mWmQ>m_mQ>mÀ`m AmYmamda Vr {XamMo c¾ CaHy$Z KoVo. na§Vw XodrÀ`m Xm{JÝ`mVë`m hadcoë`mnmMy_wio ì`{WV Pmcoë`m Zdè`mÀ`m `mVZm \$ŠV {VcmM H$iy eH$VmV. Vmo nmMygmnS>dUmè`m cImo~mMm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ~m`H$moMm AmXagËH$ma Vr A{Ve` Am¡{MË`mZo H$aVo.`m H$mimVë`m `m Xm§nË`mÀ`m dmJÊ`m_Üò Ë`m§Mo Cƒ g§ñH$ma Am{U OrdZ_yëòM {XgyZòVmV.

_mS>JyiH$a "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Üò åhUVmV, "_mÂ`m AmB©Mm OrdZàdmg hmn[apñWVrÀ`m dmid§Q>mVyZ Ho$cocm IS>Va Am{U cm§~cMH$ àdmg Amho... _cm H$mhr gJi§~Km`cm {_imcoco Zmhr... ~aoMgo _r H$ënZoZo OmUyZ KoVco Amho.'

H$ënZoZo OmUyZ KoVcoë`m AZw^dm§Zm Am{U Ë`m§À`m AmR>dUtZm "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc"AmB©'À`m ZmË`mMr Imocr Amho. åhUyZM Vo ì`pŠV{MÌ nyU©V: AZw^dm§da AmYm[aV AgyZhr


dU©Zna-ê$j dmQ>V Zmhr H$s Ho$di AmBªÀ`m à{V_oMo JmoS>do JmUmao dmQ>V Zmhr. VodmñVdXeu Am{U ^mdñneu dmQ>Vo.

5.3.2 dS>rc (XmXm)

H$îQ>miy, {OÔr Am{U H$UIa Aem AmB©À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmnwT>o XmXm§Mr ì`pŠVaoImH$mhrer {\$H$s dmQ>Vo Iar. nU Ë`m§Mm gmYonUm, nmn^rê$nUm, gMmoQ>rZo OJÊ`mMr d¥Îmr hoJwU _mÌ CRy>Z {XgVmV.

H$mX§~arÀ`m gwédmVrcm ~XcrÀ`m Jmdr Hw$Qw>§~mgh {ZKmcoco XmXm {XgVmV. coIH$mZoåhQ>co Amho, ""àdmgmV _mÂ`m d{S>cm§À`m d¥Îmr Zoh_rM OmñV CÎmo{OV hmoV. Vo OmñVr MnihmoV. OmñVr Km~ao hmoV Am{U OmñVr ~mocV. A§Jma g§Mma Pmë`mgmaIo Ë`m§Mo gJio dmJUoAgo.''

XmXm§Zm ~T>Vr {_iyZ Vo Ooca Pmco Ë`m{Xder Ë`m§Zm AmZ§X Pmcm. H$mhrVar JmoS>YmoS>H$am, Ago Ë`m§Zr CËgmhmZo KamV gm§{JVco. nU cdH$aM, amoO CRy>Z JwÝhoJmam§Mr Vm|S> ~KmdrcmJVmV, Amnë`mM ^mD$~§Xm§n¡H$s Hw$Ur ~oS>çm KmcyZ g_moa Amc§ Va Vo ghZ hmoUma§ ZmhråhUyZ Vr ~T>Vr Vo ZmH$maVmV.

Amnë`m d{S>cm§Mo Am{U gmgè`m§Mo A_mn H$V¥©Ëd AmB©Zo nm{hcoco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio em§VAm{U Yrå`m ñd^mdmÀ`m XmXm§Mm {Vcm _ZmVyZ amJ òB©. Ë`m§Mr Vrg-~Îmrg én`m§MrZmoH$ar, Vm~oXmar Am{U JmdmoJmdr hmoUmè`m ~Xë`m ho {Vcm AmdS>V Zgo. AmB© Ë`m§Mm C„oI"VwH$mam_~modm' Agm H$ar. Á`m KamV ~mB©-AmOrMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm, {OWo AmB©cm _moR>m ZmJ{Xgcm, â _Ü`mÝhamÌr Ho$g _moH$io gmoS>cocr, H$nmiâ Hw§$Hy$ cmdcocr ~mB© {Xgcr Ë`mdmñVyV AmB©cm amhm`Mo ZìhVo Am{U Amnë`m _wcm-~mim§Zm KoD$Z {VWo amhm`cm Vr V`maZìhVr. nU XmXm§Zm _mÌ Vr ~m~ \$maer _hÎdmMr dmQ>V ZìhVr. Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o, Kamda H$mÀmho. AmnU YramZo amhm`cm nm{hOo. XmXm§À`m Am{U AmB©À`m ñd^mdmMo nañna{damoYr n¡cy`m àg§JmV {XgVmV.

ßcoJÀ`m gmWrV _mUgo Jmd gmoSy>Z amhm`cm Jocr. Voìhm _mdetH$Sy>Z AmB©cm _içmdaamhm`cm `m- Agm {Zamon òVmo. nU XmXm _mÌ åhUVmV, Ë`m§Zr ~mocmdco hm Ë`m§Mm _moR>onUm.Ë`m§Zm Vmoerg Úm`cm ZH$mo- `m àg§JmVyZ XmXm§Mm A{Vg‚mZ ñd^md Ogm {XgVmo Vgm\$ma H$îQ> Z H$aVm, ì`dhmar {dMma Z H$aVm Amcm {Xdg Kmcdm`Mm- Aer d¥Îmrhr {XgVo.

nmMì`m ~mi§VnUmgmR>r AmB© Ooìhm YmH$Q>çm _wcrcm KoD$Z Jmdr OmVo Voìhm XmXm Am{UcoIH$ \$ŠV KamV CaVmV. Ë`m H$mimV Vo H$MoarVyZ Xwnmar Kar òD$Z XmoKm§nwaVm ñd`§nmH$H$am`Mo. _wcmcmhr amoOÀ`m H$mhr JmoîQ>r g_OwVrZ§ {eH$dm`Mo. Ë`m H$mimV EH$Ì Hw$Qw>§~mV_wco Am{U dS>rc `m§Mo g§~§Y \$maH$ê$Z òVM ZgV. d{S>cm§Mm YmH$, XamamM A{YH$ Ago.Aem H$mimV ho EH$ doJio {MÌ `m ~mncoH$m§À`m ZmË`mV {XgyZ òVo. Xå`mMm Ìmg ~imdcocmAgyZhr ZoQ>mZo g§gmamMm JmS>m AmoT>Umam, em§V Am{U pñWVàk Agm _mUyg Ë`m§À`m ê$nmV{XgVmo.


gmIaJS>À`m XodñWmZMm d{hdmQ>Xma åhUyZ XmXm§Mr ~Xcr Pmë`mda {VWo KS>cocmEH$ àg§J XmXm§À`m ñd^mdmMo Xe©Z KS>dUmam Amho. XodrMo EH$ nÞm aËZ Jhmi Pmë`mMog_Oë`mda Ë`m§Mr Pmon CS>Vo. A\$amV\$arMm Amamon òB©c, `m ZwgË`m H$ënZoZoM `mg‚mZ _mUgmcm H$mnao âVo. gmoerH$nUmMr na_mdYr Pmë`mda Vo aËZ gmnS>Vo.

g§ñWmZÀ`m char H$ma^mamV AMmZH$ XmXm§Mr ZmoH$ar gwQ>ë`mda AIoaMm _mJ© åhUyZAmB© Ë`m§Zm, {Vcm dmagmhŠH$mZo {_imcoco Ka d O_rZ {dH$m`cm gm§JVo Ë`mda XmXm ZH$maXoVmV. Vo åhUVmV, ""Vo _mÂ`mZo hmoUma Zmhr. Vo gJio VwPo Amho. ñÌrYZmMm Anhma_mÂ`mH$Sy>Z hmoUma Zmhr.'' XmXm§À`m `m CX²JmamVyZ Ë`m§Mm gËàd¥Îm ñd^md {XgVmo.~m`H$mocm gVV J¥hrVM YaUmè`m nwéfàYmZ g_mOmV Ë`m§Mo ho dV©Z Xw{_©i R>aVo.

åhmVmanUr dmZàñWml_ ñdrH$mamdm, Vgo AmB©-XmXm H$Ë`m© _wcm§da g§gmamMm ^maQ>mHy$Z \$ŠV gdmªV YmH$Q>çm _wcmcm KoD$Z nwÝhm Jmdr dmS>çmV amhm`cm OmVmV. nU {VWohrñdñWnUo Cd©[aV Am`wî` KmcdU§ Ë`m§À`m dmQ>çmcm òV Zmhr. Jm§YrdYmZ§VaÀ`mOminmoirV dmS>m Omicm Joë`mda XmXm IMyZ OmVmV Am{U Ë`mVM Wmoaë`m _wcmÀ`m_m§S>rda S>moHo$ R>odyZ Vo àmU gmoS>VmV.

Ë`m H$mimV AZoH$m§Mr Pmcr Ver nadS> dmQ>çmcm Amcocm, nU AmË`§{VH$ J[a~rVhrñdËderc am{hcocm hm _mUyg g§ñH$mamMo g§{MV Amnë`m dV©ZmVyZ _wcm§Zm XoD$Z Jocm.

5.4 Jm¡U nmÌo

5.4.1 H${damO

H${damO ho Jm¡U nmÌm§_Yco _hÎdmMo nmÌ. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mo ho _moR>o H${damO ~§YyåhUOo _amR>r {MÌg¥îQ>r d ^mdJrVm§Mo {dœ JmOdyZ gmoS>Umao JOmZZ {XJ§~a _mS>JyiH$a!BVa ^md§S>m§à_mUo Ë`m§Zm OÝ_OmV Cƒ ~w{Õ_Îmm, g§ñH$ma d OrdZ_yë`m§Mm g§nÞ dmagmcm^cocm hmoVmM. nU XodmZo Ë`mV à{V^m d g¥OZercVm `m XmoZ A_moc XoÊ`mMrhr âQ>mH$cocr hmoVr. "H$éUmîQ>H$mV' AJXr gwédmVrnmgyZ eodQ>n`ªV `m dS>rc ^mdmMm C„oIA{Ve` ào_mZo d AmXamZo Ho$cocm {XgyZ òVmo. VoM H${damO J{X_m!



1) AmB© Amnë`m Zdè`mMm C„oI H$moUË`m ZmdmZo H$aVo?

2) AmB© d¥ÎmrZo H$er Amho?

3) XmXm H$moUË`m g§ñWmZMo d{hdmQ>Xma hmoVo?

4) AmB©Mo Ka d O_rZ {dH$m`cm XmXm H$m ZH$ma XoVmV?

Zì`m Jmdr ZmoH$argmR>r ahm`cm Amë`mZ§Va nS>Š`m Kam_Üò {d{MÌ, ^r{VXm`H$KQ>Zm§Mr _m{cH$mM gwê$ Pmcr. nhmQ>oÀ`m H$mimoImV ZmJ KamV {eaUo, ~mB©AmOrMo AghmæÈH$Q>o _aU, AmB©cm Kam~mhoa _ÜàmÌr {XgUmar Amocr ~mi§VrU, A_mdñ`m-nm¡{U©_ocm{Vcm hmoUmao ^cVogcVo ^mg. Amoë`m ~mi§VrUrÀ`m Xe©ZmMr hr KQ>Zm _mS>JyiH$am§À`m^mfoV gJiçm ^md§S>m§Zr YS>YS>Ë`m H$miOm§Zr EoH$cr. VoìhmnmgyZ Ë`m§À`m _moR>çm ^mdmZoamÌrMo Kar PmonUoM gmoSy>Z {Xco. Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {_Ìm§H$S>o Kam~mhoa nS>coco Ë`mMonmD$c CÎmw§J H$V¥©Ëd PiH$dë`m{edm` Kam_Üò naV nS>coM Zmhr.

dS>rcnUmMr EH$ Yma dS>rc ^mdmÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {XgVo. ßcoJÀ`m gmWr_ÜòJmoio~mBªZm Vmn Amcm. JmR> CR>cr. Zì`m JmdmV _moR>çm _wpíH$crZo _mUgo OmoSy>Z Vr{Q>H$dUmar AmB© Ë`m§Zm ôQ>m`cm {ZKmcr. Voìhm hm _moR>m ^mD$ amJmZo åhUmcm, ""...VwåhmcmOrdmMr ndm© Zmhr; nU Amåhmcm AmB© nm{hOo. Agë`m AmOmanUmV ôQ>rMm CnMma nmim`M§H$mhr H$maU Zmhr.'' na§Vw `m ~amo~aM _wcmMo _ycnUhr XmIdUmao H$mhr {H$ñgo"H$éUmîQ>H$'_Üò AmhoV. KmoS>çmÀ`m eonQ>rMm Ho$g AmoT>ë`m~Ôc {VÀ`m Q>mMoMm Vm|S>mda_ma ImUo, ñdV: _mS>JyiH$am§Zm KmarÀ`m KaQ>çmV H$m` Amho ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r C§M PmS>mdaMT>m`cm cmdUo, Ë`mgmR>r "_moamÀ`m {ngm§À`m ~{jgmMr' cmcyM XmIdUo `m CXmhaUmVyZ~mcnUrMm {ZamJg AdIinUm âcocm Amho. nU AÝ`Wm hm _moR>m ^mD$ gVV n[anŠdd O~m~Xma {XgV Amcm Amho.

gmIaJS> g§ñWmZmÀ`m amOdmS>çmV amhmV AgVmZm XodrÀ`m Xm{JÝ`mVcm nmMy hadcm.Ë`m _mZ{gH$ VmUmImcr AgVmZmM H${damOm§Mm _°{Q´>H$Mm "{ZH$mc' cmJcm Am{U Vo ZmnmgPmco. cdH$aM hm dS>rc _wcJm H$Vm© hmoB©c Am{U hmVmer òB©c; Hw$Qw>§~mMr hmcmIrMrn[apñWVr gwYmaoc, Aer Amem AgUmar AmB© Iyn {Zame Pmcr Am{U `mcm \$ma Q>mHy$Z~moccr, ""VwÂ`m _Zmcm cmO H$er dmQ>V Zmhr?... {VH$S>M§ am{hcm AgVmg, _mYwH$ar_mJyZ Oodcm AgVmg, añË`mdaÀ`m {Xì`mImcr ~gyZ Aä`mg Ho$cm AgVmg Am{UnwT>À`m dfu nmg hmoD$Z g_moa Amcm AgVmg Va VwPm A{^_mZ dmQ>cm AgVm _cm! AmO_cm VwPr cmO dmQ>Vo ~K!'' ho ~mocUo EoHy$Z H${damO Jßn ~gco. Zoh_rà_mUo amÌr {_ÌmH$S>oOmÊ`mgmR>r ~mhoa nS>co, Vo naV AmcoM ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zr Hw$UmH$S>o KaÀ`m§gmR>r {Zamon R>odcmZmhr H$s Hw$Um~amo~a gm§Jmdm YmS>cm Zmhr. _°{Q´>H$Mo Anè hm KaÀ`m§~amo~a Ë`m§À`mñdV:gmR>r Anè Am{U {ZameoMm _moR>m Y¸$m Agmdm Am{U VmoM Ë`m§À`m Am`wî`mVcm EH${ZUm©`H$ diU XoUmam q~XyXoIrc R>acm Agmdm. Mma _{hZo Vnmg H$ê$Zhr AmB©cm `mAmnë`m _mZr _wcmMm H$mhrhr nÎmm cmJcm Zmhr.

KamVyZ {ZKyZ, XmamoXma Q>¸o$Q>moUno ImD$Z ho H${damO H$cmnya (H$moëhmnya) BWë`m{gZo_m ñQw>{S>AmoV ZmoH$arcm cmJco. H$coÀ`m joÌmVrc Ë`m§À`m nwT>rc CÎmw§J H$V¥©ËdmMr hr OUyH$mhr _whÿV©_oT>M Agmdr. BVŠ`m IS>Va n[apñWVrV Kam~mhoa nS>cocm _Zwî` {_ioc {VWo{_ioc Vo H$m_ H$am`cm V`ma Pmcm AgVm. nU H${damO Vo H$aÊ`mg V`ma ZìhVo."H$coÀ`m joÌmVM H$mhrVar H$V©~Jmar H$ê$Z XmIdrZ.' Aer Ë`mMr C_oX hmoVr. `m EH$mèmÀ`m nmàrZ§Va cJoMM d{S>cm§Zm gaH$mar ZmoH$arVrc M_ËH$m[aH$ YmoaUm_wio H$m_mdê$Z


H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco. Voìhm namJ§Xm AgUmè`m `m _wcmcm AmB©Zo nÌ nmR>dVmM Vmo YmdyZAmcm. H$O} {Zdmacr. Amncr dS>rcnUmMr O~m~Xmar {Z^mdcr. g§H$Q> Xya Joco, Vgm nwÝhmVmo _wem{\$amà_mUo Amnco H$cmgŠV H$c§Xa Am`wî` OJy cmJcm. {gZo_m ñQw>{S>Amo, N>moQ>çm^y{_H$m, em{ham§Mr g§JV, g§JrV _oimdo Am{U JmdmoJmdMo H$m`©H«$_ H$ê$ cmJcm.

ZmoH$arÀ`m JmdmhÿZ _mS>JyiH$am§Mo Hw$Qw>§~ _yi Jmdr naV Joco. S´>mBªJMr Odi Amcocrnarjm hmVMr OmD$ Zò åhUyZ ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a _mñVam§H$S>o am{hco. Y_m©Zo _wgc_mZAgcoë`m `m _mñVam§H$S>o XoÊ`mgmR>r ào_, {Zdmam Am{U Jwé{dÚoIoarO Xwgao H$mhrM ZìhVo._mS>JyiH$am§Zr ho {Xdg hmcmIrV H$mT>co. AemVM AMmZH$ Wmoaë`m ^mdmMm gm§JcrcmH$m`©H«$_ Amho, Ago H$ico Voìhm Vo {VWo Joco. Voìhm Ë`m§Zr ~è`mM {Xdgm§Z§Va nm{hcoë`mAmnë`m ^mdmMo dU©Z \$ma gw§Xa àH$mao Ho$co Amho. H$maH$sXuÀ`m MT>Ë`m {eS>rda AgUmamEH$ ^mD$ Am{U hcmIrV OJUmam Xwgam ^mD$ `m XmoÝhr JmoîQ>r Ë`m dU©ZmV {XgVmV, ""...Am{U CYicoë`m Ho$gm§Mm, C_Úm Mohè`mMm, VaUm~m§S> Agm _mPm ^mD$ _r {H$VrVar{Xdgm§Zr nm{hcm. _cm nmhVmM Ë`mcm \$ma AmZ§X Pmcm Am{U WmoS>o dmB©Q>hr dmQ>co.'' nwÝhmn[apñWVr OmUyZ H${damOm§Zr nmR>À`m ^mdmMo H$aVm òVrc VodT>o _ZgmoŠV cmS> Ho$co, `mVË`m§Mr {XcXma, ào_i d¥Îmr {XgVo. `mM doir Ë`mcm "hmoUmar d{hZr' XoIrc XmIdcr Am{UJw{nV dmQy>Z KoVco.

\$ma nwT>o dS>rc Joë`mZ§Va gJiçm _wcm§Mr c¾o Pmcr. gwZm KamV Amë`m. ^m§S>çmcm^m§S>r cmJy cmJcr. Voìhm d¡VmJyZ AmB© Amnco _yi Jmd gmoSy>Z nwÊ`mcm `mM Wmoaë`m coH$mH$S>oahm`cm Amcr. _Üò_Üò ~Xc åhUyZ Vr MmaEH$ {Xdg _mJyiH$am§H$S>ohr ahm`cm òB©; nU{VWo {Vcm H$a_V Zgo. {Vcm MmarYm_ `mÌm H$am`Mr \$ma BÀN>m hmoVr, nU \$ŠV Wmoaë`mcoH$mgmo~V Vr H$YrM nyU© Pmcr Zmhr.

d`mo_mZmà_mUo AmB©Mr AmOmanUo, CnMma gwê$ Pmco Am{U H${damOXoIrc AmOmarnS>co. gmÜ`m ImoH$ë`mZo nwT>o OrdKoUo ê$n KoVco. AmB©~amo~aM, Amnë`m _moR>çm ^mdmMo"EImÚm ^ygZiçmà_mUo S>moio {XndUmao' H$V¥©Ëd _mS>JyiH$am§Zr OdiyZ nm{hco. Amnë`mcm{_iUmao gmao H$mhr KamXmamÀ`m H$mZmH$monè`mn`ªV nmohmoMdUmam, gJiçm§gmR>r InUmam,PQ>UmamM Agm hm ^mD$ ZìhVm. Va Ë`mZo Amnco Zmd-Jmd _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ZH$memda _moR>o Ho$co hmoVo. H${dVm KamoKar nmohmoMdcr hmoVr. _mZgÝ_mZ {_idco hmoVo. gmjaZgUmè`m nU gwg§ñH¥$V Aem AmB©cm `m _wcmMm amñV Agm A{^_mZ hmoVm, Ë`mMà_mUo Vmog¥OZerc-g§doXZerc _mS>JyiH$am§ZmXoIrc hmoVm. gmÜ`m ImoH$ë`mMm Ý`y_mo{Z`m Pmcm.nwT>o H°$Ýga Pmcm Am{U H${damOm§Mr àH¥$Vr nyU© T>mgicr. WH$cocm hm ^mD$ nmhÿZ ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$a ì`{WV Pmco. Vo {c{hVmV, "XrK© Aem AmOmamZ§ H¥$e Pmcocr, dmH$cocr Am{U{Z`Vrcm g§nyU©V: eaU Jococr Aer _mÂ`m ^mdmMr hrM _yVu AmVm _mÂ`m ñ_aUmV nŠH$shmoD$Z am{hcr Amho.'

"AmXe© _mVm' åhUyZ AmB©Mm Omhra gËH$ma R>acm. gwê$ Agcoë`m g_ma§^mVyZ CRy>ZKar `mdo cmJco Vo H${damOm§Mm _¥Ë`y ~KÊ`mgmR>rM. H$éUmîQ>H$mVcr H${damOm§Mr ì`pŠVaoIm


Oar dU©ZmZwgma BWoM g§nV Agcr Var Vr Am{U {VMm n«^md "H$éUmîQ>H$m'_Yë`mgJiçm Am`wî`mda Am{U _mS>JyiH$am§À`m _Zmda gImoc Agm nS>cocm Amho ho AJXr Iao.

`m{edm` XmoÝhr nm`m§Zm chmZnUr ËdMmamoJ Pmcocm ~marH$amd, ZmJmon§V, coIH$mÀ`mXmoKr ~{hUr `m§Mr {MÌUohr H$mX§~arV AmT>iVmV. nU Vr AmB©À`m g§X^m©VM A{YH$ AW©nyU©AmhoV. {edm` `m Hw$Umhr ^md§S>m§Mr Zmdo coIH$ gm§JV Zmhr. AmOr EH$XmoZXm "Aao {S>Jy'Ago XmXm§Zm g§~moYyZ åhUVo Ë`mdê$Z "{XJ§~a' `m ZmdmMo Vo KaJwVr cKwê$n Agë`mMoOmUdVo. AmB© _mhoaMr "Hw$cH$Uu' hmoVr ho g_OVo nU {VMo Zmd _mÌ H$mX§~arV òV Zmhr.

5.4.2 ~mB© AmOr

hr coIH$mMr AmOr. AJXr åhmVmanUmV XwgarH$S>o Ord a_dUo AdKS> Pmcocr hråhmVmar _wcmÀ`m ZmoH$arÀ`m Jmdr ZmB©cmO åhUyZ OmVo. nU {VWcr AZmoiIr _mUgo,AZmoiIr n[aga `mV Vr AmVyZ EH$Q>r hmoV OmVo. coIH$mÀ`m AmB©Mo Am{U {VMo gmgy-gwZoMo ZmVo Agco Var AmB© {VMo gd©H$mhr _mòZo H$aVo. H$V¥©ËddmZ gmgè`mZo~mB©AmOrgma»`m AY©dQ> ~mB©er H$gm H$m` g§gma Ho$cm Agoc Ago AmB©cm dmQ>Vo.coIH$mcm _mÌ AmOr H$Yrhr ^«{_îQ> dmQ>V Zmhr. IoS>oJmdmV amhVmZm Hw$Qw>§~mVrc àËòH$mcmH$mhr Zm H$mhr H$m_ H$amdoM cmJVo. Ë`mà_mUo Vr nhmQ>o cdH$a CRy>Z OmË`mda Xim`Mr.Xwnmar amZmV OmD$Z Kmoi, nmÌm, H$aS>m, ha~am Aem AmnmoAmn CJdUmè`m ^mÁ`mAmUm`Mr.

XmXm Ooìhm {Vcm {dMmam`Mo "H$mhr hmoV§` H$m? ~mocV H$m Zmhrg Hw$Umer?' Voìhm VrgyZ Odinmg Zmhr ho ~KyZ "Jmdr Omd§ dmQ>V§' Ag§ åhUm`Mr. `mdê$Z {Vcm gwZoMm YmH$dmQ>o ho ñnîQ> hmoVo. Zì`m Jmdr Mma _mUgo OmoS>Ê`mV, O_ ~gdÊ`mV AmB© X§J Pmcr. nUAmOr _mÌ A{YH$m{YH$ EH$Q>r Pmcr. Xodmcm "gmoS>d" Ag§ gmH$S>§ Vr KmcV amhr. EH$mnmdgmiçmV {Vcm A{Vgma Pmcm Am{U Ë`mVM KamV EH$Q>r AgVmZm {Vcm _¥Ë`y Amcm.AmOr Joë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AmB©Zo Om|YiçmMo nrR> ngaco Am{U nUVr cmdcr. {Vgè`m {XderË`m {nR>mda {M_UrMo nm` C_Q>coco ~KyZ AmB© åhUVo, "Aòmn åhmVmar! XodmZ§ {Vcm{M_UrÀ`m OÝ_mcm KmVc§!'

Amnë`m _wcmÀ`m g§gmamV O_oc Vg§ H$m_ H$aV, _wcm-ZmVd§S>m§da _m`m H$aV,gwZoÀ`m _OuZ§ amhmV Cd©[aV Am`wî` KmcdUmè`m AZoH$ åhmVmè`m pñÌ`m§gmaIrM hr~mB©AmOr hmoVr.

`m{edm` H$ma§S>o_m_r, Vm§~o _mñVa Am{U Jmoio nVr-nËZr `mhr Jm¡U ì`pŠVaoImH$mX§~arV ôQ>VmV. Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo EH$-XmoZM {deof aoIm{MÌ H$mT>m{dV VgocoIH$mZo {Q>nco AmhoV.


5.5 "H$éUmîQ>H$' erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm

"H$éUmîQ>H$' `m H$mX§~arMo A§Va§J nmhmV AgVmZm àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo Vr{ZdoXZm_Yrc ghO-ñdm^m{dH$Vm Am{U àm_m{UH$nUm! `m gm{hË`H¥$Vr_Üò ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$am§À`m chmZnUm{df`r ghO AmoKmZo {c{hco Joco Amho.

n[apñWVr Am{U O~m~Xmar `m§À`m AmoÂ`m_wio {nMco Jococo dS>rc. Vo Amncr d¥ÕAmB©, ~m`H$mo Am{U Mma _wcm§Zm KoD$Z g§ñWmZÀ`m "gaH$mar' H$Moar_Üò ZmoH$arH$aÊ`mgmR>r _yi amhVo Jmd gmoSy>Z naJmdr admZm hmoVmV. òWyZM "H$éUmîQ>H$mMm' àdmggwê$ Pmcm Amho. nyduÀ`m H$mir pñÌ`m§Mo Am`wî` åhUOo OÝ_ Pmcm Vo _mhoaMo Jmd Am{U{OWo c¾ H$ê$Z {Xco OmB© Vo gmgaMo Jmd; EdT>oM _`m©{XV amhmV Ago. OmñV H$ê$ZgmgaJmdrM Ë`m§Mr nmio_wio éOV Vr _¥Ë`y òB©n`ªV, na§Vw ~XcË`m H$mimZwgma, Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`mAm{W©H$ JaOoZwgma, _wcmZo naJmdr KoVcocr H$MoarVrc ZmoH$ar d¥Õ AmOrZo _ZmZo ñdrH$macrVar {Vcm nMZr nS>Uo OS> OmVo. EH$m O{_ZrV nyU© dmT> Pmcocm n[anŠd d¥j XwgarH$S>og_yi CnQy>Z cmdë`mda Ë`mMo Z éOUo Am{U gwHy$Z g§nyZ OmUo, `m AmOrÀ`mì`pŠVaoIoVyZ `WmW©nUo {M{ÌV hmoVo. "`m àg§JmZ§Va _wi§ CKS>r nS>coë`m docrgmaIrAmOr gwH$V gwH$V Jocr.'

AmOnmgyZ nÞmg-gmR> dfmªnydu gd©gmYmaU KaJ¥hñWrMo AgUmao Vo EH$àm{V{Z{YH$ {MÌ Amho. ~XcVr gm_m{OH$ nmœ©^y_r, EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ hmoVM amhUmar _wco,ßcoJgma»`m Amamo½`{df`H$ g_ñ`m, Jm§YrOtÀ`m hËòZ§Va Cgicoë`m X§Jcrgma»`mgm_m{OH$-amOH$s` g_ñ`m `m gJiçm§Zm Vm|S> XoVm XoVm VËH$mcrZ H${ZîR> _Ü`_dJu`Kam§_Üò gmYmaU {MÌ AgoM hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm cm^cocm dmagm åhUOo Cƒ OrdZ_yë`m§Mm,



1) H${damO åhUOo ................................

2) Ë`m§Zr n{hcr ZmoH$ar ................................ BWo Ho$cr.

3) AmB©Mm ................................ åhUyZ gËH$ma R>acm.

4) AmB©À`m _Vo AmOrcm ................................ nwZO©Ý_ {_imcm.

5) dmL>²_`mVco H$méÊ` \$ŠV eãXmVyZM ì`ŠV hmoUmao ZgVo Va Vo ............................... AgVo.

6) AmB©À`m _mhoar ................................ gw~Îmm hmoVr.

7) ßcoJÀ`m gmWrV AmB©Zo ................................ À`m _içmV Aml` KoVcm.

gË`mMm, gMmoQ>rMm Am{U kmZmMm hmoVm. åhUyZM Aem KamVrc _wco ZwgVr H$_dVr Am{UgwIr Pmcr ZmhrV Va Zmdmê$nmcmhr Amcr.

"H$éUmîQ>H$' hr AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar Amho. _mS>JyiH$am§À`m AmB©-d{S>cm§À`m~hþVm§e g§gmaàdmgmMo Vo eãX{MÌ Amho. Ë`m§À`m AmB©À`m OrdZmÀ`m `m dU©ZmVeãXm§ncrH$S>À`m ~è`mM H$mhr JmoîQ>r gy{MV, Üd{ZV hmoVmV. g_¥Õ Ago ~mcnUAZw^dcoë`m, Aënd`mVM c¾ hmoD$Z "^moJ Z{e~mMo' gwê$ Pmcoë`m `m ñÌrZo Hw$R>oAmH«$ñVmionUm Ho$cocm Zmhr. Zdam AWdm _wcm§da amJ H$mT>cocm Zmhr qH$dm Xodmcm AWdmZ{e~mcmhr H$gcm ~moc cmdcocm Zmhr. gmgy Omoda {Od§V Amho Vmoda {Vcm "AY©dQ>'XoIrcåhUUmar hr ñÌr. VarXoIrc EImÚm AmOmar chmZ _wcmMm gm§^mi H$amdm Ver gmgycmgm§^miVo. AmnU ~mhoa Joë`mZ§Va ~odmaemgmaIm Pmcocm gmgyMm Xohm§V {VÀ`m _ZmcmImVmo. "Aòmn åhmVmar! XodmZ§ {Vcm {M_UrÀ`m OÝ_mcm KmVc§!' Agm {dœmg {Vcm dmQ>Vmo.

dmL>²_`m_Yco H$méÊ` \$ŠV eãXm§_YyZM ì`ŠV hmoUmao ZgVo. Vo AZw^yVr_Üò AgVo.hr AZw^yVrM "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Üò dma§dma òVo d åhUyZM Vo erf©H$ `m H$mX§~arH$[aVmAÝd`W©H$ R>aVo. CXm. "CVmamdê$Z T>oHy$i JS>JS>V Omd§, Ver AmB©_mJmo_mJ AmOr OmVhmoVr.' `mVyZ n[apñWVr_wio _mUgmÀ`m Am`wî`mV òUmar AJ{VH$Vm {XgVo. {OWo AmOrMrnmio_wio hmoVr, {VWyZ ZmB©cmOmñVd CIS>ë`mgmaIo {Vcm BVŠ`m d`mV `mdo cmJco.`mgmR>r dmnacocr hr Cn_m AJXr Ë`m dmVmdaUmcm gmOoer d WmoS>Š`mV ~aoM H$mhrgm§JUmar Amho.

nÞmg-gmR> dfmªnyduÀ`m Ë`m H$mimV _mUgm§Mr ì`mdgm{`H$ d¥Îmr YS>mS>rMr ZìhVr.MmH$moar~Õ, d§ena§namJV H$m_oM ghgm Ho$cr OmV Am{U nwT>À`m {nT>rcmhr "YmonQ>_mJm© gmoSy>ZH$mo' ho ~miH$Sy> {Xco OmB©. Aem doir Am{W©H$ gw~Îmm d{S>cmonm{O©V Agë`mg Ago."H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc AmB©Mo gmgao H$V©¥ËddmZ hmoV. {VÀ`m _mhoar d{S>cmonm{O©V gw~Îmm hmoVr.`m nmœ©^y_rda Zdè`m~amo~aMm {VMm g§gma _mÌ gVV emar[aH$, Am{W©H$ H$îQ>m§Zr âcocmMAgVmo. Zì`m Kar Amë`mnmgyZ {Vcm gVV ^mg hmoV, AmH¥$Vr {XgV, AmdmO EoHy$ òV._mS>JyiH$am§Zr `m ^mgm§Mr H$maUo \$ma _m{_©H$ d nQ>Ê`mgmaIr {Xcr AmhoV. Vo åhUVmV,""dma§dma {Vcm hmoUma ZmZm àH$maMo ^mg hmhr {VÀ`m {dcjU H$ënZmeŠVrMmM IoiAgcm nm{hOo. amoOM§ OrdZ BVH§$ H$mimoImM§ hmoV§, H$s Ë`mVyZ ~mOycm OmÊ`mgmR>rhr {VM§_Z hm ^mgmMm Ioi _m§Sy>Z Ë`mV a_V Agmd§. d{S>cm§Mr ZmoH$ar g§ncr. AmB© Jmdr ahm`cmJocr Am{U {VWyZM nwT>§ hm Ioi H$m`_Mm Jw§S>micm Jocm.'' Ago Vo Zm|XdVmV.

AmOrÀ`m AY©dQ> AgÊ`mMo H$maU XoVmZmhr AmB© Adgo-nm¡{U_oMo AmdmO Am{UJwáYZmÀ`m h§S>çmMm g§X^© XoVo. Z{e~mV ZìhVo åhUyZ YZmZo âcoë`m h§S>çmcm hmV(AmOrMm) cmJVmM _mVr Pmcr. "Z{e~mV Amho VodT>oM {_iVo' `m {VÀ`m ñdrH$mam_ÜòhrhV~cVm Am{U H$méÊ`M {XgyZ òVo.

"H$éUmîQ>H$ _Ycr amoJamB© Am{U gmVË`mZo _wcm _mUgm§Zm hmoUmao AmOmaXoIrcn[apñWVrÀ`m X`Zr`Vocm nwîQ>r XoUmao R>aVmV. Var Ë`m§Mm ~mD$ Hw$R>ohr Ho$cocm {XgV Zmhr.


AmOmanU Am{U amoJamB© AmUUmam nmdgmimXoIrc _mS>JyiH$am§Zm KamVë`mM aS>Š`mnmoagmaIm, åhUOo Zoh_rÀ`m JmoîQ>rgmaImM EH$ dmQ>Vmo. "EImX§ aS>d§ nmoa _m§S>r KmcyZ ~gV§Am{U Vm|S> da H$ê$Z Vmgâ aS>V§, Vgm hm nmD$g Hw$T>m Am{U hÅ>r hmoVm.' W§S>rVmn,~mB©AmOrMm A{Vgmam_wio Pmcocm _¥Ë`y, coIH$mÀ`m YmH$Q>çm ^mdmÀ`m nm`mcm J«mgUmam^`§H$a ËdMmamoJ D$\©$ "AmJn¡U', AmB©cm Pmcocr Agø AY©{eer Am{U `m gJiçm§daAn[a{_V Or{dV hmZr H$aUmam ßcoJ. gJiçm amoJm§Zm Z{e~mMo ^moJ åhUyZ Vm|S> XoUmè`m `mHw$Qw>§~mÀ`m à_wImZo ßcoJcmhr AerM W§S> à{V{H«$`m Zm|Xdcr. Vo eoOmaÀ`m§Zm åhUVmV,""Vwåhr Omc Amnë`m Jmdr. EH$Q>o AmhmV. _r {~èhmS> CMcyZ Hw$R>o OmD$?'' ßcoJcmQ>miÊ`mgmR>r Vm§ã`m§À`m eoVmda amhÊ`mH$[aVm ZmB©cmOmñVd ~m§Ycocr PmonS>rXoIrc AerMdoS>r~mJS>r, ~mnwS>dmUr Amho, ""AmB©Mo Mma JmoS> eãX IMy©Z VodT>çm {H$_VrV Ho$dT>r Am{UH$er PmonS>r òUma? `m gJiçm Mm§Jë`m dñVrV \$ŠV Am_MrM PmonS>r AJXr gw_ma hmoVr.añË`mH$S>ocm ~gcoë`m åhmVmè`m {^H$maUrgmaIr Vr dmH$cocr, XrZdmUr {Xgo.''

"H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yë`m AmB©cm _wcr H$_r _wco OmñV. AmB©cm Amncr gJirM _wcogmaIr Agcr Var {VMo _wcrer AgUmao ZmVo Img doJio, OdiMo AgVo. coIH$mÀ`mchmZ ~{hUrMo emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` R>rH$ ZìhVo. Ë`mVM c¾mZ§Va gmao H$mhrì`dpñWV AgVmZm AMmZH$ Zdam Joë`mZo, H$moc_S>cocr nmoQ>Mr nmoaJr nmhUo AmB©cm OS>Jococo {XgVo. {VMo A{cá hmoUo Am{U AmË_hËòMm _mJ© Adc§~Uo ZŠH$sM `mVZmXm`r R>aVo.{VÀ`m ^md§S>mnojmhr {VÀ`m AmB©H$[aVm OmñV `mIoarO _moR>çm ~{hUrÀ`m g§gmamV gmVË`mZoPmcocr {VMr nadS> H$m`_MrM am{hcr. ZmoH$arÀ`m Zì`m Jmdr KamV H$moUr ZgVmZmA§WéUmV ~mB©AmOrMm Pmcocm Ho${dcdmUm A§V Am{U _moR>çm AmŠH$mMm ViçmH$mR>r nm`Kgê$Z WmoS>Š`m nmÊ`mVM S>moHo$ ~wSy>Z Pmcocm A§V, `m XmoZ àg§JmVcr AJ{VH$Vm gmaIrdmQ>Vo. XmoZ _wctÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Xodmcmhr AmB©Zo Xya H$amdo hr JmoîQ> coIH$mÀ`m _Zmcm cmJcrAmho.

hŠH$mMr eoVO_rZ Hw$imÀ`m KemV OmD$ Zò åhUyZ Jmdr nmR>dcocm, {ejUgwQ>cocm ZmJy, CÎm_ {eH$coë`m H$V¥©ËddmZ ~S>oMr Pmcocr qZXm-ZmcñVr Am{U Am`wî`mÀ`mAJXr eodQ>r gJiçmV OmñV IMdUmam Wmoaë`m {X½JO _wcmMm _¥Ë`y-"H$éUmîQ>H$m'_Yrc ho gÌ {Z`VrMm ñdrH$ma Xe©{dVo. Á`m doJmZo H$éUmîQ>H$mV _wcm§MoOÝ_ Pmco, Ë`mMà_mUmV H$mhtMr {OdmdaMr AmOmanUohr Pmcr. nU Ago åhQ>co OmVo H$s,"OwZr hmS>o ~iH$Q> AgVmV.' Ë`m Ý`m`mZo hr AmB© Am{U {VMr BVa _wcohr ânya OJcr.OJë`m ZmhrV Ë`m {VÀ`m _wcr Am{U {OVHo$ OJë`m Ë`mVhr Xw:Io Am{U Z{e~mMr narjmMOmñV hmoVr. XmoÝhr _wctÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va S>moiçm§Mo Am°naoeZ Pmë`mdagwÕm AmB© åhUVo, ""Zmhrao, n{hë`mgmaIo {XgV.''

{Vcm Am`wî`mÀ`m `m KS>rcm H$m` nhm`Mo Agoc Ago H$moS>o coIH$mcm nS>Vo. na§Vwho dmŠ` {VMr OJÊ`m~ÔcMr cmcgm CËH$Q>nUo ì`ŠV H$aVo. Ogo nXar Amco, Vgo Am`wî`ñdrH$maUmar Am{U {Z^mdyZ ZoUmarM OmñV _mUgo "H$éUmîQ>H$mV' Amnë`mcm ôQ>VmV. Vr~hþe: VÎd{ZîR>, àm_m{UH$, lÕmiy Am{U H$îQ>miy AmhoV. {Z`Vr hr gdm}ƒ _mZUmar AmhoV.


Ë`m§À`m OJÊ`mV aS>JmUo Zmhr qH$dm CYmarMm Amdhr Zmhr. `mVM "H$éUmîQ>H$'À`mH$WmZH$mMo àmUVÎd d Ë`mVco H$méÊ` gm_mdco Amho, Ago åhUVm òB©c.

5.6 g_mamon

`WmW© nmÌ{MÌUm_wio H$mX§~arVrc nmÌo Iè`mIwè`m ì`ŠVr dmQ>VmV. Ë`m§À`m gwI-Xw:Im§er dmMH$ `m ZmË`mZo AmnU EH$ê$n hmoVmo. BWo Va hr AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arAgë`m_wio Ë`m nmÌm§Zm dmñVdmMm ^¸$_ nm`m Amho. Ë`m_wio Vr Añgc dmQ>VmV.

Vg§M AmB©À`m OrdZH$hmUrV Xw:I Am{U H$méÊ`M A{YH$ AgÊ`mMm àË`` òVmo.Amnë`m AmR> _wcm§À`m ê$nmZo OUy ho "H$méÊ`mMo AîQ>H$' {VÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Amco, `mMmàË`` dmMH$mcm òVmo. Ë`m_wio erf©H$ g_n©H$ dmQ>Vo. AmVm nwT>À`m nmR>mV "H$éUmîQ>H$' `mH$mX§~arMo dmL>²_`rZ {deof nhm`Mo AmhoV.

5.7 gmam§e

{_Ìm§Zmo, `m nmR>mV AmnU "nmÌ' åhUOo H$m`, _w»` nmÌ Am{U Jm¡U nmÌ H$emcm åhUm`Mo,Vo Aä`mgco. "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m H$mX§~arÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr "AmB©' hr ì`pŠVaoIm Amho.gmh{OH$M g§nyU© H$mX§~arMm Ame` AmB©^modVr {\$aVmo. Hw$R>ë`mhr KQ>Zmàg§JmV AmB©À`m^mdZm, AmB©Mo {dMma, AmB©Mr à{V{H«$`m _hÎdmMr Amho. Ë`m nmR>monmR> XmXm, AmOr, H${damOBË`mXr nmÌm§Zm _hÎd Amho. `m gd© nmÌm§Mo {MÌU coIH$mZo H$go Ho$co Vo AmnU nm{hco VgoMH$mX§~arÀ`m erf©H$mMr AÝdW©H$Vmhr Aä`mgcr.



5.2

1) H$Wm d H$mX§~ar 2) AmB©Mr 3) eãXê$n

4) coIH$mMr 5) H|$ÐdVu nmÌmg 6) Xwæ`_ qH$dm Jm¡U

5.3

1) VwH$mam_ ~modm 2) Ym{_©H$ 3) gmIaJS>

4) "_r ñÌrYZmMm Anhma H$aUma Zmhr' Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo åhUyZ.

5.4

1) J. {X. _mJyiH$a 2) H$moëhmnya (H$cmnya)

3) AmXe© _mVm 4) {M_UrMm

5) AZw^yVrV 6) d[S>cmonm{O©V

7) Vm§~o _mñVamÀ`m.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 6

"H$éUmîQ>H$' : dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço

6.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{_Ì§Zmo, "H$éUmîQ>H$' hr H$mX§~ar AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ Amho, ho AmnU nm{hco. {VMoH$WmZH$ Am{U {VÀ`mVrc nmÌ{MÌU hohr Aä`mgco. H$mX§~arÀ`m `m d¡{eîQ>çm§~amo~aM{VÀ`mV AmT>iUmao g_mOOrdZ d _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfme¡cr hr _hÎdmMr dmL²>_`rZd¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. àñVwV nmR>mV AmVm hr d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgm`Mr AmhoV. hm nmR> _yiH$mX§~arÀ`m ~amo~arZo Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmcm -

l "H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~arVrc g_mO{MÌU H$go Amho Vo {c{hVm `oB©c.

l _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ^mfme¡crMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm `oVrc.

"H$éUmîQ>H$' : dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço>/ 57

6.0 C{ÔîQ>o6.1 àmñVm{dH$6.2 "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc g_mOOrdZmMo {MÌU

6.2.1 H$mX§~arVrc H$mi6.2.2 cmoH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$ YmaUm d d¥Îmr6.2.3 AmOmanUo - CnMmanÕVr6.2.4 ImÚnXmW©6.2.5 emim-_wcm§Mo Ioi6.2.6 {ZgJm©Mo gm{ÞÜ`

6.3 "H$éUmîQ>H$'Mr ^mfme¡cr6.3.1 ghOVm6.3.2 R>gR>erV ì`pŠV{MÌo6.3.3 H$mì`_`Vm6.3.4 c`~ÕVm, à{V_m, {MÌX{e©Ëd


Amncr àJVr Vnmgm : CÎmao

6.1 àmñVm{dH$

_mS>JyiH$am§Mo ~mcnU Á`m H$mimV Joco Ë`m åhUOo gmYmaU 1925 Vo1945 `m H$mimVrc J«m_rU _hmamîQ´> H$gm hmoVm, cmooH$m§Mo amhmUr_mZ, Ë`m§À`m d¥Îmr dYmaUm, Ë`m§À`m lÕm-A§YlÕm, Ë`m§Mo X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ, Ë`m§Mo nohamd, Ë`m§Mo ImUo-{nUo B.AZoH$ n¡cy§da Ë`m H$mX§~arV àH$me nS>Vmo. åhUOoM VËH$mcrZ g_mOOrdZ H$go hmoVo, hoAmnë`mcm g_OVo. H$mX§~arVrc nmÌo Á`m H$mimV d Á`m g_mOmV dmdaVmV, Ë`m§MoAñgc {MÌ Amnë`mg_moa Cô amhmVo. ho {MÌ hþ~ohy~ Am{U àË``H$mar Ago Cô H$aÊ`mV_mS>JyiH$am§À`m ^mfme¡crMm Iyn _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. `m nmR>mV AmnU "H$éUmï>H$'_Yrcg_mOOrdZ Am{U _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfme¡cr `m§Mm Aä`mg H$am`Mm Amho.

6.2 "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc g_mOOrdZmMo {MÌU

6.2.1 H$mX§~arVrc H$mi

Hw$R>ë`mhr gm{hË`H¥$VrV XmoZ H$mi {XgVmV. EH$ åhUOo H$cmH¥$Vr Á`mH$mimV {c{hcr Jocr Vmo H$mi. "H$éUmîQ>H$' àW_ àH$m{eV Pmcr 1982 gmcr. XwgamåhUOo Ë`m Ë`m H$cmH¥$VrMm A§VJ©V H$mi. åhUOoM Ë`mVrc H$WmZH$mMm, nmÌm§Mm H$mi.nmÌo Á`m H$mimVrc AmhoV Vmo H$mi. "H$éUmîQ>H$' _Yrc nmÌo dmdaVmV Vmo H$mi AmhoñdmV§Í`mnyduMm. H$maU "g§ñWmZÀ`m char H$ma^mamMm' CëcoI H$mX§~arV òVmo. ñdmV§Í`{_imë`mda g§ñWmZo Imcgm Pmcr, ho Amnë`mcm _mhrV Amho. _mS>JyiH$am§Mo ~mcnU ^moag§ñWmZmV Joco. Ë`m_wio d{S>cm§Mr g§ñWmZ_Yrc ZmoH$ar d Ë`m {Z{_ÎmmZo amhmVo Jmd gmoS>yZnmoQ>mnmÊ`mgmR>r {\$aUo Ë`m§Zm H$amdo cmJco. AmOÀ`mgmaIr Voìhm _mUgo gam©g àdmg H$aVZìhVr. àdmgmMr gmYZohr VwaiH$ Am{U A{dH${gV AdñWoV hmoVr. d{S>cm§À`m ~XcrÀ`mJmdr OmVmZm ~mB©AmOrMo Oo hmc hmoVmV Ë`mdê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoVo.

"N>moS>mo ^maV Midi', ñdmV§Í`àmárMm H$mi, Xwgao _hm`wÕ, Jm§YrOtMr hË`m`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m amOH$s` KQ>Zm§Mo {^Þ {^Þ nS>gmX H$éUmîQ>H$mVë`m Am`wî`mdaC_Q>co AmhoV. n¡H$s _mS>JyiH$a ñdV: "N>moS>mo ^maV' Am§XmocZmV gh^mJr Pmco. Jm§YrOtÀ`mhËòZ§VaÀ`m OminmoirV Va g_mOmÀ`m gd© ñVam§Zm Pi gmogmdr cmJcr Am{U AmnUH$mhr AnamY Ho$cm ZgVmZm ho Xw:I Amnë`mM dmQ>çmcm H$m Amco `mMr hm` ImD$Z XmXm§Zr_ZmZo _¥Ë`ycm Amncogo Ho$co; na§Vw ñdmV§Í` {_iUo Am{U _hm`wÕ `m XmoÝhr _moR>çm KQ>Zm§MmchmZ Jmdm§_Yrc gm_mÝ` Am`wî`mda \$magm H$mhr Imoc n[aUm_ Pmcm Zmhr, Ago_mS>JyiH$a ñdV:M åhUVmV.

6.2.2 cmoH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$ YmaUm d d¥Îmr

"H$éUmï>H$'_Ycr AmOr åhmVmanUr gVV XodmMm Ymdm H$aVo. AmB©hr d¥ÎmrZoYm{_©H$ hmoVr. gd© gUdma Vr AJXr CËgmhmZo gmOao H$aVo.


Z{e~mda JmT> {dœmg, ho "H$éUmîQ>H$m'Vrc gd©M nmÌm§Mo gm_mB©H$ d¡{eîQ>ç {XgVo.Ë`m_wio AmOrÀ`m ^«{_ï>nUmMo g_W©Z H$aVmZm AmB© åhUVo H$s, ""Z{e~mV Zgcoë`mYZmÀ`m h§S>çmcm {VZo hmV cmdcm Am{U Ë`mMr _mVr Pmcr.'' {ZnwÌH$mÀ`m dmñVyMo KoVcoco^`, ^mgm_Üò {Xgcocr Amocr ~mi§VrU, {dRy>H$mH$m§Zr AmUcocm WmoVm§S>dmXr _m§{ÌH$ `m gd©Jmoï>r Ë`m H$mim_Yco ê$T> AgUmaao {dœmg, A§YlÕm XmIdVmV.

Eoœ`© Am{U gwImÀ`m H$ënZmhr H$mimZwê$n doJdoJù`m AgVmV. AmB©cm Amnë`mZdè`mcm ~T>Vr {_imcr åhUOo AmVm Amnë`m Am{U Ë`mÀ`mhr {X_Vrcm cmc nÅ>odmcmòB©c Aer ñdßZo {XgVmV. `mÀ`mH$Sy>Z {_iUmar godm åhUOo \$maVa _wcm§Zm emioVAmUUo-gmoS>Uo, XiU Am{U nmÊ`mMr EImXr KmJa AmUyZ XoUo EdT>rM _m\$H$ Anojm!Vm§ã`m§Mo Oo Eoœ`© dU©Z Ho$co Amho. Ë`mVhr Hw$R>o ^nH$m qH$dm AmYw{ZH$Vm Zmhr. O_rZOw_cm,eoVr_mc, BaH$cr cwJS>r, én`mEdT>o Hw§$Hy$ Am{U R>gR>erV gmoÝ`mMo Xm{JZo. AmB©À`mgwIdñVy _mhoaMohr dU©Z Amho. nU Ë`m H$mimVë`m OZ_mZgmV XmIdÊ`mÀ`m lr_§VrMo_hÎd ZìhoVM ho nXmonXr {XgVo. AgUmao Eoœ`© Ago gmYo Am{U ZgUmè`m Eoœ`m©Mr dmQ>~Km`Mr Vrhr d«VñWnUo. _wcm§Zm Oody KmcyZ qeŠ`m_Üò cú_rgmR>§r "H$moa-AYu' VarXe_r R>odm`Mr åhUOo ZH$iV AmcrM Va Cnmer amhUma Zmhr! {Z`Vrda R>m_ {dœmgAm{U OmD$ {VWo "AmVS>çmMm JmoVmdim' {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr Vi_i øm _mUgm§_Üò H$m`_Mr{XgVo.

`m H$mim_Ycr gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m Am`wî`mVcr A{Ve` _m¡ë`dmZ MrO åhUOo CƒOrdZ_yëò Am{U g§ñH$ma! `m Hw$Qw>§~mMr YmQ>Ur ~«m÷Ur Agcr Var Vr CXma Amho, gwg§ñH¥$VAmho. H$_©R> Zmhr åhUyZM AmB© coIH$mcm AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoVo H$s, "Vy nmQ>{cUrM§ XyY{nD$Z dmT>cm Amhog,' Mma {Xdg ~mOycm ~gÊ`mÀ`m H$mimV Vr OmVnmV {dgê$Z Amnë`m_wcm§Zm Hw$U~rUrH$S>o Oodm`cm nmR>dVo Am{U "_w§Or hmoB©n`ªV MmcV§' Agohr gm§JVo. XmarAmcoë`m `mMH$mcm [aVo naV nmR>dm`Mo Zmhr ho {VMo VÎd Amho. nwT>o CVmad`mV _mÌ XmarAmcoë`m Hw$Umcmhr ^gm^gm XmZ Ho$ë`mdê$Z Vr coH$sgwZm Am{U _wcm§Mm Xmof nËH$aVo.Jm§YrhËòZ§VaÀ`m OminmoirV am_moemcm Amnco Xod AmJrnmgyZ "dmMdm`cm' gm§JVo.

Ë`m H$mimVco gUdma, CËgd-`mÌm, {dœmg XodXodVmhr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ^mgVmV.coIH$mÀ`m AmOmo~m§Zr am_moemÀ`m {damoYmV OmD$Z "åhgmo~m'À`m gmdcrMo PmS> VmoS>coAm{U Ë`mMr VwiB© Kamcm KmVcr. _Zmcm ImUmè`m `m H¥$Ë`m_wioM H$s H$m`; {VÀ`mImcrPmonUmam Hw$R>ë`mhr {nT>rVcm H$moUrhr PmonoVyZ qH$MmiV OmJm hmoV Agoc H$s H$m`? VgoMKamcm VmaUo Am{U ajU H$aÊ`mnojm Z¡doÚ MwH$cm åhUyZ égUmar "VmB©AmB©' hr J«m_XodVmBWo AmS>mV Q>mH$cr OmVo, EdT>oM ZmhrVa {VÀ`mdaÀ`m amJmnm`r Ë`mda C{H$aS>mhr Ho$cmOmVmo; hr AJXr VËH$mcrZ {d{jánUmMr _gmcodmB©H$ CXmhaUo.

"H$éUmï>H$m'Vrc gd©M nmÌm§Zm gmVË`mZo _mUgo OmoS>m`Mm "N>§X' Amho. _yiJmd gmoSy>ZOmVmZm Ë`m_wioM hr "AmB©' gJù`m dS>rcYmè`m§À`m nm`m nS>Vo Am{U "òËò h§' åhUyZnXamZo S>moio {Q>nVo. Amnë`m chmZ _wcm§BVH$sM åhmVmè`m gmgyMr H$miOr KoVo. "AmOr


AmYr H$mR>rgmaIr Ë`mV ôXacocr' `mVyZ {VMo Jar~S>o {MÌ S>moù`m§nwT>o Cô amhVo. éim§ZmAS>IiyZ nS>cocr AmOr nwT>o XwImdUmè`m _ZJQ>mcm {~ã~o KmcV amhVo. {~ã~m hm h_ImgàmXo[eH$ Cnm`.

ì`dhmamVrc cm¡{H$H$ èmnojm Amnë`m YmaUm, Amnco g§ñH$ma `m§Zm à_mU_mZyZ OJÊ`mMr d¥Îmr {XgVo. Ë`m_wio _wcmcm XoD$Z Cacoco Ea§S>oc dm`m OmD$ Zò åhUyZVm§~o_mñVa Vo {nD$Z Q>mH$VmV. Amnë`mM g§~§{YVm§n¡H$s Hw$Ur JwÝhoJma åhUyZ g_moa AmcmVa Ooca `m ZmË`mZo Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o nmhmUo ghZ hmoUma Zmhr åhUyZ XmXm ~T>Vr ZmH$maVmV.XodrMm _m¡ë`dmZ nmMy Zmhrgm Pmë`m_wio XmXm AñdñW Va hmoVmVM nU VH«$ma Ho$cr Vagd© ZmoH$a-_mUgm§Zm _mahmU hmoB©c, åhUyZ H$miOrVhr nS>VmV.

6.2.3 - AmOmanUo - CnMmanÕVr

JmdÀ`m n§MH«$moerV Hw$R>ohr S>m°ŠQ>a-d¡Ú ZgUo, hr Ë`m H$mimMr Im{g`V._moR>çm OI_m§da PmS>-nmë`mMo Am¡fY gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Zmhr _mhrV Agm`Mo. H${damOm§ZmKmoS>rÀ`m Q>mno_wio Pmcocr OI_ dm IwÔ coIH$mcm nS>cocr ImoH$ PmS>nmë`mÀ`m Am¡fYmZo~ar hmoVo. ~marH$amdm§Mo S>moŠ`mVco H¥$_r {S>Ho$_mcrMr nyS> ^ê$Z ZîQ> hmoVmV. Va ZmJyn§VmMr"AmJn¡U' dhmË`m nmÊ`mV ~gdyZ ~ar hmoVo Am{U AY©{eerda CnMma åhUyZ AmB© IwanoVmndyZ OZmdamgmaIo ^wd`m§da S>mJ KoVo qH$dm MŠH$ Xmar Amcoë`m Jmogmì`mH$Sy>Zhr"VmoS>Jm' H$ê$Z KoVo. AmB©Mm "T>mUH$' gmgam Ooìhm aŠVmMr JwiUr EH$mEH$s hmoD$Z _aVmoVoìhm ZŠH$sM Hw$Um d¡è`mZo "_yR> _macr' Am{U KamVcr cú_r "hmoË`mMr ZìhVr' Pmcr AgoVr åhUVo.

6.2.4 ImÚnXmW©

"H$éUmîQ>H$m'Vë`m H$mQ>H$gar qH$~hþZm X[aÐr OrdZm_Üò ImÊ`m{nÊ`mÀ`mnXmWmªMr `mXr òVo, Vrhr AJXr gmYrgwYr! nU `m gmYonUmcm AmB©À`m, AmOrÀ`m hmVmMr,KaJwVrnUmMr cÁOV Amho. {ZgJm©V Oo _w~cH$ Am{U _moc Z _moOVm {_imco, VoñdrH$maÊ`mMr Am{U Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMr Z_« d¥Îmr Amho. BWcr AmOr [aH$må`m doimVamZmo_mi OmD$Z Kmoi, H$aS>m, nmÌm, gamam Aem ^mÁ`m doMyZ AmUVo Am{U {eOdVo.emioVyZ Amë`mdaMm ImD$ åhUOo Vì`mda ^mOcoë`m e|Jm qH$dm ha~ao! \$ma Va VocVynH$UrH$ JwimMm Bdcmgm cmSy>. amoOMo OodU Xeå`m§Mo, àdmgmVcr {eXmoar {Q>H$mD$ _wJmÀ`mcmS>dmMr. AmB© _mÌ ~mi§VnUmgmR>r Ooìhm OmVo Am{U _mS>JyiH$a H$mhr _{hZo d{S>cm§~amo~aEH$Q>o amhVmV Voìhm WmoS>r\$ma _Om `m ImÊ`m{nÊ`mV Am{U ñd`§nmH$mV òVo. Ho$coco {nR>coàW_ à`moJmV \$gVo Am{U "H$moîQ>mMr Ii' hmoVo. Vm§Xyi ZwgVoM {ÔVmV _J _mÌ{nR>co^mVmMo EH$Xm {eH$coco V§Ì Am`wî`â AS>r-AS>MUrcm nwê$Z CaVo. d{S>cm§Mo{_Ì_§S>i Am{U Ë`m§À`m {Q´>nm§_Ycm ImD$hr AgmM gmYm-KaJwVr nU MQ>H$Xma! H$m§ÚmMrWmc{nR>o, T>~y {_aÀ`m§Mr ^mOr Am{U _gmcoXma {IMS>r. gmIaJS>À`m dmñVì`mV _mÌgmJ«g§JrV nwaUm-daUmMm MmarR>md ñd`§nmH$ òVmo.


6.2.5 - emim - _wcm§Mo Ioi

ZdrZ Jmdr Joë`mda "N>S>r cmJo N>_N>_' à_mUo dmJUmao emioVco _mñVa_mS>JyiH$am§À`m dmQ>çmcm òVmV. ho _mñVa Ë`m§Zm JmoîQ>rVë`m ~H$mgwamà_mUo dmQ>VmV Am{U_wcm§Zm ~XS>VmV. Ë`m_wio emim ~wS>dyZ amZmo_mi ^Q>H$Uo hm AmdS>Vm CÚmoJ ~ZVmo. hohrH$mimZwê$n d¡{eîQ>çM.

{ejU åhUOo KmoH§$nÅ>r, N>S>çm Am{U Xamam AerM à{V_m AgÊ`mMm Vmo H$mi hmoVm.Ë`mV ßcoJgmaIr Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr! Ord dmMdUo Am{U hmVmVm|S>mMr Oo_Vo_ JmR> nmS>m`MonmhUo _hÎdmMo. Ë`m_wio dfm©H$mR>r _wco emioV {H$Vr {Xdg OmV hm àíZM hmoVm. ZmJyn§Vm§Mr"AmJn¡U', ~marH$amdm§À`m S>moŠ`mVco "H¥$_r' `m§gmaIr chmZ_moR>r AmOmanUo åhUOo nwÝhmemioÀ`m gwÅ>rMr h_r. Ë`m_wio ZXr-AmoT>çmV S>w§~Uo, AmB©~amo~a YwÊ`m^m§S>çmÀ`m doir nmUr_ZmogmoŠV IoiUo, C§M PmS>mdaMr nú`m§Mr KaQ>r VnmgUo, _moR>o dmS>o AgUmè`mIoiJS>çm§~amo~a YwS>Jyg KmcUo qH$dm Hw$R>crVar IoiUr ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r KmoS>rÀ`m eonQ>rMmHo$g {_idVmZm {VÀ`m Q>mnoMm VJS>m "àgmX' ImUo AgoM CÚmoJ OmñV Mmccoco {XgVmV.{ZgJm©Mm ghdmg, Ë`mÀ`mer OdirH$ Am{U Ë`mda {ZVm§V ào_ "H$éUmîQ>H$m'Vë`m chmZ_wcm§_Üòhr nwaonya {XgyZ òVo. emioV Z a_Umam _mS>JyiH$am§Mm Ord S´>m°BªJÀ`m narjogmR>rAm{U {MÌH$cogmR>r _mÌ AJXr AmgwgVmo. Vo åhUVmV, "ho OJ ZmOyH$ aofm§Mo Am{U _D$ImoS>a~amMo, XmQ> a§JmM§ Am{U \w$Jra ñn§OmM§, _moJè`mÀ`m ZmOyH$ S>hmù`m§M§ Am{UH$ÝhoarÀ`m Jwcm~r \w$cm§M§ hmoV§. Amoë`m Hw§$Më`mMo Am{U a§JrV ISy>M§ hmoV§'. Zmhr åhUm`cmË`m§Mo dS>rc ~§Yy Aä`mgmV gmVË`mZo JH©$ Agcoco {XgVmV. Vo amÌr H$mImoQ>rcm nwñVHo$_mê$Z {_ÌmH$S>o OmVmV nU Ë`m§Mmhr H$c H$_©R> nwñVH$snUmnojm H$coH$S>oM OmñV! _°{Q´>H$cmZmnmg hmoUo `mMr gmj XoVmV.

6.2.6 - {ZgJm©Mo gm{ÞÜ`

"H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc nmÌo Á`m n[agamV Am{U Á`m H$mimV dmdaVmV, Ë`m H$mimV ehao\$maer ZìhVrM. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgo chmZchmZ Jmdm§VyZ amhmV. dñVy§Mr _w~cH$Vm ZìhVr;nU {ZgJ©mMo gm{ÞÜ` _mÌ _mUgm§Zm ghO àmá hmoVo. "nmdgmiçmV C§M JdV CJdVo. H$mimYmoÌm, nm§T>am YmoÌm, cmoI§S>r, H$m§JwÊ`m, KmUoar, H$moa\$S>, ASw>igm Aer _moR>çm nmZm§Mr PwS>noVamaV. nS>Š`m q^Vrdê$Z docr cm|~V. Agë`m JMnUmVyZ cmc Vm|S>mMr _w§Jwgo {~io H$ê$ZamhmV. KmoanS>r qhS>V Am{U ZmJ, Ym{_UrgmaIo gn© Va dma§dma ÑîQ>rcm nS>V.'

nmUr ZXrdê$Z dm AmoT>çmdê$Z âmdo cmJo. {d{harMo e|XyZ H$mT>mdo cmJo. drOZgë`m_wio H§${XcmÀ`m COoS>mV dmda Ago. MwcrgmR>r ganU O_dmdo cmJo.

ßcoJÀ`m gmWrV Jmdm~mhoa _mUgo _wŠH$m_mcm AgV, Voìhm nmoaogmoao {Q>ßò amKy Am{UYZN>S>çm§Mo AmdmO EoH$V ^Q>H$V. {nH$cr C§~ao ImV Am{U _moam§Mr {ngo Jmoim H$arV.PmS>mda MT>Uo, gyanma§ã`m IoiUo Ago Ioi IoiV. _hmJS>r IoiUr KoD$Z IoiÊ`mMo {XdgAOyZ `m`Mo hmoVo.


6.3 "H$éUmîQ>H$'Mr ^mfme¡cr

6.3.1 ghOVm

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m coIZm_Üò gJiçmV àW_ OmUdUmar JmoîQ> åhUOoñdm^m{dH$Vm, ghOVm Am{U ^mfoÀ`m àdmhm_Yco I§S> Z nSy> XoUmao gmVË`! 1982 _ÜòàH$m{eV Pmcocr hr H$mX§~ar åhUOo ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$imVrc J«m_rU ^mJmV amhUmè`m EH$mX[aÐr ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m OJÊ`mMr Am{U Ë`m OJÊ`mVë`m g§Kfm©Mr H$hmUr Amho. "AmB©MrAmR> _wco åhUOo doJdoJiçm àH$maÀ`m AmR> g_ñ`m hmoË`m.' AWm©VM ho "AîQ>H$' åhUOoAmB©', {VMr _wco Am{U AmnmngmV KÅ> {dUrZo ~m§Ycoco Ë`m§Mo Am`wî` Amho. hr gJir ^md§S>oEH$_oH$m§nojm doJir, Ë`m§Mo ñd^md-AmdS>r{ZdS>r Am{U ì`pŠV_Îdo doJir Am{U gJiçmKamXmamVë`m chmZ-_moR>çm§Mo AmB©nU {Z^mdUmar AmB© hr {dcjU {OÔrMr ~mB© Amho. {VZogmVË`mZo ~aoM H$mhr gmogë`m_wio {VÀ`mV OJÊ`mV {MdQ>nUm Amcm Amho. gd© n«H$maÀ`mH$R>rU H$mim_Üò Vr KamXmamcm OJÊ`mMo ~i XoVo.

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m {gÕhñV coIUrZo hr gJir ì`pŠV{MÌo Ajae: {Od§V Ho$crAmhoV. "H$éUmîQ>H$'Mr ^mfme¡cr nmhVmZm Vr Ho$di dmL²>_`mÀ`m d ì`mH$aUÑîQ>çm doMyZdoJir H$mT>Vm òV Zmhr H$maU H$mX§~arVrc gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_r, H$mi d àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>ço`m§Mr Vr à{V{ZYr Amho. Ë`m_wio `m Hw$Qw>§~mZo {R>H${R>H$mUr Ho$coë`m dmñVì`mMm J«m_rUn[aga, cmoH$OrdZ, cmoH$arV, ì`dhma, ~«m÷Ur g§ñH$ma, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ nañna g§~§Y,OJÊ`mVco MT>-CVma, amJcmo^-gwIXw:Io, OdirH$-Xwamdo ho gd©M `m ^mfoVyZ àË``H$marñdê$nmV gm_moao òVmV.

6.3.2 R>gR>erV ì`pŠV{MÌo

_mS>JyiH$am§Mo ì`pŠVdU©Z nwñVH$mV Ë`m§Zr H$mT>coë`m aoIm{MÌm§gmaIo Amho.WmoS>Š`mV, nU R>iH$ Am{U ~mocHo$. "hmVmMm _wQ>H$m' Jmcmda R>odyZ OodUmè`m _wcm§H$S>oào_mZo ~KUmar H$ma§S>o_m_r, {VMo R>iH$ Hw§$Hy$ Am{U ^S>H$ cwJS>o, MH$MH$sV {nVir Wmiçmho gd© ZonÏ`mgh OUy nmÌ Cô H$aUmao Amho. AmB©Mm "T>mUH$' gmgam, ~mam~§Xr KmcUmam



1) Hw$R>ë`mhr H$Wm-H$mX§~arV H$moUVo XmoZ H$mi A§V^y©V AgVmV?

2) _mS>JyiH$a H$moUË`m Am§XmocZmV gh^mJr Pmco?

3) H$moUË`m KQ>ZoMr hm` ImD$Z XmXm§Mm _¥Ë`y AmoT>dcm?

4) "H$éUmîQ>H$m'Vrc nmÌm§Mo gm_mB©H$ d¡{eîQ>ç H$moUVo?

5) "H$éUmîQ>H$m'Vrc nmÌm§Zm H$moUVm N>§X Amho?

nmZ ImD$Z a§Jcoë`m AmoR>m§Mo-nm§T>è`m e|S>r-{_em§Mo ào_i MwcVgmgao hr AerM R>iH${MÌo. "_wi§ CKS>r nS>coë`m docrgmaIr' ~mB©AmOr, {VMo Ho${dcdmUo _aU Am{U {nR>mVC_Q>coco {M_UrMo nm` {VMm "AñamnnUm' OmñV AYmoao{IV H$aVmV. "_Z M§Jm Vmo H$mQ>dQ>_o J§Jm', "n§Vm§À`m amÁ`mV KQ>Ho$V gm¡^m½`dVr, Va KQ>Ho$V J§Jm^mJraWr' `m åhUr VaAmB©XmXm§Mr ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>ço AJXr EH$m dmŠ`mV gm§JVmV. KmarMo KaQ>o nmhÊ`mMm CÚmoJHo$ë`m~Ôc Amoë`m {MnmS>mZo _ma {_imcm. ehmUnU H$Yr òUma - `m AmB©Zo {dMacoë`màíZmda _moR>onUr _mS>JyiH$am§À`m _ZmV nS>gmX CR>VmV - "A§Jmda AmoT>coë`m {MnmS>mZm§MOa ehmUnU òV AgVo, Va g_ñV OZmda§ ehmUnU ZgVr H$m {eH$cr?'

6.3.3 H$mì`_`Vm

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m coIZmVcr H$mhr dmŠò AJXr H$mì`_` AZw^d XoD$Z OmVmV. VrZ_wÝ`mXmIc gm§JVm òVrc. ^wVmIoVm§À`m dmdamMo Ka gmoSy>Z ZdrZ Kar amhm`cm Amë`mda{VWcm Vyn{dH«o$Vm Ka_mcH$ Ë`m§À`m ^mfoV "{ZË` nmKië`mgmaIm' hgm`Mm. VgoM Vmo"nmoamQ>H$s' åhUOo nmoagdXm hmoVm. ~mB©AmOr ZdrZ JmdmV Amcr Am{U _ocr. Ë`mZ§Va AmB©ZoZdrZ Jmd gmoS>c§ Vo ~mi§VnUmgmR>r. EH$ _¥Ë`y Am{U EH$ OÝ_. _mS>JyiH$a {c{hVmV,"OrdZmMm hm _hmZX Ho$dT>m {demc Am{U H$gm KmoKmQ> dmhV AgVmo!' d{S>cm§Zm{d{hardê$Z nmUr AmUyZ M{H$V H$am`Mo R>a{dco; nU _mS>JyiH$a ñdV:M {d{harV AS>H$co.d{S>cm§Zr da e|XyZ KoVco; nU Z§Va hr AmR>dU eãX-~Õ H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo, "nwT>o AgmJV}V nS>Ê`m~m~VMm CÚmoJ _r Am`wî`mV AmUIr H$mhr doim Ho$cm, nU XmXm _ê$Z JocohmoVo. AmB© gVV Xya hmoVr. _cm H$moUrhr e|XyZ da KoVco Zmhr.' gmIaJS>cm amhm`cmòÊ`mMm ñdßZdV AZw^d eãXmV C_Q>Vmo Vmohr ñdßZmiy ^mfoVM. "Jar~ImÝ`mV PmonrJococm EH$OU gH$mir OmJm Pmcm Am{U AmnU amOdmS>çmV AmhmoV' Ago Ë`mcm AmT>ico,"VgoM VihmVmda ^m½àofm Agmdr, Ver `m JmdmÀ`m _Ymo_Y gw§Xa, ~mam_{hZo dmhVr AerZXr hmoVr.' gmIaJS>À`m dmS>çmMr ^ì`Vm nmhÿZ Vo åhUVmV, "^ë`m_moR>çm dS>mda Mma-ghm {M_Ê`mM \$ŠV ahmì`mV, Vgo Amåhr `m dmS>çmV amhmV hmoVmo.' nwT>o _wgc_mZS´>m°BªJ_mñVam§H$S>o amhÊ`mÀ`m AZw^dm~Ôc Vo åhUVmV, "^maVmVrc T>moH$ nú`mà_mUo{ejH$m§Mr hr OmVhr Zm_eof hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©da Amho. Va ^mdmZo hiyM Amncr hmoUmar d{hZrXmIdë`mda, AY©dQ> d`mV Agcoë`m Ë`m§À`m _ZmV hþahÿa CR>Vo. Vr Ë`m§Zm"_m{gH$mdaÀ`m {MÌm' gmaIr dmQ>Vo.

nwT>o Jm§YrhËòZ§VaÀ`m Ominmoir~Ôc Vo åhUVmV, "O_md hm am_mÙmVë`m H$~§YamjgmgmaIm AgVmo. S>moHo$ Zmhr. N>mVrda S>moim Vmohr EH$M. nm` ZmhrV. XmoÝhr hmV _mÌghò `moOZo nmoMy eH$Vrc, Ago cm§~, Va AmB©À`m Am`wî`m~Ôc Vo åhUVmV, "dmQ>MmcVmZm AmoPo dmJdUo ho ñÌrÀ`m ^mir AJXr B{Vhmgnyd©H$mimnmgyZM Amco Amho.'"H$éUmîQ>H$m"Vcm àËòH$ AZw^d hm _ZmnmgyZ KoVcocm Am{U {VVH$mM _ZmnmgyZ ì`ŠVhrHo$cocm Amho, hoM Ë`mÀ`mVrc `WmW©Vo _mJMo J_H$ Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo.


6.3.4 c`~ÕVm, à{V_m, {MÌX{e©Ëd

chmZ chmZ dmŠò, AZoH$Xm {H«$`mnXm§Mm dmna Q>miUo Aem coIZe¡cr_wioJÚgwÕm c`~Õ hmoVo. CXm. amÌrÀ`m doir AmB©cm KamÀ`m XmamOdi gmn {XgVmo. Ë`mModU©Z nhm. "T>UmT>Um OiUmar {M_Ur. q^VrdaÀ`m JS>X H$miçm gmdë`m Am{U N>namVyZImcr cm|~Umam hm H$mi - Mm§Jcm nwéfâ C§MrMm' (n¥.13) qH$dm XmXm§À`m H$MoarMo dU©Z~Km. "_J nwÝhm XadmOm. nwÝhm nhmaoH$ar. AmV àeñV Mm¡H$. XodS>çm. Mma gmono. VocnmUrß`mcoco H$miçm cmH$S>mMo àM§S> Im§~, Vwi`m, H$S>onmQ>, VŠVnmoer. àËòH$ XmcZmVyZVm§~S>çm a§JmMr _moR>r OmO_o A§Wacocr. AmoirV nm§T>è`m ñdÀN> JmÚm, V¸o$. àËòH$mÀ`mJmXrnwT>o chmZ S>oñH$.' (n¥. 36) qH$dm Amnë`m d{hZrcm n{hë`m§Xm coIH$mZo nm{hco VoìhmModU©Z ~Km. "_moR>o _moR>o Ho$g. OmS> doUr nmR>rda. \w$Jra Jmcm§da ^wé^wé ~Q>m. JmoamJmoam a§JAm{U Jwcm~r a§JmMr ZD$dmar gmS>r...' (n¥. 100) Aer AmUIrhr CXmhaUo Vwåhmcm ghOgmnS>Vrc.

{MÌX{e©Ëd hmhr _mS>JyiH$am§À`m e¡crMm _hÎdmMm JwU Amho. WmoS>çm eãXmVR>gR>erVnUo EImXo {MÌ ZOaonwT>o Cô H$aÊ`mMr VmH$X `m e¡crV Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Vo Á`mà{V_m dmnaVmV Ë`mhr {H$Vr ~mocŠ`m AmhoV. CXm. "_wi§ CKS>r nS>coë`m docrgmaIr AmOrgwH$V gwH$V Jocr.' (n¥. 4) "añË`mH$S>o nmR> H$ê$Z ~gcoco Ago Am_Mo H$m¡cmê$ Ka' (n¥.6) "_mder Zoh_rM _moJè`mÀ`m \w$cmgmaIr VmOr {Xgm`Mr...' (n¥. 25)

"amhË`m {~imVyZ qPJë`mgmaIo MmcV C§Xra ~mhoa CKS>çmda òV. hr, Vr{Xem KoV. ñdV:^modVr àX{eUm KmcV. Ë`m§À`m cm§~moS>Š`m _wñH$Q>mda cmc^S>H$ aŠVmMmW|~ {Xgo Am{U Vm|S> dmgyZ Vo _ê$Z nS>V.' (n¥. 49)

"añË`mH$S>ocm ~gcoë`m åhmVmè`m {^H$maUrgmaIr (PmonS>r) Vr dmH$cocrXrZdmUr {Xgo.' (n¥. 53)

"_J Am^mimVyZ XodXe©Z ìhmdo, Vgo {d{harÀ`m H$mR>mdê$Z AmV S>moH$mdUmaoXmXm _cm {d{harÀ`m VimVyZ {Xgco!' (n¥.73)

"VihmVmda ^m½àofm Agmdr, Ver `m JmdmÀ`m _Ymo_Y gw§Xa, ~mam _{hZodmhVr Aer ZXr hmoVr. (n¥. 78)

"^ë`m_moR>çm dS>mda Mma-ghm {M_Ê`mM \$ŠV ahmì`mV, Vgo Amåhr Ë`mdmS>çmV amhmV hmoVmo.' (n¥. 80)

"BWë`m àËòH$ gH$micm \w$cm§Mm, VwierMm, YynmMm J§Y hmoVm. gZB©-Mm¡KS>çm§Mm, K§Q>m§Mm, qeJ-VwVmè`m§Mm, Pm§Om§Mm ZmX hmoVm. BWë`m XwnmatZm Z¡doÚmMr éMrAm{U Ho$eamMm K_K_mQ> hmoVm. BWë`m g§Ü`mH$micm ñVmoÌm§Mm, AmaVrMm ñda hmoVm Am{UamÌtZm JmÊ`m-~OmdÊ`mMm, ZmMa§JmMm AmZ§X hmoVm.' (n¥. 81)

Aer AmUIrhr CXmhaUo Vwåhmcm `m H$mX§~arV gmnS>Vrc. Ho$di H$hmUr, H$Wm


gm§JÊ`mÀ`mhr ncrH$S>o EH$m doJiçmM gm¢X`m©Mr AZw^yVr Amnë`mcm Ë`m_YyZ {_iVo.Ë`m_wioM "e¡cr åhUOo coIH$' Ago `WmW©nUo åhQ>co OmVo.

6.4 g_mamon

"H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~ar_Yrc H$WmZH$ KS>Vo Vo ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimnmgyZ Vo gmYmaU1980n`ªV. `m g§nyU© H$mimVco "AmB©'Mo OJUo H$mX§~arV _m§S>co Amho. Ë`m_YyZ OwÝ`mH$miÀ`m A{e{jV nU ehmÊ`m, {OÔr, H$îQ>miy Aem ñÌrMo {MÌ Cô amhmVo. {eHy$Z _moR>ohmoUo, chmZ ^md§S>m§Mr O~m~Xmar KoUo, Kamcm OwZo d¡^d {_idyZ XoUo, _mUgo gm§^miUo,OmV Y_m©ncrH$S>o _mUwgH$sMr MmS> ~miJUo Ago g§ñH$ma `m AmB©Zo Amnë`m dV©ZmVyZ_wcm§g_moa R>odco. {VMr AmR> _wco åhUOo {Z`VrZo {Vcm KmcyZ R>odcocr H$moS>r OUy, `m_wcm§À`m Am`wî`mMr, Ë`mVrc MT>CVmam§Mr, Ë`m§À`m CnX²ì`mnm§Mr, Ë`m§À`m AmOmam§Mr AmoPr{VZo gVV dm{hcr. Aem {MdQ> AmB©Mo AdKo OrdZ AJXr WmoS>Š`mV Am{U Zo_Ho$nUmZo `mH$mX§~arVyZ àVrV hmoVo. Vo Vgo hmoÊ`mV coIH$mÀ`m ^mfme¡crMm Iyn _moR>m dmQ>m Amho.

6.5 gmam§e

H$mX§~arV Omo H$mi Amcm Amho Ë`m H$mimZwgma VoìhmÀ`m g_mOOrdZmMmhr AmcoIC_Q>cm Amho. `m g_mOOrdZmMo {MÌUhr AmnmoAmnM C_Q>co Amho. cmoH$m§Mo amhUr_mZ,Ë`m§À`m lr_§VrÀ`m H$ënZm, Ë`m§À`m na§nam, Ym{_©H$Vm, Ë`m§Mo ImÚnXmW©, Ë`m§Zr Oncocr_yëò `m§gH$Q> ho g_mOOrdZmMo {MÌ Ë`mV à{Vq~{~V Pmco Amho.

ghO, gmYr, {ZVi e¡cr, chmZ-chmZ dmŠò, {H«$`mnXm§{edm`Mr aMZm `m§_wioc`~Õ JÚ, åhUtMm dmna, Zo_Š`m à{V_m `m§Zr {Z_m©U Pmcoco {MÌX{e©Ëd Aer_mS>JyiH$am§À`m ^mfme¡crMr d¡{eîQ>çohr Ë`mVyZ H$er OmUdVmV Vohr AmnU Aä`mgco.AmVm nwT>rc nmR>mV AmnU "_mUXoer _mUg§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmMm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$am`MmAmho.



1) _mS>JyiH$am§Mo ì`pŠVdU©Z Ë`m§Zr nwñVH$mV H$mT>coë`m ---- gmaIo Amho.

2) O_md hm am_mÙmVë`m ---- amjgmgmaIm AgVmo.

3) --- hmhr _mS>JyiH$am§À`m e¡crMm _hÎdmMm JwU Amho.

4) AmB©À`m OJÊ`mV {MdQ>nUm H$m Amcm Amho?

5) JÚmcm c`~ÕVm H$em_wio àmá Pmcr Amho?


6.2

1) EH$ åhUOo H$Wm-H$mX§~ar {c{hcr Jocr Vmo H$mi d H$Wm, H$mX§~arVrc nmÌo Á`mH$mimV dmdaVmV Vmo H$mi.

2) "N>moS>mo ^maV Am§XmocZmV.'

3) Jm§YrdYmZ§Va IoS>oJmdmVrc ~«m÷Um§Mr Kao OmiÊ`mV Amcr, `m KQ>ZoMr

4 "Z{e~mda JmT> {dídmg' ho H$éUmîQ>H$mVrc nmÌm§Mo gm_mB©H$ d¡{eîQ>ç hmo`.

5) _mUgo OmoS>Ê`mMm.

6.3

1) aoIm{MÌm§gmaIo

2) H$~§Y

3) {MÌX{e©Ëd

4) ~aoM H$mhr gmogë`m_wio

5) chmZchmZ d {H«$`mnXa{hV dmŠ`aMZo_wio

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 7

"_mUXoer _mUg§' : n[aM` 1

7.0 C{Ôï>

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg AmVm Amnë`mbm H$am`MmAmho. "AmoP§'Am{U "_mUXoer _mUg§'ho XmoZ H$Wmg§J«h Amnë`mbm Zo_bobo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s"_mUXoer _mUg§' `m g§J«hmMm Aä`mg AmnU gwédmVrbm H$aUma AmhmoV. "_mUXoer _mUg§'Am{U hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmbm -

l H$Wm åhUOo H$m` Vo {b{hVm òB©b.

l H$Wm Am{U ì`{º${MÌo `m§Vrb \$aH$ gm§JVm òB©b.

l Y_m© am_moer, Poë`m, _wbmÊ`mMm ~H$g, ~Ý`m~mny, am_m _¡bHw$br d Zm_m _mñVa `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ gm§JVm òVrb.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 1/ 69

7.0 C{ÔîQ>o7.1 àmñVm{dH$7.2 _mUXoer _mUg§ - ì`{º${MÌo H$s H$Wm?7.3 H$WmZH$ n[aM`

7.3.1 Y_m© am_moer 7.3.2 Poë`m 7.3.3 _wbmÊ`mMm ~H$g7.3.4 ~Ý`m~mny7.3.5 am_m _¡bHw$ir 7.3.6 Zm_m _mñVa


- Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : CÎmao

7.1 àmñVm{dH$

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mo ~mbnU _mUXoeÀ`m n[agamV Jobo, ho AmnU `mnydunm{hbo. `m n[agamV bhmZmMo _moR>o hmoVmZm, H$maUnaËdo Or Or _mUgo Ë`m§Zr nm{hbr,AZw^dbr Ë`m "_mUXoer _mUgm§'À`m `m H$Wm Ë`m§À`m OJÊ`mMm, Ë`m§À`m OrdZ g§Kfm©MmnQ> _mS>JyiH$am§Zr A{Ve` AmË_r`VoZo Am{U {Oìhmù`mZo a§Jdbm Amho. EHy$U 16ì`{º${MÌmË_H$ H$Wm§Mm g_mdoe `m nwñVH$mV Amho. {edm` Ë`m Ë`m H$Wo~amo~a {VÀ`mVrbì`{º$aoIoMo aoImQ>Zhr `m nwñVH$mV {Xbo Amho.

7.2 "_mUXoer _mUg§' - ì`{º${MÌo H$s H$Wm?

`m nwñVH$mÀ`m AmV erf©H$mÀ`mImbr "eãX{MÌo' Agm C„oI Amho. ì`{º${MÌoqH$dm eãX{MÌo `m gm{hË` àH$mamV dmñVdmVrb qH$dm H$ënZoVrb EImÚm ì`º$rMo eãXm§À`mgmhmæ`mZo H$mT>bobo {MÌ - Agm AW© A{^àoV Amho. Amnë`mbm nw. b. Xoenm§S>o `m§Mo "ì`º$rAm{U d„r' ho à{gÕ nwñVH$ _m{hVr Amho. Ë`mVhr H$mën{ZH$ ì`º$s¨Mr A{Ve` {Od§V {MÌoboIH$mZo eãXm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo aoImQ>bobr {XgVmV.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' `m g§J«hmVrb ì`{º${MÌo hr Ho$di ì`{º$Xe©Z qH$dmì`{º$aoImQ>Z, ì`º$sMo ñd^mdXe©Z `m nmVirda amhmV ZmhrV. Ë`m Ë`m ì`º$sMoOrdZXe©Z Ë`mVyZ KS>Vo. AWm©V g_J« OrdZXe©ZmMr Anojm BWo Zmhr. Varhr H$Wo_YyZOgm OrdZmMm EImXm VwH$S>m M_Hy$Z CR>Vmo, Amnë`mbm WmoS>çm AdYrV H$mhrVarImobdaMr OrdZmMr C_O Ë`mVyZ nS>Vo. VgmM n[aUm_ "_mUXoer _mUg§' H$aVmV. CXm.n{hë`mM "Y_m© am_moer' `m H$WoVyZ nhm. Y_m© am_moer `m AmVm A{YH$ d¥Õ Pmboë`m_mUgmMm B_mZrnUm, Ë`mMo Xm[aÐç `m§Mo Xe©Z KS>dVm KS>dVmM H$Wm {ZdoXH$mZo {XboboYmoVa Y_m©À`m _wbrÀ`m A§Jmda {XgVo. hm àg§J MQ>H$m bmdyZ OmVmo. Xm[aÐçmÀ`mna_mdYrVhr Y_m© _wbrgmR>r hmV ngaV Zmhr. hm Ë`mÀ`m ñd^mdmVbm nri Amnë`mbm{ñV{_V H$aVmo. Odi-Odi gd©M "_mUXoer _mUgm§'_Üò H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV Ago H$mhrdoJio, OrdZmMm doJim H$moZ XmIdUmao XS>bobo Amho. Ë`mMo àË`§Va `mVyZ òVo. åhUyZ"_mUXoer _mUg§' hr Ho$di eãX{MÌo dm ì`{º${MÌo CaV ZmhrV.

nU `m H$Wm§V EH$ EH$ _mUyg H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. ê$T> AWm©Zo Ë`mbm Zm`H$åhUVm òUma Zmhr. nU nyU© H$Wobm Vmo _mUyg, Ë`mMm ñd^md{deof, Ë`mMr OrdZnÕVrAmH$ma XoVo. CXm. ~Ý`m~mny `m _mUgmMm VmR>nUm, Ë`mMm ñdm{^_mZ, Ë`mMr {_Omg {dnarVn[apñWVrVhr H$m`_ AgVo. H$maU Ë`m§Mm B_mZXmar ImŠ`m, Ë`mMm VmR>m hmM Ë`m§À`mOJÊ`mMm H$Um Amho. Vmo Zgob Va "~Ý`m~mny' CaUma Zmhr! Ë`m_wio `m H$Wmì`{º${MÌmË_H$ AmhoV Ago åhUmdogo dmQ>Vo.


7.3 H$WmZH$ n[aM`

7.3.1 Y_m© am_moer

JmdH$ar Am{U X{bV `m§À`mVbo g§~§Y Zoh_rM VUmdmMo AgVmV Ago Zmhr VaË`m§À`mV EH$ ào_mMm, _mUwgH$sMm YmJmhr Agy eH$Vmo. Ë`m§À`mVrb ào_mÀ`m g§~§Ym§daàH$me Q>mH$Umar hr H$Wm Amho. H$WoV \$ma _moR>m KQ>ZmH«$_ Zmhr. Y_m© am_moer hm X{bVg_mOmVbm EH$ d` Pmbobm WH$bobm Bg_. Ë`mÀ`m _wbrbm {VÀ`m Zdè`mZo gmoSy>Z {Xë`mZoVr d{S>bm§H$S>oM amhVo. Y_m©Mo d` Pmë`mZo Ë`mÀ`mZo H$m_o hmoV ZmhrV. KamV Im`bm AÞZmhr Aer AË`§V hmbmIrMr AdñWm. hr AdñWm H$WoVrb ~«m÷U {ZdoXH$mbm g_OVo.Ë`mbm hihi dmQ>Vo. Vmo EH$Xm Y_m©H$S>o Am§~ _mJm`bm Jobm AgVm, Ë`mbm Y_m©nmbo^mOrMm CH$S>bobm bJXm! Am{U Vm§~S>çm a§JmMr VrZ MVH$moa ^mH$ar ImVmZm {XgVmo.Y_m©Mr boH$ ~Om Am§~ KoD$Z ~mhoahr òV Zmhr. Y_m© _J ñdV:Mr hmbmIrMr n[apñWVr{ZdoXH$mbm gm§JVmo.

{ZdoXH$ Y_m©{df`r ñdV:À`m AmB©H$S>o ~mobVmo H$maU AZoH$ dfmªnmgyZ Y_m© Ë`m§À`m KarH$m_mgmR>r òV OmV AgVmo. Ë`mda AmB© åhUVo H$s _r Y_m©bm Cnmer _ê$ XoUma Zmhr.EH$Xm AmB©Mo Ho$gmVrb gmoÝ`mMo hadbobo \y$b Y_m©Zo emoYyZ {Xboco AgVo Am{U Vohr^mH$argwÕm Z ImVm amÌr ~mhoa nSy>Z nhmQ>on`ªV Kar naV òD$Z.

Vr Y_m©bm Mma-AmR> nm`br YmÝ` KoD$Z Om`bm gm§JVo Am{U ~Orbm amoOMo XiUXiyZ AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ gm§JVo. åhmVmam Y_m© amoO gH$mir XiU KoD$Z OmB© Am{Ug§Ü`mH$mir nrR> KoD$Z òB©. EH$Xm nm¡gmVë`m H$S>mŠ`mÀ`m W§S>rV Y_m©bm bQ>bQ> H$mnVòVmZm nmhÿZ Z amhmdyZ {ZdoXH$ Ë`mbm "~Orbm XiUmbm nmR>dV Om' Ago åhUVmo. `mdaY_m© H$mhr ~mobV Zmhr. Ë`mda nwÝhm {ZdoXH$ Ë`mbm {dMmaVmo. "Jßn H$m Pmbmg? H$mhrAS>MU Amho H$m? Om|Yio hdoV H$m?' `mda Imbr nhmV g§H$moMmZo Y_m© OwZo YmoVa _mJVmo.{ZdoXH$ Ë`mbm EH$ OwZo YmoVa XoVmo. Ë`mZ§Va {ZdoXH$ H$mhr H$m_mgmR>r naJmdr OmVmo.Amë`mda Ë`mbm {XgVo H$s Y_m©EodOr ~Or XiU Ý`m`bm Ambr Amho! Am{U {VZo YmoVamMmCn`moJ bwJS>çmgmaIm Ho$bm Amho! H$WoÀ`m eodQ>r boIH$mZo {b{hbo Amho, "'Am{U BVHo${Xdg ~Om XiU ZoÊ`mgmR>r H$m òV ZìhVr, Am§~oMm {egm XoVmZm Vr ~mhoa H$m Ambr Zmhr,`mM§ H$maU _bm H$ib§!''

AJXr WmoS>çm àg§JmVyZ, A{Ve` {Od§V Am{U àË``H$mar e¡br_YyZ _mS>JyiH$am§ZrIoS>çmVrb X{bV OrdZmMo {MÌ gmjmV Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m~amo~a {ZdoXH$, {ZdoXH$mMr AmB©`m§À`m_Yrb _mUwgH$sMo Xe©Zhr KS>dbo Amho.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 1/ 71

7.3.2 Poë`m

_mUXoemVrb qZ~dS>o ZmdmÀ`m IoS>çmV amhUmam Omb§Xa EH$ZmW bmohmaåhUOoM "Poë`m' hm bmohmamMm Voam-Mm¡Xm dfmªMm EH$ _wbJm. `m JmdmV boIH$ Ooìhm VrZ_{hÝ`m§gmR>r _amR>r Xwgar d {VgarÀ`m dJm©bm {eH$dÊ`mMr emioVrb ZmoH$ar H$arV hmoVo,Voìhm Poë`mMr Ë`m§À`mer AmoiI hmoVo. Vr AmoiI H$er H$er hmoVo Am{U Poë`m Ë`m§À`m_ZmV H$go Ka H$aVmo ho boIH$ "Poë`m' `m ì`{º${MÌUmVyZ a§J{dVmV.

{ZdoXH$ (_mñVa) emioÀ`m ZmoH$arÀ`m n{hë`mM {Xder g_moa ~gboë`m_wbm§da ZOa {\$adyZ hOoar KoVmV. _wbo hOoar gm§JVmV. _amR>r XwgarÀ`m dJm©V EHy$U ~mam_wbo AgVmV.

eodQ>Mo Zmd AgVo Omb§Xa EH$ZmW bmohma. Ë`mMo Zmd nwH$maVmM "J¡a hOa_mñVa' Agm EH$M JbH$m CS>Vmo. AZoH$ {Xdg Pmbo Vmo emioV òV Zmhr Aerhr _m{hVr_wbo XoVmV. hOoarV Ë`mÀ`m ZmdmnwT>o \w$ë`mM AgVmV. "H$m òV Zmhr hm emioV?' Ago{dMmaë`mda "Hw$Zmbm R>md§ _mñVa§' Ago EH$OU åhUVmo. "dmS>çmV qMMm nmS>Vmo`' AgohrEH$ _wbJm gm§JVmo. VrZ XUH$Q> _wbm§Zm {ZdoXH$ Ë`mbm ~mobdm`bm nmR>dVmo. IoS>çmVrbemioVrb hr nÕVM AgVo. _wbJm J¡ahOa Agob Va Ë`mbm ~mobdyZ KoD$Z Mm§Jbo _mam`Mo.nwÝhm J¡ahOa am{hë`mg CbQ>m Q>m§JrZ Agm X_ Úm`Mm. n§Yam {_{ZQ>m§VM _wbo Omb§XabmKoD$Z òVmV. Vmo dmS>çmV Zoh_rà_mUo qMMm nmS>V AgVmo. _wbo Ë`mbm emioV Mbm`bmgm§JVmV Voìhm Vmo Ë`m§Zm {eì`m XoVmo. EH$hr ~Q>Z Zgboë`m Hw$S>Ë`mbm EH$ hmVmZo Jù`merKÅ> nH$Sy>Z Omb§Xa C^m AgVmo. {ZdoXH$ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o EH$dma ~KVmo. S>moŠ`mda _iH$Q>nm§T>ar Q>monr, A§JmV H$gboVar S>mJ nS>bobm _ibobm, ~mhrda {R>Ji bmdbobm Hw$S>Vm,Vm§~S>çm a§JmMr Mm¡H$Q>rMr JmXrnmQ>mMr MÈ>r Agm Poë`mMm doe AgVmo. MÈ>rMo XmoÝhr {IgoqMMm âë`mZo \$wJbobo AgVmV. emioV H$m òV Zmhrg? Ag§ {dMmaë`mda Vmo "H$m_ AgVoKar' Ago CÎma XoVmo. Ë`mMo {H$S>bobo H$mio XmV {ZdoXH$mÀ`m ZOaoVyZ gwQ>V ZmhrV. åh¡gqhS>dmdr bmJVo. ^mVm AmoT>m`bm bmJVmo Am{U dS>rb emioV OmD$ ZH$mog Ago åhUVmVAgo EH$ PQ>Š`mV Poë`m gm§JyZ Q>mH$Vmo. Poë`mÀ`m `m g~~r ImoQ>çm AgVmV. H$maU


7.3.1 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

Jmibooë`m OmJm âm.

1) "_mUXoer _mUg' hm ...................... g§J«h Amho.

2) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ~mbnU ...................... À`m n[agamV Jobo.

3) Y_m© am_moerÀ`m _wbrMo Zmd ...................... hmoVo.

4) {ZdoXH$ Y_m©bm EH$ OwZo ...................... XoVmo. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ Y_m©Mr _wbJr ...................... H$aVo.

5) ...................... d ...................... hr Y_m©Mr Ý`mhar AgVo.

Ýhmì`mMm gXm Iao H$m` Vo gm§JVmo. Poë`m H$mhrhr H$m_ H$arV Zmhr. JmdmV CZmS>Š`mH$aVmo. ~mnmMo EoH$V Zmhr. gXmZo Ago Iao gm§JVmM "emio~mhoa Ambmg H$s Ord KoVmo' AgoPoë`m {MSy>Z åhUVmo.

Poë`mMm CZmS>nUm, Jw§S>{Jar Ë`mÀ`m dmJÊ`m-~mobÊ`mVyZ gVV {XgVo.A§JmVë`m _iH$Q> H$nS>çmdê$Z ~o{\$H$rar {XgVoo. na§Vw _mñVam§g_moa VwQ>boë`m ~Q>Zm§MmHw$S>Vm Jù`mer KÅ> Yabobm Poë`m Hw$R>oVar Xwamdbobm, _mñVam§Mr ^rVr ~miJUmam dmQ>Vmo.AmVm ho _mñVa Amnë`mbm ~S>dUma Aer V`mar Poë`mMr Pmbobr AgVo. nU "H$m_ AgobVa VodT>çmnwaVo {dMmê$Z Omdo' Ago Ë`m§Mo _dmi eãX H$mZr nS>ë`mda Poë`m Jm|YiyZOmVmo. {IemVë`m qMMm _wH$mQ>çmZo Q>o~bmda H$mTy>Z R>odVmo. hiyhiy {Z`{_V emioV òD$bmJVmo. AmnU J¡ahOa am{hbmo Var _mñVam§Zr _mabo Zmhr. `mMm Vmo n[aUm_ AgVmo. emioV{H$Vrhr ImoS>çm H$mT>ë`m, dmÌQ>nUm Ho$bm Var _mñVa ZwgVoM hgVmV. hiyhiy Poë`m_mñVam§Mm nÅ>{eî` ~ZVmo.

emioÀ`m _mJÀ`m ~mOybm EH$ N>moQ>r A§Ymar Imobr AgVo. Ë`mVM _mñVa amhmVAgVmV. gH$mir CR>yZ AmoT>çmda OmD$Z A§Kmoi H$ê$Z EH$ H$ier nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>rImobrV KoD$Z Om`Mo. Mhm H$ê$Z ß`m`Mm. emioV Om`Mo. Xwnmar ^mV H$ê$Z Im`Mm. amÌrVmoM Im`Mm Agm Ë`m§Mm {XZH«$_ AgVmo. H$Yr CXmg dmQ>bo Va {M_UrÀ`m àH$memVH$mhrVar dmMmdo. `mMH$mimV Poë`m _mñVam§Mm gmWrXma ~ZVmo. Ë`m§À`m ImobrV Pmonm`bmOmD$ bmJVmo. Ë`mÀ`m ~mb~wÕrbm nS>bobo àíZ EoHy$Z, Ë`m§Mr CÎmao XoVmZm _mñVam§À`mOrdmbm WmoS>m {da§Jwim dmQy> bmJVmo.

Poë`m H$Yr gw^mf~m~y§{df`r {dMmar Va H$Yr ZmZm nmQ>bm§{df`r {dMmar. Ë`mbmYmS>gr _mUgo AmdS>V. W§S>rMo H$Yr Var AmnU {~S>çm AmoT>Vmo ho Vmo ZH$iVnUo_mñVam§g_moa ~mobyZ OmVmo. hiyhiy Vmo _mñVam§Zm _XV H$ê$ bmJVmo. H$mS>Š`mHw$Q>Š`m§Mr_moir AmUUo, gmadUo, nmUr âUo, ^m§S>r KmgUo, ~mOma H$aUo Ago _mñVam§Mo nS>ob Vo H$m_Poë`m H$ê$ bmJVmo. EdT>o H$ê$Z nwÝhm Vmo Aä`mgmH$S>ohr bj nwady bmJVmo.

_mñVam§Mo VrZ _{hZo g§nVmV. Á`m§À`m OmJr Vo ~XbrMo _mñVa åhUyZ ê$OyPmbobo AgVmV, Vo _mñVa AmVm nwÝhm òUma AgVmV. ho Poë`mbm H$iVmM "_r òVmo_mñVa Vw_À`mg§J!' Ago Vmo åhUVmo. VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmdr OmUma Amho Ago ImoQ>oM _mñVaË`mbm gm§JVmV. gdmªZm ôQy>Z _mñVa {ZKVmV. Ë`m§Mr EH$ {nedr hmVmV KoD$Z Poë`mhrË`m§À`m~amo~a H$S>oH$S>oZo Mmby bmJVmo. JmdmMm AmoT>m Amobm§Sy>Z _mñVa Wm§~VmV. Poë`mbmnaV Om`bm gm§JVmM Poë`m Ë`m§À`m Jù`mV nSy>Z aS>Vmo. ~mhrZo S>moio nwgV nwgV naVJmdmH$S>o {ZKyZ OmVmo. _mñVa Amnë`m dmQ>oZo Mmby bmJVmV.

_mñVam§da Poë`m ZH$iV Ord OS>dVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _ZmVbr ào_mMr ^yH$ Ë`mdê$Z{XgVo. _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Poë`mMo ì`{º${MÌ {Od§V Cô Ho$bo Amho.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 1/ 73

7.3.3 _wbmÊ`mMm ~H$g

boIH$mbm IoS>çmVyZ Jmdr Om`Mo Va nmM-EH$ _¡b MmbyZ Omdo bmJo. n¸$sgS>H$ Zmhr. Amo~S>Ymo~S> JmS>rdmQ> Ë`m_wio A§Va àdmg IS>Va Ago. AmOy~mOybm ~moS>H$m_mi. VhmZ bmJbr Var dmQ>oV H$wR>o nmUr {_iUma Zmhr. Aer n[apñWVr. gmdbrgmR>r _moR>rPmS>o ZmhrV. ZonVr-~moarMr bhmZ PwS>no, gmS>oVrZ _¡b g§nbo H$s _wbmUH$s `m`Mr."_wbmUH$s' åhUOo _wbmÊ`mÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m Mma O{_Zr EH$m Vimda hmoË`m. N>moQ>çmnmÊ`mÀ`m AmoKimÀ`m H$mR>mer H$a§Or-{b~m§Mr Mma _moR>r PmS>o hmoVr. {ZaJyS>r-VadS>mM§ ~ZhmoV§ VodT>rM gmdbr. `m àdmgmV _wbmH$UrVM boIH$mbm ~H$g ôQ>Vmo.

~H$g \$mQ>Š`m A§JbQ>rMm AgVmo. nm`mV ghm AmUodmbr Q>màMr nm`VmUoKmbVmo. drg ~mdrg dfmªMm ~H$g EImÚm bhmZ _wbmgmaIo ~mobVmo. Ë`mÀ`m Mohè`mdaMo^mdhr bhmZ _wbmgmaIoM AgVmV. Vmo CJrMM hmgVmo, S>moio {\$adVmo. Vmo AY©dQ> Agmdm,Agm boIH$ A§XmO ~m§YVmo. `mMo ~mobUo ~mo~S>o d ObX AgVo. ñdV: àíZ {dMmamdoV Am{UñdV:M Ë`mMr CÎmao ÚmdrV Aer ~H$gbm gd` AgVo. åhUyZM Vmo boIH$mbm nmhÿZ""~mèrH$b§ daZ§ Ambm AgVm Va AmVm nmoMbm AgVm JmdmV hm`H$m Vw_Mr? Zgb,Hw$R>br AgVr`m, _J MmbV H$m Ambm AgVm! AZ Agbr Var {~KS>ë`mda {VMm H$m`CnoJ, Ia§ H$m ÝhmB©?'' Ago {dMmaVmo d ñdV: Ë`mMo CÎmahr XoVmo.

Ë`mMm Moham CÝhmZo H$moinbobm hmoVm. {Ma\$S>çm Pmbobm Hw$S>Vm Am{U OmñV\$mQ>ë`m_wio OmJmoOmJr MmoiÊ`mbm _maboë`m JmR>r Agm nmoemI Ho$bobm ~H$g AmB©-~mn_ê$Z Joë`mZo MwbË`mnmer amhmV AgVmo. AmB©Mr Ë`mbm daModa AmR>dU hmoV AgVo. "~H$g_oam bmb h¡', "VwPr emXr H$arZ' Aer AmB©Mr dmŠò ~H$gbm AmR>dV. MwbË`mMo amZ Am{UeoaS>r amIUo Aer H$m_o {Xdgâ ~H$g H$ar. MwbVr ZrQ> ~KV Zmhr. òS>ga åhUVo AerVH«$mahr ~H$g boIH$mOdi H$aVmo. Vr ^mH$ar XoV Zmhr. Cnmer R>odVo. _a EH$XmMm AgoåhUV AgVo `mMo ~H$gbm gVV dmB©Q> dmQ>Vo. {Xdgâ amZmV eoaS>çm KoD$Z òVmo Am{UamÌr _{eXrV nS>Vmo. Ago Agbo Var Amnbm H$gbm Ìmg MwbVm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ~m`H$mobmhmoVmo ho ~H$gbm H$iV Zmhr. Ë`mbm nwÝhm nwÝhm hmM àíZ nS>V AgVmo.

~H$gÀ`m S>moŠ`mda \$S>Š`mV ~m§Ybobr ^mH$ar, hmVmV nmÊ`mZo âbobobmoQ>Ho$, Xwgè`m hmVmV T>mio VmoS>m`Mr Hw$èhmS>, EImXo Jw§S>mibobo MèhmQ> Ago Ë`mMo ê$n!nmoamS>çm§À`m KmoiŠ`mVyZ ~H$g biV-bm|~V nm` AmoT>V MmbV Agm`Mm. Zm§JaUrH$aVmZm MwbË`mÀ`m ~amo~a Zm§Ja hmH$m`Mm. noaUrÀ`m doir MmS>çmda _yR> Yam`bm, H$UgmVXmUm âbm H$s nmIao hmH$bÊ`mgmR>r ~H$g Agm`MmM. {nH$mMr amIU H$am`bm amZmVMË`mZo ImonQ>o ~m§Ybo. eoir, ~¡b, Hw$Ìm Ago Ë`mbm gmo~Vrbm Agm`Mo. EdT>o am~yZhr MmahþaS>çmÀ`m H$Ugm§da gÎmm Zmhr ho ~H$gbm gVV OmUdV Ago. H$mT>Ur _iUr `m gmè`mdoir ~H$g am~V hmoVm. doS>ga åhUyZ ehmUm MwbVm Ë`mbm am~dyZ KoV hmoVm. EH$Xm Ë`mZonmR>rdaMo H$mio-{Zio di boIH$mbm XmIdbo. MwbË`mZo Ë`mbm S>mJ {Xbo hmoVo. S>mJë`mdaòS> bmJbobo _mUyg ~ao hmoVo åhUyZ. AZmW, nmoaŠ`m Am{U Ë`mVhr S>moŠ`mZo H$_r AgUmè`m


~H$gÀ`m Am`wî`mMr AJ{VH$Vm `m ì`{º${MÌmVyZ OmUdVo.

7.3.4 ~Ý`m~mny

_mUXoemV bhmZ IoS>çm_Üò nyduÀ`m d¡^dmMo H$mhr Adeof dmS>çm§À`m ê$nmVAOyZhr {Od§V AgVmV. Xoe_wI-Xoenm§S>o qH$dm Jm`H$dmS>-Ym`JwS>o `m§Mo AdmT>ì` dmS>oJmdH$è`m§Zr Aml` ¿`mdm BVHo$ _moR>o AgVmV. AmOy~mOybm Zdr-OwZr Kao ~m§Ybr Jobr Varho dmS>o VJ Yê$Z AgVmV. AgmM EH$ dmS>m ~Ý`m~mnyMm AgVmo. H$mb_mZm~amo~a nS>PS>Pmbobm.

Vrg-Mmirg IU Agcoë`m B_maVrV VrZM _mUgo amhV AgVmV. ~Ý`m~mny,Ë`m§Mr {dYdm gyZ gê$~mB© d ~mny§Mm EH$ AS>mUr nwVÊ`m, gmoß`mV ~Ý`m~mny EH$ nmZmMm~Q>dm KoD$Z ~gVmV d Vmo§S>mZo daModa "hao am_, hao am_' åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`m ~Q>ì`mbmemo^Vrb Aem Mm§XrÀ`m AZoH$ S>ã`m Ë`mV AgVmV. V§~mIy, Ho$ea KmVbobm MwZm, nm§T>amH$mV, gwdm{gH$ gwnmar, H$mir VnH$sa, bd§J, dobMr, Om`\$i Aem {OZgm Ë`m S>ã`m§_ÜòAgVmV. _oUH$mnS>mV JwS>m§ibobr H$irXma Im`Mr nmZo AgVmV.

gÎmar CbQ>bobo ~mny I¡amÀ`m ImoS>mgmaIo {MdQ>, Q>UH$, C§Mnwao, ~m§Ü`mZoZrQ>ZoQ>Ho$, a§JmZo JmoaonmZ AgVmV. ^ì` H$nmi, VaVarV ZmH$ Am[U nm§T>ao ew^« Ho$g dJmb-{_í`m Ago ~mny ImZXmZr WmQ>mMo {XgVmV. H$Yr H$mir Ë`m§Zr AÎmamMo {Xdo OmiboAgVrc Am{U n¡emÀ`m {T>Jmda Zm`{H$Ur ZmM{dë`m AgVrb. nU nyduMo d¡^d hiyhiyg§nbo Var Xhm-nmM O{_Zr {e„H$ AgVmV. AmnU BZm_Xma AmhmoV ho ~mny {dgaV ZmhrVd AOyZhr BZm_Xmar ImŠ`mVM Vo amhVmV.

Kar Amboë`mMo Vo àgÞnUo hgyZ ñdmJV H$aVmV. XmoÝhr hmV OmoSy>Z KdKdrVZ_ñH$ma H$aVmV. gê$~mBªZm XmoZ nobo XyY AmUm`bm gm§JVmV. ZH$mo åhQ>bo Va ~ogZmÀ`mbmS>dm§Mm AmJ«h Vo H$aVmV. ñdV: CRy>Z M§XZmMm Yyn H$aVmV. AÎmamMm \$m`m XoVmV VaH$Yr OmB©OwB©Mr, _moJè`mMr Am|Oiâ \w$bo XoVmV. _moR>çm _wbmÀ`m OJÞmWÀ`m AmR>dUrgm§JVmV. _wbJm åhmVmanUr gmoSy>Z Jobm hr à^yMrM _Ou AgUma Ago åhUyZ "hao am_ haoam_' Ago Zm_ñ_aU H$aVmV. AZoH$Xm Vo Eogn¡g Jßnm _maVmV H$Yr "{hQ>ba hm _moR>mqh_VdmZ _mUyg' Ago _V ì`º$ H$aVmV Va H$Yr Xhm gmbÀ`m ~§S>mVrb _§S>ir aodU-{gÕmÀ`m S>m|JamV amhmV hmoVr. hË`mamg{hV Aer _m{hVr nwa{dVmV. ^wd`m C§MmdyZ "hm_hmamOm' Ago åhUVmV Am{U ~mobyZ Pmbo H$s H$m` Ia§ Zm? Agm àíZ g_moaÀ`mbm{dMmaVmV. [eH$maH$Wm, amZmV àdmg H$aVmZm nS>bobo MH$do-Jwá YZmÀ`m Jmoï>r, Zdo-OwZoamOH$maU, AZoH$ Wmoam-_moR>m§À`m Jmoï>r Ago AZoH$ {df` ~Ý`m~mny EH$Xm ~mobm`bm bmJboH$s Ë`m§À`m ~mobÊ`mV òVmV. MwHy$Z EH$Xm Sw>¸$a g_OyZ O§JbmV Jar~ XmaŠ`mbmM _maboAgVo, `mMr H$Wm a§JdyZ gm§JVmV. ~amM doi Jßnm _mê$Z Vo Mma nmdbo MmbyZ {ZamonÚm`bm òVmV.

VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmdr Vo AmR>dS>çmVyZ EImXr \o$ar _maVmV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 1/ 75

gpìh©g_moQ>ma Wm§~bobr AgVo. _moQ>marVrb ZdIr _mUgo Hw$aHw$aV AgVmV. S´>m`ìhabmMcm`cm gm§JVmV. nU S´>m`ìha Ë`m§À`mH$S>o bj Z XoVm ~Ý`m~mny§Mr dmQ> ~KV Wm§~Vmo.AIoa S>moŠ`mbm OarH$mR>r ê$_mb, nm§T>am ñdÀN> A§JaIm, nm§T>am H$moQ> Am{U YmoVa AemdoemV ~mny bJ~JrZo òVmV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r R>odboë`m "\«§$Q>grQ>da' ~gVmV. _moQ>ma gwê$Pmë`mda AKinKi ~mobV amhVmV. gJù`m§Zm ~Q>ì`mVyZ {dS>o H$mTy>Z XoVmV.

_hmam§Zm ~Ý`m~mny§À`m Kar ~¸$i {_iVo åhUyZ Vo Ë`m§Zm _mZVmV. Ë`m§Mo nS>obVo H$m_ H$aVmV. EImÚm _hmamH$Sy>Z H$mhr MyH$ Pmbr Va Vo {dQ>mi hmoD$ Z XoVm Ë`mbmOmoS>çmZo _maVmV. aº$~§~mi H$aVmV. naV Ë`m§À`m OI_oda nmR>mH$Urg bmdm`bm XoVmV.Ë`m§Mm eãX ghgm H$moUr _moS>rV Zmhr. ~mny§Mr XmZV Am{U Ë`m§Mm A{^_mZ XmoÝhr OJmdoJioAmhoV.

_hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m hËòZ§Va Oo àM§S> OminmoirMo bmoU _mUXoemV Ambo, Ë`mV~mny§Mm dmS>m AmVë`m dñVy§gh noQ>bm. A§Jmdarb EH$m dóm{Zer ~mny, gyZ Am{U nwVÊ`mdmS>çm~mhoa nS>bo. ~Ý`m~mny§À`m S>moù`mg_moa Ë`m§Mm AdmT>ì` dmS>m OiyZ amI Pmbm.AZoH$m§Zr ~mny§Zm ñdV:À`m Kar amhÊ`m~Ôb {dMmabo, AmJ«h Ho$bm, na§Vw ~mny amZmV PmonS>r~m§YyZ amhÿ bmJbo. ~mny§À`m ñd^mdmVrb H$amarnUm, ñdm{^_mZ, {XbXma amOoemhr d¥Îmr,ImZXmZrnam Am{U OwÝ`m bmoH$m§V AmT>iUmam H$_©R>nUm. `m§Mo {_lU AmT>iVo.

7.3.5 am_m _¡bHw$br

añË`mda _¡bmMo XJS> a§JdÊ`mMo H§$ÌmQ> {ZdoXH$mg {_iVo. _XVZrg åhUyZam_m _¡bHw$brbm ~amo~a KoÊ`mgmR>r, Vmo am_m {OWo amhmV AgVmo, Ë`m ìhabdmS>çmV òVmo.




1) Poë`mMo nyU© Zmd {bhm.

2) Poë`m H$moUË`m JmdmV amhmV hmoVm?

3) Poë`m Hw$UmMm _wbJm hmoVm?

4) emioV Z òVm Poë`m H$m` H$arV hmoVm?

5) ~H$gMo ~mobUo H$go AgVo?

6) ~H$g Hw$UmH$S>o amhmV hmoVm?

7) ~Ý`m~mny§À`m ~Q>ì`mV H$m` AgVo?

8) _hma ~Ý`m~mny§Zm H$m _mZVmV?

9) ~Ý`m~mny Ë`m§À`m eoVmV PmonS>r ~m§YyZ H$m amhÿ bmJbo?

10) ~Ý`m~mny§À`m KamV H$moU hmoVo?

Ë`mMm nÎmm {dMmaV {dMmaV {ZdoXH$ Ë`mÀ`m ImonQ>mnmer òVmo. ImonQ>mÀ`m ~mhoa am_mMrZdè`mZo Q>mHy$Z {Xbobr ~hrU amYy Am{U {VMm nmM-ghm dfmªMm _wbJm AgVmV. A§_bXmaAmnë`m ImonQ>mer Ambm, `m Om{UdoZo Vr Jm|YiVo. VodT>çmV am_m òVmo. ImonQ>m~mhoaMrO_rZ IS>~S>rV, Ym|S>o da Ambobr, IÈo> nS>bobr AgVo. nmÊ`mMm EH$ am§OU {VWo amodbobmAgVmo. {MnmS>mMm Am{U H$mQ>Š`mHw$Q>Š`m§Mm T>rJ, amZeoUr Ago OdiM nS>bobo AgVo.H$monè`mV ~m§Yboë`m eoirMr ~ona§ {XgV AgVmV.

am_mMr ~hrU Ë`mbm \$S>Š`mV ^mH$ar ~m§YyZ XoVo. {ZdoXH$ d am_m MmbVgS>Ho$bm bmJVmV. OmVmZm Ë`m§Mo ~mobUo hmoVo. {ZdoXH$mÀ`m hmVmVbr \$amimMr {nedr Am{Ua§JmMm S>~m- Ago AmoPo nmhÿZ am_m Vo Yam`bm _mJVmo. ~«m÷U {ZdoXH$mÀ`m \$amimÀ`mS>ã`mbm AmnU {edbobo MmbUma Zmhr Ago Ë`mbm dmQ>Vo. nU {ZdoXH$ "_r {edmerd nmiVZmhr' åhUVmo Ë`mMo am_mbm Aàyn dmQ>Vo.

am_m A§Jm{n§S>mZo WmoamS>, a§JmZo R>ma H$mim hmoVm. Ë`mMo ZmH$ S>mì`m ~mOybm dmH$S>ohmoVo d EH$ S>moim AYy hmoVm. EH$ {dQ>Ho$ \$S>Ho$ Ë`mZo S>moŠ`mbm H$go~go Jw§S>mibo hmoVo Am[UOmJmoOmJ qMÜ`m Pmbobr EH$ n¡aU A§JmV AS>H$dbr hmoVr. AJXr VmoQ>Ho$ YmoVa,qnT>è`mdaÀ`m ~moQ>mEdT>çm {eam XmIdV hmoVo. nm`mÀ`m Q>mMm ôJmië`m hmoË`m. Ë`mMo b¾Pmbo hmoVo, nU Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo Ë`mbm gmoSy>Z Jobr hmoVr. am_mbm Ë`mMo Xw:I hmoVo nU""Amnë`mOdi èhmÝ`mMr {VMr Oa {dÀN>m ÝhmB© Va H$embm Omoa H$am`Mm? OmD$XoVåhUmbmo, Hw$Q>§~r gwH$mV Agbr åh§Oo Pmb§!'' Agm {dMma H$ê$Z Vmo Jßn amhVmo. {ZdoXH$Ë`mÀ`mer AJXr AmnbonUmZo, {Oìhmù`mZo ~mobVmo. Ë`m_wio am_m Ë`mMr hr H$hmUr Ë`mbmgm§JVmo. _{hÝ`mbm ~mam énò {_iUmè`m am_mÀ`m Xm[aÐçmMo dU©Zhr boIH$mZo Zo_Š`meãXmV Ho$bo Amho.

MmbyZ X_ë`mda XmoKo {d{harOdi Wm§~VmV d Amnmnbo \$amimMo H$mT>VmV.{ZdoXH$mÀ`mOdiM§ VwnmZ§ _mIboë`m MnmË`m, {nR>b§, bgUmMr MQ>Ur, {b~mM§ bmoUM§ Vmoam_mbm XoVmo. am_m AJXr g§H$moMmZo Vo KoVmo Iao. nU gJio ImV Zmhr. Amnë`m ^mÀ`mgmR>råhUyZ amIyZ R>odVmo. Ë`mMr gmar Amem AmVm Ë`m bhmZ nmoamda AgVo.

~mobVm ~mobVm {ZdoXH$mnojm am_m d`mZo _moR>m Agë`mMo am_mbm g_Obo. bhmZd`mV {ZdoXH$ A§_bXma Pmbm, AmnU _mÌ AgoM J[a~rV {IVnV nS>Uma `mMr Ë`mbmOmUrd hmoVo. Mma dfmªMo d` Pmbo H$s Hw$UmMr Var Jwao amIV amZmo_mi qhS>VmZm emim H$er{eH$Uma- `m am_mÀ`m àíZmbm {ZdoXH$mH$S>o CÎma ZgVo.

X{bVm§À`m OJÊ`mMo, ^mH$arMo àíZ- Ë`m§À`m {ejUmMm àíZ {ejUmÀ`mA^mdm_wio Xm[aÐç- `m gJù`mMm doY hr H$Wm A{Ve` ghOnUo KoVo Am{U dmMH$mbmA§V_w©I ~ZdVo.

7.3.6 Zm_m _mñVa

`m H$WoV _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Zm_m `m _m§JmMo ì`{º${MÌ aoImQ>bo Amho. JmdmV

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 1/ 77

Amë`mda {ZdoXH$mbm AMmZH$ Zm_m ôQ>Vmo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Am`wî`mV _Yë`m H$mimVKS>bobo gmao Vmo {ZdoXH$bm gm§JVmo. bhmZnUrÀ`m AmR>dUr H$mT>Vmo. Zm_m _mñVaÀ`mñd^mdmMo, dmJÊ`m-~mobÊ`mMo {H$VrVar {deof _mS>JyiH$a {M{ÌV H$aVmV.

{_aO Vo n§T>anya Ionm KmbUmar gpìh©g ~g gê$~mB©À`m _R>mer Wm§~Vo d{ZdoXH$ Ë`mVyZ CVê$Z JmdmH$S>o OmD$ bmJVmo. JmdmVë`m _méVrÀ`m Xodimdê$ZMmdS>rdê$Z nwT>o òVmo. emioMr B_maV Ë`mbm {XgVoo. Á`mda "bmoH$b~moS>© _amR>r emim, _m¡OoMmonS>r' Ago {b{hboco AgVo. Vo dmMVmZmM Ë`mbm H$moUrVar "`§H$Q>amd' Aer hmH$ _maVmo.{ZdoXH$ _mJo diyZ nmhVmo d Zm_m _m§J `mMr AmoiI Ë`mbm jUmV nQ>Vo. AZoH$ dfmªZrôQ>boë`m Zm_mbm Odi KoD$Z "{dgaoZ§ H$gm?' Ago {ZdoXH$ åhUVmo Voìhm Zm_mhr haIyZOmVmo.

Zm_m Ë`m emioV _mñVa AgVmo. A§~mS>r-Ho$H$VmS>rMm dmI H$ê$Z Hw$Uã`m§ZmZmS>m-g|Xya nwa{dÊ`mMm Amnbm {nT>rOmV Y§Xm gmoSy>Z Zm_m WmoS>m {eH$Vmo. ZmXmar {_imë`mZoH$gm~gm gmVdr nmg hmoVmo, AO© H$aVmo Am{U ImbÀ`m OmVrVbm åhUyZ Ë`mMr bJoM_mñVa åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ hmoVo. {eH$bm gdabm Var Ë`mMr ^mfm nydugmaIrM AgVo. emioVhrVmo `mM ^mfoV {eH$dV AgVmo. Ë`mZo b¾ Ho$boco AgVo. Ë`mbm XmoZ _wbo oAgVmV. Hw$Q>w§~Jmdr R>odyZ Vmo ZmoH$argmR>r MmonS>rÀ`m emioOdi ahmV AgVmo. e{Zdma-a{ddma Kar OmD$ZòVmZm ^mH$è`m ~m§YyZ AmUV AgVmo. Ë`m g§në`m H$s Cabobo {Xdg hmVmZ§ H$ê$Z ImVAgo.

{ZdoXH$ Am{U Zm_m EH$m hm°Q>ob_Üò ~gyZ Mhm {nVmV. emioH$S>o naV OmVmZm{ZdoXH$mbm Vo XmoKo Á`m emioV {eH$VmV Ë`m emioVrb àg§JmMr AmR>dU hmoVo. Zm_m Am{U{ZdoXH$ _amR>r XwgarÀ`m dJm©V {eH$V AgVmZm Zm_m \$mQ>H§$VwQ>H§$ YmoVaHw$S>V§ KmbyZ nmQ>rKoD$Z {Z`{_V emioV OmV Ago. {ZdoXH$mer Ë`mMr Mm§Jbr _¡Ìr AgVo. {ZdoXH$ Ë`mMrñdV:Mr nwñVHo$, no{Ýgbr Zm_mbm XoV Ago. Zm_mhr _J ^moŠ`mgmR>r Mar diyZ XoV Ago.Jmo\$U H$ê$Z XoV Ago. amZmVbr ìhë`m-nmaì`mMr A§S>r XmIdr. PmS>mda MT>m`bm dgya\$mQ>çmZo Ioim`bm Zm_mZoM {eH$dboco AgVo. CÎm_ hbJr Vmo dmOdr Am{U bmdUrhrPmoH$mV åhUV Ago.

EH$Xm OwZo _mñVa OmD$Z Zdo _mñVa òVmV d EHo$ {Xder Vo JmUr åhUm`bm_wbm§Zm gm§JVmV. _wbohr AmZ§XmZo EHo$H$ H$aV JmUr åhUVmV. H$moï>çmMm aKy A^§J åhUVmo.{ZdoXH$ EH$ H${dVm åhUVmo. am_m nmR>H$ "aS>do _mPo dXZ ~KmoZr' hr H${dVm åhUVmo d eodQ>rZm_mda nmir òVo. Zm_m COì`m H$mZmda hmV R>odyZ IS>çm AmdmOmV bmdUr JmD$ bmJVmo."âÁdmZrM§ dmXi gwQ>b§, ~mB© gwQ>b§, _bm g»`mZ§ Zmhr H$g§ åhQ>b§...' ho EoHy$Z _mñVaË`mbm Jßn ~gm`bm gm§JVmV AmoaS>VmV. bmdUr åhQ>ë`m~Ôb ~oX_ _maVmV. {ZaJwS>rÀ`mN>S>çm A§Jmda AmoT>ë`mZo Zm_m JwamgmaIm AmoaS>Vmo. emim gwQ>ë`mda AmoT>çmH$mR>r{ZdoXH$mgmo~V ~gyZ Zm_m aS>Vmo. H$YrM emioV Om`Mo Zmhr Agm {ZíM` H$aVmo.

Kar OmD$Z ~mnmbm gJir KS>cocr KQ>Zm gm§JVmo. "AmVm OmD$M ZH$mog


emioV', Ago Ë`mMr AmB© Ë`mbm Odi KoD$Z åhUVo. nU ~mn åhUVmo H$s ""Ago H$ê$ZMmbUma Zmhr emioV Om`MoM åhUOo _ma Im`bmM hdm. Ë`m{edm` {bhm`bm-dmMm`bmòV ZgVo. _r Vwbm {eH$dyZ _moR>m H$aUma Amho. Vy nU _mñVa hmo'', Ago Ë`mbm ~mn Ë`mbmg_OmdVmo. Zm_mMo S>moio nwgVmo. Zm_m nwÝhm emioV OmD$ bmJVmo.

hr AmR>dU AOyZhr {ZdoXH$mÀ`m _ZmV ñnï>nUo H$moabobr AgVo Am{U emioVnwÝhm nyd©dV Om`bm bmJUmam {_Ì Zm_mhr _ZmV Ka H$ê$Z am{hbocm AgVmo. ~mobVm-~mobVm XmoKo nwÝhm emionmer òVmV. Zm_m emim gmoSy>Z XoVmo d _wbo JbH$m H$arV ~mhoanS>VmV. "naV H$Yr ôQ>Uma?' `m Zm_mÀ`m àíZmda {ZdoXH$ Ë`mbm åhUVmV, ""AmVm AmhoVr ZmoH$ar gmoSy> ZH$mog. Mma n¡go O_d Am{U Q´>oqZJ H$m°boObm Om, AmUIr Oam dZdmggmog Am{U Q´>|S> hoS>_mñVa hmo,'' XmoKo EH$_oH$m§Mm {Zamon KoVmV.

EH$ XmoZ dfmªZr H$moëhmnyabm {ZdoXH$mbm naV Zm_m ôQ>Vmo. V_mem ~Km`bmåhUyZ {WEQ>a_Üò {ZdoXH$ Jobm AgVm V_memV {ÌH$moU dmOdVmZm Zm_m {XgVmo.MmonS>rÀ`m emioVbm _mñVa BWo H$gm Ambm ho Z g_OyZ Zm_mbm {dMmaë`mda Zm_m åhUVmoH$s "_mñVarV Md Zmhr. {_iH$Vhr Zmhr. AmVm _ZmOmoJVm Y§Xm Amho, {_iH$V Amho.amOrZm_m {Xbm Am{U V_memV [eabmo.'

7.4 g_mamon

"_mUXoer _mUg§' Ago erf©H$ Agboë`m ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m `mì`{º${MÌmË_H$ H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ AmnU Aä`mgbr. Cd©[aV H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ AmVm nwT>À`mnmR>mV Aä`mgm`Mr AmhoV.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 1/ 79



1) am_m _¡bHw$ir Hw$R>o amhmV AgVmo?

2) am_mÀ`m Kar H$moU AgVo?

3) am_mbm H$emMo Aàyn dmQ>Vo?

4) Zm_m _mñVa OmVrZo H$moU AgVmo?

5) Vmo V_memV H$m OmVmo?

6) Vmo V_memV H$m` dmOdVmo?

7) _mñVa Zm_mbm H$m _maVmV?

7.5 gmam§e

àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU Y_m© am_moer, Poë`m, _wbmÊ`mMm ~H$g, ~Ý`m~mny, am_m_¡bHw$br Am{U Zm_m _mñVa `m ì`{º${MÌmË_H$ H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ Aä`mgbr. `m àËòH$H$WoV EHo$H$m à_wI ì`{º$aoIoMo {MÌU boIH$mZo Ho$bo Amho. AJXr EH$m Ñ{ï>jonmV `mì`{º$aoIm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rb VŠË`mdê$Z Vw_À`m bjmV òVrb. d Ë`mdê$Z Vwåhmbm CÎmao{b{hÊ`mV _XV hmoB©b.


H$WoMo Zmd ì`º$s ì`{º$d¡{eîQ>ço

Y_m© am_moer Y_m© d`mZo åhmVmam, WH$bobm. OmV am_moer. JmoaQ>oë`ma§JmMm, ZrQ>g ~m§Ü`mMm, "H$Yr H$mir R>UR>UrV Agbob§ Ë`mM§ eara AmVm {daë`m dñÌmà_mU§OrU© Pmb§ Amho', B_mZr d Z_«.

Poë`m Poë`m qZ~dS>çmÀ`m emioVbm bmohmamMm _wbJm. Omb§Xa EH$ZmW bmohma. d` Voam-Mm¡Xm. A§JmZo {H$aH$moi. ~Q>Z§ Zgbobm, S>mJ nS>bobm, {R>Ji§bmdbobm Hw$S>Vm d MÈ>r. {~Waboë`m Im|S>mgmaIm C^m .H$mio, {H$S>Ho$ XmV. ào_mMm, _mòMm ^wHo$bm åhUyZ _mñVam§er AmnwbH$sMo ZmVo {Z_m©U.

_wbmÊ`mMm ~H$g ~H$g \$mQ>H$s A§JbQ>. JwS>¿`mda \$mQ>bobm _wgb_mZrMmoiUm, d`mZ§ drg-~mdrg. ~mobU§ bhmZ _wbmgmaI§. ^m~S>m. S>moŠ`mZ§ H$_r, ~mo~S>§ d ObX ~mobU§. CÝhmZ§ H$moinbobm Moham. A„m~jZmd. AZmW. nmoaH$m. MwbVm-MwbVr JwamgmaI§ am~dyZ KoUmao, Cnmer R>odUmao, _mahmU H$aUmao.

~Ý`m~mny ~Ý`m~mny gÎmar CbQy>Z Jobobm åhmVmam. I¡amÀ`m ImoS>mgmaIm {MdQ>, Q>UH$. C§Mmnwam, ~m§Ü`mZ§ ZrQ>ZoQ>H$m. a§JmZ§ JmoamnmZ. H$nmi ^ì`, ZmH$ VaVarV Am{U `m gdmªZm emo^yZ {XgUmao nm§T>aoew^« Ho$g d Jmb-{_em. lr_§V, ImZXmZr ê$~m~.AJËèrb, amoIR>moH$. Jmoï>rdoëhmi gT>i hmVmMo. ñdm{^_mZr.


7.3.1

1) ì`{º${MÌmË_H$ H$Wm§Mm 2) _mUXoeÀ`m

3) ~Or 4) YmoVa, bwJS>çmgmaIm

5) Vm§~S>r ^mH$ar d nmbo^mOrMm bJXm.

7.3.4

1) Omb§Xa EH$ZmW bmohma

2) qZ~dS>o

3) bmohmamMm

4) dmS>çmV qMMm nmS>V hmoVm.

5) ~mo~S>o d ObX

6) MwbË`mH$S>o

7) Mm§XrÀ`m S>ã`m§VyZ nmZmMr gm_J«r d H$irXma nmZo

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 1/ 81

H$WoMo Zmd ì`º$s ì`{º$d¡{eîQ>ço

am_m _¡bHw$br am_m VrgÀ`m Amgnmg d`. Y§Xm ìhabmMm (Mm§^mamMm). _¡bmMo XJS> a§JdÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aUmam. \$mQ>Š`m A§JmMm. H$mim. ZmH$ dmH$S>o,EH$ S>moim AYy, H$_mbrMo Xm[aÐç. {dQ>Ho$ \$S>Ho$ S>moŠ`mbm, VmoH$S>o YmoVa Am{U qMÜ`m Pmbobr n¡aU.

Zm_m _mñVa Zm_m _m§J OmVrMm. H$mhr {Xdg _mñVaH$s Ho$br nU_Z Ë`mV a_oZm åhUyZ V_memV {ÌH$moU dmOdm`bm Jobm. S>moŠ`mda H$moMXma nQ>H$m, A§JmV hmV_mJmÀ`m H$mnS>mMm nm§T>am A§JaIm, H$moQ>, Imbr XwQ>m§Jr YmoVa. V_memÀ`m Y§ÚmV _ZmnmgyZ a_bobm.

8) "Ë`m§Zm ~Ý`m~mny§H$S>o ~ŠH$i {_iVo' åhUyZ

9) Ë`m§Mm dmS>m Jm§YrdYmZ§VaÀ`m OminmoirV Omibm Jobm åhUyZ

10) ~Ý`m~mny, Ë`m§Mr {dYdm gyZ gê$~mB© d nwVÊ`m

7.3.6

1) ìhab dmS>çmV

2) am_m, Ë`mMr {dYdm ~hrU amYy d {VMm bhmZ _wbJm

3) {ZdoXH$ {edm{ed nmirV Zmhr `mMo

4) _m§J

5) Ë`mMo _Z _mñVaH$sV a_V Zmhr åhUyZ

6) {ÌH$moU

7) H${dVm åhUm`bm gm§{JVë`mda Vmo bmdUr åhUVmo åhUyZ

>***


"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 1/ 83

A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 8

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` 2

8.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, _mJrb nmR>mV AmnU "_mUXoer _mUg§' `m ì`{º${MÌmË_H$H$Wm§À`m nwñVH$mVrb H$mhr ì`{º${MÌm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. ì`{º${MÌo åhUOo H$m` - Vohrg_OyZ KoVbo. AmVm `m nmR>mV "_mUXoer _mUg§' `m H$Wm g§J«hmVrb AmUIr H$mhr H$Wm§MrH$WmZHo$ Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. _yi ì`{º${MÌm§À`m dmMZm~amo~a hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mdaVwåhmbm

l H$m|{S>~m Jm`H$dmS>, {edm Mm§^ma, {eXm _mir, Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm, aKy H$maHy$Z `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ {b{hVm òVrb.

l `m H$Wm§_Yrb à_wI nmÌm§Mo ñd^md aoImQ>Z H$aVm òB©b.

8.1 àmñVm{dH$

AmnU nm{hbo H$s ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mo bhmZnU _mUXoeÀ`m n[agamV Jobo.`m n[agamV g§ñH$maj_ d`mV Ë`m§Zm Or _mUgo ôQ>br, Oo OrdZ OdiyZ nhm`bm {_imbo

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 2/ 85

8.0 C{Ôï>o8.1 àmñVm{dH$8.2 H$WmZH$ n[aM`

8.2.1 H$m|{S>~m Jm`H$dmS>8.2.2 {edm Mm§^ma8.2.3 [edm _mir8.2.4 Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm8.2.5 aKy H$maHy$Z

8.3 g_mamon 8.4 gmam§e


Vo Ë`m§Zr "_mUXoer _mUg§' _YyZ A{Ve` {Oìhmù`mZo a§Jdbo Amho. `mM {Xdgm§da AmYm[aV"H$modio {Xdg' ZmdmMo EH$ nwñVH$hr Ë`m§Zr {b{hbo Amho. Vohr Vwåhr Oê$a dmMm."_mUXoe'À`m n[agamVrb AmUIr H$mhr H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ nwT>o {Xbr AmhoV.

8.2 H$WmZH$ n[aM`

8.2.1 H$m|{S>~m Jm`H$dmS>

_mUXoemVbm H$m|{S>~m Jm`H$dmS> ~bX§S>, Ca\$mQ>çm H$miOmMm, Ag§ñH¥$VAm{U am§JS>m Amhoo. Jù`mV noQ>r, é§X N>mVrda Ho$gm§Mo Omio, {n§T>è`m§Mo Jmoiohr dad§Q>çmgmaIoH$R>rU Agm H$m|{S>~m WmoamS> Am{U H$mhrgm CJ« Amho. Vmo dmQ>oH$ar Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o I§S>_mJm`bm Ooìhm boIH$ OmVmo Voìhm Ë`mÀ`mer H$m|{S>~m A{Ve` C_©Q>nUo ~mobVmo. _D$nUmË`mÀ`m A§JmV Zmhr. boIH$mMm _im Ë`mZo I§S>mZo H$am`bm KoVbm Á`mda Ë`mMr Mm§JbrJwOamU hmoV AgVo. g§Vy ZmdmÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m _moR>çm ^mdmer Ë`mMo d¡a AgVo. g§VyZo H$m|{S>~mÀ`mO{_ZrÀ`m ~m§Ymbm Agbobr Xwgè`mMr O_rZ I§S>mZo H$am`bm KoVë`mZo Ë`m XmoKm§V gVV^m§S>Uo hmoV AgVmV. H$m|{S>~mMr Jwao EH$ {Xdg Ë`mÀ`m ^mdmÀ`m (g§VyÀ`m) amZmV{eaë`m_wio XmoKm§V ~mMm~mMr hmoVo. g§Vy, Ë`mMr XmoZ nmoao H$mo§{S>~mÀ`m A§Jmda YmdyZ OmVmV.Ë`mÀ`mda H$mR>çm CJmaVmV. S>moŠ`mda H$mR>çm nSy> Z`oV åhUyZ Ë`m hmVmZo AmS>dVmo dhmVmda H$mR>çm nS>ë`mZo Ë`m§Mm hmV gwOVmo. Ë`mMo H$m|{S>~mbm \$mago H$mhr dmQ>V Zmhr. EH$\$S>Ho$ Vmo hmVmbm Jw§S>miyZ R>odVmo Am{U Amnbo amoOMo H$m_ Zo_mZo H$arV amhVmo. XmoKm^mdm§Vbr VoT> Hw$Um EH$mMm _wS>Xm nmS>ë`m{edm` g§nm`Mr Zmhr Ago H$m|{S>~mMo ñnï> _VAgVo. ñdV:Mr åh¡g ñdV:À`m hmVmZo amJmÀ`m ^amV _mê$Z Q>mH$Umam H$m|{S>~m AË`§V H«y$aAm{U amZQ>r dmQ>Vmo. åh¡g EH$Xm Yma XoB©Zm åhUyZ H$m|{S>~m {Vbm ~oX_ _maVmo Am{U VrEH$X_ AmoaSy>Z JamJam {\$ê$Z YmS>H$Z Imbr nS>Vo d àmUM gmoS>Voo. hr gJir H$WmH$m|{S>~m ghOJË`m gm§JVmo. Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mda {Xb{Jar {XgV Zmhr H$s ñdamV hihiOmUdV Zmhr.

I§S> _mJÊ`mgmR>r Amboë`m boIH$mbm gÜ`m n¡go ZmhrV Ago H$m|{S>~m em§VnUogm§JVmo. nwÝhm n¡emMm AmJ«h hmoVmM "nR>mUr H$m`Xm Amho H$m? Agob Va Vmo H$m|{S>~mnwT>oMmbm`Mm Zmhr' Ago Jw_uV åhUVmo. S>moŠ`mV Ym|S>m KmVbm Var n¡go {_iUma ZmhrV H$maUn¡goM ZmhrV Ago R>mgyZ gm§{JVë`mda boIH$ n¡go Z KoVmM {ZKyZ OmVmo. Xadfu Mma-ghmhobnmQ>o KmVë`m{edm` H$m|{S>~m n¡go XoV Zmhr Am{U Ë`m~Ôb Ë`mbm Oamhr ea_ë`mgmaIodmQ>V Zmhr.

EH$Xm Ë`mÀ`m amZmVyZ EH$m _hmamZo Ë`mbm Z {dMmaVm H$Ugo Zobr AgVmË`mbmhr H$m|{S>~m JwamgmaIm _maVmo. _mê$Z Ë`mMr nmR> H$mir-{Zir H$aVmo. _hma VS>H$\$m¡OXmamH$S>o OmVmo. nU H$m|{S>~m \$m¡OXmambm n¡go XoVmo Am{U gwQ>Vmo. _hmambm Ý`m` {_iVZmhr. ñdV:À`m ^mdmbmhr H$m|{S>~m S>moŠ`mV Ym|S>m KmbyZ _maVmo. VmbwŠ`mÀ`m H$MoarV


OmD$Z "_r ^mdmbm _maVmo' Ago gai gm§JyZ Or {ejm hmoVo Vr _mÝ` H$aVmo. ~m`H$mo OoìhmaSy> bmJVo Voìhm H$m|{S>~m S>m\$aVmo H$s, "aS>m`bm H$m` Pmbo Amho? `mdfu nrH$ Mm§Jbo AmboAmho. H$miOrMo H$m` H$maU?' Agm H$m|{S>~m H$mirO Zgboë`m _mUgmgmaIm dmJVmo.

8.2.2 {eXm Mm§^ma

OmVrZo Mm§^ma Agbobm {edm _hm ~oaH$s AgVmo. Vmo C§MrZo ~wQ>H$m nU hmS>mnoamZoMm§Jbm ~iH$Q> AgVmo. a§JmZo H$mim^moa. Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mdê$ZM Vmo _moR>m YyV© Am{U bwÀMmAgmdm, Ago dmQ>Vo. n[apñWVrZo {eXm Jar~ nU d¥ÎmrZo _mOmoar AgVmo.

S>moŠ`mda H$g§~g§ Jw§S>mibob§ _w§S>mg§, A§JmV _iH$Q> gXam, Ë`mÀ`mda {ZimT>Ji bmoH$ar H$moQ>-Vmohr OmJOmJr nm§T>è`m Xmoè`mZo a\y$ Ho$bobm. Vm§~S>çm H$mR>mMo YmoVa _mÌXoe_wImgmaI§ Vmo PmoH$mV ZogVmo. EImXm Zdm-OwZm Mßnb OmoS> hmVmV KoD$Z KmB©ZoOmVmZm Vmo Zoh_r {XgVmo.

ñdV:À`m dhmUm \$mQ>boë`m AgVmV, åhUyZ H$WoMm {ZdoXH$ Ë`mbm ~mobmdVmo.Ë`m \$mQ>Š`m dhmUm _oboë`m C§Xamgma»`m Yê$Z {eXm A{Ve` CnhmgmZo hgVmo. Am{UË`m XwéñVr H$aÊ`mbm`H$ ZmhrV Ago gm§JVmo. {ZdoXH$mbm Ë`mÀ`m AmJmD$nUmMm amJ òVmo.Var Vmo amJ da Z XmIdVm {ZdoXH$ Ë`mbm Zdr nm`VmU§ V`ma H$am`bm gm§JVmo. XmoZ énò{dgma åhUyZ KoD$Z d OwZr dhmU XwéñVrgmR>r CMbyZ {eXm ngma hmoVmo. VmgmâmVXwê$ñV H$ê$Z XoVmo gm§JyZ Mm§Jbm g§Ü`mH$mir CJdVmo. Ë`m ~Xë`mV {ZdoXH$mMm OwZm H$nS>mh¸$mZ§ _mJyZ ZoVmo. EH$ {XdgmV Zdo nm`VmU ~m§YyZ AmUVmo åhUyZ OmVmo Vo VrZ {XdgPmbo, Var {\$aH$V Zmhr. d¡VmJyZ, Ma\$S>V eodQ>r {ZdoXH$M Ë`mÀ`m KamH$S>o OmVmo. Voìhm{eXm VwQ>Š`m nm`VmUm§À`m ngmè`mV ~gbobm AgVmo.

{ZdoXH$ VUVUV, {MSy>Z Ë`mbm åhUVmo, ""Xwgè`m {Xder AmUyZ XoVmo åhUyZgm§{JVb§g J¥hñWm Am{U AmO AmR>-Xhm {Xdg CbQy>Z Jobo Var VwPm nÎmm Zmhr!'' `mdaW§S>nUo {eXm åhUVmo, ''Mmbm`M§M dHw$V bmJm`MmM.'' {ZdoXH$ {OVH$m amJmdbobm {VVH$m{eXm W§S> Ago Vo Ñí` AgVo. Ë`mZ§Va {edm Zdm nm`VmUm§Mm OmoS> KoD$Z òVmo. {ZdoXH$Ë`mbm "VimV _mVr Zmhr Zm KmVbrg?' åhUyZ {dMmaVmo. Ë`mda ehmOmoJnUo {eXm åhUVmo,""Agm b~mS>nUm Amnë`m ~mÀ`mZ§ hmoUma Zmhr. nmoQ>mbm bmJb§ Va _mJyZ KoB©Z Mma-AmR>AmZ§ nU H$m_mV Hw$MamB©!'' `mda {ZdoXH$ Ë`mMo n¡go MwH$Vo H$aVmo. _mÌ XmoZ AS>rM_{hÝ`m§VM {eXmZ§ ~Zdboë`m dhmUm§Zm ^moH$ nSy>Z Ë`mVyZ XmoZ Wam§_Ybr _mVr T>mgiybmJVo. {ZdoXH$mMm A§XmO Iam {ZKVmo. Vmo {eXmbm JmRy>Z _mVr KmVë`m~Ôb ~mobVmo Voìhm{eXm åhUVmo, ""_mVr hm` ìh` Or? H$amb hmÒr!'' (H$amb åhUOo _wê$_) Am{U danmoQ>mgmR>r b~mS>r H$amdr bmJVo- H$m` H$aUma- Ag§hr åhUVmo. {ZdoXH$ S>moŠ`mbm hmVbmdÊ`mnbrH$S>o H$mhr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

Jm§YrdYmZ§Va JmdmV Or Ominmoi hmoVo Ë`mV {ZdoXH$mMo Kahr Omibo OmVo. Ë`mOminmoirV {eXm AmKmS>rda AgVmo. nidyZ AmUboë`m dñVy§Mr M¡Z H$aVmo. WmoS>çmM

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 2/ 87

{Xdgm§V {enmB© Mm¡H$er gwê$ H$aVmV. Voìhm gJir ^m§S>rHw§$S>r AmS>mV Q>mHy$Z XoVmo. Cabobr^m§S>r Am{U BVa dñVy nmhÿZ JmdH$ar {MS>VmV. Ë`mda {eXm åhUVmo, "H$m` {~KS>b§ AmUbråhUyZ' Amnbm h¸$M Agë`mà_mUo Vmo dmJVmo.

IoS>oJmdmV Xm[aÐçmV amhmUmar gd©M _mUgo H$mhr Jar~, XrZ ZgVmV. Ë`mV{edm gmaIm EImXm b~mS>, ñdmWu, ~oaH$shr AgVmo ho hr H$Wm gwMdVo.

8.2.3 {edm _mir

{edm hm àm`_ar emioMm JS>r. K§Q>m XoUo, PmS>bmoQ> H$aUo, emionwT>À`m ~mJoMr{ZJm amIUo Aer gJir H$m_o Vmo MmoInUo ~OmdrV AgVmo. {edm Amnë`m gÀÀ`mdmJUwH$sZo gJù`m _mñVa bmoH$m§Mr _Ou gm§^miyZ AgVmo. _mñVam§À`m KaMr N>moQ>r H$m_ohrVmo AS>MUrbm H$arV AgVmo. ñdV:Mo n¡go IM© H$ê$Z H$nS>o KoÊ`mMr Ë`mbm JaO nS>V ZgoH$maU _mñVam§H$Sy>Z H$moQ>, YmoVa, Ë`mbm {_iV Ago.

{edm AS>mUr Agbm Var gamdmZo K§Q>m XoÊ`mMr doi Ë`mbm hiyhiy H$iy bmJVoAm{U AmH$S>ohr C_Jy bmJVmV. JmdmV Ë`mMo Ka ZìhVo Am{U amZhr. åhUyZ _mù`mÀ`mOmVrV OÝ_mbm òD$Zhr eoVr Z H$aVm {edm gaH$mar ZmoH$ar H$ê$Z àn§M MmbdrV AgVmo.Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo amZmV amoOJmamZo H$m_mbm OmB© Am{U nmoaJo emioV òB© qH$dm JmdmV qhS>V~go. ZmoH$ar~amo~a g§gmahr àm_m{UH$nUo H$aUmam {edm EH$ {Xdg nmo{bgm§H$Sy>Z MmoarÀ`mJwÝømgmR>r nH$S>bm OmVmo. gJù`m JmdmbmM AmíM`© dmQ>Vo. _hmXy gmoZma Am{U {edm AemXmoKm§Zm nmobrg nH$Sy>Z ZoVmV.

{edm {ejm ^moJyZ naV JmdmV òVmo, Voìhm Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo _wbmbm KoD$Z _mhoar{ZKyZ OmVo. Mmoar H$aUmè`m Zdè`m~amo~a _bm g§gma H$am`Mm Zmhr Ago {VMo åhUUo AgVo.{edm _wimV A{Ve` àm_m{UH$ AgVmo. _hmXy gmoZmamÀ`m g§JVrV hiyhiy Ë`mbm doJdoJioZmX bmJVmV. Iyn n¡go H$_dmdo Ago dmQy> bmJVo. ~m`H$mo XmJ-Xm{JÝ`m§gmR>r gVV Hw$aHw$aVAgVo Am{U _hmJmB©À`m {XdgmV XmoKm§À`m H$_mB©da g§gma H$g~gm gwê$ AgVmo. {edmamoOÀ`m H$Q>H$Q>tZm H§$Q>miVmo. _hmXy~amo~a Mmoar H$am`bm V`ma hmoVmo. Ka\$moS>rMogm§{JVë`mda {edm gwédmVrbm Zmhr åhUVmo. Hw$byn VmoSy>Z EodO nidm`Mo H$m_ _hmXyMoAm{U ~mhoa Cô amhÿZ H$moUr òV Amho H$m ho nmiV R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ {edmMo Ago R>aVo Am{U_J {edm Ë`mbm V`ma hmoVmo. n¡emMr Ë`mbm ^yb nS>Vo. _hmXy Ë`mbm \$gdVmo. {VÝhrKa\$moS>rV hOmamda énò {_iyZhr ~oMmirg ê$nò {_imë`mMo gm§JyZ {edmbm {Zå_oåhUOoM gmS>o EH$drg énò {_iVmV. _hmXy _{hÝ`mâmV nH$S>bm OmVmo. Vgm {edmKm~aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m H$miOmMo nmUr-nmUr hmoVo.

Oo KS>bo Vo boIH$mbm àm_m{UH$nUo gm§JyZ {edm _mUXoemVyZ {ZKyZ OmVmo.EH$Xm A~«y Jobr AmVm {df ImD$Z _amdo qH$dm _mUXoemVyZ {ZKyZ Omdo EdT>o XmoZM n`m©`{edmOdi AgVmV. Ë`mVbm Xwgam n`m©` Vmo {ZdS>Vmo. {edmÀ`m ê$nmZo _wimV gmYm,àm_m{UH$, nmn^rê$ AgUmè`m _mUgmbm EImÚm MwH$s_wio Am`wî`mVyZ CR>mdo bmJVo, `mMo


gwÞ H$aUmao dmñVd g_moa òVo.

8.2.4 Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm

B§J«Or Mm¡Wrbm AgVmZm Aä`mgmgmR>r åhUyZ {ZdoXH$ JmdmVM EH$m dmS>çmVrbImobr KoD$Z {_Ìm~amo~a {VWo ahmV Ago. Ë`m§À`m nbrH$S>À`m ImobrVM Imbm ZmdmMrVm§~moirU amhmV Ago. {VÀ`m Zdè`mMm Mm§Jbm ì`mnma hmoVm. nU n¡go {_im`bm bmJë`mdaVmo ~Xbbm. amoO Imbmbm _mê$ bmJbm. KamV EH$ ~mB© AmUyZ R>odbr. Omoda eŠ` VmodaImbmZo gmogbo. _J EH$ {Xdg {VZo ^ë`m nhmQ>o Ka gmoS>bo. Mma n¡go ~mOybm gmR>dyZ Hw§$Hy$XmVdÊ`mMm ì`mnma gwê$ Ho$bm. H$YrVar Zdam _oë`mMr ~mV_r H$mZmda Amë`mda Vr {dYdmåhUyZ amhÿ bmJbr. {VMm OJÊ`mMm hì`mg gwQ>bm Zmhr. Vr H$ï> H$ê$Z YS>nS>V hmoVr, Mman¡go H$_dV hmoVr.

Vr a§JmZo H$mir-gmdir, C§MrZo R>|JUr Am{U A§JmZo âbobr Aer Ohm§~mOåhmVmar hmoVr. OmVrZo _wgb_mZ Agbr Var {VÀ`m gmS>r-Mmoirdê$Z d Vr Zogm`À`mnÕVrdê$Z Vr _wgb_mZ Amho, Ago dmQ>V Zgo. H$mZmV Hw$S>çm, hmVmV _mohaoMr A§JR>rKmbyZ, nXa S>moŠ`mdê$Z KoD$Z Vr XUmXUm MmbV Ago.

EImÚm _Y_mergmaIr Vr H$ï>miy hmoVr. gVV H$mhrVar CÚmoJ H$arV Agm`Mr.KarM Vr XmVdU ~Zdo. AmR>dS>çmÀ`m ~mOmamV hiX-Hw§$Hy$, ~w¸$m, XmVdU, e|JXmUo,\w$Q>mUo, Mwa_wao Ago {OÞg {dH$V Ago. Q>monbr S>moŠ`mda KoD$Z IoS>monmS>r Vr Vo {dH$s.IoS>çmV XwH$mZo Zgë`mZo {Vbm Mma EH$ énò {_iV. n§T>arÀ`m dmarbm Vr XmVdU KoD$Z{dHo$ Ë`mH$mimV {VMr {\$aVr VmËnwaVr ~§X Ago. ZmJn§M_rbm Vr bmoH$m§Zm bmøm ^mOyZ XoB©.{ZdoXH$ Am{U Ë`mMm {_Ì ImbmH$Sy>Z H$YrH$Yr e|JXmUo {dH$V KoV. _wbm§À`m ImobrVbrCIS>bobr O_rZ {Xgë`mda Imbm Vr eoUmZo gmadyZ MH$nH$ H$ê$Z XoB©. Ë`m_wio _wbm§À`m_ZmV {VÀ`m{df`r AmnbonUmMm nmPa \w$Q>bm Am{U Vr {VÀ`mer eoOmaY_m©Zo dmJy bmJbr.

amÌrMr ~mgar dmOdy Zò, ~moS>Š`m ~mB©Zo ~mgar EoHy$ Zò, C§~è`mda ~gy Zò AgoAZoH$ qhXy g§Ho$V, MmbrarVr {Vbm _mhrV hmoË`m. Vr ñdV:hr Ë`m MmbrarVr nmio d `m_wbm§Zmhr Ë`m nmiÊ`mMm ««AmJ«h H$ar.

JmoS>rJwbm~rZo amhmdo, Mma _mUgo OmoS>mdr, ^bonUm {_idmdm, Ago {VMo OJÊ`mMoVÎdkmZ hmoVo. `mM VÎdmZo Vr OJVo. d` Pmbo Var S>moŠ`mdaMo "Q>monbrVbo XwH$mZ' KoD$Znm` AmoT>V MmbV amhVo. gmÜ`mgwÜ`m ~mB©Vhr AgUmar OJÊ`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m, {dOr{Jfwd¥Îmr, {MdQ>nUm {VÀ`mV {XgVmo.

(_mS>JyiH$am§À`m `m ì`{º${MÌmË_H$ H$Wm§Vrb hr EH$M ór ì`{º$aoIm Amho. nUVr AË`§V à^mdr Amho.)

8.2.5 aKy H$maHy$Z

aKy _dmi Am{U A{Ve` H$ï>miy Amho. Ë`mMo KamUo Hw$bH$Ê`m©Mo Am{U dS>rb H$V©~Jma

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 2/ 89

_mUyg hmoVo. Vo aKyÀ`m bhmZnUrM dmabo. nmR>monmR> AmB©gwÕm dmabr. aKybm _moR>m ^mD$gwÕmhmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o d{S>bm§Z§Va Hw$bH$Ê`m©Mo H$m_ Ambo. nU Ë`mZo \$mago H$mhr H$_mdbo VaZmhrM CbQ> hmoVo Vohr J_mdbo. KamV AR>am{díd Xm[aÐç Ambo. aKy {eH$V AgVmZm Ë`mbmWmoaë`m ^mdmMm H$moQ>-gXam Kmbm`bm {_io. dmnê$Z Q>mH$bobm gXam aKy {Z_yQ>nUo dmnao.^mdmMr ~m`H$mo aKyMm nXmonXr An_mZ H$ar, Ë`mbm Q>mHy$Z ~mobr. åhUOo aKy {VbmJù`mVrb Ymo§S> dmQ>oo. gmVdrn`ªV aKy H$ï> H$ê$Z ñdV: Mma XmoZ n¡go H$_dyZ {eH$bm.Wmoam_moR>çm§À`m hmVmnm`m nSy>Z EH$m _m_boXma H$MoarV ~mam énò nJmamda {MH$Q>bm.VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmdr OmD$Z amhÿ bmJbm. ^mdmMm àn§M IoS>çmV MmboZm åhUyZ Vmo gmobmnyabmJobm d aKybm Ë`mZo OmVmZm gmYo {dMmabohr Zmhr.

H$mgmaJ„rVrb EH$m _moS>H$irbm Amboë`m KamV aKy amhÿ bmJbm. VoWo ^yVAmho, Agm g_O Agë`mZo _mbH$mZo aKybm Vo \w$H$Q>mV {Xbo hmoVo. Oê$ar nwaVr XmoZ-Mma^m§S>r aKyZo KoVbr. amoO gH$mir CRy>Z eoOmè`mÀ`m AmS>mda OmD$Z Mma Vm§~o nmUr A§JmdaAmoVyZ Am§Kmoi H$am`Mr, nmÊ`mMr KmJa ^ê$Z AmUm`Mr, Mhm H$ê$Z ß`m`Mm Am{UH$MoarV Om`Mo Agm Ë`mMm R>abobm gH$miMm {XZH«$_ hmoVm. Xwnmar Kar òD$Z Mma^mH$ar-H$mbdU H$éZ Imdo Am{U WmoS>m doi Sw>bH$s ¿`mdr qH$dm Ka PmSy>Z ¿`mdo Ago VmoR>adyZ Kar òV Ago. H$MoarMr doi Pmbr H$s naV nmM dmOon`ªV IS>©oKmer H$aV Ago.g§Ü`mH$mir H$Yr dmÊ`mÀ`m XwH$mZmV Va H$Yr ~mOmanoR>oV M¸$a _mê$Z aKy doi KmbdVAgo Am{U A§Ymaë`mda naV òD$Z Mma Kmg ImD$Z gyVmS>çmda nSy>Z amhr. AZoH$ df}Ë`mMm hmM {XZH«$_ hmoVm. KamV gmo~Vrbm H$moUr Zmhr, aKy EH$Q>m hmoVm. ^yVmgmaIm Ë`mKamV EH$Q>mM {^§VrH$S>o ~KyZ OJV hmoVm.

_J hiyhiy Ë`mÀ`m {XZH«$_mV ~Xb Pmbm. Vmo C{eam CRy> bmJbm, YmdniH$ê$Z H$erVar A§Kmoi AmQ>nyZ H$MoarV OmD$ bmJbm. Myb noQ>dyZ ^mH$è`m Z ^mOVme|JXmUo ImD$ bmJbm. Ë`mÀ`m KamV Ë`mÀ`mnojm bhmZ Agbobr Q>nmoar nmoa§ {~S>çmAmoT>m`bm òD$ bmJbr. doir-Adoir Myb noQ>dyZ Mhm ß`m`bm bmJbr. aKyMm nyduMm{XZH«$_ {~KS>bm. b¾mgmR>r Ë`mZo n¡go gmR>dm`Mo R>adbo Ë`m_wio Vmo nmoQ> _mê$ bmJbm.H$iH$Q> {dQ>Ho$ H$nS>o, Mohè`mda X¡Ý`-bmMmar Am{U Aghm`Vm Aer AOyZ H$mhr df©o Jobr.aKyMo b¾mMo d`hr {ZKyZ Jobo. Amnë`m b¾mMo ~Km`bm H$moUr _moR>o _mUyg Zmhr, AmnU Jar~AmhmoV, `m {dMmamZo aKy AñdñW hmoB©.

^mdmÀ`m H$mZmn`ªV hr ~mV_r OmVmM ^mdmZo eodQ>r aKyÀ`m b¾mMo _ZmdaKoVbo. _wbJr R>abr d AZoH$ {d¿Zo òD$Z eodQ>r aKyMo b¾ Pmbo. aKy ~m`H$mobm KoD$Z JmdrAmbm d ZmoH$arda éOy Pmbm. Ë`mZo Ka ~Xbbo. Ë`mMm {XgÊ`mV, nmofmImV ~Xb Pmbm.d aKy EH$Xm _mUgmV Ambm.

_hmJmB©À`m H$mimV aKyMm g§gma gwê$ Pmbm. ~m`H$moMr ~mi§VnU§, XwIUr, XmoZnmoam§Mr â gmè`mZo aKy Q>oH$sbm Ambm. Am{W©H$ MUMUrZo qMVmJ«ñV Pmbm. bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z n¡goCYma KoD$ bmJbm Am{U XoUoH$è`m§Zm MwH$dy bmJbm. Ë`mMr ~m`H$mohr IMbr. amoOMo dmX-


^m§S>Uo, nmoam§Mo Jm|Yi-aS>maS> `mZo aKy d¡VmJyZ OmB©. H$MoarVyZ Kar Amë`mda Ë`mbmdoioÀ`m doir OodU {_ioZmgo Pmbo. aKyZo gmè`mbm d¡VmJyZ EHo$ amÌr A\y$ Im„r. AmnU_aUma `m {dMmamZo Vmo Iyn Km~abm. S>m°ŠQ>am§Zm ~mobmdyZ AmUë`mda Ë`m§À`m nm`m nSy>Z"dmMdm' Ago åhUy bmJbm. bhmZ _wbmgmaIm aSy> bmJbm.

gJù`m§Zm dmQ>bo aKyZo J[a~rbm H§$Q>miyZ AmË_hË`m H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. nUH$maU doJioM hmoVo. aKyÀ`m ~m`H$moMo Xwgè`m _mUgmer gyV O_bo hmoVo. EHo$ {Xder aKybmAgo H$mhr AmT>ibo H$s Ë`mbm _amdogo dmQ>bo. J[a~r _mUgmVbo _mUygnU H$go _mê$ZQ>mH$Vo `mMo AñdñW H$aUmao {MÌ aKyÀ`m ê$nmZo {XgVo.

8.3 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, hr H$WmZHo$ Aä`mgVmZm Vw_À`m bjmV Ambo Agob H$s_mS>JyiH$am§Zr EHo$H$m ì`º$rbm H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ Ë`mMr OrdZH$hmUr AJXr Zo_Ho$nUogm§{JVbr Amho. Vr A{Ve` n[aUm_H$maH$ Pmbr Amho. AmVm Cd©[aV H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$AmnU nwT>rb nmR>mV Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 2/ 91

8.2 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm .

Jmiboë`m OmJm ^am.

1) {ZdoXH$ H$m|{S>~mH$S>o ..... _mJm`bm OmVmo.

2) H$m|{S>~m ..... Mm XJS> S>moŠ`mV KmbyZ IyZ H$aVmo.

3) {eXm Mm§^ma ñd^mdmZo ..... AgVmo.

4) n[apñWVrZo {eXm Jar~ Agbm Var d¥ÎmrZo ..... AgVmo.

5) [eXm {ZdoXH$mÀ`m \$mQ>Š`m dhmUm ...... YaVmo.

6) {eXm dhmUoÀ`m VimV ..... ^aVmo.

7) {edmMr dmJUyH$ ..... AgVo.

8) {edmÀ`m ...... À`m ZmXmZo Mmoar H$am`bm àd¥Îm hmoVmo.

9) Imbm Y_m©Zo ..... AgVo.

10) Imbm ..... Aer ~mobV Ago.

8.4 gmam§e

àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU H$m|{S>~m Jm`H$dmS>, {eXm Mm§^ma, {edm _mir, Vm§~moù`mMrImbm Am{U aKy H$maHy$Z `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ Aä`mgbr. `m àËòH$ H$WoV EHo$H$m _mUXoer_mUgmÀ`m OrdZmMo Xe©Z boIH$mZo KS>dbo Amho.

nwT>rb VŠË`mdê$Z EH$m X¥{ï>jonmV Vwåhmbm ì`{º$aoIoMo Xe©Z KSy> eHo$b.


H$WoMo Zmd ì`{º$aoIm d¡{eîQ>ço

H$m|{S>~m Jm`H$dmS> H$m|{S>~m Jm`H$dmS> ~b§XS>, C\$amQ>çm H$miOmMm. {ZdoXH$mMm I§S>H$ar. Yma XoB©Zm åhUyZ åherMm Ord KoUmam, ^mdmer nQ>V Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`mMm IyZ H$aUmam.

{eXm Mm§^ma {eXm Mm§^ma Mm§^ma OmVrMm. ~oaH$s Am{U bwÀMm. {ZdoXH$mÀ`m dhmUmV H$amb ^ê$Z Ë`mbm \$gdVmo. Jm§Yr hËòZ§Va OminmoirV JmdmVrb bmoH$m§À`m dñVy,YmÝ` Mmoê$Z ñdV:Mo Ka âVmo.

{edm _mir {edm _mir emioV JS>r åhUyZ gƒonUmZo H$m_ H$aUmam gai, gmYm _mUyg. _hmXy gmoZmamÀ`m g§JVrZo Mmoar H$am`bm àd¥Îm hmoVmo. Ë`mV nH$S>bm OmVmo Am{UË`mbm Vwé§Jdmg KS>Vmo. `mZo nma IMyZ OmVmo.

Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm Imbm {dYdm-_wgb_mZrU. H$mir-gmdir,R>|JUr, Ohm§~mO åhmVmar. {ZdoXH$ d Ë`mMm {_Ì `m§À`mda _m`m H$aUmar, Hw§$Hy$, XmVdUmMm ì`dgm`, JmdmoJmd {\$ê$Z H$aUmar, Mma _mUgo OmoSy>Z ^bonUm {_idUmar.

aKy H$maHy$Z aKy, _dmi Am{U H$ï>miy AZmW. ^mdmZo dmè`mda gmoS>bo, _m_boXma H$MoarV H$maHy$Z, X[aÐr. ~m`H$mo Xwgè`mÀ`m ZmXr bmJbr åhUyZ Ord XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ.


8.2

1) I§S> 2) g»»`m ^mdmMm, g§VyMm 3) _hm ~oaH$s

4) _mOmoar 5) _oboë`m C§Xamgma»`m 6) H$amb

7) gƒr 8) _hmXy gmoZmamÀ`m 9) _wgb_mZ

10) bmøm \w$Q>mÊ`mV

***

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 2/ 93


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 9

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` 3

9.0 : C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, "_mUXoer _mUg§' `m ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a{b{IV ì`{º${MÌmË_H$H$Wm§À`m g§J«hmVrb Cd©[aV H$Wm§À`m H$WmZH$m§Mm Aä`mg AmVm `m nmR>mV H$am`Mm Amho._yiH$Wm Am{U hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmbm

l ~m~mImZ Xadoer øm AñdbmMm Ioi H$aUmè`m _mUgmMo, JUm _hma `m V_memVT>mobH$s dmOdUmè`mMo, Zagy Vobr, {~Q>mH$mH$m Am{U JUm ^nQ>çm `m "_mUXoer _mUgm§' {df`r {b{hVm `oB©b.

9.1 : àmñVm{dH$

AmÎmmn`ªV "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Yrb Á`m H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg AmnU Ho$bm Ë`mdê$ZAmnë`mbm ho g_Obo H$s {H$VrVar doJdoJù`m _mUgm§À`m OJÊ`mMr PbH$ ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$am§Zr Amnë`mbm XmIdbr. "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Ybr ~hþVoH$ _mUg§ X[aÐr AmhoV.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 3/ 95

9.0 C{Ôï>o

9.1 àmñVm{dH$

9.2 H$WmZH$ n[aM`

9.2.1 ~m~mImZ Xadoer

9.2.2 JUm _hma

9.2.3 _mPm ~mn

9.2.4 {~Q>mH$mH$m

9.2.5 JUm ^nQ>çm

9.3 g_mamon

9.4 gmam§e


gVV Ë`m§Mm OJÊ`mMm g§Kf© Mmby Amho. doJdoJù`m ì`dgm`mV Agbobr hr _mUg§Amnmnë`m narZo OJÊ`mMr YS>nS> H$aVmZm {XgVmV. àñVwV nmR>mVhr AerM AmUIr H$mhr"_mUXoer _mUg§' AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

9.2 H$WmZH$ n[aM`

9.2.1 ~m~mImZ Xadoer :

gwJrÀ`m {XdgmV JmdmoJmdr qhSy>Z AñdbmMm Ioi H$aUmam ~m~mImZ XadoerA§JmqnS>mZ§ Mm§Jbm Q>UH$ hmoVm. JmOamgmaIm Ë`mMm dU© bmbga hmoVm. Vm|S>mda XodrMo dUhmoVo Am{U EH$ S>moim ~marH$ H$ê$Z ~mobÊ`mMr Ë`mbm gd` hmoVr. ^S>H$ a§JmMm H$mogbmnQ>H$m Vmo Iw~rZ§ EH$m ~mOybm H$bVm R>odyZ ~m§YrV Ago. a§JrV H$mnS>mMr _w§S>oN>mQ> n¡aU,{Vbm Mm§XrMr ~Q>U§, ^mar qH$_VrM§ YmoVa Am{U nm`mV Jm|S>çmM§ nm`VmU Agm Vmo _moR>çmê$~m~mV amhr. IS>r gmIaogmaIm JmoS> ~mobV Ago. nmM dfmªÀ`m nmoambmgwÕm gaH$ma, hþOyaAgo Vmo g§~mo{YV Ago. _moR>çm AX~rZo dmJV Ago. nU Vmo hmoVm _mÌ ^S>H$ _mÏ`mMm({hadQ> Q>miŠ`mMm).

Vmo CÎm_ ^o{XH$ (åhUOo bmoH$JrVmVbm EH$ àH$ma) JmUmam hmoVm. VmZmOrÀ`mnmodmS>çmnmgyZ Vo na~«÷ _m`m, àH¥$Vrn`ªVÀ`m JmÊ`m§Mm _moR>m gmR>m hmoVm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o.Ë`mÀ`m `m H$m¡eë`m_wio AmgnmgÀ`m nmM-n§Mdrg IoS>çmV Vmo gdmªZm _mhrV hmoVm.

~m~mImZMr ~m`H$mo AJXrM ^moir^m~S>r hmoVr. doS>§~mJS>§ ê$n, {P§Á`m gXm{\$ñH$maboë`m, A§Jmda H$g§Var Jw§S>mibob§ gwS>H§$ Aer Vr åhUOo IamoIaM Ü`mZ hmoV§.nmoam§M§ b|T>ma _mJ§ KoD$Z Vr JmdmV Hw$R>ohr ^Q>H$V Ago. {~Wabm H$s ~m~mImZ ~m`H$mobm-nmoam§Zm JwamgmaIo ~XS>V Ago.

~m~mImZM§ Añdbhr Ë`mÀ`m {~èhmS>mOdiM Iw§Q>çmbm ~m§Ybob§ Ago. EH$XmXwnmaÀ`m doir ~m~mImZÀ`m gdmªV bhmZ dfm©-XrS>dfmªÀ`m nmoambm AñdbmZ§ Yab§.Xim`bm Joboë`m ~m~mImZÀ`m ~m`H$moZ§ AmoaS>V `oD$Z nmoambm AñdbmÀ`m n§OmVyZ AmoTy>ZH$mT>b§. ~m~mImZ amJmZ§ bmb Pmbm. KamVyZ _ZJQ>mgmaI§ EH$ {Q>¸$ma KoD$Z Ambm.bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>b§ AmVm Vmo _maUma Añdbmbm. nU H$gb§ H$m` ~m~mImZZo Ë`mbm \$º$ XyaZoD$Z ~m§Yb§.

Xwgè`m {Xder {ZdoXH$mZo Ë`mbm hQ>H$bo. ""EdT>çmem H$maUmdê$Z ~m`H$mobmT>moamgmaIm VwS>dVmog Am{U H$mb Vo OZmda nmoQ>À`m nmoambm Ord§ _maV hmoV§ Va Ë`mbm Mma~moQ>m§Zr {edbmgwÕm Zmhrg?''

Ë`mda hgyZ ~m~mImZ åhUVmo, ""hþOya, ~m`H$mo H$m` EH$ _obr Var Xwgar{_iob. nU H$mb amJmÀ`m VmdmV OZmda d_u Q>mobm bmJyZ _ob§ AgV§ Va? {eH$b§gdabob§ OZmda {_iU§ H$R>rU.''


~m~mImZÀ`m CX²JmamVyZ Amnë`m g_mOmV órM§, ~m`H$moM§ ñWmZ OZmdamnojmhrImbM§ Amho ho {XgV§.

9.2.2 JUm _hma

JUm _hma hm {ZdoXH$mMm Jmddmbm Ë`mbm AMmZH$ _w§~B©V ôQ>Vmo. nmoQ>mnmÊ`mgmR>r{ZdoXH$ Vmo Jmd gmoSy>Z _w§~B©bm Ambm` Iam, nU Ë`mbm "Amnbm _wbyI' ~am dmQ>Vmo. JUmZo_mÌ `m n[apñWVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Vmo {ZdoXH$mbm åhUVmo, ""{OH$sa g_XrH$S>§M hmò.gwImgwIr Amnb§ Jmd gmoSy>Z H$moZ òV§`m!''

{ZdoXH$mÀ`m Am{U JÊ`mÀ`m Jßnm a§JVmV. Vo ~amo~a Mhm KoVmV. JßnmVyZ {ZdoXH$mbmg_OVo H$s JUm V_memV T>mobH§$-noQ>r dmOdVmo åhUyZ. V_memÀ`m ZmXmnm`r Ë`mZo IyndUdU ghZ Ho$bobr AgVo. gwédmVrbm JmdmH$S>oM Mma nmoao O_dyZ Vmo V_mem H$mT>Vmo.JmdH$è`m§Zr ~am Amho åhQ>ë`mda AmOy~mOyÀ`m Jmdm§VyZ AmR>-AmR> H$mog añVm VwS>dyZ VmoV_memMo Ioi H$aVmo. H$Yr H$Yr ZwgË`m OodUmdahr Ë`mZo V_mem Ho$bm Amho.ImÊ`m{nÊ`mMr, A§WéU-nm§KéUmMr Am~mi gmogyZ Ë`mZo Amnbm V_memMm ZmX {Q>H$dbmAmho.

{ZdoXH$mbm àíZ nS>Vmo, JmdH$s H$aU§ Am{U V_mem H$aU§ - XmoÝhrH$S>o Cnmg nS>bo.dZdmg KS>bm _J JmdH$snojm H$m` A{YH$ gwI {_imb§? Ë`mda JUmM§ àm_m{UH$ CÎmaAmho. ""ZmXmnm`r gmho~!'' V_memV Omd§ Am{U Zmd H$amd§ hr Ë`mMr {OÔ Amho. JUmZ§Amnbm Hw$Qw>§~H${~bm ñdV:~amo~aM R>odbobm AgVmo. V_memÀ`m V§~y_mJo Ë`mMo Hw$Qw>§~ amhmVoAm{U "KaXma gm§^miyZ Y§Xm H$aVmo' `mMm JUmbm A{^_mZ AgVmo.

~mobVm ~mobVm V_mem gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr gaH$mar `moOZm AgVmV Ë`m{df`r Ë`m§Mo~mobUo hmoVo. {gZo_mnojm Am_Mm V_mem Mm§Jbm Amho, Ago Ë`mMo _V AgVo.

JUm AmJ«hmZo {ZdoXH$mbm V_mem nmhm`bm ~mobdVmo. {ZdoXH$hr Ë`mÀ`m AmJ«hmbm _mZXoD$Z V_membm OmVmo. T>mobH$s dmMdÊ`mMo JUmMo H$g~ nmSy>Z Vmo Iye hmoVmo Am{U JUmÀ`mnmR>rda em~mgH$s XoVmo. VoìhmnmgyZ Vmo JUmMm {_Ì hmoVmo. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o daModa OmVmo. Amnë`mnmoambm V_memV _moR>m H$aÊ`mMo Ë`mMo ñdßZ AgVo.

JUmÀ`m ê$nmZo IoS>çmVyZ _w§~B©gma»`m ehamV nmoQ>mnmÊ`mgmR>r òUmè`m AZoH$l_OrdtMo OJUo boIH$mZo g_moa R>odbo Amho.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 3/ 97

9.2.2 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm .

EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm

1) ~m~mImZ XadoemMm ì`dgm` H$moUVm Amho?

2) ~m~mImZ H$m` CÎm_ JmV Ago?

3) ~m~mImZMr ~m`H$mo ñd^mdmZo H$er hmoVr?

9.2.3 _mPm ~mn

Zagy VobrMm _wbJm am_y emioV AgVmo. am_yÀ`m dJm©bm Xoenm§S>o Amamo½èmó{eH${dV AgVmV. Vo J§^ra AgVmV Am{U ¹${MV {dZmoX dJ¡ao H$aVmV. Vo Amamo½èmó{eH$dy bmJbo H$s am_yMo S>moio {_Q>V Am{U AZoH$Xm Vmo PmonV Ago. _mñVam§À`m Vo bjmVAmbo H$s Vo am_ybm CR>dV d S>moù`mbm nmUr bmdm`bm gm§JV. dJm©V EH$Xm Ë`m§Zr AgoMam_ybm PmonoVyZ CR>dyZ Xodr H$mT>ë`m AmhoV H$m? Ago {dMmabo d Ë`mMo X§S> ~KyZ Ë`mÀ`md{S>bm§Zm nÌ {bhÿZ am_yH$S>o {Xbo.

am_y Vo nÌ KoD$Z ~mnmH$S>o ZagyH$S>o Jobm. Zagy VobmMm KmUm MmbdV hmoVm.CÝhmZo H$anyZ Joboë`m Ë`mÀ`m A§Jmda YmoVamIoarO H$mhr ZìhVo. am_yZo {MÇ>r ZagyH$S>o{Xbr. Vr Ë`mZo dmMbr. Vmo H$mhr jU J§^ra Pmbm. Ë`mZo am_ybm Odi ~mobdyZ Ë`mMo A§JVnmgbo d {MR>r \$mSy>Z Q>mH$br. "_mñVabm H$mhr H$iV Zmhr' Ago åhUyZ ZagyZo Ë`m§Zm{MÇ>r nmR>dbr H$s am_ybm Vmn Zmhr, Xodr Q>moMyZ ¿`m`Mr JaO Zmhr. Xoenm§S>o _mñVa nwÝhmnÌ nmR>dVmV. d Ë`mV XodrMr bg Q>moMyZ KoÊ`mMm AmJ«h YaVmV. Zagybm Amnbm _wbJmVmn Amë`mMo ImoQ>oM gm§JyZ _mñVabm \$gdVmo Amho Ago dmQ>Vo d Ë`m_wio Zagy _wbmbmAmgwS>mZo _maVmo. _mñVam§Zm nwÝhm {MÇ>r nmR>dyZ am_ybm AmnU _mabo Agë`mZo Vmo ImoQ>o~mobUma Zmhr Ago Ë`mVyZ H$idVmo.

Amnbm ~mn hoHo$Imoa Amho d Vmo bg Q>moMy XoUma Zmhr ho am_ybm R>mD$H$ hmoVo. ho{MÇ>r àH$aU AOyZ {H$Vr {Xdg MmbUma `m {dMmamZo am_y d¡VmJVmo. Zagybm AIoa PmbmàH$ma _mñVam§À`m AIoaÀ`m {MÇ>rdê$Z bjmV òVmo d Vmo _mñVam§Mr {MÇ>r {Xì`mda Yê$ZOmiVmo. gw`m Q>moMyZ gmWr OmV ZmhrV Ago Ë`mMo R>m_ _V AgVo. Amnbm AmOm d ~mne§â df©o OJbo. Xodr Q>moMm`Mm AmJ«h Yabm Va am_yMr emim ~§X H$amdr Ago Vmo R>adVmo."_mÂ`m _wbm§Mr H$miOr _bm Amho' Agm Ame` AgUmar {MÇ>r _mñVam§Zm {b{hVmo. am_y `màH$mamZo AmYrM YmñVmdbobm AgVmo. Amnë`mbm AmVm KmÊ`mda ~gmdo bmJUma `m{dMmamZo Vmo ì`mHw$i hmoVmo. OS> nmdbm§Zr {MÇ>r KoD$Z emioH$S>o OmÊ`mg {ZKVmo. Ë`mMr AmB©_mJyZ Ymnm Q>mH$V òVo d Ë`mbm {dMmaVo H$s, Vy Q>moMyZ Koerb H$m? _r XdmImÝ`mV ZoVo.am_y V`ma hmoVmo. Zagybm ho H$iUma Zmhr `mMr Vo XmoKo nwaonya H$miOr KoVmV. XdmImÝ`mVOmD$Z bg Q>moMyZ KoVmV.

XodrMr gmW g§nVo. Zagy \w$emaH$sZo åhUVmo, ""gm§J VwÂ`m _mñVambm _r AOyZ{Od§V Amho åhUyZ Am{U åhUmd§ _mPm ~mnhr Amho. JmT>d gmbo. Xodm enW _r gm§JVmo, nmoamVwPm Vmo _mñVaM EHo$ {Xder gmWrV nQ>H$Z² _aob!''


4) JUm _hmambm bhmZnUmnmgyZ H$emMm ZmX hmoVm?

5) JUmbm H$emMm A{^_mZ dmQ>Vmo?

6) JUmMo ñdßZ H$m` AgVo?

`mda am_y d Ë`mMr AmB© hiyM hgVmV. AS>mUrnUm~amo~a AmS>_wR>onUmhr Agbm H$s_mUgmMr g_OyV KmbUo AdKS> OmVo. Aemdoir `wº$sZo _mJ© H$mT>mdm bmJVmo. BWo AemYmoaUrnUmZo, `wº$sZo dmJUmar ZagyMr ~m`H$mo {deof bjmV amhmVo. Zagy Am{U _mñVaEH$_oH$m§Zm Á`m {MR²>R>çm nmR>dVmV, Ë`m_wio H$a_UyH$ hmoVoM nU XmoKm§À`mhrñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çm§da H$gm àH$me nS>Vmo, Vo nhmÊ`mgmaIo Amho.

9.2.4 {~Q>mH$mH$m

`m ì`{º${MÌmË_H$ H$WoVrb "_r' åhUOo àË`j boIH$ ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a Amho.{~Q>mH$mH$m hm boIH$mMm H$mH$m. Ë`m§Mo Iao Zmd Xm_moXa. Ë`m H$mimVrb Am¢Y g§ñWmZ_ÜòVmo nmobrg ImË`mV ZmoH$ar H$aV Ago. A{Ve` hS>Hw$im, _oUmgmaIm _D$ ñd^mdmÀ`m `m_mUgmbm "nmobrg' H$m Ho$bo Agmdo Agm àíZ boIH$mbm nS>Vmo.

bhmZnUmnmgyZ {~Q>mH$mH$mMr boIH$mda A{Ve` _m`m hmoVr. JmdmnmgyZ Mma _¡bm§daAgUmè`m ~bdS>rÀ`m Cê$gmbm H$mH$m Ë`mbm Im§Úmda ~gdyZ ZoB©. CKS>çm A§JmZo,AZdmUr nm`mZo \w$\$mQ>çmVyZ MmbV OmV. nmo{bgmV ZmoH$ar bmJë`mda Ë`m§Zr `m bmS>Š`mnwVÊ`mbm bmoH$arMm H$moQ> AmUbm hmoVm. Ë`mMr \$ma Anydm©B© boIH$mbm hmoVr. "gmS>ogmVénò nJma AgVmZm, VrZ én`m§Mm H$moQ> KoD$Z eo-gìdmeo _¡bm§Mr nm`nrQ> AmVm _r _mÂ`mnwVÊ`mgmR>r H$arZ H$m?' Agm àíZ boIH$mbm nS>Vmo.

ñdV:À`m hmVmZo ñd`§nmH$ H$ê$Z H$mH$m ZmoH$ar H$arV. boIH$mÀ`m AmB©Zo nwT>mH$ma KoD$ZË`m§Mo b¾ bmdyZ {Xbo Ë`m_wio H$mH$m§Zm WmoS>o\$ma gwImMo {Xdg Ambo Ago dmQ>on`ªV H$mHy$AmOmar nS>ë`m. Ë`m§Mm AmOma ~am hmoUmam ZìhVm. eodQ>r H$mHy§$À`mM gm§JÊ`mdê$Z H$mH$m§ZrË`m§Zm _mhoar nmoMVo Ho$bo. Ë`m H$mimV boIH$ emioV {eH$V hmoVo. H$Yr \$sgmR>r dJ¡ao n¡goZgbo H$s Vo H$mH$m§H$S>o OmV. H$mH$m Ë`m§Zm \$sgmR>r n¡go XoV.

Jm§YrdYmZ§VaÀ`m OminmoirV H$mH$m§Mm J[a~rMm g§gma VwQ>bm Jobm. Vmon`ªV gmo{eH$nUo,{~ZVH«$ma Am`wî` aoQ>Umè`m H$mH$m§À`m ñd^mdmV `m YŠ`mZo ~Xb Pmbm. dmJUwH$sVVwQ>H$nUm Ambm. g§ñWmZo {dbrZ Pmë`mda Ë`m§Mr ZmoH$arhr Jobr. _mÌ boIH$mÀ`m AmB©ZoË`m§Zm AmYma {Xbm Am{U AmíM`© åhUOo b¾mZ§Va Mm¡Xm dfmªZr H$mH$m§Zm _wbJm Pmbm.H$mH$m-H$mHy$ haIyZ Jobo. gJio Jmdhr Ë`m _wb§mMo H$m¡VwH$ H$ê$ bmJbo. _mÌ Vo nmoa AH$mbrMJobo. Ë`m Xw:ImÀ`m ^mamZo _mÌ H$mH$m IMyZ Jobo.

gd©gm_mÝ` a§J ê$nmÀ`m, gd©gm_mÝ` ~wÕrÀ`m Am{U A{Ve` X[aÐr n[apñWVrVë`m_mUgmMr nadS> `m "{~Q>mH$mH$m'À`m ê$nmZo {XgVo.

9.2.5 JÊ`m ^nQ>çm

"_mUXoer _mUg§' _Ybo gdmªV doJio ì`{º${MÌ Amho Vo JÊ`m ^nQ>çmMo! JUm hmAmS>_mn XohmMm, â^¸$_ eara`ï>rMm nmQ>bmMm VéU nmoaJm. ~KVmM Ago dmQ>o H$s hm_mUyg ~w¸$sZo Hw$UmMohr S>moHo$ \$moS>rb. nU _mam_mar H$aÊ`mMr ~wÕr Ë`mbm H$Yr Pmbr Zmhr.CbQ> Vmo Zoh_r hgam Ago. Ë`mbm S>moŠ`mMr ~mOy H$_r Amho, Ago Ë`mMo gmaIo hgUo nmhÿZ

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 3/ 99

dmQ>o. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmnmer AgVo Vr gmdY{Jar, ì`dhmakmZ, hþemar Ë`mÀ`mnmerZìhVr. "^nQ>çm' ho Ë`mbm JmdmZo {Xboobo Zmd hmoVo.

Ë`mÀ`m ñdV:À`m KamV Vmo ZmdS>Vm _mUyg hmoVm. nmQ>bmÀ`m nmM _wbm§n¡H$s VmoEH$. nmQ>bmM§ IQ>b§ _moR>§ hmoV§. Mmar _wbm§Mr b¾o Pmbr hmoVr. eoVrdmS>rMm ngmam,_wbm~mim§Zr JO~Obob§ Ka. gd©OU H$mhr Zm H$mhr CÚmoJmV AgV. JUm _mÌ H$mhr H$m_H$arV Zgo. ânoQ> OodU H$ê$Z PmS>mÀ`m gmdbrV Pmonmdo, JmdmV qhS>mdo Agm Ë`mMm{XZH«$_ hmoVm. doi KmbdÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mbm Hw$R>brhr gmYrer Jmoï> nwaV Ago. gH$miÀ`m àharÝhmì`mÀ`m Xmamer OmD$Z Ýhmdr H$m_ H$aV Ago Vo nmhUo, gwVmamMo, bmohmamMo H$m_ ~KVWm§~Uo Agm Ë`mMm doi _OoV OmV Ago. KaÀ`m§Zr Ë`mMm ZmXM gmoS>bm hmoVm.

_mÌ JUmbm PQ>nQ> lr_§V ìhmdo Ago \$ma dmQ>o. H$ï> H$ê$Z _mUgo lr_§VhmoVmV, `mda Ë`mMm {dœmgM ZìhVm. H$mhrVar OmXy KS>mdr Am{U Amnë`mbm Am`Vo K~mS>gmnS>mdo, Ago Ë`mbm dmQ>o. EH$Xm JmdmV Jmê$S>r Ambm. Ë`mZo hmVMbmIr H$ê$Z EH$mén`mMo Xhm énò H$ê$Z XmIdbo. JUmbm dmQ>bo Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o OmXy Amho. JUmZo Ë`mMo nm`Yabo d Vr OmXy {eH$dÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br. Jmê$S>çmZo ñdV:Mr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>rË`mbm n§T>anyabm OmD$Z OmXyMo nwñVH$ AmUm`bm gm§{JVbo. JUm IamoIaM n§T>anyabmMmbV OmD$Z "B§ÐOmb' ho nwñVH$ KoD$Z Ambm. Ë`mV gm§{JVboë`m Jmoï>r H$aÊ`mV Am{Ulr_§VrMr ñdßZo nmhmÊ`mV Ë`mMm doi Mm§Jbm OmD$ bmJbm. ZmJ-Zm{JUrMr OmoS>r _mê$ZZXr{H$Zmar nwaUo, ^¡adZmWmMr Q>monr Vmã`mV KoD$Z Ë`mbm n¡emMr _mJUr H$aUo, AgboIwiMQ> àH$ma H$ê$ bmJbm. ^¡adZmWmÀ`m àH$mamV Va JUmbm _mahr Imdm bmJbm, nU_J Vmo Zì`m OmXyÀ`m _mJo bmJbm.

H$îQ> Z H$aUmè`m, EoVImD$ nU _ZmZo ^m~S>çm Aem JUmMr ì`{º$aoIm"_mUXoer _mUg§' _Ybm Xm[aÐçmZo {nMboë`m, OJÊ`mÀ`m g§Kfm©V {niyZ {ZKmboë`m BVaì`{º$aoIm§V åhUyZ doJir R>aVo.



Jmiboë`m OmJm âm.

1) am_yÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd ................. hmoVo.

2)am_yMo dS>rb ì`dgm`mZo ................. hmoVo.

3) Xoenm§S>o _mñVa ................. hm {df` {eH$drV.

4) {~Q>mH$mH$m `m§Mo Iao Zmd ................. hmoVo.

5) Vo g§ñWmZÀ`m ................. ImË`mV ZmoH$arg hmoVo.

6) JÊ`m ^nQ>çm JmdÀ`m ................. _wbJm hmoVm.

9.3 g_mamon

{dÚmWu{_Ìm§Zmo, "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Yrb Cd©[aV H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ AmnU àñVwV nmR>mVAä`mgbr. `m _mUgm§_Ü`o Oo d¡{dÜ` AmT>iVo, Ë`m_wio `m H$Wm AJXr doJù`m YmQ>UrÀ`mPmë`m AmhoV. "_mPm ~mn' hr H$Wm Z_© {dZmoXr Pmbr Amho. "JUm ^nQ>çm' hr ì`{º$aoImWmoS>r hmñ`mñnX Agbr Var Ë`mMo Am`wî` _mÌ gwag Am{U M_ËH$m[aH$ diUmda H$gonmohmoMVo, Vo dmMyZ AmnU W¸$ hmoVmo. AmVm nwT>rb nmR>mV AmnU `m gd© H$Wm§Mr åhUOoM"_mUXoer _mUg§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

9.4 gmam§e

nwT>rb VŠË`mdê$Z Vwåhmbm EH$m Ñ{ï>jonmV `m nmR>mVrb H$Wm§_Yrb ì`{º$aoIm§Mrd¡{eîQ>ço g_OVrb.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 3/ 101

7) JUm ................. XohmMm d ñd^mdmZo ................. hmoVm.

8) gm_mÝ` _mUgmnmer AgVo Vr .............. d .............. d ............... Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o ZìhVo.

9) JUmZo n§T>anyabm OmD$Z ................. ho nwñVH$ AmUbo.

10) ................. àH$aUmV JUmbm _ma Imdm bmJbm.


~m~mImZ Xadoer ~m~mImZ AñdbmMm Ioi H$aUmam Xadoer. JmOamgmaIm bmb dU©, Vmo§S>mda XodrMo dU, EH$ S>moim ~marH$ H$ê$Z ~mobÊ`mMr bH$~. AX~era dmJUo. JmoS> ~mobUo. _mÌ ~m`H$mobm _maPmoS> H$aUmam. ~m`H$mo _obr Va Xwgar {_iob åhUUmam.

JUm _hma JUm V_memÀ`m ZmXmnm`r V_memV {eabobm. _w§~B©V amhUmam. KaXma gm§^miyZ V_mem H$aUmam. nmoambmhr _moR>m V_mgJra H$aÊ`mMo ñdßZ nmhUmam. {gZo_mnojm V_mem Mm§Jbm Ago åhUUmam.


9.2.2

1) JmdmoJmd {\$ê$Z AñdbmMm Ioi H$aUo.

2) ^o{XH$ 3) ^moir^m~S>r

4) V_memMm 5) "KaXma gm§^miyZ V_memMm Y§Xm H$aVmo' `mMm

6) _wbmbm _moR>m V_mgJra ~ZdÊ`mMo.



_mPm ~mn Zagy ì`dgm`mZo Vobr. AjaAmoiI Agbobm nU hoH$Q>. _wbmbm bg Q>moMyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m {déÕ AgUmam. emioV _mñVa _mÌ bg Q>moMÊ`m{df`r AmJ«hr. eodQ>r AmB©À`m nmqR>ã`mZo Zagybm ZH$iV Ë`mMm _wbJm bg Q>moMyZ KoVmo.

{~Q>mH$mH$m {~Q>mH$mH$m boIH$mMm H$mH$m A{Ve` hmS>Hw$im, ~marH$. _oUmgmaIm _D$. ZmoH$ar _mÌ nmo{bgImË`mV. boIH$mda ^mar Ord. boIH$mMr AmB© Ë`mMo b¾ bmdyZ XoVo. H$mhr{Xdgm§V ~m`H$mo AmOmar. nwÝhm EH$Q>o nS>VmV. b¾mZ§Va 14 dfmªZr _wbJm nU Vmohr OmVmo. JmdH$ar hihiVmV.

JÊ`m ^nQ>çm JUm nmQ>bmMm XUH$Q> _wbJm. ~wÕrZo H$_r. gVV hgam. {Zê$ÚmoJr. H$ï> H$aÊ`mnojm H$mhr Var OmXyZo n¡gm {_imdm, Aer BÀN>mAgUmam. OmXyÀ`m nwñVH$mV ~KyZ Vo Cnm` H$aV lr_§V hmoÊ`mMr dmQ> nmhUmam.Vo H$aVmZm _mÌ dmQ>ob Vo YmS>g H$am`bmàd¥Îm hmoUmam.

9.2.5

1) Zagy ~m~mOr Vocr 2) Voë`mMm 3) Amamo½`emó

4) Xm_moXa 5) nmocrg 6) nmQ>bmMm

7) AmS>_mn, ^moigQ> 8) gmdY{Jar, ì`dhmamkmZ d hþemar

9) B§ÐOmb 10) ^¡adZmW

>***

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - n[aM` - 3/ 103


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 10

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço

10.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AmÎmmn`ªV AmnU "_mUXoer _mUg§' `m nwñVH$mVrb {d{dYì`{º${MÌmË_H$ H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ Aä`mgbr. AmVm AmnU "_mUXoer _mUg§'Mr dmL²>_`rZd¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. "_mUXoer _mUg§' `m _wi nwñVH$mÀ`m AmYmao hm nmR>dmMë`mda Vwåhmbm

l "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Yrb g_mOXe©Z d àmXo{eH$Vm `m§Mr _m{hVr {b{hVm òB©b.

l "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Yrb ì`{º${MÌU H$go Amho, Vo gm§JVm òB©b.

l _mS>JyiH$am§Mo {ZdoXZV§Ì d ^mfme¡br `m§da {b{hVm òB©b.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' - dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço >/ 105

10.0 C{Ôï>o10.1 àmñVm{dH$10.2 "_mUXoer _mUg§' g_mOXe©Z

10.2.1 J«m_rU g_mO : OmVr`Vm10.2.2 nmoemI - AÞ10.2.3 lÕm - g_OyVr - YmaUm10.2.4 Kao - ì`dgm`10.2.5 ehar gwYmaUm§Mm A^md

10.3 _mUXoer _mUg§'Mr àmXo{eH$Vm10.4 ì`{º${MÌU10.5 {ZdoXZV§Ì10.6 ^mfme¡br {deof

10.6.1 gmYr gai nmaXeu ^mfme¡br10.6.2 ~mobr^mfoMm dmna10.6.3 J«m_rU à{V_m§Mm Zo_H$m dmna



10.1 àmñVm{dH$

EImXr gm{hË`H¥$Vr Ooìhm AmnU àW_ dmMVmo Voìhm AmnU {VMo H$WmZH$g_OyZ KoVmo. boIH$mZo "H$m` gm§{JVbo Amho' `mV Amnë`mbm ag AgVmo, Hw$Vyhb AgVo.nmÌm§Mo nwT>o H$m` Pmbo, A_wH$Z§Va H$m` KS>bo `m CËgwH$VonmoQ>r AmnU nwT>o nwT>o dmMV amhVmo.Ë`m_wio n{hë`m dmMZmV Amnb§ bj BVa Jmoï>r§H$S>o ghgm OmV Zmhr. Aem JmoîQ>r åhUOoboIH$mZo ì`{º${MÌU H$go Ho$bo Amho, dmVmdaU H$go Cô Ho$bo Amho, Ë`mMr ^mfm H$er Amho.B. `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aUo åhUOo EImÚm gm{hË` H¥$VrMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>çoAä`mgUo.

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mo "_mUXoer _mUg§' ho ì`{º${MÌmË_H$ H$Wm§Mo nwñVH$Ë`mgmR>r naV naV dmMUo Amdí`H$ Amho. åhUOo BWo {Xboë`m CXmhaUm§{edm` AmUIrdoJir CXmhaUo Vwåhmbm ghO gmnS>Vrb.

10.2 "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Yrb g_mOXe©Z

_mUyg hm g_mO{à` àmUr Amho. g_yhmV amhUmam àmUr Amho. Ago åhQ>bo OmVo."_mUXoer _mUg§' `m erf©H$mdê$Z ghO bjmV òVo H$so, BWo boIH$mbm "_mUg§" _hÎdmMrdmQ>V AmhoV. Am{U _mUyg H$mhr EHo$H$Q>m AgV Zmhr. Ë`mMo Hw$Qw>§~, Ë`mMo Jmd åhUOoMg_mO Ë`mÀ`m AmOy~mOybm AgVmoM. Va hm g_mO H$moUVm Amho? H$gm Amho? `mMm {dMmaH$aVm gdm©V AmYr OmUdVo H$s hm IoS>çmVbm g_mO Amho. ho nwñVH$ gd©àW_ 1949_Üò àH$m{eV Pmb§. ("àdmg EH$m boIH$mMm' `m nwñVH$mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm AmnU Vonm{hb§ AmhoM.) 1949 gmbmÀ`m Amgnmg H$gm hmoVm hm IoS>çmV ahmUmam g_mO Ë`mMo{MÌ Amnë`mbm "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Üò {XgVo.

10.2.1 J«m_rU g_mO : OmVr`Vm

gmVmè`mOdirb _mUXoeMm àXoe hm `m boIZmV {XgVmo. hm àXoe Voìhm Am¢Yg§ñWmZÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr hmoVm. ñdmV§Í`mnyduÀ`m øm J«m_rU g_mOmV ~bwVoXmar nÕVê$T> hmoVr. OmVrnmVrMr ~§YZo \$ma H$S>H$ hmoVr. eoVr Am{U eoVrer g§~§{YV ì`dgm` hoMbmoH$m§À`m CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ hmoVo.

`m H$Wm§Mr erf©Ho$ nm{hbr Var ghO bjmV òVo H$s, Ë`m_Üò OmVrMo C„oIAmhoV. CXm. Y_m© am_moer, {eXm Mm§^ma, {edm _mir, Zagy Vobr, ~m~mImZ Xadoer dJ¡ao.Ë`m Ë`m OmVr-O_mVr Amnmnë`m bmoH$m§Zm Yê$Z amhmV. Cƒ OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm AmXaXmIdV, _mV XoV.

{ZåZ OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr Amnbr nmàr AmoiIyZ dmJmdo, Agm {Z`_M hmoVmOUy. åhUyZ am_m _¡bHw$br {ZdoXH$mbm "\$amimMm S>~m VoìhT>m H$mTy>Z ¿`m' Ago gm§JVmo.Zm_m _m§J {ZdoXH$mbm Mhm ß`m`bm hm°Q>obmV ZoVmo. {VWo ~mhoaÀ`m ~mOybm Añn¥í`m§gmR>r


doJù`m H$n~em R>odboë`m AgVmV. JUm _hma VamiH$sV a_V Zmhr. Vmo V_memV {eaVmo.Ago AZoH$ OmVtMo C„oI nwñVH$mV R>m`r R>m`r gmnS>VmV.

~bwVoXmar nÕVr hr gwÕm `m J«m_OrdZmMm {deof Amho. Mm§^ma, Ýhmdr, Vobr,VamiH$s H$aUmam _hma, am_moer `m§Mr na§namJV H$m_o Vo H$aVmZm {XgVmV. ho ~bwVoXmaåhUOo J«m_OrdZmMo An[ahm`© KQ>H$ AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m{edm` JmdmMo Am{U Jmdm{edm` Ë`m§MoMmby eH$V Zmhr.

10.2.2 nmofmI - AÞ

_mUXoeÀ`m Á`m n[agamV hr _mUg§ amhVmV Á`m H$mimV, Á`m n[apñWVrV VrOJVmV - Ë`mMo à{Vq~~ Ë`m§À`m H$nS>çm§VyZ, Ë`m§À`m OodUmImÊ`mVyZ C_Q>bobo {XgVo.

CXm. Y_m© am_moemÀ`m H$_aobm \$º$ hmVâ YS>nm AgVmo. Am{U Vm§~S>çm a§JmMrAYm©-VrZ MVH$moa ^mH$ar d CH$S>boë`m nmbo^mOrMm bJXm Ago ImUo Vmo ImV AgVmo.gmYmaU AgoM H$nS>o-YmoVamMm YS>nm, A§JmV Hw$UrVar {Xbobm OwZmnmZm gXam, S>moB©bm_w§S>mgo AWdm Q>monr hm nwê$fm§Mm doe {XgVmo.

Zm_m _mñVa Am{U JUm _hma ho V_memV H$m_ H$aUmao. Ë`m§Mo nmoemI WmoS>o doJioAgVmV. A§JmV _b_brMm A§JaIm, Ë`mÀ`mda H$mi§ OmH$sQ>, Vb_ YmoVa, H$moMXma nQ>H$mAgm Ë`m§Mm doe {XgVmo. _wbmÊ`mÀ`m ~H$g _wgb_mZ Amho. Vmo MmobUm KmbVmo. Va Poë`m_ibob§, [R>Ji bmdbob§ hmV_mJÀ`m H$mnS>mM§ Hw$S>V§, S>moŠ`mda Q>monr Am{U JmXrnmQ>mÀ`mH$mnS>mMr Vm§~S>çm a§JmÀ`m Mm¡H$S>rMr MÈ>r Aem doemV {XgVmo. MÈ>r Am[U H$moQ> Kmbm`bm{_iU§ hr M¡ZrMr ~m~ g_Obr OmV Ago. {~Q>mH$mH$m, aKy H$maHy$Z hr gd© _§S>ir YmoVaZogVmV. gXam KmbVmV. ~Ý`m~mny§gmaIm Vmbodma _mUyg A§JmV nm§T>am ñdÀN> A§JaIm,nm§T>am bm§~ H$moQ>, nm`Kmoi YmoVa, Jù`m^modVr OarH$mR>r CnaU§, S>moŠ`mbm OarH$mR>r ê$_mbAm{U nm`mV Vm§~S>m OmoS>m Aem nmoemImV {XgVmo.

Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm hr EH$_od ór `m "_mUgm§V' Amho. Vr _wgb_mZ Agbr Var_amR>_moù`m nÕVrMo ZD$dmar bwJS>o ZogVo. S>moŠ`mda nXa KoVo. J[a~r_wio OdiOdigdmªMo H$nS>o OwZo, \$mQ>bobo dm {R>Jio bmdbobo {XgVmV. H$nS>çmbË`mMr M¡Z Ë`m§ZmnadS>V Zmhr. AZoH$m§À`m nm`mV dhmUm ZgVmVM. {~Q>mH$mH$m Mma _¡b A§Va AZdmUrMVwS>dVmV.

^mH$ar Am{U H$mbdU hoM `m bmoH$m§Mo _w»` AÞ. Vohr nmoQ>â {_iÊ`mMr_mam_ma. Ë`m_wio am_m _¡bHw$brbm {ZdoXH$mÀ`m S>ã`mVrb nmoir, {nR>b§ ho nXmW© bhmZ½`m^mÀ`mgmR>r Kar Ý`mdo dmQ>VmV. ¹${MV H$mhr {R>H$mUr hm°Q>ob d MhmMo C„oI òVmV.nmoemImdê$Z Am{U ImÊ`m{nÊ`mdê$Zhr hm J«m_rU n[aga Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. eharH$nS>çm§Mr Am{U ehar nXmWmªMr AmoiI AOyZ `m n[agambm Pmbobr Zmhr, ho OmUdVo.


10.2.3 lÕm - g_OwVr - YmaUm

Hw$UmMo nmoQ> XwIy bmJbo H$s ha^è`mdaMr Am§~ Am¡fY åhUyZ XoUo, OI_odahiX Xm~Uo, OI_oV nmUH$Urg âUo, A\y$ ImUo Ago JmdR>r Cnm` J«m_OrdZmMo Xe©ZKS>dVmV. "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Üò gU-dma, Ym{_©H$ CËgd `m§Mo \$mago Vnerb òV ZmhrVnU gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m H$mhr g_OwVr _mÌ AmT>iVmV. CXm. gmYm gwYm {edm _mirMmoar H$am`bm H$gm àd¥Îm Pmbm Va "AmnbrM ~wY {\$abr, H$br A§JmV {eabm' AgoåhUVmo ! Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm "{dYdoZo ~mgar EoHy$ Zò' Ago åhUVo. C§~è`mV ~gy Zò Agogm§JVo. MmoaQ>çm _mUgmer g§gma H$am`bm ZH$mo - åhUyZ {edm _mù`mMr ~m`H$mo Ë`mbmgmoSy>Z OmVo.

Xm[aÐ` Agb§ Var _mUg§ EH$_oH$m§Zm Yê$Z hmoVr. ghOnUo eŠ` {VVH$s _XVH$aV hmoVr `mMo nwamdo `m nwñVH$mV {_iVmV. Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm AJXr ghOnUo{ZdoXH$mÀ`m ImobrVbr O_rZ gmadyZ b»I H$aVo. Y_m© am_moemÀ`m ~Orbm {ZdoXH$mMrAmB© XiU XiÊ`mMo H$m_ XoVo. aKy H$maHy$Z {ZameoÀ`m âmV A\y$ ImVmo. Va {ZdoXH$ Am{UBVa JmdH$ar amÌâ Ë`mÀ`m Cemnm`Ï`mer ~gyZ amhVmV.

`m _mUgm§À`m OrdZmV {ZIi AmZ§XmMo, gwImMo Ago jU \$mago ZmhrVM. IaoåhUOo Ë`m§À`m Anojm H$mhr \$ma _moR>çm ZmhrV. nmoQ>â Oodm`bm Am{U A§Jâ H$nS>m{_imbm åhUOo Vr Iyf AgVmV. nU VodT>ohr gwI Ë`m§À`m Z{e~mV Zmhr. `mMm àË`` gVVòVmo. {~Q>mH$mH$mMo Xm[aÐ`m_wio b¾ bdH$a hmoV Zmhr. am_m _¡bHw$br ~m`H$moMr hm¡g_m¡O nwadyeH$V Zmhr åhUyZ Vr Ë`mbm gmoSy>Z OmVo. aKy H$maHy$ZmMr ~m`H$mohr Xwgè`m H$moUm~amo~a{ZKyZ OmVo.

10.2.4 Kao - ì`dgm`

_mUXoer _mUgm§Mr Kao hr Ë`m§À`m n[agambm gmOoer, Ë`m n[agamV {_iUmè`mdñVy§Zr ~Zdbobr {XgVmV. VgoM _mUgmÀ`m ì`dgm`mZwgma Ë`m§À`m KamMo ê$n-a§J R>aVo.Y_m© am_moer ImonQ>mV amhVmo. W§S>rÀ`m {XdgmV D$Z A§Jmda KoV Vmo ImonQ>m~mhoa ~gVmo.am_m _¡bHw$br ìhabdmS>çmV amhVmo. Ë`mMo ImonQ>hr ~wQ>Ho$ O_rZ IS>~S>rV, IÈ>o nS>bobrAer AgVo. ~mhoaÀ`m ~mOybm nmÊ`mMm am§OU amodbobm Am{U Ë`mda bmH$S>mM§ PmH$U.~mOybm {MnmS>mMm Am{U H$mQ>çmHw$Q>Š`mMm R>rJ nS>bobm. H$monè`mV hS>Hw$ir eoir ~m§YbobrAgo AgVo. ~Ý`m~mny§Mm _mÌ _moR>m Mm¡gmonr dmS>m Amho. {Jbmì`mÀ`m a§Ja§JmoQ>r Ho$boë`m q^Vr,OmJmoOmJr Vg{~ar, Iw§Q>rbm VmoS>çmMr ~§XyH$, Vadma - Imbr _moR>o OmO_, Ë`mda Jm{bMobmoS> VŠ`mMr ~¡R>H$ - Agm Ë`m§Mm WmQ> AgVmo. Va H$moqS>~m Jm`H$dmS> I§S>mZo eoVr H$aVmo.Ë`mMo Ka OmoVmda ~m§Ybobo AgVo. aKy H$maHy$ZmMo Ka _moS>H$irbm Ambobo AgVo. VoAmS>~mOybm AgVo Am{U {VWo ^wVmQ>H$s Agë`mMr ~mobdm Agë`m_wio _mbH$mZo Ë`mbm Vo\w$H$Q>mV {Xbobo AgVo. J{bÀN> Am{U A§Ymao Ago Vo Ka AgVo. Va JUm _hma _w§~B©V{R>H${R>H$mUr V_memMo Ioi H$aVmo. EH$m AmS>~mOybm Agboë`m nÍ`mÀ`m MmirV Vmo amhVmo.Zm_m _mñVahr V_memVM AgVmo. Am{U V_memÀ`m H$ZmVr_mJo V§~y R>moHy$Z Amnë`m


~m`H$mnmoam§gh amhVmo. _mUXoer _mUgm§Mr hr Kao Ë`m§À`m hbmIrMo OrdZmer gwg§JV AerMAmhoV. Ë`m Ë`m _mUgm§À`m ì`dgm`mer, Ë`m§À`m Am_XmZrer Ë`m§À`m Kam§Mo ZmVo AgoOwibobo {XgVo. ehamV OdiOdi gJir Kao EH$mM nÕVrMr AgVmV. Vgo BWo {XgVZmhr.

10.2.5 ehar gwYmaUm§Mm A^md

"_mUXoer _mUg§' _Ybm g_mO hm ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVbm Amho. VoìhmXiUdiUmMr gmYZo CnbãY ZìhVr. _wbo Mma-nmM _¡bm§Mo A§Va MmbyZ emiobm OmV.Šd{MV Hw$R>o _moQ>magpìh©gMm C„oI Ambm Agbm Var JmS>r ^mS>o XoÊ`mBVHo$hr n¡gobmoH$m§Odi ZgV. Vo nm`rM OmV AgV. Šd{MV KmoS>çmdê$Z OmÊ`mMm C„oI òVmo "Y_m©am_moer' `m H$WoVrb {ZdoXH$mMr AmB© KmoS>çmda ~gyZ Amë`mMm C„oI Amho.

JmdmV drO Ambobr ZìhVr. {M_Ur, H§${Xb `m§Mm Cn`moJ _mUgo amÌr H$arV.Y_m© am_moer amÌrMm H§${Xb KoD$Z {ZdoXH$mÀ`m AmB©Mo añË`mV nS>bobo gmoÝ`mMo \y$bemoYm`bm OmVmo. aKy H$maHy$ZmÀ`m KamV {M_UrMm H$m` Vmo COoS> Ago. ñQ>moìhMr gmo`hrCnbãY ZìhVr Ago {XgVo. MwbrdaÀ`m ñd`§nmH$mMo C„oI gVV {XgVmV. MwbrgmR>rH$mQ>çmHw$Q>Š`m, ganU Jmoim H$aUo Ago EH$ H$m_ Ë`m_wio gJio H$aVmV. drO Zgë`mZo{nR>mMr {JaUrhr Zmhr. OmË`mda XiU Ximdo bmJo. ZimMr gmo`hr ZìhVr ZXr, AmoT>o, {dhrarBWyZ ~m`H$m§Zm nmUr âmdo bmJo.

añVo YwirZo âbobo AgV. _moQ>a añË`mdê$Z Jobr H$s YwirMo bmoQ> CR>V._wbmbm XodrMr bg Q>moMyZ ¿`m`bm Zagy Vocr {damoY H$aVmo `mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$sna§namJV g_OwVrMm nJS>m bmoH$m§da {H$Vr hmoVm. Aem ~marH$ gmarH$ Vnerbm§VyZ_mS>JyiH$am§Zr Vmo H$mi Amnë`mg_moa C^m Ho$bm Amho.



1) _mUXoeMm àXoe .... g§ñWmZmÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr hmoVm.

2) `m g_mOmV .... ~§YZo \$ma H$S>H$ hmoVr.

3) ............... nÕVr hr `m J«m_OrdZmMm {deof Amho.

4) ............... ............... hr EH$_od ór ì`{º$aoIm "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Üò Amho.

5) ............... Am{U ............... hoM `m bmoH$m§Mo _w»` AÞ Amho.

6) am_m _¡bHw$br ............... dmS>çmV amhVmo.

7) ~Ý`m~mny§Mm dmS>m ............... Amho.

8) H$mo§{S>~m Jm`H$dmS> ............... eoVr H$aVmo.

10.3 "_mUXoer _mUg§'Mr àmXo{eH$Vm

àmXo{eH$Vm - åhUOo EImÚm àXoemVrb bmoH$OrdZ, VoWrb g§ñH¥$Vr, {VWbrOrdZgaUr {VWbr ^mfm `m§Mm àË`` òUo. àdoemMo {MÌU åhUOo darb gd© KQ>H$m§Mo [MÌUË`m Ë`m àXoemVrb {ZgJ© Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z åhUOo àmXo{eH$VoMo Xe©Z.

àmXo{eH$VoMo Am{U J«m_rUVm `m_Üò \$aH$ AgVmo. àmXo{eH$VoV Ë`m Ë`màXoemMr Img ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>ço, d gd©gm_mÝ`nUo Ë`m àXoemVrb bmoH$g_yhmMo Xe©ZKS>Vo. "_mUXoer _mUg§' hm _mUXoemVrb n[agamMo Xe©Z KS>dUmam H$Wmg§J«h Amho. Zm_m_mñVa d JUm åhma gmoS>bm Va Ë`mVrb gd© nmÌo hr _mUXoemVM AIoan`ªV am{hbobr{XgVmV. Zm_m _mñVaZo _mÌ _w§~B©bm ñWbm§Va Ho$bobo {XgVo. AWm©V Ë`m§Mo nydm}`wî`_mUXoemVM Jobobo Amho.

_mUXoeMm n[aga hm A{Ve` H$_r nmdgmMm àXoe Amho. O_rZ hbŠ`m àVrMrAmho. gmh{OH$M ~moar-~mîr gma»`m dZñnVr, IwaQ>o JdV, eoù`m-_|T>çmgmaIrOZmdao, ÁdmargmaIo H$_r nmÊ`mdaMo nrH$, Xm[aÐ` `m§Mo C„oI àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>çoXmIdVmV.

àmXo{eH$Vm åhUOo Ho$di {d{eï> Agm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[aga Zìho, Ho$di {ZgJ©Zìho. Va Ë`m àXoemVbm _mUyg Ë`mMo OrdZ, Ë`mMr g§ñH¥$Vr, Ë`mMr ^mfm ho gmao! Ë`m_mUgm§Mr OJÊ`mMr [aV, gU-CËgd, AÞnXmW©, nohamd `m gmè`m§VyZ àmXo{eH$VoMm R>gmOmUdVmo. _mS>JyiH$am§À`m boIZmV _mUXoemVrb _mUyg, Ë`mMo OJUo, Ë`mMo àíZ ho gmaoH|$ÐñWmZr Amho. _mUXoemVrb _mUgm§er _mS>JyiH$am§Mo boIH$s` ì`{º$_Îd EH$ê$n PmboAmho. Ë`m§À`m ^mdZm§er, gwIXw:Im§er, g§doXZm§er Vo OmoS>bo Jobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo {MÌUAñgb hmoVo. Vo _mUXoeMm àXoe {VWë`m _mUgm§BVH$mM {Od§V a§JdVmV.

hm àXoe ñdmV§Í`mnydu Am¢Y g§ñWmZmÀ`m AIË`marV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio g§ñWmZrH$ma^mamMo C„oI _mS>JyiH$am§À`m boIZmV dma§dma òVmV. CXm. {~Q>mH$mH$m g§ñWmZÀ`mnmo{bg ImË`mV hmoVo. qH$dm aKy H$maHy$Z H$maH$wZr H$arV Ago. B.

10.4 ì`{º${MÌU

H$Wm qH$dm H$mX§~arVrb nmÌ hr boIH$mZo Ho$bobr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. nmÌ hmH$WmË_ gm{hË`mMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. dmñVdmVbr àË`j _mUgo Am{U boIH$mZo{Z{_©bobr nmÌo hr Ooìhm EH$ê$n dmQ>VmV Voìhm Vo ì`{º${MÌU CÎm_ gmYbo Ago åhUVm òVo.nmÌm§Mo {XgUo, dmJUo, ~mobUo, Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$aUo, `mVyZ Vo nmÌ Amnë`m S>moù`m§g_moahþ~ohþ~, {Od§V Cô am{hbo H$s Amnë`mbmhr EH$ doJimM AmZ§X {_bVmo. AmnU Ë`m nmÌm§À`mXw:Imer, Ë`m§À`m N>moQ>çm_moR>çm AmZ§Xmer EH$ê$n hmoVmo.

_mS>JyiH$am§Zr "_mUXoer _mUg§' _Üò a§Jdbobr nmÌo Aer {Od§VnUmMm àË``


XoVmV. Ë`m§À`m nmÌm§V {H$Vr {d{dYVm Amho, Ho$dT>o d¡{MÍ` Amho! Ë`m_Üò Y_m© am_moer, am_m_¡bHw$br, aKy H$maHy$Z `m§À`mgmaIr A{Ve` Jar~ Am{U gmoerH$ _mUgo AmT>iVmV.~Ý`m~mny§gmaIm Vmbodma ~«m÷U {XgVmo. H$m|{S>~m Jm`H$dmS>gmaIm g§VmnmÀ`m âmV åherMmOrd KoUmam, Ym|S>m KmbyZ g»»`m ^mdmMr hË`m H$aUmam CbQ>çm H$miOmMm _mUyggmnS>Vmo. Poë`mgmaIm CZmS> nU Almn _wbJm AmT>iVmo. Imbm gmaIr ào_i Am{Uñd~imda OJUmar ~mB© AmT>iVo. {edm _mù`mgmaIm j{UH$ bmo^mnm`r Am`wî`mVyZCR>bobm grYm _mUyg {XgVmo. ~o_wd©VImoa {eXm Mm§^ma Am{U "~m`H$mo _obr Va Xwgar{_iob' åhUUmam ~m~mImZ Xadoer {XgVmo. ~H$g Am{U JÊ`m ^nQ>çm gmaIr WmoS>rS>moŠ`mZo H$_r AgUmar nU gwImMr Amem AgUmar _mUgohr {XgVmV. doJdoJù`mñd^mdmÀ`m, d¥ÎmrÀ`m, {Za{Zamù`m ì`dgm`mÀ`m _mUgm§Zr Ë`m§Mr hr H$Wmg¥ï>r JO~ObobrAmho.

J§JmYa JmS>Jri Ë`m§À`m nmÌm§{df`r åhUVmV, "" øm gdmªMr ì`{º$_Îdo EH$g§YAmhoV. EH$mM AI§S> nmgmUmnmgyZ H$moaboë`m _yVugmaIr Vr AmhoV.''

Ë`m§Mr nmÌo Amboë`m n[apñWVrbm {Z_yQ>nUo Vm§oS> XoVmV. CXm. Y_m© am_moemMr~Or A§J PmH$m`bm H$nS>m Zmhr åhUyZ PmonS>rVyZ ~mhoa nS>V Zmhr. {ZdoXH$mEdT>çmMd`mMm am_m _¡bHw$br ""na Vw_r Pmbm Aå_bXma AmZ² Am_r _mVya èhm`bmo ho Ag§. Ob§âAg§M X{i§Ðr èhmD$Z Am_r _gUdmQ>çmbm Om`M§. _ZmV åhZVmo, Xodm Mm§S>mbm, H$m aoAg§?'' Agm j{UH$ d¡VmJVmo Iam nU _ZmVyZhr Vmo {ZdoXH$mMm Ûof H$arV Zmhr. EH$mXmM{edm _mir MmoargmaIm JwÝhm H$aVmo dm aKy H$maHy$Z A\y$ ImD$Z ~gVmo. nU Eadr hr _mUgo{Z_yQ>nUo dmQ>çmbm Ambo {OUo OJV amhVmV. Zdè`mZo Xwgam Kamo~m Ho$ë`mda ImbmVm§~moirU doJir amhÿ bmJVo. MwbVr OodU XoV Zmhr, MwbVm am~dyZ KoVmo. åhUyZ ~H$g Xw:IrAgVmo. Am{U "_r H$m` doS>m hm` H$m?' Ago {dMmaVmZm Ë`mMo S>moio S>~S>~yZ òVmV.Jm§YrdYmÀ`m OminmoirV dmS>m Oimë`mda ~Ý`m~mny Amnë`m eoVmV PmonS>r ~m§YyZ ahmVmV.Zm_m _mñVa Am{U JUm _hma V_memÀ`m ZmXmnm`r JmdH$s gmoSy>Z V_memV OmVmV.

_mS>JyiH$am§Mr nmÌo A{Ve` ghOnUo Amnë`m ñd^mdmZygma dmJVmV. Zm_m_mñVa {ZdoXH$mbm Mhm nmOVmo, JmdH$sV _Z a_V Zmhr åhUVmo. Poë`mMr VH«$ma gXmZoHo$ë`mda Poë`m åhUVmo. ""Mb H$s gmi§~mhoa, OrdM KoVmo VwOm!'' AJXr H$m|{S>~mJm`H$dmS>Mm C_©Q>nUmgwÕm Ë`mMm ghZ ñd^md Agmdm, Agm dmQ>Vmo. Ë`mMm amJ òV Zmhr."_mUgmMr Aerhr EH$ C\$amQ>çm H$miOmMr Vèhm' Ago OmUdVo. Amnë`m dmJÊ`mMo MyH$H$s ~amo~a, `mo½` H$s Am`mo½` Ago AmË_narjU hr _mUgo H$arV ZmhrV.H$maU Ago H$mhrH$am`Mo AgVo, hoM Ë`m§Zm R>mD$H$ Zmhr Vr Amnbr Amnë`m ñd^mdY_m©Zwgma Z¡g[J©H$nUodmJV amhVmV.

_mS>JyiH$am§Mr nmÌo AJXr {Od§V hmS>m_m§gmMr _mUgo dmQ>VmV. `mMo H$maUË`m§Zm eara Amho `mMr OmUrd Vo H$ê$Z XoVmV. Ë`m§À`m bH$~r Vo VnerbmZo gm§JVmV. Ë`mVearamMr R>odU a§J, ê$n, ~m§Ym, `m§Mr dU©Zo AgVmV. "Y_m©Mo bm|~Vo AmoR> WaWabo', "~Q>Z


Zgboë`m Hw$S>Ë`mbm Poë`m Jù`mer Yê$Z R>odVmo', "^mÀ`mÀ`m nmoQ>mda am_mZ§ EH$ MmnQ>_mabr', am_mÀ`m qnT>è`m§da ~moQ>mEdT>çm {eam C_Qy>Z {XgV hmoË`m. "_mZ amKygmaIr dmH$S>rH$ê$Z Zm_m PmoH$mV {ÌH$moU dmOdV hmoVm.' chmZ _wcmgmaIm AmoR> nwT>o H$mTy>Z ~H$g{dMmaV hmoVm. "~mny XmoÝhr hmV OmoSy>Z Mm§Jbm KdKdrV Z_ñH$ma H$aVrb...' "Hw$Ì^w§H$Ê`mgmaIm H$m|{S>~m ^w¸$V hgbm', Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm {Zè`m§Mm Kmoi hmVmV Yê$ZXmUXmU Mmbo Am{U ~mobm`bm bmJbr åhUOo bmøm CS>mì`m Ver ~mobo. "MwbrnwT>o ~gyZ,Imbrda ~KV, H$mhrVar {dMma H$aV, S>mì`m hmVmZ§ OmZd§ MmoiV aKy OodU H$ar. "Xoenm§S>o_mñVam§Zr Amnbo ZmH$ Jm|Omabo Am{U XmoÝhr Vido EH$_oH$m§da Mmoibo.' Aem _mUgm§À`mbH$~r, emar[aH$ hmbMmbr _mS>JyiH$a AMyH$ {Q>nVmV. Ë`m_wio Vr hmS>m_m§gmMr {Od§V_mUgo dmQ>VmV.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' _Ybr ~hþVoH$ gd© nmÌo H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m H$maUmZo Xw:IrAmhoV. "Xm[aÐ`' hm emn Agë`mgmaIo Ë`m§Mo gJù`m§Mo OrdZ Amho. nU Ë`mVhr àËòH$mMoXw:I doJio Amho. Y_m©Mo doJio, am_mMo doJio, aKyMo doJio, {edmMo doJio, Imbm doJù`mH$maUmZo Xw:Ir Amho Va Poë`m, ~H$g hr gJir _mUgo Xw:ImÀ`m doJdoJù`m nar ^moJVmZm{XgVmV _mÌ Vo Hw$UrM ^S>^S>m Xw:I ~mobyZ XmIdV ZmhrV. AmoŠgm~moŠer aS>V ZmhrV.D$a~S>donUm Ë`mV Zmdmbmhr Zmhr. OUy Xw:I gZmVZ Agmdo, Vgo Vo Ë`m _mUgm§ZrñdrH$mabo Amho. Amnbo Xw:I AmnUM ^moJm`Mo AgVo, `mMr EH$ CnOV OmU `m_mUgm§_Üò Amho.

10.5 {ZdoXZ V§Ì

"H$Wm' qH$dm H$mX§~ar hr Hw$UrVar gm§JV AgVo, {ZdoXZ H$arV AgVo. hm OmoH$WoMm {ZdoXH$ AgVmo - Vohr boIH$mZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobo nmÌ AgVo. {ZdoXH$ XmoZ àH$maMmAgVmo. àW_nwê$fr Am{U V¥Vr`nwê$fr àW_nwê$fr {ZdoXZmV "_r' hm {ZdoXH$ - H$WoVrbEH$ nmÌ AgVo. Ë`mMr H$WoVrb KQ>Zm§V gmjmV CnpñWVr AgVo. Va V¥Vr`nwê$fr {ZdoXH$hm H$WoV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§Mo, nmÌm§Mo, Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrb {dMmam§Mo {ZdoXZ H$aV AgVmo. VmoEH$mM AZoH$ {R>H$mUr dmdaVmo. åhUyZ Ë`mbm gd©gmjr {ZdoXH$ Agohr åhUVmV.

"_mUXoer _mUg§' _Yë`m ~hþVoH$ H$Wm àW_nwê$fr {ZdoXZ V§ÌmÀ`m AmhoV. `mH$WmV "_r' ho nmÌ gmjmV Cn{ñWV Amho. Ë`m Ë`m nmÌm§er "_r' ho g§dmX KS>VmV, "_r'Ë`m KQ>Zm§V H$Yr gmjmV CnpñWV AgVmo. Va H$Yr nmÌmH$adr _m{hVr H$mTy>Z KoVmo. Ë`mVg§dmXmda â AgVmo. CXm. Y_m© Am{U _r, am_m Am{U _r, Poë`m Am{U _r, H$m|{S>~m Am{U_r - Ago g§dmX {XgVmV. ~Ý`m~mny, JÊ`m ^nQ>çm, aKy H$maHy$Z, ~m~mImZ Xadoer `mH$mhr H$Wm§V V¥Vr`nwê$fr {ZdoXZ AmT>iVo. Ë`mVhr aKy Am{U ~m~mImZ `m H$Wm§V H$mhràg§JmV "_r' CnpñWV Amho.

"_r' `m {ZdoXH$mÀ`m CnpñWVr_wio `m gd© H$Wm§Zm {dídmgmh©Vm àmá PmbrAmho. ì`{º${MÌUmV {Oìhmim CVabm Amho.


10.6 ^mfme¡br {deof

10.6.1 gmYr gai - nmaXem© e¡br

_mS>JyiH$am§Zr `m H$Wm§Mo {ZdoXZ H$aVmZm à_mU _amR>r ^mfoMm Am{U nmÌm§À`m Vm|S>r _mÌË`m§À`m J«m_rU ~mobrMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. `m XmoÝhr VèhoÀ`m ^mfm dmnaVmZm Ë`m§Zr OmoH$bmË_H$ Vmob gmYbm Amho, Vmo d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. {ZdoXZmgmR>r Or ^mfm Vo dmnaVmV{VÀ`mVhr EH$ àH$maMm ghOnUm Am{U AH¥${Ì_nUm Amho. EImÚm Jmoï>rdoëhmi _mUgmZoa§JdyZ a§JdyZ H$mhr gm§Jmdo Ver Ë`m§Mr H$WZ e¡br Amho. CXm. "Zm_m _mñVa' `m H$WoMrgwê$dmV nhm.

" {_aO Vo n§T>anya Ionm KmbUmar gpìh©g _moQ>ma Ywaim CS>{dV, ^ÞmQ> YmdVm YmdVmgê$~mB©À`m _R>meoOmar Amcr Am{U AmMHo$ XoV Wm§~cr. g_moaÀ`m AmaemV nmhÿZ _H$~yVS´>m`ìhaZ§ H$nmimdaMr Q>monr _mJ§ gmabr Am{U ImH$s S>Jë`mÀ`m ~mhrZ§ Km_ nwerV Vmo{H$Þada AmoaS>bm' `m dU©ZmVcr ghOVm nhm. {MÌ S>moù`m§nwT>o gmjmV Cô H$aÊ`mMogm_Ï`© `m e¡brV Amho. "AmMHo$ XoV Wm§~br' `m eãXm§VyZ _moQ>maMo Wm§~Uo OUy Amnë`mbm{XgVo! S´>m`ìhaMr VH$~ Ë`mMm S>Jbm (eQ>© Zìho!) `m Vnerbm§_YyZ Ë`m _mUgmMr AmH¥$VrS>moù`m§nwT>o òVo.

"Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm' `m H$WoMr gwê$dmV Amnë`mbm EImXr h{H$H$V gm§Jmdr, Ver hmoVo.""B§J«Or Mm¡Wrbm hmoVmo Voìhm _r. JmdÀ`m EH$m gm§XrH$monè`mbm Agboë`m dmS>çmVrb ImobrAä`mgmgmR>r KoVbr hmoVr. Aä`mgmgmR>r åhUÊ`mnojm PmonÊ`mgmR>r, nÎmo IoiÊ`mgmR>rAm{U MH$mQ>çm {nQ>Ê`mgmR>rM'' Aem gai gmÜ`m {ZdoXZmVyZhr dmMH$mMr CËgwH$Vm OmJoH$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` àË``mbm òVo.



1) H$Wm qH$dm H$mX§~arVrb nmÌ hr boIH$mZo Ho$bobr ............................ AgVo.

2) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$WoVrb nmÌo H$_mbrMr ............................ AgVmV.

3) Zm_m _mñVa d JUm _hma `m§Zm ............................ ZmX AgVmo.

4) _mS>JyiH$am§Mr nmÌo Amnmnë`m ñd^md Y_m©Zwgma ....................... nUo dmJV amhVmV.

5) ............................ hm emn Agë`mgmaIo _mUXoer _mUgm§Mo OrdZ Amho.

6) {ZdoXH$ ..................... àH$maMm AgVmo. ........................ Am{U ............................

7) H$WoVrb "_r' hm ............................ ZgyZ ............................ AgVmo.

8) V¥Vr`nwê$fr {ZdoXH$mbm ............................ {ZdoXH$ Agohr åhUVmV.

_mS>JyiH$a ì`{º${MÌUo H$aVmZmhr Aem AJXr àË``H$mar nU gmÜ`m e¡brV_mUgo hþ~ohþ~o C^r H$aVmV. CXm. ~m~mImZ XadoemMo nwT>rb dU©Z nhm. "A§JmqnS>mZo VmoMm§Jbm Q>UH$ hmoVm. Am{U JmOamgmaIm bmb. Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mda XodrMo dU hmoVo. Am{U EH$S>moim ~marH$ H$ê$Z ~mobÊ`mMr Ë`mbm gd` hmoVr. ^S>H$ {haì`m a§JmMm H$mogbm nQ>H$mIw~rZ§ EH$m H$bmda ~m§Ybobm. A§JmV a§JrV H$mnS>mMr _wS>oN>mQ> n¡aU. {Vbm Mm§XrMr ~Q>U§.Imbr ^mar qH$_VrM§ YmoVa Am[U nm`mV Jm|S>çmM§ nm`VmU. _moR>§ PmoH$mV dmJU§ Ago Ë`mM§Am{U ~mobU§ IS>rgmIaoÀ`m IS>çmJV JmoS>.' (~marH$ gmarH$ Vnerbm§Zrer _mUgmMoeãX{MÌ Vo H$go aoImQ>VmV `mMr AmUIrhr CXmhaUo Vwåhmbm ghO gmnS>Vrb.) ^mdZm§da{Z`§ÌU ì`º$s¨{df`r Ooìhm _mS>JyiH$a {b{hVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Zm _mUgm§{df`r AgUmam{Oìhmim, AmnwbH$s Ë`mVyZ àH$Q>Vo åhUyZ Va AZoH$ _mUgo Ë`m§À`mnmer Amnbr gwI Xw:Io~mobyZ _Z _moH$io H$aVmV. am_m _¡bHw$br, ~H$g, [edm _mirhr _mUgo {ZdoXH$mÀ`m `m_mUygào_mnmoQ>r Ë`mÀ`mnmer Amnbo Xw:I hbHo$ H$aVmV. AmOÀ`m ^mfoV gm§Jm`M§ Va"eoAa' H$aVmV. nU Varhr Ë`m§Mr e¡br Hw$R>ohr ^mdZm{dde hmoV ^mdZm àH$Q>rH$aUmdaË`m§Mo {dcjU {Z`§ÌU Agcoco {XgVo. "Y_m© am_moer' H$WoV Y_m©bm {Xbobo YmoVa ~OrZocwJS>çmgmaIo Zogco hmoVo. EdT>oM gm§JyZ {ZdoXH$ Wm§~Vmo. Ë`mnwT>o Vmo Y_m©Mo Xm[aÐ` dJ¡ao~ÔbH$mhrhr ^mî` H$arV Zmhr. nU Ë`m_wioM Vmo eodQ> dmMH$mbm MQ>H$m bmdyZ OmVmo. "Poë`m'`m H$WoMmhr eodQ> nhm. Poë`mÀ`m nwT>À`m Am`wî`mMm nQ>M EH$m H$mën{ZH$ àg§JmVyZ boIH$C^m H$aVmo.

Imbm Vm§~moirU Ooìhm {ZdoXH$mbm b¾ Ho$b§g H$m Ag§ {dMmaVo Voìhm nwT>rb{ZdoXZ òVo. "_mPm Moham EH$X_ Jmoam_moam Pmbm. âV Amboë`m OI_odaMr Inbr{ZKmbr. Ë`m ^m~S>çm åhmVmarbm H$m` gm§JUma? Am{U gm§JyZ {Vbm Vo H$m` g_OUma?{VÀ`m Vê$UnUr Agb§ H$mhr Agob H$m?' `mdê$Z dmMH$mbm {ZdoXH$mÀ`m ào_^§JmMrgyMZm {_iVo. nU "Imbm' daMm \$moH$g {ZdoXH$ A{O~mV T>iy XoV Zmhr. MwQ>nwQ> bmJVoAm{U H$Wm g§nVo!

~Ý`m~mny§{df`r bmoH$ H$m` åhUVmV. BVHo$M gm§JyZ {ZdoXH$ H$Wm g§ndVmo. Ë`mnwT>o VmoñdV:Mo Ago H$moUVohr ^mî` H$arV Zmhr. hm g§`_ amIUo hr loîR> H$bmd§VmMr AmoiI Amho.

10.6.2 ~mobr^mfoMm dmna

à_mU ^mfnojm ~mobr^mfm `m Zoh_rM {Od§V Am{U agaerV AgVmV. _mUgm§À`m~mobÊ`mMr ^mfm A{YH$ àdmhr AgVo. doJdoJù`m OmVrÀ`m, doJdoJù`m ì`dgm`mÀ`m_mUgm§Mr ^mfm _mS>JyiH$am§Zr A{Ve` n[aUm_H$maH$nUo dmnabr Amho. Aem dmnamZo Ë`m§Zr_amR>r H$WoMr ^mfmhr g_¥Õ Ho$br Amho. CXm. Poë`m {ZdoXH$mbm gm§JVmo, "_mñVa, Vw_À`mAJwXa hþVm Ë`mo Q>H$m© _mñVa ^mar _maHw$Q>m. hmV ^mar bmJm`Mm Ë`mMm! OdmVdm \$S>m\$S>_mam`Mm...' qH$dm am_m _¡bHw$br åhUVmo, "H$embm Y§Xm Ambm` Ë`mo? H$mVS>§ _wbImM§ åhmJPmb§`m. AmZ² amoI n¡gm XoVw`m H$moZ? ~`Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mImbr Ord Om`mMm,Ë`mV JmdmVBVH$s ìhab§ Am_r. EH$mEH$mÀ`m dmQ>çmbm Mma-XmoZ Ka§ òUma. ËòÀ`mda H$g§ ^mJmd§?


nmoQ>mMm S>~am H$gm âm`Mm?' {ZdoXH$mbm CÝhmM§ MmbV òVmZm nmhÿZ _wbmÊ`mMm ~H$gåhUVmo, "~m`[eH$brê$Z§ Ambm AgVm Va AmÎmm nmoMbm AgVm JmdmV. hm` H$m Vw_Mr?Zgb, Hw$R>br AgVr`m, _J MmbV H$m Ambm AgVm? AmZ² Agbr Var {~KS>ë`mda {VMmH$m` CnoJ "Ia§ H$m ÝhmB©?' Aem àH$maÀ`m g§dmXmVyZ Or ~mobr^mfm _mS>JyiH$am§Zr dmnabrAmho, Ë`mVyZ Vr Vr nmÌo Ë`m§À`m ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çm§gh g_moa C^r amhVmV. Ë`m§Mo J«m_rUnUgm§Jmdo bmJV Zmhr. Vo AmngyH$ g_OVo.

`m ~mobrVyZ åhUtMm dmnahr \$ma ghOnUo Ho$bobm {XgVmo. CXm. "X¡dJVr {\$abr ZHw$Í`mÀ`m _m¡VrZ§ _obm' "AmnbrM ~wY {\$abr AZ² H$br {eabm A§JmV.' "~m_ZmKar {bdU§AmZ² åhmamKar JmZ§' Aemgma»`m åhUr qH$dm "H$m_mZ§ P|Sy> \w$Q>Uo', "H$mZ {ZdUo',"~¡bmgmaIm Pmonm KoUo', "Jù`mBVH§$ ~wS>Uo', "Jù`mbm VmZ bmJUo' B. dmH²$àMma `m§Mmdmna `m ^mfoMm JmoS>dm dmT>dVmo. (AmUIrhr H$mhr dmH²$àMmam§Mr â `mV Vwåhmbm KmbVmòB©b.)

10.6.3 J«m_rU à{V_m§Mm Zo_H$m dmna

_mS>JyiH$am§Zr "àdmg EH$m boIH$mMm' `m Amnë`m AmË_M[aÍ`mda nwñVH$mV EHo${R>H$mUr åhQ>b§` H$s "Jwèhmimda ~mobmdyZ Ogm ag XoVmV Ver _mUXoemÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§Mr^mfm _bm {Xbr Amho.' Ë`m_wio _mUXoemÀ`m J«m_rU n[agamVrb {H$VrVar eãX Ë`m§À`mboIZmV ghO AdVaVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo g_n©H$ à{V_m§Mm dmnahr Ë`mV AmT>iVmo._mS>JyiH$am§Mr e¡br AJXr gmYr Am{U {ZVi Amho ho AmnU nm{hbo.{Vbm Ab§H$aUmMm,M_ËH¥$VrMm \$magm gmog Zmhr. nU Šd{MV H$mhr {R>H$mUr Vo ghOnUo H$mhr à{V_mdmnaVmV. CXm. ~m~mImZ XadoemÀ`m KamVyZ amÌrMm AmaS>mAmoaS>m EoHy$ Ambm åhUyZJmdmVbo bmoH$ O_VmV. H$maU {dMmaVm g_OVo H$s ~m~mImZZo ~m`H$mobm _mabo.IoS>çmnmS>çmV Zdè`mZo ~m`H$m§Zm _maUo hr Jmoï> Ë`mH$mir BVH$s ghO hmoVr H$s bmoH$m§MmAJXrM {dag hmoVmo. _mS>JyiH$a {b{hVmV, "H$mhrVar ^`§H$a ~KÊ`m-EoH$Ê`mgmR>r\$g\$gbobr _Z§ CVy OmV Agboë`m XwYmda nmÊ`mMm gnH$mam ~gmdm Ver Imbr ~gbr.(n¥.108)

Zm_m _mñVamZ§ emim gmoSy>Z {Xbr "PwS>nmdê$Z ^moaS>çm§Mm H$in CS>mdm Vernmoa§ nmQ>çmXáa§ KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>br.' (n¥.36) Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm "bmøm CS>mì`m" Ver~mobVo! "nmdgmù`mV amÌr ~oSy>H$ AmoaS>mdm' Vgm Xoenm§S>o gam§Mm AmdmO hmoVm (n¥.127)"JmdÀ`m AmoT>çmà_mUo ZmZmMm amJ bdH$a AmogaVmo' (n¥.131) Aem§gma»`m à{V_m§_YyZAme` Zo_Ho$nUmZo ì`ŠV hmoVmo Am{U dU©Zmcm H$cmË_H$Vmhr bm^Vo.

A{Ve` gmYr, AmIyS>-bm§~ dmŠ`m§Mr aMZm _mS>JyiH$a H$aVmV. Ë`m_wioË`m§À`m JÚ boIZmVhr b` OmUdVo. "Almn' gmaIm EImXm OS> g§ñH¥$V eãXhr Vo ghOdmnaVmV.

A{YH$ ~maH$mB©Zo Am{U nwÝhm nwÝhm "_mUXoer _mUg§' dmMbr, g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm


à`ËZ Ho$bm Va Vw_À`mhr Ü`mZmV Ë`m§À`m ^mfme¡brMo ho {deof `oVrb d AmUIrhrCXmhaUo Vwåhmbm ghO gmnS>Vrb. Vgm à`ËZ H$ê$Z ~Km.

10.7 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "_mUXoer _mUg§' `mH$Wmg§J«hmMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgbr. `m nmR>m~amo~aM n{hë`m gÌmMm Amnbm `m{df`mMm Aä`mghr g§nbm.

Hw$R>ë`mhr gm{hË`H¥$VrMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm AmVm {VMo H$WmZH$ g_OyZKoVë`mda {VMr nmÌaoImQ>Z, ^mfm, {ZdoXZV§Ì B. KQ>H$m§Mmhr {dMma H$aUo åhUOo Ë`m Ë`mgm{hË`H¥$VrMm agmñdmX KoUo hmo`. Ë`mH$aVm Vr gm{hË`H¥$Vr nwÝhm nwÝhm dmMUo AJË`mMoAmho. agmñdmX KoÊ`mMr {H$_`m EH$Xm Vwåhmbm O_br H$s Vw_Mo [eH$Uohr AmZ§XXm`r hmoB©b.{edm` Aä`mgm~mhoarb AZoH$ nwñVHo$ Vwåhmbm Aj` AmZ§XmMm ómoV nwadVrb.

10.8 gmam§e

"_mUXoer _mUg§' _Ü`o _mUXoeÀ`m n[agamVrb ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrbg_mOmMo Xe©Z _mS>JyiH$am§Zr KS>dbo Amho. g_mOmVrb OmVr`Vm, ~bwVoXmar nÕV,bmoH$OrdZ `m§Mo n[aUm_H$maH$ {MÌU Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m bmoH$m§Mo ì`dgm` Ë`m§Mr Kao,Ë`m§Mo nohamd, Ë`m§Mo AÞ Am{U Ë`m§À`m lÕm-g_OwVr ho AmnU ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mgco. ehargwYmaUm§À`m A^mdr _mUXoer _mUgm§Mo OrdZ {H$Vr gmYo, {H$Vr H$ï>_` Am{U {H$Vr_mJmgbobo Amho Vohr AmnU nm{hbo.

_mS>JyiH$am§Zr nmÌaoImQ>Z H$aVmZm nmÌm§Mr hþ~ohþ~ {MÌo Amnë`mg_moa C^r



1) _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Amnë`m boIZmV ............ d ............ `m§Mm n[aUm_H$maH$ dmna Ho$bm Amho.

2) ^mdZmàH$Q>rH$aUmMm g§`_ amIUo hr ............ ............ AmoiI AgVo.

3) ~mobr^mfm `m Zoh_rM ............ Am{U ............ AgVmV.

4) åhUr d dmH²$àMmam§À`m dmnam_wio _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ^mfobm ........... Ambm Amho.

5) gmÜ`m Am{U AmIyS>-bm§~ dmŠ`m§À`m aMZo_wio _mS>JyiH$am§À`m JÚ boIZmVhr ............ OmUdVo.

Ho$br AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr earadU©Zo, Ë`m§Mo ñd^md Ë`m§À`m d¥Îmr `m§Mo Zo_Ho$ Xe©Z KS>dbo Amho.Amboë`m n[apñWVrbm {Z_yQ> Vm|S> XoUmar, gmoerH$ d ghZerb Aer hr nmÌo AmhoV. VrH$moUË`mZm H$moUË`m H$maUmZo Xw:Ir Amho. Xm[aÐ` hm emn Agë`mgmaIo Ë`m§Mo OrdZ Amho.boIH$mZo ~hþVoH$ gd© H$Wm§gmR>r àW_nwê$fr {ZdoXZV§Ì dmnabo Amho. ~Ý`m~mny, JÊ`m^nQ>çm, aKy H$maHy$Z, ~m~mImZ Xadoer `m H$Wm§Mo V§Ì V¥Vr`nwê$fr Amho _mS>JyiH$am§Mr^mfme¡br A{Ve` gmYr d nmaXeu Amho. {MÌX{e©Ëd hm {VMm {dbmo^Zr` {deof Amho.^mdZm àH$Q>rH$aUmda Vo {Z`§ÌU R>odVmV. ~mobr^mfoMm åhUtMm dmna, àVr_m§Mm dmna `m_wioË`m§Mr e¡br H$bmË_H$ Pmbr Amho.


10.2.4

1) Am¢Y 2) OmVrMr 3) ~bwVoXmar

4) Vm§~moù`mMr Imbm 5) ^mH$ar d H$mbdU 6) ìhab

7) Mm¡gmonr 8) I§S>mZo

10.5

1) {Z{_©Vr 2) gmoerH$ 3) V_memMm

4) Z¡g{J©H$nUo 5) Xm[aÐ` 6) 2, àW_nwê$fr, V¥Vr`nwéfr

7) boIH$, {ZdoXH$ 8) gd©gmjr.

10.6

1) à_mU^mfm d ~mobr^mfm 2) loð> H$bmd§VmMr

3) {Od§V Am{U agaerV 4) JmoS>dm

5) b`

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 11

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 1

11.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, "H$Wm' `m gm{hË` àH$mam{df`r AmnU _mJrc nmR>mV OmUyZ KoVco.AmVm `m nmR>mV "AmoP§' `m ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m X{cV OrdZmdarc H$Wm§À`m g§J«hmVrcH$Wm§Mm Aä`mg Amnë`mcm H$am`Mm Amho. hm g§J«h Jmo. _m. ndma `m _amR>rVrc ÁòîR>g_rjH$mZr g§nm{XV Ho$cm Amho. _yi H$Wm§À`m OmoS>rZo hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmcm

l Xodm gIm _hma, dmar, Am{S>Q>, AIoa AmH$Ê`m Kar Amcm d dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ {c{hVm òVrc.

11.1 àmñVm{dH$

_mUXoeÀ`m n[agamV ~mcnU Jocoë`m _mS>JyiH$am§À`m gm{hË`mV `m n[agamVrcJ«m_rU-X{cV _mUgo Am{U Ë`m§Mo AZw^d A{Ve` {Od§VnUo a§Jdcoco AmT>iVmV. Ë`m§À`mÁ`m H$Wm§_Üò X{cV-J«m_rU OrdZmMo {MÌU Amho, Aem {ZdS>H$ 15 H$Wm§Mm g§J«h Jmo._m. ndma `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$cm Amho. (`m g§J«hmcm ndmam§Zr _moR>r Aä`mgnyU© àñVmdZm

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 1/ 119

11.0 C{Ôï>o

11.1 àmñVm{dH$

11.2 "AmoP§'_Yrc H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$

11.2.1 Xodm gIm _hma

11.2.2 dmar

11.2.3 Am{S>Q>

11.2.4 AIoa AmH$Ê`m Kar Amcm

11.2.5 dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV

11.3 g_mamon

11.4 gmam§e


{c{hcr Amho. Vrhr AmnU dmMm`Mr Amho.) Ë`m_wio "_mUXoer _mUg§' `m AmnU nyduMAä`mgcoë`m g§J«hmVrc Y_m© am_moer, am_m _¡cHw$cr, Zm_m _mñVa, {eXm Mm§^ma d JUm_hma Aem nmM H$Wm§Mm g_mdoe `m g§J«hmV Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m{df`rMm Aä`mg AmnUnydu Ho$cm Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm nwÝhm n[aM` BWo XoÊ`mV Amcocm Zmhr; nU Ë`m§Mm C„oI _mÌH$mhr H$mhr H$maUmZo hmoV amhrc. Voìhm Jm|YimV Z nS>Vm Vo g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.

11.2 "AmoP§'_Yrc H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$

H$WmZH$ g_OyZ KoVë`m{edm` Amnë`mcm H$Wm d Ë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço ZrQ> Ü`mZmV òUmaZmhrV.

11.2.1 Xodm gIm _hma

Xodm hm A{Ve` g‚mZ _mUyg AgVmo. OmVrZo _hma AgUmam Xodm VamiH$sMo H$m_{ZîR>oZo H$aV AgVmo. {Xdgâ H$m~mS> H$îQ> H$ê$Z JmdH$è`m§Mo _Z Z _moS>Vm àËòH$mMo H$m_H$aUmam Xodm {_ioc Ë`m ^mH$a VwH$S>çmda g_mYmZmZo OJV AgVmo. VrZ _wco Am{U ~m`H$mo`m§Mm àn§M nwT>o ZoV AgVmo. EH$ {Xdg JmdmV Xodr H$mT>Umam S>m°ŠQ>a åhUOo "Xodr S>mJXa'òUma Agë`mMo H$iVo d Ver Xd§S>r XoD$Z Xodm ^mH$aVwH$S>m ImD$Z amÌr gdmª~amo~aVŠŠ`mV ~gm`cm OmVmo. VoWo _w§~B©V Jd§S>r H$m_mgmR>r ~aoM {Xdg am{hcocm _méVr _hmaË`mcm ôQ>Vmo. Ë`mcm gmaoOU '_méVr' åhUyZ AmoiIV AgVmV. Vmo cmoH$m§Zm H$mhr "½`mZmMoeãX' gm§JV AgVmo.

"AmVm H$m` AnZmda qdJ«O gaH$maM§ amO ÝhB©. H$m±J«ogÀ`m cmoH$m§Zr ËòÀ`mnmgZ§ amO{OVyZ KoVc§ hm`. Jm§Yr ~m~m AmZ Ýhoê$ `m XmoKm§À`m hmVmV g_Xm H$ma^ma hm`.' Jm§Yr~m~m§Zm _hma, Mm§^ma, dS>ma Agcr ôX^mdmMr ^mfm ng§V Zmhr. ho ~mocUo EoHy$Z Xodm^mamdyZ OmVmo. _hma cmoH$m§Zm AmVm Iyn Mm§Jco {Xdg òUma Agë`mMm {dœmg _méVrË`mcm XoVmo. "Amncm OmVdmcm' ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a {VH$S>o {X„rcm "naXmZ' Pmcm Am{UVmo Jm§Yr-Zohê$ `m§À`m _m§S>rcm _m§S>r cmdyZ ~gVmo` ho _méVrMo ~mocUo EoHy$Z Va XodmMo öX`^ê$Z òVo. Amncr _wco~mio {eH$Vrc, ZmoH$è`m H$aVrc `m AmZ§XmZo Xodm haIyZ OmVmo Am{UË`mM AmZ§XmV qPJV Kar òD$Z PmonVmo.

gH$mir n{hcm Vmam CJdm`À`m AmVM XodmMr ~m`H$mo Ë`mcm CR>dVo Am{U Xodm _§wS>mgoJw§S>miyZ Km|JS>o cnoQy>Z ~mhoa nS>Vmo. MmdS>rg_moaMo nQ>m§JU PmSy>Z-cmoQy>Z M¸$ H$aVmo. {XdgCOmS>ë`mda VmcwŠ`mÀ`m JmdmhÿZ òUmè`m Xodr S>m°ŠQ>aMm N>H$S>m VidS>çmÀ`m doerV{eaVmo. S>m°ŠQ>a Amë`mMo gm§Jm`cm nmQ>rc Xodmcm JmdmV nmR>dVmV. Xodm gJiçm§Zm gm§JVmona§Vw Mma-ghm ~m`H$mgwÕm _wcm§Zm KoD$Z òV ZmhrV. nmQ>cmMr ~mocUr ImD$Z Xodm naVJmdH$è`m§Zm {Zamon gm§JyZ òVmo. {Xdg nma S>moŠ`mda òVmo. Varhr MmdS>rnmer H$moUrhr òVZmhr. Xaå`mZ S>m°ŠQ>a nmQ>cmÀ`m Kar OmD$Z OodU H$ê$Z òVmo. Xodm JwédmaMm CndmgH$arV Agë`mZo Cnmer nmoQ>r qhSy>Z Ë`mMm Ord H$mdyZ OmVmo. nmQ>rc nwÝhm Xodmcm


Ym`JwS>çmMr dñVr, ~m~amMm _im Am{U g§V VwH$mam_mMr d am_m H$m§~içm§À`m dñVrVOmD$Z S>m°ŠQ>a Amë`mMo gm§Jm`cm nmR>dVmo. JmdmÀ`m Mmar ~mOycm {dIwacoë`m `m dñË`m§VyZXodm qhSy>Z òVmo. gJiçm§Zm MmdS>rda MmcÊ`mMo gm§JVmo; na§Vw gJir MmdS>rda `m`cmQ>miVmV. Xodr S>m°ŠQ>aÀ`m Xodr H$mT>ë`mZo nmoao XJmdVmV `m ^rVrZo _wco KoD$Z ~m`H$m òVZmhrV. XodmH$Sy>Z _mÌ gJio Amnmncr H$m_o H$ê$Z KoVmV. Hw$Ur cmHy$S> \$moSy>Z KoVo, VaH$moUr _moQ> Kmcdm`cm Ë`mcm Wm§~yZ KoVo. eodQ>r Xodm _mKmar òVmo. Voìhm {XdgmMm {Vgamàha Pmcocm AgVmo. S>m°ŠQ>am§Mm nmam MT>cocm AgVmo. Vmo Xodmda AmoaS>Vmo.

"~H$~H$ ~§X H$a, YoS>mMr OmV, coH$m Vy Jocm Zgerc dñVrda, _cm _m{hVr Amho.Hw$R>§ nmZ§-V§~mIy ImD$Z Mma Jßnm hmUyZ Amcm Agerc ham_OmXm! _cm ~ZdVmo`...' XodmenW KoD$Z OmD$Z Amë`mMo nwZ:nwÝhm gm§JVmo. Ë`mda S>m°ŠQ>a Ë`mcm dmB©Q> {eì`m§MrcmImocr dmhVmo. _hmam§da Vmo Amnco Vm|S>gwI KoVmo. EH$mEH$s Xodm S>moio dQ>maVmo. nm`mVcoYwirZo âcoco VwQ>Ho$ nm`VmU CMcyZ Vmo AmoaS>Vmo, "Ama§ E§ ~m~crÀ`m MmdS>rM§ OmoV§CVê$Z Imcr ò. {eì`m XoZma§ VwO§ Wmo~mS> \$moS>Vmo `m VwQ>Š`m OmoS>çmZ§!' Xodm _hmamZo XodrS>m°ŠQ>acm OmoS>m H$mT>ë`mÀ`m AMmQ> H$Vw©H$sZo Jmd T>diyZ {ZKVmo. Xodm AmVm Vwé§JmV OmUma`mV e§H$m ZgVo. Xodmcm _mÌ {dœmg AgVmo, H$s {X„rV ~gcoë`m Amnë`m OmVdmë`m~m~mgmho~m§Zm ho gm§{JVco, Va Vo Amncr VH«$ma EoHy$Z KoVrc. Hw$Urhr `md§ Am{U Amnë`mcmM|Sy>gmaI§ R>oMcmd§ ho H$mhr Ia§ Zmhr. S>m°ŠQ>a Oar gaH$maH$S>o Jocm Var AmnUhr R>m_nUoIa§ H$m` Vo gm§Jm`Mo Ago Xodm R>adVmo.

H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr nmocrg Xodmcm KoD$Z OmVmV. XodmMr ~m`H$mo _moc _Owar H$ê$Z nmoao~mioOJdVo. VamiH$s Xwgè`m _hmamH$S>o OmVo. VidS>o Jmd ì`dpñWV Zm§XV amhVo.

Jmdm~mhoa amhUmè`m X{cVdJu`m§Zm gdU© H$go dmJdVmV, Jmd H$gm dmJdVmo, Vo JmdmerH$go dmJVmV `mMo {MÌU `m H$WoV òVo. X{cV XodmÀ`m AÝ`m`m{déÕMm ñ\$moQ> H$gm hmoVmo,Ë`mÀ`mV ~§S>Imoa d¥Îmr H$er OmJr hmoVo `mMo A{Ve` à^mdr Ago {MÌU coIH$mZo Ho$co Amho.Ë`mMm àjmo^ AË`§V ñdm^m{dH$ dmQ>Vmo- `mVM coIH$mMo è gm_mdco Amho. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m{dMmam§Zr emo{fV _Zo H$er OmJr hmoD$ cmJcr hmoVr, `mMmhr nwamdm Ë`mVyZ {_iVmo.

11.2.2 dmar

åhmVmam AOw©Zm WH$cocm AgVmo. ñdV:Mr Am~mi hmoVo åhUyZ H$Yrhr Z Hw$aHw$aUmamAOw©Zm gyZ Oo XoB©c Vo ImV AgVmo. Amnco {Xdg AmVm âV Amco Vo OmUdyZ Vmog§gmamVyZ ñdV:Mo _Z H$mTy>Z KoVmo. XodimV OmD$Z Vmo ÔZ-H$sV©ZmV a_y cmJVmo. AmOdaOo H$îQ> Ho$co nmoam§gmR>r; nU AmVm na_oœamÀ`m MaUr gJio {MÎm cmdyZ Ë`mMoM ñ_aUH$ê$Z eodQ>Mm œmg ¿`mdm Ago Ë`mcm _Zmo_Z dmQ>V Ago, `mM {dMmamV AgVm EH$ {XdgVmo coH$ d gwZoH$S>o Amnë`mcm n§T>arÀ`m dmarcm Om`Mo Agë`mMo ~mocVmo. coH$-gyZ EdT>måhmVmam ~mn hm EH$Q>m H$gm H$m` OmUma åhUyZ H$miOrV nS>VmV d ZH$ma XoVmV, na§Vw~mnmMr BÀN>m Amho Va AmnU VodT>r nwar H$amdr `m hoVyZo _wcJm OmÊ`mgmR>r nadmZJr XoVmo.BVHo$M Zmhr Va WmooS>o Mm§Jco H$nS>o {edyZ XoVmo, gyZ ^mH$è`m§Mr {eXmoar ~amo~a XoVo d ZrQ>

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 1/ 121

OmÊ`mMo gm§JVo. Aem arVrZo AOw©ZmMr dmarcm OmÊ`mMr V`mar hmoVo Am{U AIoargZmVd§S>m§À`m nmR>rdê$Z hmV {\$adyZ AOw©Zm {ZKVmo.

gS>Ho$Zo - nmD$cdmQ>oZo MmcV MmcV H$Yr Wm§~V, _wŠH$m_ H$aV H$aV AOw©Zmn§T>anwamV nmohmoMVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV òVo, `m n§T>arV {H$Vr g§V Amco-Joco {H$ËòH$m§Mo nm`BWo cmJco... YÝ` Vr n§T>ar! M§Ð^mJoÀ`m Xe©ZmZo Ë`mMm erU nma OmVmo. {H$ËòH$ ^ŠVM§Ð^mJoV ñZmZ H$arV AgVmV. AOw©Zmcmhr Ë`mV gm_rc ìhmdogo dmQ>Vo; nU Amnë`mA_§Jc A§JmMo nmUr Ë`m gdmªZm cmJoc `m {dMmamZo Vmo _mJo gaH$Vmo. _J Jmonminwè`mH$S>rc~mOyZo Vmo eodQ>r Imcr OmVmo. _hmamMo nmUr H$moUmÀ`m A§Jmda OmV Zmhr Zm `mMr ImÌrH$ê$Z _J M§Ð^mJoV CVaVmo, ñZmZ H$aVmo. _hmÛmamnmer òD$Z XodmgmR>r gmIa, H$mnyaKoD$Z MmoIm_oiçmÀ`m g_mYrnmer òVmo, VoWo EH$ _wcJm ~gcocm AgVmo. "hr g_mYr åhUOoh[aOZm§Mo XodñWmZ' `m hmo `m...' Ago Vmo Á`mcm Ë`mcm gm§JV AgVmo. AOw©Zm VoWo S>moHo$Q>oH$dVmo. H$mnya cmdyZ gmIa R>odVmo. EH$ n¡gm AmodmiyZ nmoamnwT>o Q>mH$Vmo. AOw©Zm _mJo {\$ê$Z~KVmo Am{U Ë`mcm JiçmV _mim KmVcocm am_m {XgVmo "KmcrZ cmoQ>m§JU d§XrZ MaU"åhUV ZmMUmam Zm_Xod Ë`mcm {XgVmo. _J Vmo Zm_XodmMr nmàr Amocm§Sy>Z AmV OmVM Zmhr.Vmo na_oœamOdi åhUVmo, hm {dQ>cocm Xoh KoD$Z _r H$gm AmV òD$? _mPo nyd©O Oo dmJcoVgmM _rhr dmJrZ. gaH$maZo Oar Amåhmcm AmV OmÊ`mMr nadmZJr {Xcr Var _r H$ernmàr gmoSy>? d{hdmQ> H$er _moSy>? _mÂ`mÀ`mZo Vo eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. _r BWyZM VwPo Xe©ZKoD$Z OmVmo, Ago åhUyZ AOw©Zm {VWoM gmîQ>m§J Z_ñH$ma KmcyZ AmS>dm hmoVmo. S>moio {_Q>VmogJiçm§Zm jUâ dmQ>Vo åhmVmam _ocm Agmdm.

AOw©Zm S>moio nwgV CR>Vmo, nmoam§gmR>r ~Îmmgo Am{U gwZogmR>r Hw§$Hy$ KoD$Z naV Amnë`mJmdr OmVmo.

X{cV OrdZmcm Agcoco gm_m{OH$VoMo n¡cy Ogo `m H$WoV {XgVmV Vgoì`pŠVd¡{eîQ>çhr {XgVo. h[aOZm§Zm n§T>arMo XoD$i Iwco Pmë`mdagwÕm AOw©Zm _hma - hmåhmVmam XodimV OmV Zmhr. ^mdì`mHy$i hmoD$Z Vmo Zm_XodmÀ`m nmàrdéZM {dR>mo~mcmX§S>dV KmcVmo. AOw©ZmÀ`m AmÜ`mpË_H$ Vi_irMo AË`§V hiwdma Xe©Z _mS>JyiH$am§ZrKS>dco Amho.

11.2.3 Am{S>Q>

Jmonm ìhac hm gwédmVrcm BVa ìhacm§gmaImM X[aÐr AgVmo. H$mVS>r H$moê$Z Ë`mdaË`m§Mo nmoQ> âV ZgVo. Hw$Ur gmYm nmZmMm {dS>m {Xcm, Var Vmo Ceran`ªV Vm|S>mV KmoidVR>odV AgVmo d _YoM VhmZ cmJcr AgVm Vm|S>mVcm MmoWm XJS>mda H$mTy>Z R>odyZ nmUr{nD$Z Pmë`mda nwÝhm Vm|S>mV Q>mH$V AgVmo.

Xhm-nmM én`m§V {dH$V KoVcocr Ë`mMr nmQ> _moR>r hmoVo. XmoZ gwaoI ~moH$S>o OÝ_mcmòVmV d Jmonm ìhac WmoS>m J~a hmoVmo. H$UmH$m|S>m KmcyZ Jmonm Ë`m§Mm ZrQ> gm§^mi H$aVmoË`m_wio Vr Mm§Jcr Q>UQ>UrV hmoVmV d Ë`m Omoamda Jmonm VmcodmamÀ`m Vmoè`mV dmJy cmJVmo.


V§~mIy ImV, {dS>çm AmoT>V JmdmVyZ {\$ê$ cmJVmo.

EH$ {Xdg Jmonm CÝhmV ~gcocm AgVmZm JUm McnVo Ë`m§À`mH$S>o òVmo. ~moH$S> {dH$V¿`m`cm Amcoë`m JUmer Jmoß`m Vmoè`mVM ~mocVmo, "Vwåhmcm Xm_ nadS>Uma Zmhr' Aer ^mfmdmnaVmo. drg én`mcm Vo ~moH$S> _mJyZhr Jmoß`m Vo Úm`cm ZH$ma XoVmo d "_J aoS>m H$mnyZIm H$s EImXm...' Ago CÕQ>nUo Ë`mcm åhUVmo. Ë`mda JUm A{Ve` {MS>Vmo d "VwcmXoemoYS>rcm H$arZ' Aer Y_H$s XoD$Z nmQ>cmH$S>o OmD$Z Pmcm àH$ma Ë`mcm gm§JVmo.Jmoß`mZo "aoS>m Im Ago gm§JyZ Vwåhm-Amåhmcm _hma R>adco' MmdS>rda gd© ìhacm§Zm~mocdVmo. amÌr MmdS>rda O_ë`mdahr Jmonm gainUo ~mocV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nmQ>rc d _amR>m_§S>ir A{YH$M {MS>VmV. ìhacm§Zm Vo ~oX_ _maVmV. Vmcr_V eara H$_mdcocr VéU_amR>çm§Mr nmoa§ ìhacm§Mr hmS>o {Ii{Iir H$ê$Z Q>mH$VmV. ìhacm§da Pmcoë`m AZno{jVhëë`mZo gJir ìhac§ Km~aVmV, _ma ImVmV d eodQ>r H$erVar dmQ> Yê$Z dñVrda naVòVmV. COdm hmV _moS>cocm, H$nmi \w$Q>coco, OmJmoOmJr Pmcoë`m _mamZo A§J gwOcoco `mAdñWoV Xwgè`m {Xder ~moH$S> KoD$Z Jmonm McnVoÀ`m Kar òVmo. JUm McnVo ~moH$S> drgEodOr gmoim én`m§VM _mJVmo. Jmonm J`md`m H$aVmo. hmV _moS>cmM Ë`mda Am¡fY-nmUr H$amdocmJoc åhUyZ Var drg énò Úm Ago åhUyZ Jmonm JUmnwT>o S>moHo$ Q>oH$dVmo.

JmonmMr AJ{VH$Vm H$WoÀ`m eodQ>r {XgyZ òVo. XmoKm§_Yco ^m§S>U "OmVr` ^m§S>UmMo'ñdê$n KoVo d JmdmVrc gdU© _yR>â ìhacm§da AÝ`m` H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm ~oX_ _maVmV.

dñVwV: `m H$WoVrc ^m§S>U Jmonm Am{U JUm `mXrV ì`ŠVt_Yco AgVo. JmonmMo dmJUoJ¡a Amho ho ghO g_OVo. nU ho ^m§S>U AMmZH$ XmoZ OmVt_Yco- gdU© {déÕ ìhac-Ago ê$n YmaU H$aVo Am{U ~hþg§»` {déÕ _yR>â Aëng§»` Ago ê$n {_iyZ BVaAëng§»`mH$ {ZanamYr AgyZhr H$go âS>co OmVmV `m gm_m{OH$ dmñVdmMo XmhH$ Xe©Z_mS>JyiH$a `m H$WoV KS>dVmV.

11.2.4 AIoa AmH$Ê`m Kar Amcm

AmH$Ê`m _hma hm JmdmVrc Am~m Hw$cH$Uu `m§À`m KamV gVV dmdaV AgVmo. Ë`m§Zrgm§{JVcocr H$m_o H$arV AgVmo. {ZdoXH$mÀ`m KamMo Am~m Hw$cH$Uu `m§À`m Kamer {nT>rOmV

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 1/ 123


1) "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmMo g§nmXH$ H$moU?

2) Xodm gIm _hma H$moUVo H$m_ {ZîR>oZo H$aV AgVmo?

3) Xodm {dÇ>cmÀ`m _§{XamV H$m OmV Zmhr?

4) Jmonm ìhac Am{U JUm McnVo `m§À`mVrc ^m§S>U AIoa H$emMo ê$n KoVo?

d¡a AgVo. åhUyZ AmH$Ê`m Am~m Hw$cH$Ê`mªMr ~mOy KoD$Z {ZdoXH$mer V§~yZ dmJV AgVmo,Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVcocr H$m_o CS>dyZ cmdrV AgVmo. {ZdoXH$mÀ`m _Vo, "_hma ^cVoM _mOco hmoVo'`m Aem AmH$Ê`mMm EH$Xm H$mQ>m H$mT>m`Mm Ago {ZdoXH$ R>a{dVmo. Am~mÀ`m Kamg_moaMAmH$Ê`mcm C§M Yê$Z AmnQ>m`Mm Ago Vmo R>a{dVmo. AmH$Ê`mÀ`m A§Jmda _mÌ Ë`mMr EH$hrIyU amhVm H$m_m Zò `mMr I~aXmar KoÊ`mMohr R>a{dVmo.

EH$ {Xdg MmdS>rnwT>o H$moëhmQ>çmMm Ioi òVmo. nmdgmMo {Xdg AgVmV. nmD$g OamWm§~ë`mZo nmoao Ioi nmhm`cm MmdS>rnmer O_VmV. {ZdoXH$hr VoWo OmD$Z ~gVmo. gmè`m§Mocj IoimV AgVo Voìhm {ZdoXH$mMr ZOa AmH$Ê`mcm emoYV AgVo. MmdS>rg_moaMHw$cH$Ê`mªMo Ka AgVo. Am~m Hw$cH$Uu g_moaÀ`m gmoâ`mVM H$mJXnÌ VnmerV ~gcocmAgVmo. AH$ñ_mV AmH$Ê`m òVmo. {ZdoXH$mcm Vmo {XgVmo. {ZdoXH$ Ë`mcm MmcVmZm _wÔm_R>adyZ YŠH$m XoVmo. Ë`mcm KgQy>Z OmVmo d AmoaS>Vmo "_mOcmg H$m` ao YoS>m?' YŠH$m _mê$ZOmVmog? {edVmog _cm, _mOcmg!' jUmMmhr {dc§~ Z H$aVm AmH$Ê`mcm CMcyZ ImcrAmnQ>Vmo.

Am~m hmVmVrc døm \o$Hy$Z YmdV òD$Z AmH$Ê`mMr ~mOy KoVmV. "nmoaJ§' _oc§ AgV§,H$m` Ý`m` Amho H$m AÝ`m`? Ago {ZdoXH$mg {dMmaVmo. {ZdoXH$ _Üò Z nS>Ê`mMo Ë`mcmgm§JVmo. H$moëhmQ>çmMm Ioi ~§X nS>Vmo. _mUgo Jmoim hmoVmV. AmH$Ê`m MmdS>rg_moa OmD$ZÝ`m` _mJVmo. MmdS>rg_moa {ZdoXH$ d BVa _hmamÀ`m§V A{YH$ ~mMm~mMr hmoVo d {ZdoXH$eodQ>r Kar OmVmo. _hmamcm _maco ho MwH$co Ago {ZdoXH$mMo dS>rc XmXm Ë`mcm gm§JVmV d_hmamcm {edë`mZo Am§Kmoi H$am`cm cmdVmV.

Xaå`mZ gJio _hma {ZdoXH$mÀ`m dmS>çmV A§JUmV O_yZ XmXm§g_moa ~gVmV dKS>coë`m àH$mam~Ôc ~mocy cmJVmV. "Vw_À`m coH$mZ§ AÝ`m` Ho$cm` AmH$Ê`mcm Kar~mocdyZ _macm Agcm Var Mmcc§ AgV§ nU MmdS>rnwT>§ _macm ho ~ao Ho$co Zmhr Ago Ë`m§MoåhUUo AgVo. "AmOnmgyZ Vw_À`m KaMo H$m_ H$am`cm _hma `m`Mo ZmhrV' Ago gd©OUEH$_VmZo gm§JVmV.

IoS>çmV _hmam A^mdr {H$ËòH$ JmoîQ>r AS>VmV. cmHy$S> \$moS>U§, amZmVyZ H$S>~m AmUU§,Hw$R>§ naJmdr {Zamon KoD$Z OmU§- gVam H$m_§ AgVmV Or _hma H$aVmV. XmXm§Zm ho _m{hVrAgV§ åhUyZ Vo AmVm H$m` YmoaUmZ§ dmJm`Mo Vo R>adVmV d _hmam§Zm åhUVmV, "Vwåhr amJmVAmhmV. em§V {MÎmmZ§ {dMma H$am _J H$m` Vo gm§Jm.'

{Vgè`m àhar H$m` Vo `D$Z gm§Jm Ago åhUyZ XmXm gJiçm§Zm Om`cm gm§JVmV.{Vgè`m àharhr _hma òD$Z VoM gm§JVmV. XmXm Ë`m§Zm ~OmdVmV H$s AmO Am~mHw$cH$Ê`m©Mo H$m_ ~KVmo` CÚm nmir _mÂ`mda òB©c Am{U VamimMr H$mR>r KoD$ZVw_À`mn¡H$s EH$mcm _mÂ`mM nwT>§ C^§ amhmd§ cmJoc. {dMma H$am. `mdahr OdmM§ Vdm ~KVmòB©c Ag§ åhUyZ _hma {ZU©`mer R>m_ amhVmV. XmXm g§VmnVmV "_J Ag§ H$a {eXmJwS>¿`mM§ nmJwQ>§ Q>Hw$è`mda R>od Am{U åhZ H$m_ hmoUma Zmhr Am{U Om' Ago Vo amJmdyZåhUVmV.


Ë`m§À`m `m dmŠ`mgaer _hma MynMmn ~gyZ amhVmV. EHo$H$ H$aV gJioOU Vw_À`mMVwH$S>çmda OJcmo`, Vw_À`mer d¡a H$g§ YaUma Ago åhUy cmJVmV, nS>V§ KoVmV.AmH$Ê`mMr g_OyV H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ho Ho$co Ago gm§JVmV. ho EoH$VmM AmH$Ê`m {MS>Vmo d VwåhrH$mhrhr R>adm nU _r dmS>çmV nmD$c R>odUma Zmhr Ago gm§JyZ {ZKyZ OmVmo.

`m KQ>ZoZ§Va df©-ghm _{hÝ`m§Zr EH$Xm Xwnmar XmXm Hw$èhmS> KoD$Z cmHy$S> \$moS>VAgVmV. H$R>rU cmHy$S> Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z \w$Q>V ZgVo. åhmVmam Ord Km_mKy_ hmoVmo. ho gmaoAmH$Ê`m dmS>çmÀ`m ~mhoê$Z ~KV AgVmo. Ë`mcm amhmdV Zmhr d Vmo AmV òD$Z XmXm§ZmåhUVmo, "gam ~mOycm, Vw_r cmHy$S> \$moS>m`cm Am_r H$m` Hw$R>§ Jocy hmoVmo?' Am_mñZr H$màmoJS>m Amcm`? eodQ>r AmH$Ê`m Kar naV òVmo.

X{cV ì`ŠVr {ZanamY Agcr Am{U gdU© ì`ŠVr AÝ`m` H$aUmar, emofU H$aUmarAgcr Var JmdH$ar ~mOy KoVmV Vr gdUm©Mr- `m {dXmaH$ JmdahmQ>rMo {MÌ `m H$WoVC_Q>co Amho. H$WoÀ`m eodQ>mVyZ coIH$mZo gwMdco Amho H$s X{cVm§Zm Z_V§ KoD$ZM dmJmd§cmJV§, Ë`m§Zm _mZ-Apñ_Vm H$mhrM AgVm H$m_m Zò, ZmhrVa OJU§ H$R>rU. AmH$Ê`mÀ`mKar naV òÊ`mV- H$méÊ` Amho. coIH$mZo H$moUVohr ^mî` Z H$aVm Ho$di {MÌ g_moa CôHo$co Amho.

11.2.5 dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV

nmMn§Mdrg PmonS>çm Am{U Amo~S>Ymo~S> ~m§YUrMr Kao Agm ngmam Agcocr dS>madmS>rn§T>anwamg OmUmè`m _moQ>maañË`mÀ`m H$S>ocm dgcocr Amho. añË`mÀ`m H$S>ocm H$Sy>qc~mMoPmS> Amho d Ë`mda \$m§Xrcm EH$ cm§S>Jm AS>H$dyZ R>odcm Amho. n|T>m âcoë`m cm§S>½`mÀ`mAOñÌ YyS>mH$S>o Zdm àdmgr Wm§~yZ nmhVmo. Ë`m qc~mÀ`m gmdcrVM EH$ PmonS>r Amho Am{UË`mVM cjrMm JmS>½`m _S>Š`mMm g§gma WmQ>cm Amho. cjr Am{U {VMm ~mn Ë`mV a|JmiVg§gma H$aV hmoVo.

cjr VéU hmoVr Va {VMm ~mn gÎmar CcQ>cocm åhmVmam hmoVm. cjr {Xdgâ eoUJmoim H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m Jdè`m WmnyZ Ë`m {dH$s. Vr {VÀ`m ~mnmgmaIrM A§JmqnS>mZo {YßnmS>hmoVr. cjrH$S>o _|T>ao hmoVr. Ë`mVcm hè`m _|T>çm åhUOo cjrMm Ord hmoVm. Ë`mcmMmiH$m|S>m-^mH$a VwH$S>m {Xë`mZo Vmo qeJmS>m _|T>m _mOyZ {Q>ŠH$ma Pmcm hmoVm. Zm`JmdÀ`mJwam§À`m OÌoV _|T>çmÀ`m Pw§OrV hè`mMm Jocr VrZ df} n{hcm Z§~a `m`Mm.

EH$ {Xdg cjrMm ~mn Jmdr Jocm AgVmZm amÌr cjrcm ~mhoaMr _|T>ao YS>nS>VAgë`mMo OmUdVo. hè`m _|T>m H$gm`mH$S>o Ý`mdo Vgm AmoaS>VmZm EoHy$ òVmo. cjr ~mhoaOmD$Z ~KVo Vmo EH$ cm§S>Jm _|T>ê$ AmoT>Ê`mgmR>r ~mhoê$Z Hw$S>mcm Tw>í`m _maV AgVmo. cjrPS>n KmcyZ Hw$S>mVyZ AmV Amcoco cm§S>½`m§Mo XmoZ nm` YaVo. cm§S>Jm ñdV:cm gmoS>dyZKoÊ`mMm Iyn à`ËZ H$aVmo. na§Vw cjr Ë`mMo nm` gmoS>V Zmhr. CcQ> KÅ> nH$Sy>Z OmoaOmoamVAmoaSy> cmJVo. dS>madmS>rVrc nmoao H$mR>çm KoD$Z YmdV òVmV d H$mgamZo cm§S>Jm AmdiyZnH$S>VmV. cjrMo gJirH$S>o H$m¡VwH$ hmoVo. H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr Vo AmogaVo. hè`mda _mÌ `mMm

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 1/ 125

n[aUm_ Imocda hmoVmo. amZmV ~mJS>Umam, eoVmV KwgUmam ZmgYyg H$aUmam hè`m Jar~_|T>amgmaIm dmJy cmJVmo. cjrZo Amnco àmU dmMdco `m cjrÀ`m CnH$mamZo X~ë`mgmaImhmoVmo.

cjrMm ~mn hè`mMm Mm§JwcnUm ~Km`cm \$ma {Xdg {Od§V amhV Zmhr. EH$ {Xdgqc~mÀ`m PmS>mcm Q>oHy$Z Vmo S>moio {_Q>Vmo. cjr D$a ~S>dV ~mnmÀ`m àoVmda nS>Vo, aSy> cmJVo.Hw$S>mÀ`m ^moH$mVyZ hè`m _|T>m ho nmhVmo. cjrÀ`m aS>Ê`mZoM A{YH$ Xw:Ir hmoVmo. cjr AmR>-Xhm {Xdg KarM ~gVo. Hw$UrVar {Vcm OodU AmUyZ XoVo Va Hw$Ur _|T>am§nwT>o Mmam Q>mH$Vo.eodQ>r {VMo Xw:I AmogaVo. Vr _|T>am§Zm KoD$Z EH$ {Xdg amZmV OmVo. hè`m amZâ IynAmZ§XmZo ~mJS>Vmo. cjr~amo~a EH$ VaUm _mUyg ~mocVmZm Ë`mcm {XgVo. H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr Vmo_mUyg H$miçm Karhr `m`cm cmJVmo. cjr Ë`mZo {Xcoco H$nS>o KmcyZ q^JarJV {\$ê$ cmJVo.ZmZm T>§J H$am`cm {eH$cocr cjr AmVm hè`mH$S>ohr cj XoV Zmhr. H$miçmgmR>r JmoS>YmoS>H$ê$Z Ë`mcm XJS>mdaÀ`m ImUrda S>~m nmohmooMdÊ`mV Vr JH©$ AgVo. hè`m ho gmao nmhÿZ_ZmVyZ Xw:Ir hmoVmo.

Zì`m ZìhmirMo {Xdg g§nVmV. cjrMo Zer~ nmcQ>Vo. H$miçm {_imcoco n¡go Xmê$VCS>dm`cm cmJVmo. amÌr ^m§S>Uo, _mam_mè`m H$arV òD$ cmJVmo. cjrcm ZeoV ~oX_ _mê$cmJVmo. cjr ghZ H$aVo nU AmVm Vr hè`mH$S>o cj XoD$ cmJVo.

EH$ {Xdg AgmM H$miçm Xmê$À`m ZeoV PmoH$m§S>çm ImV KamV {eaVmo. "Hw$R>o Jocr hmoVr{Xdgâ?' Ago Ë`mZo cjrcm {dMmaVmM "_gUmV' Ago d¡VmJyZ Vr åhUVo d Ë`mcm^mOr-^mH$ar dmT>Vo. H$miçm {MS>Vmo. VmQ>cr \o$Hy$Z XoVmo. "_cm gmJwVr nm{hOo' Ago {VÀ`mA§Jmda AmoaS>Vmo. "XmamVcm _|T>m H$mnVmo åhUOo gmJwVr H$aVm òB©c' Ago Ë`mZo åhUVmMcjr YmdyZ Ë`mÀ`m hmVmVcr Hw$èhmS> H$mTy>Z KoVo. Vgm H$miçmMm nmam MT>Vmo d Vmo cjrcmR>mogo cJmdVmo. cjr {dìhiV Imcr nS>Vo. hè`m gmao Hw$S>mVyZ nmhV AgVmo. Vmo Cgir_maVmo d Xmdo gmoSy>Z _w§S>r Imcr KmcyZ H$miçmda YmdyZ OmVmo. Ë`mÀ`m JwS>¿`mda {e§J_maVmo. Z§Va S>moŠ`mV _maVmo. H$miçm OmJodaM aŠV~§~mi hmoVmo, _aVmo. cjrMm dZdmgg§nVmo.

{Od§V cm§S>Jm nH$S>cocr cjr Am{U H$miçmcm _macocm hè`m gwImZo dS>madmS>rÀ`mdñVrV Zm§Xy cmJVmV.

`m H$WoVrc cú_r ~mn _oë`mda H$miçm dS>mamMm AmYma KoVo. nU Ë`mV {VMr \$gJVhmoVo. Xmê$Mr Zem H$aUmam hm H$miçm hiyhiy cú_rda hþHy$_V JmOdy cmJVmo Am{U AIoahè`mÀ`m d {VÀ`m OrdmdaM CR>Vmo. _|T>m Am{U _mUyg `m§À`mVrc ZmË`mMr hr {dcjU H$WmAmho. AIoa hè`mM cú_rcm H$miçmÀ`m VmdS>rVyZ gmoS>dVmo.


11.3 g_mamon

Á`m nmM H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ AmnU Aä`mgcr Ë`m gd© H$Wm§_Üò "X{cV'dñVrAm{U Ë`m§À`mda AÝ`m` H$aUmao gdU© {XgVmV. AndmX \$ŠV "dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV' `mH$WoMm. ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mdahr BWcr gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Xya Pmcr Zmhr. AmOhr Vr gwáê$nmZo ApñVËdmV Amho. X{cV-gdU© `m g§Kfm©Mr doJdoJir ê$no `m H$Wm§VyZ {XgVmV."dmar' H$WoV H$m`ÚmZo _§{Xa Iwco Pmco Var _ZmVyZ ^rVr, AnamYrnUmMr ^mdZm OmVZmhr, `mMo {MÌ {XgVo, Va "dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV' `m H$WoV AndmXmË_H$ Y¡`© XmIdUmarcú_r Am{U {VÀ`mda Ord cmdyZ Agcocm hè`m _|T>m `m§À`mVrc ZmVo CcJS>Vo. AmVmnwT>rc nmR>mV Cd©[aV H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ Aä`mgm`Mr AmhoV.

11.4 gmam§e

`m nmR>mV Aä`mgcoë`m àËòH$ H$WoÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr X{cV ì`ŠVr Amho. {VMoJmdmer AgUmao g§~§Y AmhoV. X{cVm§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mÀ`m doJdoJiçm ~mOy AmhoV.Ë`m_wio {df_ gm_m{OH$ dmñVdmda ~moQ> R>odUmè`m Aem `m H$Wm AmhoV. X{cV OrdZmMoH$mhr n¡cy Ë`mVyZ nwT>o òVmV.

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 1/ 127

11.2.4 d 11.2.5 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

1) AmH$Ê`m _hma Hw$UmÀ`m KamV gVV dmdaV AgVmo?

2) MmdS>rnwT>o H$moUmMm Ioi Mmcy AgVmo?

3) dS>madmS>rMr dñVr H$moUË`m añË`mda AgVo?

4) hè`m Jar~ _|T>amgmaIm H$m dmJy cmJVmo?

5) ~mn _oë`mda cú_r H$moUmMm AmYma KoVo?


11.2.3

1) Jmo. _m. ndma

2) VamiH$sMo

3) {dQ>micocm Xoh KoD$Z XodimV Om`cm Ë`mMo _Z hmoV Zmhr åhUyZ

4) OmVr` ^m§S>UmMo

11.2.4 d 11.2.5

1) Am~m Hw$cH$UuÀ`m

2) H$moëhmQ>çmMm

3) n§T>anyaÀ`m

4) cm§S>½`mnmgyZ cú_rZo dmMdco `m CnH$mamMo ñ_aU R>odyZ

5) H$miçm dS>mamMm

***


"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 1/ 129

A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 12

"AmoP§'- H$WmZH$ n[aM` 2

12.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, "AmoP§' `m Jmo. _m. ndma g§nm{XV H$Wmg§J«hmVrc nS>H§$ ImonQ>, JmoS>onmUr, nmaYr, JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar Am{U AmoP§ `m H$Wm§À`m H$WmZH$mMm Aä`mg `m nmR>mVH$am`Mm Amho. _yi H$Wm dmMyZ hm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda Vwåhmcm

l nS>H©$ ImonQ>, JmoS>o nmUr, nmaYr, JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar Am{U AmoP§ `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ WmoS>Š`mV {c{hVm `oVrc.

12.1 àmñVm{dH$

X{cV OrdZmÀ`m doJdoJiçm n¡cy§Mo {MÌU H$aUmè`m _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm Jmo. _m. ndma`m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$ë`m AmhoV, ho AmnU nm{hco. AmUIr H$mhr doJio n¡cy AmVm Cd©[aVH$Wm§_YyZ H$go {XgVmV Vo nmhm`Mo Amho. "nS>H§$ ImonQ>' hr XmoZ ^mdm§_Yë`m ào_ Am{UeÌwËd `m§Mr H$Wm Amho. "JmoS>o nmUr' H$WoV gdU© Am{U X{cV `m§À`m g§Kfm©Mm doJimM

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 2/ 131

12.0 C{ÔîQ>o

12.1 àmñVm{dH$

12.2 "AmoP§'_Yrc Cd©[aV H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$

12.2.1 nS>H§$ ImonQ>

12.2.2 JmoS>o nmUr

12.2.3 nmaYr

12.2.4 JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar

12.2.5 AmoP§

12.3 g_mamon

12.4 gmam§e


n¡cy Amho, Va nmaYr O_mVrÀ`m {XZH«$_m~amo~aM {ZdoXH$ Am{U nmaYr `m§À`mVrcVmËH$m{cH$ g§~§YmMo {MÌU "nmaYr' `m H$WoV Amho. "JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar' hr H$Wm "_mUXoer_mUg§'_Yrc ì`pŠV{MÌm§Mr AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoVo, Va "AmoP§' `m H$WoV ehar X[cVm§Mr{dcjU H$m|S>r coIH$mZo XmIdcr Amho. AmVm `m H$Wm§Mm AmnU g[dñVa n[aM` H$ê$ZKoD$.

12.2 "AmoP§'_Yrc Cd©[aV H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$

nS>H§$ ImonQ>§ :

amì`m Am{U ^mì`m ho XmoZ g»Io ^mD$ _m§JdmS>çmV amhV AgVmV. EoZ VméÊ`mVË`m§Zr gmVmam {OëømV Yw_mHy$i KmVcm AgVmo. Vo XamoS>oImoa AgVmV. gmdH$mam§À`m PmonmË`m§Zr CS>dcoë`m AgVmV. ^mì`m-amì`m ho XmooKoM _m§J Q>moirV AgVmV. ~mH$s ~oaS>,H¡$H$mS>r `m§Mm âUm Q>moirV AgVmo. amì`m-^mì`mÀ`m _mJo O§Jc hþgH$V {enmB© _oQ>mHw$Q>rcmAmcoco AgVmV. Varhr Vo XmoKo H$moUmÀ`mM hmVmcm cmJV ZgVmV. amì`m Wmoacm AgVmo.^mì`m Oo hmVmV {_ioc Vo amì`mcm XoV AgVmo. Mmirern`ªV Ë`m§Mm hm CÚmoJ gwê$ AgVmo.EH$Xm amì`m nmo[cgm§Zm gmnS>Vmo. Ë`mcm nmocrg ~oX_ _maVmV Voìhm ^mì`m hOa hmoD$Z_wÔo_mc XmIdVmo d amì`mcm nmM dfmªMr Va ^mì`mcm Mm¡Xm dfmªMr {ejm hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _mJoQ>moir MmohrH$S>o nm§JVo.

nmM dfmªZr amì`m Vwé§JmVyZ gwQ>Vmo. Ë`mÀ`m ImonQ>mV òVmo. Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo XodmKar JobobrAgVo Am{U ZD$ dfmªMm _mVªS>m ZmdmMm nmoaJm JmdmVrb VwH$S>çmda OJV AgVmo. amì`mË`mbm N>mVrer Yê$Z nwÝhm `m \§$XmV Z nS>Ê`mMo R>adVmo. ImonQ>o ZrQ> H$aVmo. EH$ Jm` KoVmo.eoVH$è`m§Zm ZmS>m, g|Xya, Xmdr {dHy$ bmJVmo d MmaMm¡Km§gmaIm COi _mÏ`mZo _m§JdmS>çmVamhÿ bmJVmo. nmoambm n¡bdmZ H$am`Mo R>a{dVmo. nwê$Z R>odboë`m gmoÝ`mÀ`m ZmÊ`mVbo WmoS>oMH$mTy>Z AmUVmo.

ghm dfmªZr VrZ dfmªMr gyQ> {_iyZ ^mì`m gwQy>Z òVmo, Kar òVmo. amì`mbm Ë`mÀ`mòÊ`mZo AmYma {_iVmo. ^mì`mZo b¾ Ho$boco ZgVo. Ë`mbmhr ^mdm{edm`, _mVªS>m{edm`{OdmMo Ago H$moUrM ZgVo. H$mhr {Xdg OmVmV. nU JmdH$sV ^mì`mMo _Z a_V Zmhr. Vmoamì`mÀ`m _mJo bmJVmo H$s, _mVªS>mbm _mÂ`mH$S>o Xo _r Ë`mbm n¡bdmZ H$aVmo Am{U _mPoH$m¡eë` {eH$dVmo. _mJm§M§ nmoa Zmd H$mT>ob, _mP§ Zmd nwT>o Mmbdob, gVVÀ`m ^wU^wUrZoamì`m eodQ>r hmo åhUyZ _mVªS>mbm Ë`mÀ`m ñdmYrZ H$aVmo. _mVªS>m ~KVm ~KVm V`ma hmoVmo.^mì`m Ë`mbm KoD$Z amÌr AnamÌr ~mhoa nSy> bmJVmo d Amnbo H$g~ {eH$dy bmJVmo. _mVªS>mMrVmbr_ d amì`m-^mì`mMr EH$OyQ> nmhÿZ H$mhr _m§J _ZmV Oiy bmJVmV. nmobrghr H$mhr_m§Jm§Zm hmVmer Yê$Z {VKm§À`m _ZmV EH$_oH$m§{df`r {df H$mbdVmV. amì`m-^mì`mbmEH$_oH$m§À`m _ZmV H$mio~oao Amho Ago dmQy> bmJVo. Ë`m§À`m ZOaoV IwZernUm {Xgy bmJVmo.Vo gVV ^m§Sy> bmJVmV. amoOÀ`m _mam_marZo _m§JdmS>m H§$Q>miVmo. n§MmnwT>o àý ZoD$Z àý


gmoS>dm`Mm Ago gJio R>adVmV. n§MmnwT>ohr Ë`m§À`mV dmX hmoVmV. ^m§S>Uo {dH$monmbm OmVmVd VoWoM AmR> {Xdgm§À`m AmV H$mH$mMo _w§S>Ho$ YS>mdoJio H$aÊ`mMr enW _mVªS>m KoVmo. Ë`mMmnU EoHy$Z gJirH$S>o Ii~i _mOVo.

VrZ-Mma {Xdgm§VM ^mì`m namJ§Xm hmoVmo. ghm-gmV {Xdg Pmbo Var Vmo Hw$R>o {XgVZmhr. _mVªS>mbm dmQ>Vo ^mì`m Km~ê$Z nimbm, nU amì`mbm R>mD$H$ AgVo H$s ^mì`mKm~ê$Z niyZ OmUmè`mVbm Zmhr. Vmo nmoambm gmdY amhm`bm gm§JVmo. AmR>dm {XdgCOmS>Vmo. _mVªS>m JmdÀ`m ~mOmamV n¡aUrgmR>r H$mnS> AmUm`bm OmVmo. ~mnmZo {XbobrHw$èhmS> gmo~V AgVo. ~mOmamV JXu AgVo. _mVªS>m H$mnS> KoD$Z n¡aUr {edm`bm Q>mH$Vmo.AS>rM-VrZ Vmgm§V n¡aUr [edyZ {_iUma åhUyZ Vmo ~mOmamV doi H$mT>Vmo. naV `m`bm nmag§Ü`mH$mi hmoVo. b|JadmS>rbm OmUmar nmD$bdmQ> digo KoV KoV OmUmar AgVo. hiyhiyA§Yma hmoVmo. _mVªS>m añË`mZo EH$Q>mM Mmbcobm AgVmo. jUâ Vmo Km~aVmo. H$mhr XJm\$Q>H$mVa hmoUma Zmhr Zm Ago Ë`mbm dmQ>Vo. {IemVbr Hw$èhmS> H$mTy>Z Vr Xm§S>çmbm bmdyZYr_onUmZo Mmby bmJVmo. ^mH$aAmoT>m bmJVmo Am{U EH$ eri EoHy$ òVo. ^mì`m A§YmamVgmWrXmam§Zm KoD$Z _mVªS>mda Hw$èhmS>rMo dma H$aVmo. _mVªS>mbm H$mhrM H$aÊ`mMr g§Yrhr{_iV Zmhr.

gH$mir _mVªS>mMm ~mn Ë`mMr dmQ> ~KV AgVmo. Ë`mbm dmQ>Vo amÌ Pmbr åhUyZJmdmVM H$moUmH$S>o Wm§~bm Amnbm boH$. gH$mir CRy>Z òB©b. XmoZ {Xdg OmVmV _mVªS>m òVZmhr. amì`mÀ`m _ZmV {d{dY {dMma òD$ bmJVmV. H$goVar Mma Kmg ImD$Z Vmo PmonVmo._ÜàmÌr EH$mEH$s CR>Vmo. Hw$èhmS> KoD$Z Vmo ^mì`mÀ`m ImonQ>mnmer òVmo. A§JUmV Km|JS>onm§Kê$Z ^mì`m Pmonbobm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m A§JmdaMo Km|JS>o H$mTy>Z amì`m Ë`mbm _mVªS>m Hw$R>oAmho Vo {dMmaVmo. ^mì`m Km~aVmo. VwÂ`m gmWrXmam§Zr Ë`mbm _mabm Ago åhUVmM ^mì`mbmH$iV Zmhr H$s Ë`mbm gmao Iao H$go g_Obo. ""VyM VwÂ`m dmJUwH$sZo VmoS>bmg Ë`mbm''Ago ^mì`m Ë`mbm åhUVmo. amì`m Ë`mÀ`m _mZoda Hw$èhmS> KmbVmo. ^mì`m amì`mMm Jim Xm~yZYaVmo. åhmVmam amì`m VS>\$S>V OmJrM _aVmo. ^mì`mhr dma bmJë`mZo {dìhiV _aVmo.

^mì`m-amì`m Am{U _mVªS>m `m§Mm Agm eodQ> hmoVmo.

An¥í`m§À`m OrdZmVrb Xw:I ho H$mhr \$º$ gdUmªZr Ë`m§À`mda Ho$boë`m AÝ`m`m_wioM{Z_m©U hmoV, Ago Zmhr. H$Yr Vo Xm[aÐçm_wio hmoVo, Va H$Yr _mZdr d¥Îmr, ñd^md `m§_wiohrXw:I {Z_m©U hmoVo - `mMr `WmW© OmUrd _mS>JyiH$am§Zm Amho. `mMr àMrVr "nS>H§$ ImonQ>§'hr H$Wm XoVo. EH$_oH$m§da OrdmnmS> ào_ H$aUmao amì`m Am{U ^mì`m ho XamoS>oImoa ^mD$ ~o~ZmdPmë`mda EH$_oH$m§Mm Ord ¿`m`bm H$go àd¥Îm hmoVmV, Ë`mMo {MÌU `m H$WoV Amho.

XmoZ ^mdm§Vrb d¡amMo à^mdr Xe©Z KS>{dUmar hr H$Wm Amho.

12.2.2 JmoS>o nmUr

CÝhmù`mMo {Xdg AgVmV. _hmadmS>m XwnmaÀ`m CÝhmZo A{YH$M em§V AgVmo.VŠŠ`mÀ`m g_moa EH$ H$Sw>qb~mMo _moR>o PmS> AgVo d Ë`mbm Q>oHy$Z nmM ghm _hma _§S>ir

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 2/ 133

~gbobr AgVmV. CÝhmù`mV nmÊ`mMr Or Am~mi hmoVo, Ë`mda hiyhiy MMm© gwê$ hmoVo.JUm, g§XrnZ Am{U gmè`m§MoM Ago _V AgVo H$s hm nmÊ`mMm àý gmoS>dbm nm{hOo.ZXrdê$Z nmUr AmUUo AdKS> hmoVo. gJù`m JmdmVM nmÊ`mMm àý {~H$Q> hmoVmo. nU {nÊ`mMoMma KmJar nmUr âbo H$s _amR>m-dmUr bmoH$m§H$S>o AmS> hmoË`m. Ë`mMo Imao nmUr Vo dmnam`bmKoV. _hmam§Mm àý {nÊ`mMm Am{U dmnamÀ`m nmÊ`mMm Agm XmoÝhtMm hmoVm. AÞdómMrhrXXmX hmoVr. {VWo AmVm nmUrhr nwaogo ZìhVo. doVmiZmZm hm _hmadmS>çmVbm åhmVmamH$ma^mar. Ë`mZo AmS> H$mT>m`Mm Cnm` gwMdbm Ë`mda JUm åhUVmo, ""AmS>mbm nmUr bmJobM§H$emdê$Z?'' gJù`m Jmdmbm bmJV§ Va Amnë`mbmhr bmJob. `m Ameoda AmS> H$mT>m`MoR>aVo. nU AmS> ImoXUma H$moU `mda ~arM MMm© hmoD$Z gJù`m§Zr {_iyZ AmS> V`maH$aÊ`mMo R>aVo. doVmiZmZm AmS> ImoXÊ`mÀ`m H$m_mMr _w»` O~m~Xmar KoVmo. nwT>o hmoVmo dgmaoM Ë`mbm XwOmoam XoVmV. Á`m OmJoV AmS> ImoXm`Mm R>aVo Vr OmJm gwH$mXmXm OmYd `mEH$m JmdH$è`mMr AgVo. Vmo _ê$Z ~arM df} Pmbobr AgVmV Am{U Ë`mMr _wbo Xya JmdramhmV AgVmV. Varhr doVmiZmZm Ë`mÀ`m JmdmVë`m ZmVodmB©H$m§Mr nadmZJr ¿`m`MoR>a{dVmo d Ë`m§À`mH$S>o OmÊ`mMo R>adyZ gd©OU VŠŠ`mdê$Z CRy>Z Amnmnë`m {Xeobmnm§JVmV.

Xwgè`m {Xder gH$mir AmR>-XhmOUm§gh `Xy-~Hy$À`m dmS>çmV {eaVmV. BVH$s gJirEH$Ì O_yZ Ambr AmhoV, Voìhm H$mhrVar H$m_ AgUma ho Vmo AmoiIVmo. ~amM doi Am§KmoiH$ê$Z eodQ>r Vmo _hmam§nwT>o òD$Z Ë`m§Zm òÊ`mMo H$maU {dMmaVmo. JUm, doVmiZmZm hiyhiy{df`mH$S>o diV nmÊ`mMm àý \$ma {~H$Q> Agë`mMo `Xy-~Hy$bm gm§JVmV. _J nwÝhmBH$S>M§-{VH$S>M§ ~mobUo hmoVo. AmS> ImoXm`Mr Agë`mMo hiyM doVmiZmZm gm§JVmo. OmJoÀ`mnadmZJr~Ôb H$moUrM ~mobV Zmhr Ago nmhÿZ g§H$è`m EH$X_ _wÔçmMo ~mobyZ _moH$im hmoVmo.IaoXrnÌ H$am d OmJoMr qH$_V gm§Jm Ago WoQ> `Xy ~Hy$ nmQ>bmbm gm§{JVë`mZo Vmo jUâXMH$Vmo. "Aao, _mimda ~mo§~bm`bm nmQ>bmMr nadmZJr H$embm?' Ago åhUyZ "Om ImoXmAmS>' Aer nadmZJr _hmam§Zm XoVmo. _hma_§S>ir g§Vwï> hmoD$Z dmS>çmV naVVmV.

R>aë`mà_mUo Hw$Xi hmUbr OmVo. ^y{_nyOm hmoVo. _moR>r {dhra nmS>m`Mm {dMma R>aVmo.ImoXm`bm gwédmV hmoVo. amoO gH$minmgyZ g§Ü`mH$min`ªV ImoXH$m_ gwê$ AgVo. XmoZ hmVMma hmV H$aVm H$aVm {dhra hiyhiy Imob Om`bm bmJVo. ~m`H$m nmoao nmQ>çm CMbm`bm_XV H$ê$ bmJVmV. JmdmV Ë`mMr MMm© hmoVo. nU _hma AmS> H$arV AmhoV, ñdV:Mm VaH$aoZmV H$s `mnbrH$S>o H$moUmbm Ë`mV A{YH$ ñdmañ` ZgVo. EH$ {Xdg Hw$XirgaernS>bobo ^moH$ nmÊ`mZo âVo Am{U _§S>ir OÒ`H$ma H$aVmV. ~mV_r _hmadmS>çmV nmoMVod gJim dmS>m {d{harnmer O_m hmoVmo. nmÊ`mMr `Wmgm§J nyOm hmoVo d doVmiZmZm n{hë`m§XmnmUr {nVmo. nmUr JmoS> AgVo. gd©OUm§Zm Amü`© dmQ>Vo d AmZ§Xhr hmoVmo.

_hmam§À`m {d{harbm nmUr bmJbo `mda JmdH$è`m§Mm {dœmg ~gV Zmhr. nmUr JmoS>oAgë`mMr ~mV_r Jmdâ ngaVo. gJio Jmd g§Ü`mH$mir Xodimnmer O_Vo d nmÊ`mMrMm¡H$er gwê$ hmoVo. doVmiZmZm nmUr bmJë`mMo d Vo JmoS> Agë`mMo _méVrÀ`m nmàrbm{edyZ gm§JVmo. Xwgè`mMr OmJm Xm§S>Jmì`mZo KoD$Z Ë`mV {dhra H$mT>ë`m~Ôb Vwåhmbm {ejm


H$am`bm hdr Ago dmUr åhUVmo. nmQ>rbhr _J _hmam§Zm nadmZJr XoUmam _r H$moU Aer^y{_H$m KoVmo. gJio _hma AmVm Km~aVmV. H$moQ>m©V _m_bm OmUma Ago gm§JVmM Vgo ZH$aÊ`mgmR>r J`md`m H$aVmV.

amÌâ VŠŠ`mnwT>o ~gyZ Ic H$aVmV Am{U gH$mir CRy>Z _w»` JmdH$è`m§Mo nm`YaVmV. {dZdÊ`m H$aVmV. JmdH$ar Ho$ë`m H$m_mMo WmoS>o n¡go _hmam§À`m hmVr R>odyZ {dhraAmnë`m Vmã`mV KoVmV. Vr ~m§YyZ KoD$Z Ë`mda AmS> ~gdVmV. _hmadmS>çmÀ`m ~mOyZoH$mQ>oar Vma bmdyZ {dhra Amnë`m hÔrV H$ê$Z KoVmV. H$Yr EImÚm _hmaUrZo EImXr KmJanmUr _m{JVbo Va "`m§À`mda CnH$ma H$am`Mr gmo` Zmhr' Ago dmÊ`m-~m_UmÀ`m ~m`H$m{MSy>Z åhUVmV.

JmdH$ar EH$OwQ>rZo Añn¥í` O_mVrda H$gm AÝ`m` H$aVmV, ñdmWunUmnm`r_mUwgH$sbmhr {H$Vr nmoaHo$ hmoVmV, `mMo {MÌU _mS>JyiH$am§Zr `m H$WoV Ho$bo Amho. VgoMEadr nmÊ`mbm {edy Z XoUmao JmdH$ar _hmam§Zr Ho$bobo H$ï>, Ë`m§Zr ImoXbobr {dhra H$erMmbdyZ KoVmV - `m XwQ>ßnrnUmMohr Xe©Z hr H$Wm KS>dVo. _Zmbm CXmg H$aUmè`m {dnarVì`dhmamMo {MÌ `m H$WoV boIH$mZo a§Jdbo Amho.

12.2.3 nmaYr

J«m_rU _mUgmÀ`m OrdZmer ~cwVoXma Ogo {ZJ{S>V AgVmV VgoM CnOr{dHo$gmR>rJmdmda Adc§~yZ AgUmao ^Q>Ho$ d Am{Xdmgr cmoH$hr AgVmV. _mS>JyiH$am§À`mH$Wm{dídmV Aem ^Q>Š`m O_mVtMohr {MÌU òVo. nmaYr `m H$WoV AgoM nmaYr O_mVrMo{MÌU Amco Amho.

{ZdoXH$mÀ`m amZmV \$mgonmaÜ`m§Mr XmoZ nmc§ XmIc hmoVmV. {_Ry> {enmB© ZmdmÀ`m VéUnmaÜ`mH$Sy>Z Vmo Ë`m§Mr gJir _m{hVr H$mTy>Z KoVmo. {ZdoXH$mÀ`m PmonS>rV ~§XyH$ ~KyZ Ë`mMmYra MonVmo Am{U Vmo {MVwa _mê$Z Úm`Mm d Ë`m ~Xë`mV Vo {JYmS> _maUma. {XdgânmaÜ`m§Mr nmoao \$mgo KoD$Z H$m_{Jarda {ZKVmV Am{U {ZdoXH$ {JYmS>mÀ`m _mJmda {ZKVmo.{ZdoXH$cm {JYmS> {_imdo åhUyZ nmaYr EH$m Hw$Í`mcm _mê$Z Q>mH$VmV. (_ocoë`m OZmdamda{JYmS>o òVmV åhUyZ.) g§Ü`mH$mir {ZdoXH$cm {JYmS> {JiVo; nU Vmoda nmaÜ`m§Mr nmc§ CRy>ZJococr AgVmV. Ë`m_wio "XmoZ Ord \w$H$Q> Joë`mZo' {ZdoXH$mMm am_moer {_Ì hihiVmo.IoS>oJmdmV Oo gm_y{hH$ OrdZ _mUgo OJVmV Ë`m_wio chmZnUrM _mS>JyiH$am§dag_mOmVrc gJiçm ñVamVrc ì`ŠVr d Ë`m§Mo OrdZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm {Z_m©U Pmcr.VgoM g§ñH$ma Pmco. `m cmoH$m§{df`r Ë`m§Zm _Zmo_Z OdirH$ dmQ>Vo, hohr `m H$WoVyZOmUdVo.

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 2/ 135


1) "AmoP§'_Üò _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m H$Wm g§nm{XV Ho$ë`m AmhoV?

2) _mVªS>m Hw$UmMm _wcJm AgVmo?

12.2.4 : JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar

"_mUXoer _mUg§'_Üò Oem ì`pŠV{MÌUmË_H$ H$Wm§Mm g_mdoe Amho VerM "JmoqdXmH$mVH$ar' hrgwÕm ì`pŠV{MÌUmË_H$ H$Wm Amho.

nwÊ`mÀ`m OdiÀ`m KmoQ>dS>o JmdmOdi JmoqdXm H$mVH$arMr PmonS>r Amho. VmoH$mVH$è`m§Mm Zm`H$ Amho. nwÊ`mcm ^mD$gmho~ MìhmUm§H$S>o Vmo H$Yr_Yr òVmo. "{eH$ma'MË`mMo OrdZmMo gmYZ nU Amho Am{U gmÜ`hr. Ë`m_wio amZSw>H$amgmaIm àmUr amZmV {XgcmH$s Vmo ^mD$gmho~m§Zm {eH$marMr Ji KmcVmo. ^mD$gmho~m§Mm VéU _wcJm {edmOr -hmMH$WoMm {ZdoXH$ Amho. {_Ìm§Zm Jmoim H$ê$Z JmoqdXm~amo~a OmVmo.

JmoqdXmMo A»Io Am`wî`M amZmV Joë`mZo Ë`mMr K«mU|{Ðò A{Ve` VrúU, eara H$mQ>H$Am{U d¥ÎmrV YmS>g nwaonya âcoco. EH$Xm A§Jmda òUmè`m amZSw>ŠH$amcm hþcH$mdUrXoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo Pon KoD$Z daÀ`m Omirda CS>r _maVmo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ImcyZ Sw>ŠH$a {ZKyZOmVo. Aem JmoqdXmÀ`m H$am_Vr, Ë`mMo amZmVco OJUo `m H$WoV òVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVrÀ`m`m JmoqdXmcm ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í` {_imco, Hw$UmnmgyZ {_imco Vo _mhrV Zmhr. OnmZdaAUw~m±~ nS>cm, ho _mhrV Zmhr. ~mam _{hZo nmMdrcm Xm[aÐçM nyOë`m_wio hr O_mV "nmoQ>Monmoa gmoSy>Z H$mhrhr ImVo.' AmVm CVmad`mVë`m JmoqdXmcm AOyZhr {eH$marMm ZmX Amho;C_oX Amho. nU {ZdoXH$mcm _mhrV Amho H$s Vmo AmVm WmoS>çmM {Xdgm§Mm gmo~Vr Amho.

\$ma WmoS>çm àg§Jm§VyZ coIH$ JmoqdXm H$mVH$è`mMo AdKo OJUo `m H$WoVyZ Amnë`mg_moa _m§S>Vmo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVrÀ`m OJÊ`mMo {MÌU Ë`mVyZ AZm`mgoM gmYVo. ehar_mUgmcm XmoZ {Xdg "M|O' åhUyZ Agco OJUo AmH$f©H$ dmQ>Vo; nU gVV {VWoMamhUmè`mcm OJÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr g§Kf© H$amdm cmJVmo - Vo `m H$WoVyZ {XgVo.

12.2.5 : AmoP§

_w§~B©Vë`m nwcmÀ`m AmS>moí`mcm dgcoë`m J{cÀN> dñVrV cmS>m~mB© d {VMm ZdamamhmV AgVmV. àM§S> ahXmar, gVV dmhZm§Mo AmdmO, ~m`H$m§Mm H$cH$cmQ>, nmoamgmoam§MmJm|Yi Am{U dñVrVcr KmU `m gmè`mVM Ë`m§Mm g§gma gwê$ AgVmo. cmS>m~mB©Mo ~mi§VnUOdi Amcoco AgVo Am{U Ë`mMrM qMVm {VÀ`m Zdè`mcm cmJcocr AgVo.

EH$ {Xdg cmS>m~mB© gVam a§JmMr {MaJwQ>§ Q>mHy$Z ~gcr AgVm "AmVm Owio hmoUma H$sH$m`?' `m qMVoZo {VMo H$mirO WaWaVo d Vr hr Ion gmVdr H$s AmR>dr Vo AmR>dy cmJVo.EH$ nmoa nmoQ>mVyZ JococoM OÝ_mcm Amco, EH$ nmoaJr Xhm {Xdgm§Mr Pmcr Z _ocr. EH$ _YoM


3) "JmoS>o nmUr'_Yrc X{cV Á`m OmJr {dhra ImoXVmV Vr OmJm Hw$UmMr AgVo?

4) nmaYr H$Wm {ZdoXH$mer H$m` ~mocr R>adVmV?

5) {ZdoXH$mMm am_moer {_Ì H$m hihiVmo?

Zmgc§ XmoZ OJcr. Zmå`m AmR> dfmªMm Pmcm d ê$gyZ {ZKyZ Jocm. OJÝ`mcm hm°Q>ocmV ZmoH$arcmJcr åhUyZ Vmohr Jocm. gmoZr Voam dfmªMr Pmë`mda EH$mMm hmV Yê$Z niyZ Jocr.cmS>m~mB© OÝ_mcm KmVcoë`m coH$am§Mm {heo~ OwidV AgVmZmM {VMm Zdam gmo_m aÔr{dHy$Z gmV AmUo {IemV KoD$Z KamV {eaVmo. XmamoXma qhSy>Z aÔr O_m H$ê$Z Vr {dHy$Z VmoñdV:Mm g§gma H$gm~gm aoQ>V AgVo. Ë`mV cmS>m~mBªÀ`m ~mi§VnUmMr qMVm Ë`mcm ñdñW~gy XoV ZgVo. gmo_mMo åhUUo AgVo H$s {VZo ~marH$ gmarH$ Mmoar H$ê$Z Vwé§JmV OmdoåhUOo {VMo ~mi§VnU ZrQ> hmoB©c, {ejm \$ma ìhm`Mr Zmhr. CcQ> ~mi§VnUmMr gmo` hmoB©c.cmS>m~mB©cm ho nQ>V ZgVo, n¡gm Zmhr åhUyZ Mmoar H$ê$Z Vwé§JmV Omdo, ñdV:Mr A~«y gmoS>mdrho {Vcm _wirM nQ>V ZgVo. gmo_m {VMr g_OyV H$mT>Vmo H$s nmdgmim Vm|S>mda Amcm`, KagJirH$Sy>Z JiUma. Ë`mV AmOmanU Amco Va H$go H$aUma? cmS>m~mB© `mda H$mhrM ~mocVZmhr. amÌâ {dMma H$aVo. ~m`H$m ~mi§VnUmgmR>r _mhoar OmVmV. AmnU Vwé§JmV H$goOm`Mo? eodQ>r {dÇ>cmda gmam ^ma Q>mHy$Z Pmonr OmVo.

Xwgè`m {Xder Xwnmar cmS>m~mB© Im§Úmda nmoVo Q>mHy$Z ~mhoa nS>Vo d Mm§Jcr dñVr JmRy>ZË`mVyZ qhSy> cmJVo. [aH$m_o S>~o, ~mQ>cr Jmoim H$aVm H$aVm EImXr Mmoar H$am`Mm [VMm {dMmaAgVmo. {\$aVm {\$aVm Vr EH$m ~§Jë`mÀ`m AmdmamV {eaVo. ~§Jë`mV Hw$Ìm ZgVmo daIdmcXmahr ZgVmo. cmS>m~mB© {IS>H$sVyZ S>moH$mdyZ H$m` MmoaVm òB©c Vo nmhÿ cmJVo.Q>o~cmda Mm§XrMm Vm§ã`m d ^m§S>o {Vcm {XgVo. Vr A§XmO KoD$Z Xma CKSy>Z AmV OmVo dVm§ã`m-^m§S>o CMcyZ nmoË`mV KmcVo. {VMo H$mirO YmS>YmS> CS>V AgVo. Xma hcHo$MAmoTy>Z Vr ~mhoa òVo. Varhr ~§Jë`mMr _mcH$sU OmJr hmoVM Zmhr. Amncr Mmoar H$moUrnm{hcrM Zmhr `m {dMmamZo cmS>m~mB© Jm|YiyZ OmVo. BH$S>o{VH$S>o ~KV Vr âmâm\$mQ>H$mH$S>o òVo. VodT>çmV eoOmaÀ`m ~§Jë`mVrc _mir YmdV òD$Z {VMo _ZJQ> JnH$ZYaVmo d niVog Hw$R>o åhUyZ {dMmaVmo. _mcH$sU~mBªZm CR>dyZ cmS>m~mB©Zo Vm§ã`m-^m§S>oMmoaë`mMo gm§JVmo. Mm¡H$sV KoD$Z OmVmo, Agohr ~mBªZm åhUVmo. cmS>m~mB© Km~aVo. {Vcm Km_\w$Q>Vmo. _mcH$sU Vm§ã`m-^m§S>o Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVo. {Vcm _yc-~mi ZgVo. VrcmS>m~mB©H$S>o ~KyZ {Vcm "{H$Vdm _{hZm' Ago ào_mZo {dMmaVo. cmS>m~mB©cm aSy>M \w$Q>Vo."{Xdg âV Amco AmhoV _mPo, _cm _mê$ ZH$m' Ago Vr AJ{VH$nUo åhUVo. _mcH$sU {VcmgmoSy>Z XoVo. cmS>m~mB© "cB© CnH$ma Pmco ~Jm! nwÞm ÝhmB© _r Aer H$am`Mr' Ago åhUyZ _mJoZ ~KVm KamH$S>o naVVo. g§Ü`mH$mir gmo_mcm gm§JyZ Q>mH$Vo H$s _r PmS>mÀ`m AmSw>í`mcm~mi§V hmoB©Z, ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mV nmoa YwdoZ nU Vwé§JmV OmUma Zmhr.

Xm[aÐçm_wio _mUgo Hw$R>ë`m Wamn`ªV OmVmV, Ë`m§Mm ^md{ZH$ H$m|S>_mam {H$Vr {dXmaH$AgVmo `mMo {MÌU "AmoP§' `m H$WoV nhmd`mg {_iVo. VgoM J[a~rVhr AmnU A~«y gmoS>mdrAm{U Mmoar H$ê$Z Vwé§JmV Omdo hohr cmS>m~mB©cm nQ>V Zmhr - Ë`mdê$Z {VMr ñdËdOnÊ`mMr d¥Îmr {XgVo. "OJU§' hoM H$g§ AmoP§ hmoD$Z ~gV§ - ho hr H$Wm gwMdVo.

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 2/ 137

12.3 g_mamon

X{cV OrdZmÀ`m doJdoJiçm n¡cy§Mo {MÌU H$aUmè`m ̀ m H$Wm§Vrc dmVmdaU J«m_rU Amho.AndmX \$ŠV "AmoP§' `m H$WoMm. hr H$Wm ehamV KS>Vo; nU J«m_rU H$m` qH$dm ehar H$m`-dmVmdaUmMmM \$aH$. X{cVm§À`m g_ñ`oMo _yi Añn¥í`Vm, AkmZ Am{U Xm[aÐçmV Amho.ho Ë`mVyZ ñnîQ> hmoVo. _m§J XamoS>oImoa Agmo dm JmdmVcr X{cV dñVr, nmaYr Agmo dmH$mVH$ar - gJiçm§Mo àíZ ApñVËdmMo _yi àíZ AmhoV. _mS>JyiH$a hr gd© {MÌo A{Ve`ghmZw^yVrZo Am{U g§doXZercVoZo a§JdVmV. AmVm nwT>rc nmR>mV AmnU `m H$Wmg§J«hmMoX{cV Am{U J«m_rU {deof A{YH$ Vn{ecmV OmD$Z Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

12.4 gmam§e

darc nmR>mV AmnU Á`m H$Wm Aä`mgë`m `m_Ü`o "nS>H§$ ImonQ>' `m H$WoV _m§JXamoS>oImoa ^mdm§_Yrc d¡_Zñ` H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. "JmoS>o nmUr' hr gdU© JmdH$ar Am{U X{cVdñVr `m§À`mVrc emofH$-emo{fV ZmVog§~§Y àH$memV AmUUmar H$Wm Amho Va "nmaYr' d"JmoqdX H$mVH$ar' `m H$Wm§VyZ nmaYr d H$mVH$ar cmoH$m§Mo OJUo H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. "AmoP§' `mH$WoV EH$m X{cV OmoS>ß`mnwT>Mr g_ñ`m Amho. Aem àH$mao X{cV OrdZmMo doJdoJio n¡cy `mH$Wm Xe©dVmV.



1) Jmo[d§Xm H$mVH$ar Hw$R>o amhmV hmoVm?

2) H$mVH$atMm _w»` ì`dgm` H$moUVm?

3) gmo_m Am{U cmS>m~mB©nwT>o H$moUVr _hÎdmMr g_ñ`m AgVo?

4) gmo_m cmS>m~mB©cm H$moUVm _mJ© gwMdVmo?

5) cmS>m~mB© H$moUË`m dñVy MmoaVo?


12.2.3

1) X{cV OrdZmVrc doJdoJiçm n¡cy§Mo {MÌU H$aUmè`m

2) amì`mMm

3) gwH$mXmXm OmYd

4) {ZdoXH$mZo EH$ {JYmS> _mê$Z Úm`Mo Ë`m ~Xë`mV nmaYr {MVya nH$Sy>Z XoUma

5) XmoZ Ord \w$H$Q> Joë`m_wio.

12.2.3

1) nwÊ`mOdiÀ`m KmoQ>dS>o JmdmZOrH$

2) amZmVrc H§$X, \$io Jmoim H$aUo d {eH$ma

3) cmS>m~mB©Mo ~mi§VnU

4) gmo_m cmS>m~mB©cm MmoargmaIm EImXm JwÝhm H$ê$Z Vwé§JmV OmÊ`mMm d {VWo~mi§VnU CaH$Ê`mMm _mJ© gwMdVmo.

5) cmS>m~mB© Mm§XrMo Vm§ã`m-^m§S>o MmoaVo.

***

"AmoP§' : H$WmZH$ n[aM` - 2/ 139


A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> :13

"AmoP§' : X{bV d J«m_rU {deof

13.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu{_Ìm§Zmo, "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmVrb gd© H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ AmnU Aä`mgbr. VrAä`mgVmZm gVV J«m_rU OrdZ, X{bV OrdZ Ago eãXà`moJ AmnU Ho$bo. AmVm J«m_rUd X{bV åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` d _miJyiH$am§À`m H$Wmg¥ï>rV `m {deofm§Mm H$gH$gm àË```oVmo, Ë`mMr {M{H$Ëgm H$am`Mr Amho. "AmoP§' dmMë`mda Am{U hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mdaVwåhmbm -

"AmoP§' : X{cV d J«m_rU {deof / 141

13.0 C{Ôï>o13.1 àmñVm{dH$13.2 _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ {XgUmao

J«m_rU d X{bV OrdZmMo {deof13.2.1 H$Wm§_Ybr nmÌoo13.2.2 H$WoVrb dmVmdaU13.2.3 J«m_rU OrdZmVrb Xm[aÐç13.2.4 nmUr : nmÊ`mgmR>r dUdU

13.3 Añgb J«m_rU H$Wm13.3.1 H$WoMo ~rO/Ame`/{df` `m§Mr Añgb J«m_rUVm

13.4 J«m_rU ~mobr ^mfoMm dmna13.5 "AmoP§'_Yrb X{bV OrdZmMo {deof

13.5.1 Añn¥í`Vm13.5.2 AkmZ13.5.3 Xm[aÐç13.5.4 gdUmªH$Sy>Z hmoUmao emofU



l _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm§_YyZ {XgUmar J«m_rU OrdZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço {b{hVm òVrb

l _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm§VyZ {XgUmao X{bV OrdZmMo {deof {b{hVm òVrb.

13.1 àmñVm{dH$

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV _hmamï´>mVrb ehao AmOÀ`m BVH$s _moR>r Pmbobr ZìhVr.Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU \$mago Pmbobo ZìhVo. ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Mm ì`dgm` eoVr hmM hmoVm.gmh{OH$M ~hþg§»` bmoH$ IoS>çm§_YyZ dm bhmZ bhmZ Jmdm§_YyZ amhUmao hmoVo.XiUdiUmMr gmYZo {dH${gV Pmbobr ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio IoS>r ~hþYm ñd`§nyU© hmoVr åhUOoIoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ JaOm ghgm IoS>çmVyZM ^mJdë`m Omì`m, Agm bmoH$m§Mmà`ËZ hmoVm. gwVma, bmohma, Ýhmdr, Mm§^ma, _hma, _m§J, am_moer B. ~bwVoXma ho Ë`m_wioJ«m_OrdZmMo An[ahm`© KQ>H$ AgV. Ë`m§À`m{edm` JmdmMo d Jmdm{edm` Ë`m§Mo OJUoAdKS> hmoVo. _mS>JyiH$a Á`m àXoemV _moR>o Pmbo Vmo _mUXoe d VoWrb _mUgo `m§Mo X¡Z§{XZOJUohr AgoM nañnam§da Adb§~yZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `m bmoH$m§da, àË`j AZw^dmda {b{hVmZmgmh{OH$M VËH$mbrZ J«m_rU d X{bV {dœ Ë`m§À`m H$Wm-H$mX§~è`m§VyZ {M{ÌV Pmbobo{XgVo.

13.2 _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ {XgUmao

J«m_rU d X{bV OrdZmMo {deof

Jmo. _m. ndma `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho, ""J«m_OrdZmVrb gm_m{OH$VoMm gm_½«`mZo {dMma Ho$bmVa, Añn¥í` dJ© hm VoWrb gm_m{OH$VoMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Amho, ho Amnë`mbm Ü`mZmV¿`mdo bmJVo. Voìhm Jmdmer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m `m X{bVdJu`m§Mo {MÌU H$aÊ`mMr jåmVmEImÚm J«m_rU boIH$mV {H$VnV Amho, `mdê$Z Ë`mMr J«m_rU boIH$ åhUyZ AgUmarg_¥ÕVm, ì`mnH$Vm d Ë`mMm AñgbnUm AmnU AO_mdy eH$Vmo. J«m_rU boIH$ d X{bVOrdZmMo {MÌU `m§Mm g§~§Y Amho, Vmo Aem àH$maMm.'' Voìhm J«m_rU boIH$mÀ`m boIZmVyZX{bV OrdZmMo {MÌU AgUo, hr ~m~ A{Ve` ñdm^m{dH$ Amho. "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmVrbX{bV OrdZmbm J«m_rU nmœ©^y_r bm^bobr Amho. `m J«m_OrdZmMo {deof ñnï>nUo _m§S>VmòVmV. "AmoP§' hr H$Wm \$º$ ehar nmœ©^y_rda KS>Vo. AÝ` gd© H$Wm KS>VmV J«m_rUn[agamV! `m H$Wm§_Yrb nmÌo J«m_rU AmhoV, Vr IoS>çmV amhmV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo OJUo EH$m{d{eï> nÕVrMo Amho. Ë`m§Mo Oo àý AmhoV, Vohr Ë`m§À`m J«m_OrdZmer AJXr KÅ> ZmVogm§JUmao AmhoV. ho àý {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg {VWbo dmVmdaU Am{U {VWbm na§nam{à` g_mOH$maUr^yV Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU OrdZm~Ôb {b{hVmZm Amnë`mbm `m gJù`m§Mm {dMmaH$amdm bmJVmo.


13.2.1 H$Wm§_Yrb nmÌo

"AmoP§' `m g§J«hmVrb n§Yam H$Wm§n¡H$s Mm¡Xm H$Wm `m J«m_rU ^mJmV KS>VmV. gmh{OH$MË`mVrb nmÌohr J«m_rU AmhoV. H$Wm§Mr erf©Ho$ nm[hbr Var Ë`mVyZhr Amnë`mbm ho OmUdVo.CXm. Xodm gQ>dm _hma, Y_m© am_moer, am_m _¡bHw$br, Zm_m _mñVa, {eXm Mm§^ma, JUm _hma,nmaYr d JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar B. Ë`m Ë`m ì`º$sMm noemhr Ë`mdê$Z bjmV òVmo. H$Wm§À`mg§»òdê$Zhr boIH$mbm J«m_rU X{bV OrdZm{df`r {H$Vr AmñWm Amho ho g_OVo. gwVma,bmohma, Ýhmdr, Mm§^ma, _hma B. ho gJio ~bwVoXma åhUOo J«m_OrdZmMo H$Um hmoVo. Jmd Am{U~bwVoXma `m§Mo X¡Z§{XZ OJUoM EH$_oH$m§da Adb§~yZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio "AmoP§' _Üò "VambH$s'H$aUmam Xodm gQ>dm _hma Amho. Zm_m _mñVa hm V_memV T>mobH$s dmOdUmam _m§J Amho. am_m_¡bHw$br hm ìhab (Mm§^ma) Amho. Y_m© am_moer hm am_moer Amho. "dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV'_Üò dS>ma AmhoV. JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar hm H$mVH$ar Amho, nmaYr AmhoV. _mS>JyiH$a Á`mH$mimV `m H$Wm {b{hV hmoVo Ë`m H$mimVrb J«m_rU _hmamï´>mV H$moUH$moUË`m OmVr-O_mVrhmoË`m, Ë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço H$m` hmoVr `mMo gd© a§J Vo CbJSy>Z XmIdVmV. AmO `mJ«m_OrdZmMm \$magm _mJ_yg Cabobm Zmhr.

13.2.2 H$WoVrb dmVmdaU

_mS>JyiH$am§Mr g§doXZerbVm J«m_OrdZmVrb d¡{eîQ>çm§Zr KS>bobr Amho. J«m_OrdZmMogyú_ {ZarjU Am{U Ë`mVyZ S>moù`m§nwT>o Cô amhUmao dmVmdaU hm Ë`m§À`m H$Wm§Mm _hÎdmMm{deof Amho. IoS>çm§Mo, IoS>çmVrb _hma dñVrMo, dS>madmS>rMo, {VWë`m Kam§Mo, _mUgm§Mo d{ZgJm©Mo dU©Z {OWo òVo {VWo ho d¡{eîQ>ç R>iH$nUo ZOaoV âVo.

CXm. "Xodm gQ>dm _hma' `m H$WoVrb Xodm hm Vami JmdmV Xodr H$mT>Umam S>m°ŠQ>a òUmaåhUyZ {Xdgâ nmQ>bmÀ`m hþH$_mdê$Z Cnmer nmoQ>r am~Vmo, gmè`m§Zm MmdS>rda òÊ`mgmR>rAZoH$Xm gm§JyZ òVmo. Varhr eodQ>r H$moUrM Ambo Zmhr åhUyZ {MSy>Z S>m°ŠQ>a Xodm VamibmM{eì`m KmbVmo. Ë`mMm An_mZ H$aVmo. g§nyU© X{bVm§ZmM Ë`m§À`m OmVrdê$Z dmQ>ob Vo ~mobVmo!ho ghZ Z hmoD$Z Xodm S>m°ŠQ>ada nm`VmU CJmaVmo. AIoarg Ë`mbm Vwé§JmV Omdo bmJVo.

`m H$WoVrb gwédmVrMo dU©Z ~Km.

"ZwH$VrM {XdobmJU Pmbr hmoVr. amZmVyZ naVboë`m Hw$admS>çmÀ`m ~m`H$m§Zr KmB©KmB©ZoMwbr noQ>dë`m hmoË`m Am{U Q>monë`mVbo nrQ> H$mQ>dQ>mV KoD$Z ^mH$ar ~S>dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m\$VH$b KmbyZ ~gë`m hmoË`m.' (n¥.1) qH$dm ""ImonQ>çmÀ`m ~mhoaM Y_m© CÝhmÀ`m {VanobmnwT>çmV Wmir KoD$Z doS>mdmH$S>m ~gbm hmoVm. H$_aobm Ho$di EH$ hmVâ YS>nm hmoVm.H$memÀ`m bIbIrV WmirV H$gë`mVar nmbo^mOrMm CH$S>bobm bJXm Am{U Vm§~S>çma§JmMr AYu, VrZ MVH$moa ^mH$ar hmoVr. ~mOybm R>odboë`m nmÊ`mÀ`m Vm§ã`mda EH$ hmV R>odyZY_m© EH$ EH$ Kmg gmdH$me ImV hmoVm.'' (n¥ð>13) Aem dU©ZmVyZ IoS>çmVë`m em§VOrdZmMr OmUrd hmoVo. Ë`mMdoir Myb, H$mQ>dQ>, H$memMr Wmir B. dñVy§À`m C„oImVyZXm[aÐçmMrhr OmUrd hmoVo. H$_rV H$_r JaOm AgUmè`m _mUgm§Mo OJUo _Zmda R>gVo.


""ImbMr O_rZ IS>~S>rV hmoVr. Hw$R>§ IÈ>o nS>bo hmoVo, Va Hw$R>o _wa_mMo Ym|S>o da AmbohmoVo. ~mhoaÀ`m ~mOybmM nmÊ`mMm am§OU amodbm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mda cmH$S>mM§ PmH$U hmoV§.ncrH$S>o {MnmS>mMm Am{U H$mQ>Š`mHw$Q>Š`m§Mm T>rJ hmoVm. amZeoUr hmoË`m. EH$m H$monè`mV eoir~m§Ybr hmoVr. {VMr T>mona§ {ZKmbr hmoVr. nwT>§ Q>mH$boë`m ~mîrÀ`m S>hmù`m§da Vr YS>nS>VhmoVr Am{U ZmH$mZ§ AmdmO H$arV hmoVr.'' (n¥.19) ho am_m _¡bHw$brÀ`m Kam~mhoaÀ`mn[agamMo dU©Z ~Km.

""b|JadmS>rV _m§JdmS>çmÀ`m AJXr H$S>obm bmJyZ Vo ImonQ> Amho. Joë`m gmbÀ`mhñVmÀ`m nmdgmV Ë`mMr Amo~S>Ymo~S> nmUq^V T>mgiyZ ^bo_moR>o qIS>ma nS>bo Amho. Ë`mVyZAmVbo _moH$io H$moZmS>o, Iw§Q>çm, CIUboë`m q^Vr {XgVmV. ganUmMr dmU nS>br åhUOoeoOmar nmOmar EImXm dmgm hbŠ`m hmVmZo H$mTy>Z KoD$Z Mwbrbm bmdVmV. Ë`m_wio daMoH$mS>mMo N>ßnagwÕm OmJOmJr {dgH$Q>bo Amho.... nmdgmù`mV q^VmS>mda {hadoJma JmdVVamabo, åhUOo _m§JdmS>çmVrb eoaS>oH$aS>o _w§S>çm dmH$S>çm H$ê$Z T>mgiboë`m XJS>m§dê$ZCS>çm _marV q^Vrda MT>VmV. Am{U Ë`m JdVmMm _wS>mnm H$aVmV.'' (n¥.75) ho "nS>H§$ImonQ>§' H$WoVrb amì`m^mì`mÀ`m ImonQ>mM§ dU©Z ~Km. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Kam§Mo, PmonS>çm§Mo{MÌ Ë`mVyZ Cô amhVo.

"Am{S>Q>' H$WoV MmdS>rV ìhabm§Zm JmdH$ar _mahmU H$aVmV (n¥. 58), "JmoS>o nmUr'H$WoVrb JmdmOdiyZ dmhUmè`m ZXrMo nmUr âUo (n¥. 91), "nmaYr' H$WoVrb nmaÜ`m§Monmb amZmV nS>ë`mdaMo dU©Z (n¥. 104) Aer {H$VrVar dU©Zo J«m_rU n[agamMo doJdoJion¡by ñnï> H$aVmV Am{U H$Yrhr J«m_rU n[aga Z nm{hboë`mbmgwÕm S>moù`m§g_moa Vmo n[agaC^m H$aÊ`mMr VmH$X `m dU©Zm§_Üò Amho.

H$WoÀ`m n[aUm_mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {dMma Ho$bm Va J«m_rU n[agamÀ`m `WmVÏ` dU©Zm§_wioH$WoMm Ame` ârd hmoVmo. nmÌo Hw$R>o dmdaVmV Vo g_Oë`m_wio dmñVdmMm ~iH$Q> AmYmaË`m§À`m ApñVËdmbm bm^Vmo. H$WoVë`m Hw$R>ë`mhr n[aÀN>oXmdê$Z ZOa {\$adbr Var {VMoJ«m_rUËd, {Vbm òUmè`m IoS>çmMm J§Y VmËH$mi OmUdVmo.



1) ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV _hmamîQ´>mVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Mm ì`dgm` H$m` hmoVm?

(ZmooH$ar, eoVr, newnmbZ)

2) "AmoP§' `m H$WoMr nmœ©^y_r H$moUVr Amho? (J«m_rU, ehar, O§Jbr)

3) gwVma, bmohma, Mm§^ma, _hma B. bmoH$m§Zm H$m` åhUVmV?

(~bwVoXma, ^m§S>dbXma, H$m_Jma)

4) amì`m-^mì`m `m ^mdm§Mm Y§Xm H$moUVm hmoVm?

(XamoS>oImoar, dmQ>_mar, dmImÀ`m dñVy ~Z{dUo)

13.2.3 J«m_rU OrdZmVrb Xm[aÐç

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm Á`m n[agamVë`m AmhoV Vmo n[aga åhUOo gmVmè`mOdiMm_mUXoemMm n[aga. `m ^mJmV nmD$g Zoh_rM H$_r nS>Vmo. XwîH$mi nmMdrbmM nyObobm.XmoZ doiÀ`m nmoQ>â ^mH$arMrgwÕm emœVr Zmhr, Aem OJÊ`mMr {d{dY {MÌo "AmoP§'_YrbH$Wm§VyZ AmT>iVmV.

g_mOaMZoVrb {df_Vo_wio J«m_rU ^mJmVrb X{bVm§À`m OrdZmbm Xm[aÐç H$go ì`mnyZam{hbo Amho `mMohr {MÌU _mS>JyiH$a AZoH$ H$Wm§VyZ H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m Kam§Mo, dñVrMo,ì`º$sMo {MÌU H$aVmZm Ho$bobo dU©Z OrdZmVrb Xm[aÐçmMm {ZX}e H$aVo.

CXm. "Y_m© am_moer' H$WoVrb Y_m© Am`wî`â H$m~mS>H$ï> H$aVmo. Varhr Ë`mÀ`måhmVmanUmV Ë`mbm Mma Kmg Im`bm AÞhr {_iV Zmhr. CH$S>boë`m ^mOrMm bJXm,Vm§~S>çm a§JmMr ^mH$ar `mda Ë`mbm ñdV:Mr JwOamU H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`mÀ`m _wbrbm A§JPmH$m`bm YS> H$nS>ohr ZgVmV. åhUyZ Vr H$moUmg_moa òVhr ZgVo. Y_m©bm OwZo YmoVa{_imë`mda Ë`mMm bwJS>çmgmaIm dmna H$ê$Z Vo ZogVo. AÞ Am{U dó `m§gma»`mA{Ve` àmW{_H$ JaOmhr ^mJdy Z eH$Umam am_moer _mS>JyiH$a H$WoV n[aUm_H$maH$arË`ma§JdVmV. {OWo amoOMo AÞhr YS> {_iV Zmhr {VWo Mm§Jbo-Mw§Jbo H$moU Im`bm KmbUma?"am_m _¡bHw$br' `m H$WoVrb am_mbm Ooìhm _D$gyV nmoù`m, qb~mMo bmoUMo, bgUmMr MQ>UrAgo AÞ {ZdoXH$ XoVmo Voìhm Vmo Vo Amnë`m ^mÀ`mgmR>r R>odyZ XoVmo. ^mÀ`mbm Vo Im`bm{_imdo åhUyZ ñdV: Vo ImV Zmhr. qH$dm "Am{S>Q>' `m H$WoVbm Jmonm ìhab Hw$Ur nmZmMm{dS>m {Xbm Va C{eamn`ªV Vm|S>mV KmoidV AgVmo. BVHo$M Zmhr Va _ÜòM VhmZ bmJbrVa Vm|S>mVbm MmoWm H$mTy>Z XJS>mda R>odr Am{U nmUr {nD$Z Pmbo H$s Vm|S>mV Q>mH$V Ago.

H$Wm§_Yrb ì`º$s¨À`m A§JmdaMo _iHo$ H$nS>o, Kam§Mr dU©Zo, H$memMr ^m§S>r, JmS>Jr-_S>H$s, EImÚmMo H$mbdU Am{U Ë`m~amo~a ^mH$ar Ago amoOMo AY©dQ> OodU Aem {H$VrVarJmoï>r X{bVm§À`m OrdZmVrb n[apñWVr AË`§V Xm[aÐçmMr Agë`mMo gm§JVmV.

X{bVm§À`m Am`wî`mV gVVÀ`m Xm[aÐçm_wio _mUgm§Mm H$gm ^md{ZH$ H$m|S>_mam hmoVmoVo "AmoP§' `m H$WoV nmhm`bm {_iVo. Á`m Jmoï>r AmZ§XXm`r AgVmV, Á`mVyZ Am`wîÒJÊ`mMr àoaUm {_iy eH$Vo Aem Jmoï>rgwÕm EH$ _moR>§ g§H$Q> hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`mVyZ _ZmMmH$m|S>_mam hmoVmo Am{U OrdKoUr AmoT>mVmU hmoVo. "AmoP§'_Yrb bmS>m~mB©Mo AmR>do ~mi§VnUOdi Ambo AgVo Am{U Vo PmonS>nÅ>rV H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. Zdè`mMr BÀN>m AgVo H$sEImXr N>moQ>r-_moR>r Mmoar bmS>m~mB©Zo H$amdr d Oob_Üò Omdo. VoWo ~mi§VnU Mm§Jbo hmoB©b.nU Vo bmS>m~mB©bm nQ>V ZgVo. Jar~ Pmbmo åhUyZ A~«y gmoS>mdr H$m Agm {Vbm àý nS>VAgVmo. Hw$R>ë`mVar EH$m jUr Vr MmoarMm {ZU©` KoD$Z Vgm à`ËZhr H$aVo nU nH$S>brJoë`mda {VÀ`m n[apñWVrH$S>o nmhÿZ {Vbm gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mV òVo Am{U bmS>m~mB©hr Ord _wR>rVKoD$Z naV PmonS>nÅ>rV òVo. dmQ>ob Vo Pmbo Var BWoM PmS>mImbr ~mi§VnU H$aÊ`mMm{ZU©` KoVo. OJU§ hoM "AmoP§' hmoD$Z Jobo Amho Aem bmS>m~mB©Mo {MÌU _mS>JyiH$an[aUm_H$maH$nUo H$aVmV. Xm[aÐçmMm emn Agboë`m X{bVm§Mo Ago {MÌU AZoH$ H$Wm§VyZ


{XgVo.

gdUmªZr AÝ`m` Ho$bm åhUyZ qH$dm gVV Xm[aÐç Agë`mZo X{bVm§Mo OJUo Xw:ImZoì`mnbobo Amho Ago Oar H$Wm§VyZ {XgV Agbo Var X{bVm§À`m Xw:ImMo H$maU Ordm^mdmMr_mUgo, Ë`m§À`mM OmVrVrb _mUgo AmhoV Agohr H$mhr H$Wm§VyZ àË``mg `oVo. AZoH$XmñdV:Mr OmV, Ë`m OmVrMm {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm MmbV Ambobm ì`dgm`, g_mOmMr ^rVr,ñdV:À`m dmS>d{S>bm§À`m A~«yMm gVV Ho$bobm Q>moH$mMm {dMma Am{U [ejUmMm A^md hrH$maUoXoIrb X{bVm§Mo OrdZ Xw:I_` H$aVmV.

CXm. amì`m d ^mì`m ho XamoS>oImoa ^mD$ EH$_oH$m§da OrdmnmS> ào_ H$arV AgVmV. ^mì`mH$V©~Jma AgVmo d Vmo Wmoaë`m ^mdmÀ`m _wbmda Amnë`m _wbmgmaIo Iyn ào_ H$aV AgVmo.Ë`mbm ImaHo$Mm IwamH$ XoD$Z Amnë`m Y§ÚmV {ZîUmV H$aVmo. na§Vw EH$_oH$m§V ~o~Zmd{Z_m©U hmoVmo d Vo XmoKo EH$_oH$m§Mm Ord ¿`m`bm V`ma hmoVmV d eodQ>r Ë`mVyZM XmoKo ^mD$d _mVªS> Ago {VKm§Mohr Ord OmVmV. eodQ>r "nS>H§$ ImonQ>§' VodT>§ {e„H$ amhVo Oo Ë`m{VKm§À`mhr Am`wî`mMo àVrH$ R>aVo.

"YSw>Vr gdioÀ`m _mVrZo IiUr H$aUo' (dmar), \$mQ>Š`m OmoS>çmbm Vi ~gdUo ({eXmMm§^ma), bhmZ _wbo Va H$m`_M ZmJS>r-CKS>r AgUo, Cnmg-Vmnmg H$mT>Uo, AY©nmoQ>rPmonUo Aem§gmaIo C„oIhr `m H$Wm§VyZ OmJmoOmJ Ambo AmhoV. Vo gmao J«m_rU n[agamVrbnamH$moQ>rÀ`m Xm[aÐçmMo {ZXe©H$ AmhoV.

12.2.4 nmUr : nmÊ`mgmR>r dUdU

da C„oI Ho$ë`mà_mUo XwîH$mir ^mJmV nmÊ`mMr Zoh_rM Q>§MmB© AgVo. nmdgmù`mVWmoS>o Var nmUr {_iVo nU CÝhmù`mV ZÚm, AmoT>o, {d{har H$moaS>çm nS>VmV. nmÊ`mgmR>rdUdU H$aUmar, hmb H$mT>Umar _mUgo hmhr `m J«m_rUVoMm {deof Amho. nmÊ`mgmR>rì`mHw$biobr X{bV O_mV "JmoS>o nmUr' `m H$WoV {XgVo. EoZ CÝhmù`mV ZXrVyZ bmoH$ nmirbmdyZ nmUr AmUm`Mo. {nÊ`mnwaVo nmUr AmUm`Mo åhQ>bo Var Ë`mVM {H$VrVar doi OmB©.KamoKar dmnamÀ`m nmÊ`mgmR>r Imè`m nmÊ`mMo AmS> hmoVo. _hmadmS>çmV _mÌ AmS> ZìhVm."Ë`m_wio nmÊ`m{dZm ~oS>Š`m VS>\$S>mì`m, Ver hr _mUgo VS>\$S>m`Mr. AÞdómMr XXmVhmoVr, Vr hmoVrM. nU YS> ^anya nmUrhr {_iV Zgo.' Ë`m_wio _hma _§S>ir AmS> ImoXm`MoR>adVmV Am{U Ë`mà_mUo H$ï> H$ê$Z AmS> ImoXVmVhr. nU Zo_Ho$ Ë`m AmS>mbm JmoS>o nmUrbmJVo Am{U JmdH$è`m§Mr à{Vð>m XwImdbr OmVo. Vo H$mdm H$ê$Z Vmo AmS> ñdV:À`m hÔrVKoVmV. H$îQ>mnar H$ï> dm`m OmVmVM nU _hmam§Mr nmÊ`mgmR>r nwÝhm dUdU gwê$ hmoVo.

13.3 Añgb J«m_rU H$Wm

_mS>JyiH$am§nydu J«m_rU OrdZmda {b{hÊ`mMo à`ËZ _amR>rV Pmbo hmoVo. nU lr. _._mQ>o, a. dm. {XKo Aer MmaXmoZ Zmdo dJibr Va {hadr amZo, Ë`mV a§JUmam e¥§Jma, _moQ>odaMr


JmUr Ago amo_±{Q>H$ {MÌUM ~hþYm Ho$bo OmV Ago. J«m_rU OrdZmer g_ag Pmë`m{edmÌarIwar J«m_rU H$Wm-H$mX§~ar H$er {b{hVm òUma? ehar Zm`H$-Zm{`H$mM OUy doe~XbyZ Ë`mV AmT>iV. AYyZ_YyZ J«m_OrdZmVrb ^mfoVrb eãX noabo H$s Pmbo- AemarVrZo H$mhr J«m_rU OrdZmMo {MÌ Cô amhmV Zmhr. _mS>JyiH$am§Mr H$Wm _mÌ Añgb J«m_rUAmho. _mUXoemÀ`m _mVrV {VMr nmio_wio Imobda éObobr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Vr AH¥${Ì_Pmbr Amho. J§JmYa JmS>Jri åhUVmV, ""Ë`m OrdZmMo Oo diU VoM Ë`m§À`m bKwH$WoMohrdiU Amho. Ë`m OrdZmVrb Or _mUgo VrM Ë`m§À`m bKwH$WoVrb _mUgo AmhoV. Ë`mOrdZmMr Or ^mfm VrM `m§À`m bKwH$WoMr ^mfm Amho. Ago Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m bKwH$Wobm{dbjU gm_Ï`© àmá Pmbo Amho.'' (IS>H$ Am{U nmUr - n¥. 132)

IoS>oJmdmVë`m bmoH$m§Mr AZw^d KoÊ`mMr ñdV:Mr Aer nÕV AgVo. Ë`m§Mr J«m_rUT>§JmMr ~mobr^mfm hr Ë`m AZw^d KoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrMmM EH$ Am{dîH$ma AgVo. \$ma ghOË`m§À`m ~mobÊ`mV Aao-Vwao òVo. {eì`m òVmV. `mMr OmUrdM _mS>JyiH$am§nyduÀ`m boIH$m§VZìhVr. _mS>JyiH$a Ho$di _mUXoer hmooVo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm Vo g_Obo Ago Zmhr Va Vo \$ma_moR>çm VmH$XrMo à{V^md§V hmoVo-Ë`m_wio Ë`m AZw^dm§Zm, Ë`m ^mfobm Vo gm{hË`mMo _mob àmáH$ê$Z XoD$ eH$bo.

_mUXoemVë`m _mUgm§À`m d¥ÎmrVbm gmYonUm, gmo{eH$nUm, hÅ>rnUm, Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMrJVr Am{U Ë`mMr diUo hr gmar _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$WoMo {df`M ZmhrV Va àH¥$Vrhr AmhoV.Ë`m§À`m H$WoV OrdZmVbo H$méÊ` AmoVàmoV âbo Amho. OrdZmVbo ho H$méÊ` H$em_wio{Z_m©U hmoVo, EH$ Va Vo Xm[aÐçm_wio {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m H$WoVrb Odi Odi gd©MnmÌm§Zm hm Xm[aÐçmMm emn Amho. CXm. ""Zm`JmdhÿZ n§T>anwamg OmUmè`m _moQ>maañË`mÀ`mH$S>obm nmM-n§Mdrg PmonS>çm {Z Amo~S>Ymo~S> ~m§YUrMr Kao EdT>mM dS>madmS>rMm ngmamhmoVm. C{H$aS>o hþgH$V Agbobr H$m|~S>r, q^VrbJV CH$sa H$mTy>Z Ë`mM eonQ>çm MmdrVnS>bobr Hw$Ìr, Vob bmdboë`m CS>XmgmaIr H$mirema nmooao, CKS>rZmJS>r ~¡XwbmZo IoiVAgbobr...'' (n¥. 67) ho dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrMo {MÌ nhm qH$dm "dmar' H$WoV AOw©ZmÀ`mdmarMr V`mar H$er hmoVo - Ë`mMo dU©Z nhm. CXm.

""_J åhmVmè`mÀ`m dmarbm OmÊ`mMr V`mar Pmbr. gwZoZo gmgè`mÀ`m A§JmdaMr YSw>VrgdioÀ`m _mVrZo IiUr Ho$br. boH$mZo ~mnmMm \$mQ>H$m OmoS>m Mm§^mamH$Sy>Z {edyZ AmUbm.gwZoZo ìh§S>rÀ`m AmR>-Xhm OmS> ^mH$ar Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§À`m_Üò {_aMr-H$m§Xm KmbyZ {eXmoar~m§Ybr. nmR>rer Km|JS>çmMr Imoi Q>mHy$Z, H$_aobm YmoVa Jw§S>miyZ AOw©Zm n§T>arbm OmÊ`mg{ZKmbm. boH$mZo Ë`mbm AmR>-Mma AmUo IMm©`bm {Xbo.'' (n¥. 46)

qH$dm "am_m _¡bHw$br'_Üò {ZdoXH$ Am{U am_m Amnmnë`m {eXmoè`m gmoS>VmV. Vo dU©Znmhm.

""am_mÀ`m ~{hUrZ§ VihmVmgma»`m OmS>, ìh§S>rÀ`m XmoZ Vm§~S>çm ^mH$ar {Xë`mhmoË`m, Ë`m§À`m nmoQ>r Vm§~S>çm MQ>UrMm ^wH$Q>m hmoVm.


_mÂ`m AmB©Z§ Mma _D$gyV MnmË`m VwnmZ§ _mIyZ {Xë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§À`m~amo~a _moH$i§{nR>b§ hmoV§, qb~mM§ bmoUM§ hmoV§, bgUmMr MQ>Ur hmoVr. S>~m CKS>VmM Ë`mMm I_§J dmggwQ>bm.'' (n¥. 23)

XmoKm§À`m OodUmV AgUmao ho A§Va g_OyZ KoVbo Var nXmW© Añgb J«m_rUM AmhoV.{ZdoXH$mMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr WmoS>r ~ar åhUyZ MnmË`m, Vyn, {nR>b§ B. C„oI `oVmV. nU hohrnXmW© J«m_rUM AmhoV. (Aer AmUIrhr CXmhaUo Vwåhmbm OmJmoOmJ gmnS>Vrb, Á`m_YyZJ«m_OrdZmMo Vnerb {_iVmV.)

dñË`m, dñË`m§VyZ amhUmar _mUgo, Ë`m§Mr Kao, Ë`m§Mo H$nS>o, Ë`m§Mo ImUo{nUo - `m gd©Vn{ebm§VyZ JmdmVrb ~bwVoXma d X{bV `m§Mr Am{W©H$ hmbmIr Va {XgVoM, nU Ë`mAme`mMm dmMH$mÀ`m _Zmda Imobda R>gm C_Q>Vmo.

13.3.1 H$WoMo ~rO/H$WoMm Ame`/{df` `m§Mr Añgb J«m_rUVm

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m g§J«hmVrb H$Wm Añgb J«m_rU AmhoV H$maU Ë`mVrb ì`{º$aoIm nmÌo,KQ>Zmàg§J, dmVmdaU, ^mfm ho gd© H$WoMo KQ>H$ Añgb J«m_rU AmhoV. CXm. "JmoS>o nmUr'`m H$WoVrb _hma {dhra ImoXVmV Am{U H$ï>mZo ~m§Yboë`m {d{harbm JmoS>o nmUr bmJVo VoìhmñdmWm©nmoQ>r gdU© Vr {dhra ñdV:À`m Vmã`mV KoVmV. hr g§nyU© KQ>Zm Ho$di J«m_rU ^mJmVMKSy> eH$Vo.

"Xodm gQ>dm _hma'_Yrb Xodm hm Xodr H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m S>m°ŠQ>ada g§VmnmZo dhmU CJmaVmod Ë`mH$[aVm Vwé§JmV OmVmo hoXoIrb EImÚm IoS>çmVM KSy> eH$Vo. gS>Ho$Mr dO amIÊ`mMoH$m_ AgUmar gaH$mar ZmoH$ar H$aUmam "am_m _¡b_wbr' ìhabdmS>çmV amhVmo.

`m H$Wm§_Yrb g§Kf©, g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr H$maUo, Ë`m§_Yrb àý, Ë`mVrbnmÌm§À`m à{V{H«$`m ho gJio J«m_OrdZmer g§~§{YV Amho. "AIoa....'_Yrb AmH$Ê`m, {eXm,"JmoS>o nmUr'Vrb g§XrnmZ, JUm, "Xodm...._Yrb Xodm, "dS>madmS>rÀ`m...'_Yrb bjr, H$mù`m,"Y_m© am_moer'_Yrb Y_m©, "JUm _hma', "{edm Mm§^ma', "Am{S>Q>'_Ybm Jmonm ìhab§,



1) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm....... n[agamVë`m AmhoV.

2) ................ d.............. `m§da Y_m©bm JwOamU H$amdr bmJVo.

3) amì`m d ^mì`m ho ^mD$ .............. AgVmV.

4) "JmoS>o nmUr' H$WoVrb àý.......er {ZJ{S>V AmhoV.

5) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$WoV J«m_OrdZmVrb..........AmoVàmoV ^abo Amho.

6) AOw©Zm............ OmÊ`mg {ZKmbm Amho.

"nS>H§$...'_Yrb ^mì`m-amì`m, "JmoqdXm-H$mVH$ar' hr gd© ì`{º$_Îdo JmdmH$S>MrM AmhoV.Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm, Ë`m§À`m à{V{H«$ò_YyZ gVV {XgV amhVo. CXm. "AIoa AmH$Ê`m KarAmbm' `m H$WoVr ~oaH$s {eXm H$m` åhUVmo nhm.

""XmXm, Vw_À`m boH$mZ§ AÝ`md Ho$bm`. AmJirH$ hþVr Va AmH$mam_bm hV§ dmS>çmV~mobmdyZ ¿`m`mM§. hV§ dmS>çmV Ë`mbm OmoS>çmZ§ hmZbm AgVm, Var Am_r ~mobby ZgVmo.na MmdS>råhmoa§ Ym _mZgm§À`m g_jr ËòÀ`mda hmV Q>mH$Z§ ~a§ Ýhd§.'' (n¥. 62)

ñdV: A~«y amIyZ OJUmè`m [edmbm, â MmdS>rg_moa AmH$Ê`mbm CMbyZ AmnQ>bm -Ë`mMm amJ Ambobm `mV ñnï> {XgVmo.

"Am{S>Q>'_Yrb Jmonm ìhab§, Oam ñdV:H$S>o Mma n¡go Amë`mda Vmoè`mV dmJy bmJVmo dJUm MbnVobm Xm_ nadS>Uma Zmhr Ago R>gŠ`mV gm§JyZ Ë`mMm An_mZ H$aVmo. gVVX{bVm§Zm nm`mImbMm M|Sy> g_OUmè`m gdUmªMm An_mZ H$aÊ`mMr EImXrM g§Yr Ooìhm{_iVo Voìhm Vr Z gmoS>Vm {VMm nwaonya dmna H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m EImÚm Jmoß`mbm hmoVo. ho_Zwî`ñd^mdmbm Yê$Z Amho.

IoS>monmS>r X{bVm§Mo d gdUmªMo EH$_oH$m§dmMyZ AmS>Vo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm EH$_oH$m§Zm Yê$ZMamhmdo bmJVo. {H$Vrhr An_mZmñnX OJUo dmQ>çmbm Ambo Var nmoQ>mbm {_iUmè`m^mH$arH$[aVm gdUmªMo EoH$mdo bmJVo. Va H$Yr _hmamdmMyZ AZoH$ H$m_o AS>VmV åhUyZgdUmªZm Ë`m§Zm hmVmer Yamdo bmJVo. `mVyZ H$Yr g§Kfm©Mr doi òVo, H$Yr ZmË`mVbo ào_Am{U _mUwgH$sMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. CXm. "AIoa....'_Üò eodQ>r AmH$Ê`m, Hw$èhmS>rZo bmHy$S>\$moS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmè`m X_boë`m XmXm Hw$bH$UvÀ`m dmS>çmV òVmo Am{U bmH$S>o \$moSy>ZXoVmo. eodQ>r åhUVmo, "gam ~mOybm... AmbmoM.' (n¥.66 "AIoa')

"Y_m© am_moer' `m H$WoV {ZdoXH$mMr AmB© Ë`mbm åhUVo, ""_r ~am Cnmer _ê$ XoB©Z,ao Ë`mbm?.... Ë`mbm gm§J, Mma-AmR> nm`br YmÝ` KoD$Z Om åhUyZ. Am{U Ë`m ~OrbmåhUmd§, _moH$ir ~gy ZH$mog. amoOM§ XiU ZoV Om. Hw$Ur Xim`bm Xwga§ {_iV Zmhr _bm._{hÝ`mÀ`m _{hÝ`mbm VodT>oM n¡go hmoVrb, _rR>{_aMrbm.'' (n¥. 15) `mVyZ H$mhr Zm H$mhrH$m_ H$adyZ AS>ë`m Y_m©Mr ZS> ^mJdÊ`mMm AmB©Mm à`ËZ {XgVmo.

_mUygnU Hw$R>oVar {Od§V Agë`mMm àË`` `m H$Wm§VyZ òVmo. BVHo$M Zìho Va_mS>JyiH$a Ë`mMo AË`§V g§doXZerbVoZo {MÌU H$aVmV.

H$WoVrb ì`{º${MÌo Á`m nÕVrMm nydm©nma MmbV Ambobm ì`dgm` H$aVmV. (CXm.Mm§^ma VamiH$s, ìhab, H$mVH$ar, _¡bHw$br) Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mm g§nyU© Jmdmer g§~§Y OmoS>bmJobm Amho. Ë`m§À`m amoOÀ`m OJÊ`mV AZoH$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o àý AmhoV nU Varhr Vo Ë`mda _mVH$ê$Z OJy nmhmV AmhoV. _mUgmÀ`m OJÊ`mMm àË`` Ogm H$mhr H$Wm§V òVmo VgmMì`dhmamV AmemdmXmbm ñWmZ Zmhr Agohr H$mhr H$Wm§À`m eodQ>r {XgyZ òVo.

J«m_OrdZ, eoVH$è`m§Mo OrdZ, J«m_OrdZmMr ahmQ>r, {VWë`m na§nam øm§Mo A{Ve`CÎm_ Am{U ì`mnH$ Ago {MÌU BWo {XgVo. OmVrO_mVtMm EH$ _moR>m nQ> àH$Q>Vmo. YZJa,


_amR>m, bmohma, Ýhmdr, _hma, _m§J, am_moer, ìhab, dS>ma B. Am{U Jmdmda OJUmao {\$aVonmaYr, Z§Xrdmbo, d¡Xy, _mH$S>mMo dJ¡ao, BVŠ`m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mo {MÌU Amnë`mbm AÝ`H$moUm boIH$mÀ`m boIZmV AmT>iV Zmhr Ago àm. hmVH$U§JboH$a `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. Ë`mMoàË`§Va `m H$Wm§VyZ òVo.

13.4 J«m_rU ~mobr^mfoMm dmna

da C„oI Ho$boë`m AZoH$ KQ>H$m§VyZ J«m_rU OrdZmMo doJdoJio n¡by ñnï> hmoVmV, VgoVo ^mfoVyZhr hmoVmV. H$WoMo {ZdoXZ à_mU _amR>r ^mfoV Ho$bob§ Agb§ Va H$WoVrb Ag§»`nmÌo J«m_rU n[agamVrb Agë`m_wio gmh{OH$M Ë`m§Mr ^mfm J«m_rU Amho. g§dmXmMr ^mfmhr Ë`m Ë`m bmoH$m§Mr ñdm^m{dH$ ~mobr^mfm Amho.

CXm. dmarbm {ZKmboë`m AOw©Zmbm Ë`mMm _wbJm doern`ªV gmoS>m`bm òVmo. Voìhm AOw©ZmË`mbm åhUVmo, ""Aa§ Vy \$sa AmVm åhmJmar. ZJy VH$mQ>m {KD$g.'' (n¥. 47) "dS>admS>rÀ`mdñVrV' _Ybr bjr amoO amoO H$mù`mMm _ma ImD$Z d¡VmJVo. hÝ`m _|T>çmbm åhUVo,""hÝ`m, Am~m hþVm, Vdm Hw$ZmMr nmM ~moQ>§ bmdyZ {KVbr ÝhmB©V A§Jmbm AZ² AmVm ømonadrg amoO JwamgmaIm _maVmo`. H$g§ _mP§ H$nmi! H$dm a§, Om`mMm øm dZdmg?'' (n¥.72)

"nS>H§$ ImonQ>§' _Ybm ^mì`m åhUVmo, ""Aa§, Om, VrZ {_arÀ`m CVa§S>r EdT>m ÝhmB©g,AmZ² KmdmÀ`m ^mfm bmJbmg H$m` ~mobm`bm? EH$m KmdmV eoaS>mbm T>mim nmS>m`m {eH${nnaUrMm AmZ² _J ò _mÂ`måhmoa§!' (n¥. 83)

Aemgma»`m AZoH$ g§dmXm§VyZ J«m_rU T>§JmÀ`m ~mobrMm dmna Ë`m Ë`m nmÌm§Zm {Od§V~ZdVmo. {ZdoXZmMr ^mfmhr à_mU Agbr Var ehar Zmhr. {ZdoXH$hr `mM n[agamVbm Amho.OmVrZo ~«m÷U Amho Am{U WmoS>m \$ma [eH$bobm Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr {ZdoXZmMr ^mfmhrJ«m_rU T>§JmMrM Amho. CXm. ""_mÂ`m {OdmMr Kmb_ob Mmbbr hmoVr. CËgwH$Vm namH$moQ>rbmnmoMbr hmoVr. X§S> gigiV hmoVo. C§Xamda Q>nboë`m _m§OamgmaIm _r gmdY{MÎmmZ§H$Q²>Q>çmda ~gbmo hmoVmo. _mPo S>moio gmdOmbm hoarV hmoVo.'' (n¥. 60) `mVbr C§XamdaQ>nboë`m _m§OamgmaIm hr à{V_mhr Añgb J«m_rU Amho. qH$dm "nS>H§$ ImonQ>§'_Yë`m_mVªS>m{df`r {ZdoXH$ åhUVmo, ""-Am{U ho {dMma òVmM _mVªS>mbm ñdV:Mr ea_ dmQ>br._w§S>r PQ>Hy$Z Ë`mZo ho H$_Hw$dV {dMma S>moŠ`mVyZ nma {nH$mV {eaboë`m OZmdamJV hþgHy$Zbmdbo.'' (n¥. 85) "{nH$mV {eaboë`m OZmdamJV'-Aem J«m_rU à{V_m§Mm dmnahr R>m`rR>m`r Amho. Ë`mVyZ Zo_Ho$nUmZo AW© àVrV hmoVmo.


13.5 "AmoP§'_Yrb X{bV OrdZmMo {deof

13.5.1 Añn¥í`Vm

_mS>JyiH$am§Mr H$Wm Á`m H$mimV KS>Vo, Á`m n[agamV KS>Vo Ë`m H$mimV OmVr-O_mVtMo C„oI _mUgm§À`m ~mobÊ`mV ghO hmoV AgV§. Añn¥í` g_Oë`m OmUmè`mOmVtZm JmdHw$gm~mhoa dñVr H$ê$Z amhmdo bmJo. JmdHw$gm~mhoa amhUmar hr gd© _mUgo åhUOoX{bV. "Añn¥í`Vm' hm `m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmbm bmJbobm H$b§H$ hmoVm. X{bV OrdZmMmA{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ åhUyZ `m Añn¥í`VoMo AZoH$ C„oI "AmoP§'_Yrb H$Wm§_Ü`o AmT>iVmV.

Añn¥í` g_Oë`m OmUmè`m Am{U ^Q>Š`m Aem O_mVtÀ`m AZoH$ ì`º$s_mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm§V AmT>iVmV. CXm. Xodm gQ>dm _hma, JUm _hma, dmar, JmoS>o nmUr,AIoa AmH$Ê`m Kar Ambm - `m H$Wm§Vrb Xodm gQ>dm, JUm, AOw©Z B. nmÌo _hma AmhoV.Zm_m _mñVa Am{U nS>H§$ ImonQ>§ `mVrb Zm_m d ^mì`m d amì`m ho _m§J AmhoV. am_m_¡bHw$br, Jmonm ho ìhab AmhoV. Y_m© am_moer Amho. bjr, H$mù`m ho dS>a AmhoV. JmoqdXmH$mVH$ar Amho Va {_Ry> [enmB© nmaYr Amho. (ehamV dñVrbm Agboë`m bmS>m~mB© Am{Ugmo_m `m§À`m _mÌ OmVrMm C„oI Zmhr. ehamV J«m_rU ^mJmgmaIr Añn¥í`Vm nmibr OmVZmhr, OmVr nmVrMr {VVH$ser XIb KoVbr OmV Zmhr `mMm hm nwamdm Amho.)

Añn¥í`Vo_wio X{bVm§Zr ñne© Ho$bobo AÞ gdUmªZm MmbV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr ñne© Ho$bobmhrMmbV Zmhr. "Y_m© am_moer' `m H$WoV AmB© ~Orbm XiU XiÊ`mMo H$m_ XoÊ`mMo R>adVo Voìhm{ZdoXH$ {dMmaVmo, ""AmB©, {VZ§ Xibob§ XiU MmbUma H$m Vwbm?'' Ë`mda AmB© åhUVo,""Aao, EdT>m _moR>m ImQ>bm Amho. JS>r_mUgm§gmR>r amZmV nmR>dm`À`m ^mH$ar H$aVm `oVrbË`m {nR>mÀ`m.'' (n¥. 15)



OmoS>çm Owidm

1) JmoS>o nmUr A) amYy

2) Am{S>Q> ~) ~Or

3) dmar H$) _mVªS>m

4) nS>H§$ ImonQ>§ S>) ^mD$gmho~ MìhmU

5) JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar B) Jmonm ìhab

6) am_m _¡bHw$br B©) AOw©Zm

7) Y_m© am_moer C) g§{XnZ

am_m _¡bHw$br Am{U {ZdoXH$ gS>Ho$Zo MmbV AgVm {ZdoXH$mÀ`m hmVmVrb AmoP§ nmhÿZam_m Ë`mbm {dMmaVmo,

""H$m` {edÝ`mgmaH§$ ÝhmB©, Ýhd§.''

Am{U _J \$amimM§ H$mTy>Z ~mH$sM§ gm_mZ Úm åhUVmo. Ë`mda {ZdoXH$ åhUVmo, ""H$mhrOéar Zmhr. _bm MmbV§. Ko.'' ({ZdoXH$mÀ`m _ZmV Añn¥í`Vm, Om{VôX Zmhr-hohr `mdê$Z{XgVo.)

"dmar'_Ybm AOw©Zm n§T>arbm nmohmoMVmo. nU JXu bmJVmM H$mdam~mdam hmoVmo. AmnbmY¸$m Hw$Umbm bmJbm Va- `m ^rVrZo A§JmMm Hy$_m©à_mUo (H$mgdmà_mUo) g§H$moM H$aVmo.Amnë`m A§JmMo A_§Ji nmUr nSy>Z bmoH$m§Zm {dQ>mi hmoB©b Ago dmQy>Z ZXrÀ`m nma ImbÀ`m~mOybm OmD$Z ñZmZ H$aVmo. BVHo$M Zìho Va n§T>anyaMo XoD$i h[aOZm§Zm Iwbo Pmbo Amhoho _mhrV AgyZhr Ë`mMo _Z XodimV Om`bm YOV Zmhr. Vmo ~mhoê$Z Xe©Z KoVmo.Añn¥í`Vo_wio X{bVm§Mm AmË_{dœmg d _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mVbm AmZ§Xhr H$gm Zï> Pmbm,Vo `mdê$Z {XgVo.

13.5.2 AkmZ

{nT>çmZ²{nT>çm {ejU Zgë`m_wio AkmZmÀ`m A§YmamV {nMUmè`m X{bVm§À`m nwT>À`m{nT>çm§Zmhr {ejUmMo _hÎd nQ>m`bm doi bmJbm. H$mhr OUm§Zm {ejUmMo _hÎd g_OboAmho. CXm. am_m _¡bHw$br ~{hUrÀ`m _wbmbm emioV Kmbm`Mo R>adVmo. Vmo Mma dfmªMm Ë`m_wbmÀ`m H$V©~JmarH$S>o S>moio bmdyZ ~gVmo. Zm_m _mñVabm bhmZnUr emioV bmdUr åhQ>bråhUyZ _mñVa _maVmV. Voìhm Zm_mMr AmB© "YmS> âbr Ë`m _mñVaMr. noQy> Xo Vr emim. èhmVy Amnbm Kar.' Ago åhUVo nU J§Jmam_ hm Zm_mMm ~mn _mÌ _wbmZo {eHy$Z _mñVa ìhmdoAer ñdßZo ~KVmo. Zm_m Ë`mà_mUo _mñVa hmoVmogwÕm. nU _mñVaH$sV Ë`mMo _Z a_V Zmhr.Am{U eodQ>r amOrZm_m XoD$Z Vmo V_memV OmVmo Am{U "AmVm Â`mH²$ Mmbb§`. Amnë`m_ZmOmoJVm Y§Xm hm` AmZ² {_iH$V ~r Mm§Jbr hm`!' Ago åhUVmo. ~mH$s Hw$R>ë`mM H$WoVX{bVm§Mr _wbo emioV OmVmV Agm C„oI Zmhr. Amnbr AS>dUyH$ hmoÊ`m_mJo, Amnë`mAVmoZmV Xm[aÐçm_mJo Amnbo AkmZ Amho, AS>mUrnUm Amho `mM ^mZ òÊ`mMm H$mhr _mJ©MË`m§À`mnwT>o Zmhr. H$mVH$ar, nmaYr `m O_mVr Va ~mobyZ MmbyZ Am{Xdmgr d ^Q>Š`m.Ë`m§Mrhr nwT>Mr {nT>r nydm©nmaMm Y§Xm H$aUmarM {XgVo.

13.5.3 Xm[aÐç

da C„oI Ho$ë`mà_mUo Añn¥í`Vm, AkmZ `m§À`m ~amo~arZo H$_mbrMo Xm[aÐçX{bVm§À`m dmQ>çmbm Ambobo {XgVo. Ë`m§À`m Cnmg_marMo, \$mQ>Š`mVwQ>Š`m H$nS>çm§Mo,_moS>H$irg Amboë`m Kam§Mo dU©Z J«m_rU dmVmdaU d J«m_rU OrdZmVrb Xm[aÐç `m_wÔçm§_Üò {Xbo Amho. VoM Vnerb BWohr bmJy hmoVmV. Ë`m{edm` "nmoQ>À`m nmoamIoarOH$mhrhr ImUmam H$mVH$ar', "{JYmS>mgmaIm njrhr _mê$Z ImUmao nmaYr' `m§Mohr C„oI `mH$Wm§V òVmV. "AmoP§'_Ybr bmS>m~mB© `mM Xm[aÐçm_wio MmoargmaIm JwÝhm H$ê$Z Oob_Üò


OmÊ`mMm {ZU©` ZmB©bmOmZo KoVo.

Am`wî`â H$m~mS>H$ï> Ho$boë`m Y_m© am_moembm åhmVmanUr nmoQ>mMr IiJr âÊ`mBVHo$AÞ {_iV Zmhr H$s A§J PmH$Ê`mnwaVm H$nS>m {_iV Zhr. Ë`mÀ`m ~Or ZmdmÀ`m _wcrcmVa Y_m©bm {_imbobo OwZonmZo YmoVa bwJS>çmgmaIo dmnamdo bmJVo. am_m _¡bHw$brbm {ZdoXH$Ooìhm Amnë`m OdiÀ`m _D$gyV MnmË`m, {nR>b§, bmoUM§ Am{U bgUmMr MQ>Ur XoVmo Voìhmam_m Vo \$S>Š`mV ~m§YyZ Amnë`m bhmZ ^mÀ`mgmR>r Kar ZoVmo. Jmonm ìhab Hw$Ur nmZmMm{dS>m {Xb Va C{eamn`ªV Vmo MKiV amhÿZ Ë`mMr _Om nwadyZ nwadyZ KoVmo. BVH$s H$s VhmZbmJbr Va Vmo§S>mVbm MmoWm H$mTy>Z XJS>mda R>odVmo Am{U nmUr {nD$Z Pmë`mda naV VmoMMmoWm Vm|S>mV Q>mH$Vmo. Xm[aÐçmbm H§$Q>miyZ am_m _¡bHw$brMr ~m`H$mo Ë`mbm gmoSy>Z OmVo.W§S>rnmgyZ ~Mmd hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$mVH$ar ^mVVwgmÀ`m {T>JmV OmD$Z PmonVmV. {_Ry>nmaÜ`mÀ`m nmbmVbr nmoao ^mH$arMo VwH$S>o d JwimÀ`m ZIâ IS>çmer bmdyZ ImVmV.Xm[aÐçmMo Ago {H$VrVar C„oI `m H$Wm§VyZ AmT>iVmV. gJù`mM X{bVm§À`m OrdZmbmXm[aÐç H$go ì`mnyZ am{hbo Amho, `mMo H$bmË_H$ g§`_mZo Ho$bobo {MÌU Ë`mV {XgVo Am{UåhUyZ Vo àË``H$mar Pmbo Amho.

13.5.4 gdUmªH$Sy>Z hmoUmao emofU

gdU© JmdH$ar X{bVm§er H$go dmJVmV, Ë`m§Mo OmVrÀ`m loð>ËdmImbr emofU H$goH$aVmV, `mMohr nwamdo OmJmoOmJ AmT>iVmV. bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIr ~m~ åhUOo X{bVdñVrZoh_r JmdHw$gm~mhoa Ago. A{Ve` Aën _mo~Xë`mV Ë`m§Zm gdUmªMr Vo gm§JVrb Vr H$m_oH$amdr bmJVmV. Xodm gQ>dm _hma H$WoV JmdmV Xodr S>m°ŠQ>a òUma åhUyZ Xodm CnmerVmnmergJù`m§Zm {Zamon XoÊ`mgmR>r dUdU H$aVmo. \$mago Hw$Ur S>m°ŠQ>aH$Sy>Z Q>moMyZ ¿`m`bm òVZmhrV Ë`m_mJo AkmZ, _Owar gmoS>m`bm V`ma ZgUo Aer AZoH$ H$maUo AgyZhr S>m°ŠQ>aË`mbm {eì`m XoVmo. OUy Xodm åhUOo "Hw$Urhr M|Sy>dmZr R>oMbmd§' Agm `:H${üV _mUyg. `màg§JmVyZhr emofUmMm doJim n¡by {XgVmo.

"Am{S>Q>' H$WoV Jmonm ìhab Am{U JUm MbnVo `m§Mo ImgJr ^m§S>U amÌr MmdS>rdaEH$mEH$s OmVr` ^m§S>UmMo ñdê$n KooVo Am{U gdU© JmdH$ar EH$OwQ>rZo Jmonm ìhabm~amo~agJù`mM ìhabm§Zm _manrQ> H$aVmV. "ìhab§ H$idiyZ AmoaSy> bmJbr, aSy> bmJbr, Vm|S>mdahmV KoD$ bmJbr. nU Hw$Umbm Ë`m§Mr H$Ud Ambr Zmhr.' (n¥.58)

"AIoa AmH$Ê`m Kar Ambm' `mhr H$WoV {ZdoXH$ Am{U AmH$Ê`m _hma `m§À`mV H$mhrH$maUmZo VoT> {Z_m©U hmoVo. gdUmªÀ`m AmnmngmVë`m Xwî_ZrV {ZanamY AmH$Ê`mbm _mÌ{dZmH$maUM Jmodbo OmVo. Am{U Ho$di Vmo X{bV åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`mda AÝ`m` H$aÊ`mMm h¸$MAgë`mgmaIo Ë`mbm dmJdbo OmVo.

"JmoS>o nmUr' H$WoVrb X{bVm§À`m dñVrV nmÊ`mMr H$mhrM ì`dñWm Zgë`mZo gJio{dhra ImoXm`Mr R>adVmV. Ë`mgmR>r nmQ>bmMr arVga nadmZJr KoVmV. nU _hmam§À`m{d{harbm JmoS>o nmUr bmJë`mMo g_OVmM JmdmVë`m gdUmªZm Amnbr nV Joë`mgmaIo


dmQ>Vo. Am{U Vo Ho$di OmVrÀ`m Am{U JmdmVrb à{Vð>oÀ`m Omoamda Vr {dhra Amnë`mVmã`mV KoVmV. {dhra ImoXÊ`mMo AJXr WmoS>o n¡go _Owar åhUyZ _hmam§Zm XoVmV. AemàH$maÀ`m emofUmMo AZw^d X{bV OrdZmMo H$Qy> dmñVd Amnë`mg_moa C^o H$aVmV.

13.6 g_mamon

Añgb J«m_rU H$Wm {b{hUmao H$WmH$ma åhUyZ _mS>JyiH$am§Zm _amR>r H$Wm{dœmV_hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. _mUXoemÀ`m _mVrV Ë`m§À`m H$WoMr nmio_wio Imob éObobr AmhoV.{VWë`m OrdZmÀ`m agmVyZM {VMm qnS> ~Zbobm Amho. Vo {b{hVmV Voìhm _mUXoeMm J«m_rUn[aga, {VWbr {d{dY àH$maMr _mUgo, Ë`m§À`m àd¥Îmr, Ë`m§Mo àý Am{U OJÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§MmMmby Agbobm g§Kf© ho gmao Vo gmjmV C^o H$aVmV. Ë`m n[agamV dmdaUmè`m gd©gm_mÝ`_mUgm{df`r Ë`m§Zm AmñWm Amho, {Oìhmim Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m OrdZH$hmÊ`m_mS>JyiH$am§Zr A{Ve` à^mdrnUo a§Jdë`m AmhoV.

13.7 gmam§e

"AmoP§ _Yrb J«m_rU OrdZmMo {MÌU _mS>JyiH$am§Zr H$go Ho$bo Amho `mMm {dMmaH$aVmZm AmnU J«m_OrdZmVrb {d{dY _mUgo, Ë`m§Mo X¡Z§{XZ OJUo, Ë`m§Mo ImUo-{nUo,nohamd, Ë`m§Mr Kao, Ë`m§Mo ì`dgm`, Ë`m§Mo àý Am{U Ë`m§Mm OrdZg§Kf© `mMm g{dñVaAä`mg Ho$bm. VgmM Vmo X{bV OrdZmÀ`m {MÌUmMmhr Ho$bm. AkmZ, Xm[aÐç, Añn¥í`VmAm{U gdUmªH$Sy>Z hmoUmao emofU `m X{bV OrdZmÀ`m n¡by§Mmhr Aä`mg Ho$bm.



1) ....................... hm Amnë`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmbm bmJbobm H$b§H$ Amho.

2) {_Ry> {enmB© ....................... `m ^Q>Š`m O_mVrMm Amho.

3) Zm_m _mñVa _mñVaH$sMm amOrZm_m XoD$Z ....................... OmVmo.

4) W§S>rnmgyZ ~Mmd hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$mVH$ar ....................... {T>JmV OmD$Z PmonVmV.

5) X{bV dñVr Zoh_r ....................... AgVo.


13.2.2

1) eoVr 2) J«m_rU

3) ~bwVoXma 4) XamoS>oImoar

13.3

1) _mUXoeÀ`m 2) CH$S>boë`m ^mOrMm bJXm d Vm§~S>çm a§JrM ^mH$ar

3) _m§J OmVrMo 4) nmÊ`mer

5) H$méÊ` 6) n§T>arÀ`m dmarbm

13.4

1) C) 2) B) 3) B©)

4) H$) 5) S>) 6) A)

7) ~)

13.5.4

1) Añn¥í`Vm 2) nmaYr 3) V_memV

4) ^mVVwgmÀ`m 5) JmdHw$gm~mhoa

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 14

"AmoP§' : dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço

14.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu{_Ìm§Zmo, _mJÀ`m nmR>mV AmnU _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmVrcH$Wm§VyZ AmT>iUmao X{cV d J«m_rU OrdZmMo {deof nm{hco. AmVm `m nmR>mV "AmoP§'_YyZ{XgUmar dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgm`Mr AmhoV. `m nmR>mÀ`m AmYmao "AmoP§'Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmcm

l _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm§_Yrc nmÌ{MÌU ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.

l dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr{df`r {c{hVm òB©c.

l {ZdoXZH$m¡eë`mg§~§Yr _m{hVr XoVm òB©c.

l ^mfme¡cr{df`r {c{hVm òB©c.

"AmoP§' : dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço> / 157

14.0 C{ÔîQ>o14.1 àmñVm{dH$14.2 nmÌ{MÌU H$m¡eë`

14.2.1 Xodm gQ>dm _hma14.2.2 Y_m© am_moer

14.3 dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr14.4 {ZdoXZ H$m¡eë`

14.4.1 _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "AmoP§'_Yrc {ZdoXZe¡crMo {deof14.4.2 H$mcmZwH«$_o {ZdoXZ14.4.3 {ZdoXZmVrc ^mdZmàH$Q>rH$aUmda {Z`§ÌU14.4.4 {ZdoXZmÀ`m ^mfoVrc c`

14.5 H$WoVrc g§dmX14.6 g_mamoon14.7 gmam§e


14.1 àmñVm{dH$

"H$Wm' `m gm{hË`àH$mamV nmÌo, dmVmdaU Am{U {ZdoXZ ho KQ>H$ {_iyZ H$WmZH$mMr{Z{_©Vr H$aV AgVmV. gwwédmVrÀ`m nmR>m§VyZ AmnU "AmoP§'_Yrc H$Wm§À`m H$WmZH$mMmn[aM` H$ê$Z KoVcm. àñVwV nmR>mV _mS>JyiH$am§Zr nmÌ{MÌU H$go Ho$co Amho,dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr H$er gmYcr Amho, H$Wm§Mo {ZdoXZ H$go Ho$co Amho `m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mgH$aUma AmhmoV. _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfme¡cr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. "AmooP§' `m g§J«hmÀ`m g§X^m©VAmnU Ë`m§§À`m ^mfme¡crMo {deofhr OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

14.2 ì`pŠV{MÌU H$m¡eë`

(nmR> H«$. 5 _Üò nmÌ{MÌU åhUOo H$m`, àYmZnmÌo d Jm¡U nmÌo åhUOo H$m` `m§MmAä`mg AmnU Ho$cm. COiUrgmR>r Vmo ^mJ AmYr dmMm Am{U Z§Va BWyZ nwT>Mm _OHy$admMm. åhUOoo AmYrMm ^mJ nŠH$m hmoB©c Am{U nwT>rc ^mJ Zo_H$onUmZo cjmV òB©c.)

"AmoP§' H$Wmg§J«hmV n§Yam H$Wm§Mm g_mdoe Amho. Ë`m gdmª_Üò {_iyZ 20-22nmÌm§Mm n[aM` Amnë`mcm hmoVmo. Ë`m§n¡H$s H$mhr nmÌm§Mm n{aM` BWo H$ê$Z {Xcm Amho. nmÌH$moUË`m qcJmMo, H$m` d`mMo Amho, Vo {XgVo H$go, Ë`mMm ì`dgm` H$m`, Ë`mÀ`m ñd^mdmMoH$moUVo n¡cy coIH$mZo XmIdco AmhoV, H$moUË`m àg§JmVyZ Ë`mÀ`m H$moUË`m _Zmod¥ÎmrMo Xe©ZKS>Vo `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYUo åhUOoM EH$m AWm©Zo "nmÌ{MÌU' H$go Ho$co Amho, Vo VnmgUo.

14.2.1 Xodm gQ>dm _hma

CXm. n{hë`mM "Xodm gQ>dm _hma' `m H$WoVrc Xodm gQ>dm `m à_wI nmÌmMo Xe©Z_mS>JyiH$a H$go KS>dVmV nmhm. "Xodm JmdMm Vami hmoVm. OmVrZo _hma hmoVm. WmoamS>hmS>mMm, ~wQ>Š`m ~m§Ü`mMm Am{U _dmi àH¥$VrMm hmoVm' Ago coIH$ gm§JVmo. Ë`mÀ`mñd^mdm{df`r nwT>o åhUVmo, "Xwgè`m _hmam§gmaIo N>ŠHo$n§Oo Ë`mcm _mhrV ZìhVo. Hw$UmMo _Zghgm _moSy> Zò, Hww$UmMo dmB©Q> ghgm qMVy Zò, A§J _moSy>Z H$m_ H$amdo Am{U Amocm, dmiH$mVwH$S>m MmdyZ ToH$a Úmdr' Agm Ë`mMm ñd^md hmoVm. `m ñd^mdmMm àË`` Amnë`mcmH$WoVyZ òVmo. "Xodr H$mT>Umam S>m°ŠQ>a òUma' Agm {Zamon IoS>çmVë`m gd© _mUgm§ZmXoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo n«m_m{UH$nUo {Xdgâ dUdU H$aVmo. òVmOmVm JmdmVco cmoH$ Ë`mcm Or H$m_ogm§JVmV, Vrhr Vmo {~Z~mo^mQ> H$aVmo - `mdê$Z Ë`mÀ`m "_dmi' ñd^mdmMr IyU nQ>Vo. VmooH$mhrgm ^m{dH$ hmoVm. JwédmaMm Cndmg H$arV Ago Agohr H$WoV gm§{JVco OmVo. Ë`mÀ`mgÁOZnUmMm Am{U JwédmaÀ`m CndmgmMm Omo CëcoI coIH$mZo Ho$cm Amho Ë`mcm H$WoV_hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. Xodmcm Or CÝhmVmÝhmV nm`nrQ> H$amdr cmoJVo Vr Cnmg Agë`m_wwioA{YH$M H$îQ>àX hmoVo Am{U eodQ>r g§Vmn, AÝ`m`mMr MrS> `m§Mm ñ\$moQ> hmoD$Z XodmS>m°ŠQ>ada OmoS>m CJmaVmo, hr Or AJXr "Šcm`_°Šg'Mr KQ>Zm Amho, Vr KS>Vo. {edm`Xodmgma»`m gÁOZ Am{U ^m{dH$ d¥ÎmrÀ`m _mUgmZo Ago dV©Z H$amdo `mV Ë`mcm Ë`mS>m°ŠQ>aMo eãX {H$Vr An_mZmñnX dmQ>VmV, Ë`mMr Apñ_Vm H$er OmJr hmoVo, Vohr {XgVo.


`mM H$WoV XodmMr ~m`H$mo amUr, Xodr S>m°ŠQ>a `m§Mr ì`pŠV{MÌohr H$_r eãXmV nUR>gR>erVnUo {M{ÌV Pmcr AmhoV.

14.2.2 Y_m© am_moer

`m H$WoVcm "Y_m© am_moer ^cVmM WH$cm Amho. Ë`mM§ H$YrH$mir IUIUrV,R>UR>UrV Agcoc§ eara AmVm {daë`m dñÌmà_mUo OrU© Pmc§ Amho. MmcVmZm, CR>VmZm,~gVmZm Ë`mcm AmVm KS>rKS>r H$mR>rMm AmYma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. H$mZm§Zm ZrQ> EoHy$ òV Zmhr.S>moiçm§Zm ZrQ> {XgV Zmhr. JmoaQ>oë`m a§JmMm, Zrag ~m§Ü`mMm hm B_mZr am_moer AmVm WmoS>çm{Xdgm§Mm gmo~Vr Amho.' `m dU©ZmV Y_m©Mo d`, Ë`mMo {XgUo Am{U Ë`mMm "B_mZr' AgUoho JwU gmao H$mhr gm§{JVco OmVo. Y_m©Mo Xm[aÐç, Ë`mMr hcmIrMr pñWVr H$WoV òVo; nUË`m Xm[aÐçmVhr Y_m©cm "~Or XiU Ý`m`cm H$m òV Zmhr' ho gm§JÊ`mMr cmO dmQ>Vo.{ZdoXH$mÀ`m AmB©Mo Ho$gmVco gmoÝ`mMo \y$c amÌrÀ`m A§YmamVyZ Vmo emoYyZ AmUVmo.Xm{aÐçmVhr "B_mZr'nUm Oncocm Y_m© coIH$ Amnë`m S>moiçm§nwT>o hþ~ohÿ~ C^m H$aVmo.

AemM àH$mao am_m _¡cHw$crM§ dU©Z (n¥.20), {edm Mm§^mamMo ì`pŠV_Îd (n¥.32),Am{S>Q> H$WoVrc JmonmMo dU©Z (n¥. 51) - Vwåhr emoYyZ H$mT>m.

{eXm Mm§^maMm ~oaH$snUm, Jmonm ìhacmMm AmS>_wR>onUm coIH$mZo H$gm a§Jdcm Amho -Vo ~maH$mB©Zo dmMm. "AmoP§'_Yrc cmS>m~mB©, "nmaY'_Ycm "{_Ry> {enmB©', Zm_m _mñVa,JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar, ^mD$gmho~ MìhmU, AOw©Zm (dmar), dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVr_Ycr cjr, {VMmhÝ`m _|T>m, "JmoS>o nmUr' H$WoVrc doVmiZmZm Am{U g§{XnZ - Aer {H$VrVar nmÌo_mS>JyiH$am§Zr {Od§V Ho$cr AmhoV. WmoS>çmM eãXmV Am{U _moOŠ`m d Zo_Š`m àg§JmVyZ,g§dmXmVyZ Ë`m§Mo ñd^md d d¥Îmr Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mnwT>o R>odë`m AmhoV.

14.3 dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr

H$Wo_Üò coIH$mZo EH$m H$pënV {dídmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cocr AgVo. `m {dídmV coIH$mZo{Z_m©U Ho$cocr nmÌo AgVmV. hr nmÌo H$mhr H¥$Vr H$aVmV. {d{eîQ> H$mimV Am{U {d{eîQ>ñWir hr nmÌo OJV AgVmV. AmnU åhUVmo, H$s lr. Zm. n|S>go `m§Mr qH$dm qM. Í`§.ImZmocH$a `m§Mr ~hþVoH$ gd© nmÌo H$moH$UmV dmdaVmV. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s "H$moH$U'ModmVmdaU Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mV àm_w»`mZo a§Jdcoco AgVo.

EH$m AWu dmVmdaU åhUOo "goqQ>J'. {MÌnQ> Ogm EImÚm "goQ>'da KS>Vmo, VgoMH$Wmhr EH$m {d{eîQ> dmVmdaUmV KS>Vo. {MÌnQ>mÀ`m goQ>à_mUoM H$WoVrc ho dmVmdaUhrH¥${Ì_arË`m {Z_m©U Ho$coco AgVo. Vo {OVHo$ hþ~ohy~ dmQ>oc, Iao dmQ>oc {VVHo$ Ë`m coIH$mMoH$m¡eë` H$m¡VwH$mg nmÌ R>aVo.

dmVmdaUmcm, ñWimcm nmÌmÀ`m KS>UrV Am{U H$WoÀ`mhr KS>UrV _hÎdmMo ñWmZAgVo.


nmR> H«$. 13_Üò AmnU nm{hco H$s "AmoP§' _Yrc H$Wm J«m_rU dmVmdaUmV KS>VmV.`m J«m_rU n[agamMo {MÌ coIH$mZo H$go a§Jdco Amho. `mMm Aä`mg åhUOoM"dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr' `m H$WmKQ>H$mMm Aä`mg.

am_m _¡cHw$crÀ`m KamMo d KamÀ`m AmgnmgÀ`m n[agamMo Ho$coco dU©Z nhm. Ë`mdU©ZmVyZM Amnë`mcm OmUdVo H$s am_m A{Ve` Jar~ Amho. Ë`mÀ`m ~{hUr~amo~a d^mÀ`m~amo~a Vmo amhmVmo. `mAWu Ë`mMo c¾ Pmcoco {XgV Zmhr. Xodm gQ>dmÀ`m KamMo dU©Znhm qH$dm AJXr XodrMr cg Q>moMÊ`mgmR>r S>m°ŠQ>a òVmo hm àg§J nhm. "Xodr'À`m gmWrZoEHo$H$mir AZoH$m§Mm ~ir KoVcm hmoVm. VoìhmÀ`m H$mimVco ho H$WmZH$ Amho. IoS>çmVë`mcmoH$m§Mm A{e{jVnUm, AS>mUrnUmhr Ë`m àg§JmVyZ {XgVmo.

OmVnmV, Añn¥í`Vm `m§Mo CëcoI, IoS>oJmdmVrc ~cwVoXmar, Jm§Yr-Am§~oS>H$am§MoCëcoI, n§T>arÀ`m {dR>mo~mMo XoD$i Añn¥í`m§gmR>r Iwco Pmë`mMm CëcoI B. _YyZ Ë`mH$mimMo ^mZ òVo. amì`m-^mì`m `m XamoS>oImoam§Mr H$Wm Va AmOÀ`m H$mimV AX²^wVM dmQy>eHo$c.

IoS>çmVrc cmoH$m§Mr OJÊ`mMr nÕVr - eoVmdaMr {d{dY àH$maMr H$m_o (~Km, XodmMr~m`H$mo Ë`mcm åhUVo, "CÚm Mm§XZr CJdm`cm _r OmUma hm` Amßnm ~m_ZmÀ`m _içmV^m§Jcm`cm.') amZmVyZ eoÊ`m Jmoim H$aUo, d¡aU aMUo, nmoQ>XwIrda "Am§~' KoUo, OmË`mdaXiU XiUo, H§${XcmMm dmna Aem {H$VrVar chmZchmZ Vn{ecm§_YyZ IoS>çmVco dmVmdaUCô amhmVo.

IoS>çmVcr _§S>ir amÌr MmdS>rda O_VmV. {VWoM Ë`m§Mr EH$_oH$m§er {Zdm§V ôQ> hmoVo.H$moëhmQ>çmMm Ioi, V_mem, OÌm hrM Ë`m§Mr H$a_UwH$sMr gmYZo AgVmV. dmS>çm, dñË`m`m§Mo CëcoI, _moQ>maañË`mMm CëcoI, _¡c-\$cmªJ, AmUo-énò, eoa-_U-nm`cr Aer_mno, CÝhmiçmV ZXrV "hoi' Im§XUo, YmoVa, n¡aUr, _w§S>mgo-nQ>Ho$ Ago H$nS>o, H$memMrWmir, {nVioMr-Vm§ã`m§Mr ^m§S>r, Km|JS>r-nQ>Hy$a-JmoUnmQ> `m§Mr A§WéU-nm§KéUo Ajae:nmZmonmZr Ago Vnerc {dIwacoco {XgVmV. Ë`mdê$Zhr dmVmdaU {Od§V hmoVo. AgoVnercdma dU©Z H$aÊ`mV coIH$mMr gyú_ {ZarjUeŠVr {XgVo.

{Xdg, amÌ, Xwnma, g§Ü`mH$mi `m§Mr dU©Zohr dmVmdaUmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMmM ^mJ AgVmV.Vr ZwgVr dU©Zo Z amhVm H$Yr H$Yr EImÚm H¥$VrMr dm EImÚm nmÌmÀ`m _ZmodñWoMrhr{ZXe©H$ AgVmV. CXm. "Xod gQ>dm _hma' `m H$WoVrc gwédmVrMo dU©Z nhm. "ZwH$VrM{XdocmJU Pmcr hmoVr. amZmVyZ naVcoë`m Hw$admS>çmÀ`m ~m`H$m§Zr KmB©KmB©Zo Mwcr noQ>dë`mhmoË`m Am{U Q>monë`mVco nrR> H$mQ>dQ>mV AmoVyZ KoD$Z ^mH$ar ~S>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m \$VH$cKmcyZ ~gë`m hmoË`m. {Xdgâ amZmV Am§~yZ Jocoë`m ~mß`m§Zr JwaoT>moao JmoR>çmV Jw§Vdcr hmoVr.d¡aUrÀ`m n|T>çm Ë`m§À`m nwT>çmV Q>mH$ë`m hmoË`m Am{U _w§S>mgo JwS>¿`mda R>odyZ hþíe H$arVVo Amogarer Q>oH$co hmoVo.' (n¥. 1) `mVyZ g§Ü`mH$mi Am{U amÌ `m§À`m gr_oda hmoUmè`mcmoH$m§À`m H¥$Vr {XgVmV. Ë`mV EH$ {eUco-^mJconU {XgVo.


Y_m© am_moer H$WoVco W§S>rÀ`m {XdgmVë`m gH$miMo dU©Z nhm.' nm¡fmMr W§S>r OrdImD$ cmJcr. {Xdg _mdim`cm A§Jmda MT>dcocr Km|JS>r gH$mir {Xdg CJdyZ Ý`mhmarMrdoi Pmcr, Var Imcr CVaoZm. MmdS>rnwT>o hmVâ IÈ>m IUyZ, gwVmamÀ`m _oQ>mdaMm MmamMwamQ>mHy$Z noQ>dcocr eoH$moQ>r {Xdg _mÏ`mda Amcm, Var {dPoZm.'(n¥. 16) "nS>H§$ ImonQ>§'H$WoVrc _mVªS>m KamH$S>o òVmZm dmQo>V Ë`mÀ`mda amì`mMo cmoH$ hëcm H$aVmV. Ë`mnyduÀ`mdmVmdaUmMo dU©Z H$go JyT> Am{U ^`àX Amho, nhm.' c|JadmS>rcm OmUmar nmD$cdmQ>gmnmJV digo _marV _mJo nS>V hmoVr. hiyhiy AmOy~mOyMr PmS>oPwS>no H$mir^moa Pmcr.H$miçm A§YmamMo XmQ> Wa MTy> cmJco. ~mîr, eoa-VmQ>rVyZ {H$S>o {H$M{H$My cmJco... dmQ>oVH$moUr {MQ>nmIégwÕm ôQ>V ZìhVo.' (n¥. 85) qH$dm "Ë`mZo AmOy~mOycm nm{hco. {\$H$Q>-{\$H$Q> PmS>m§À`m AmH¥$Vr. cm§~M cm§~ ngacoco H$mio amZ, em§V, ^`mU. (n¥. 85)

AemàH$mao H$WmZH$mÀ`m KS>UrV dmVmdaU _hÎdmMo H$m`© H$aVo. nmÌm§Zm Am{U Ë`m§À`mH¥$VtZm dmñVdmMm I§~ra AmYma nwadVo. Ë`m_wio Vr nmÌo IarIwar _mUgo dmQ>VmV. Cnar dmAYm§Var - ImoQ>r dmQ>V ZmhrV.

14.4 {ZdoXZH$m¡eë`

H$Wo_Üò H$moUrVar EH$ {ZdoXH$, KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§Mo {ZdoXZ H$aV AgVmo. Vmo nmÌm§Mo,dmVmdaUmMo {deof gm§JVmo, nmÌm§À`m _ZmVco {dMma H$WZ H$aVmo. Šd{MV H$Yr EImÚmKQ>Zoda ^mî` H$aVmo. Ago H$WmZH$mMo {ZdoXZ H$aUmè`mcm, H$WZ H$aUmè`mcm {ZdoXH$åhQ>co OmVo. {ZdoXH$ hrgwÕm coIH$mMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. {ZdoXZ XmoZ àH$maMo AgVo.

1) àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZ : åhUOo {ZdoXH$ hm Ë`m H$WmZH$mMm ^mJ AgVmo. H$Yr H$YrEImXo nmÌhr {ZdoXZ H$arV AgVo. CXm. "AmoP§' H$Wmg§J«hmVrc "Y_m© am_moer', "am_m_¡cHw$cr', "Zm_m _mñVa', "{eXm Mm§^ma', "AIoa AmH$Ê`m Kar Amcm', "nmaYr', `mH$Wm§Mr {ZdoXZo àW_nwéfr AmhoV.

2) V¥Vr`nwéfr {ZdoXZ : V¥Vr`nwéfr {ZdoXH$ hm H$Wm~mø {ZdoXH$ AgVmo. åhUOoVmo H$WoVrc nmÌ ZgVmo; nU Vmo gd© nmÌo, KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm, nmÌm§_Yrc g§dmX ho gmaodmMH$mcm H$WZ H$aV AgVmo. Ë`mcmM gd©gmjr qH$dm gd©k {ZdoXH$ Agohr åhUVmV



1) H$WmZH$mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmao _w»` KQ>H$ H$moUVo?

2) Xm[aÐçmVhr Y_m© am_moerZo H$moUVm JwU Oncm Amho?

3) Xodm_Üò BVa _hmam§nojm H$moUVm JwU doJim hmoVm?

4) H$Wo_Üò coIH$mZo H$moUË`m {dídmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cocr AgVo?

5) nmÌm§À`m d H$WoÀ`m KS>UrV H$emcm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo?

H$maU Ë`mcm OUy gd© H$mhr {XgV AgVo, gd© H$mhr g_OV AgVo. "AmoP§'_Yrc daCëcoI Ho$coë`m H$Wm§IoarO gd© H$Wm `m V¥Vr`nwéfr {ZdoXZmVyZ gmH$ma Pmë`m AmhoV.

14.4.1 _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "AmoP§'_Yrc {ZdoXZe¡crMo {deof

_mS>JyiH$am§Zr Á`m H$mimV "AmoP§'_Yrc H$Wm {c{hë`m Vmo H$mi AmVm ~Xccm Amho.Ë`mVrc àíZm§Mo ñdê$n ~Xcco. IoS>çm§Mo ñdê$nhr nydugmaIo am{hco Zmhr. gmYmaU 1945Z§VaÀ`m n§Yamdrg dfmªV {c{hcoë`m `m H$Wm§Vrc _mUgo, dmVmdaU gmao H$mhr ~Xcco; nUVarhr Ë`m§À`m `m H$Wm, "H$Wm' åhUyZ AmOhr n[aUm_H$maH$ dmQ>VmV. `m n[aUm_H$maH$VoV_hÎdmMm dmQ>m Amho Vmo Ë`m§À`m {ZdoXZ e¡crMm. `m e¡crMo H$mhr R>iH$ {deof nwT>rcà_mUogm§JVm òVrc.

14.4.2 1) H$mcmZwH«$_o {ZdoXZ :

nma§n[aH$ JmoîQ>rMo ê$n _mS>JyiH$am§Zr {Q>H$dyZ R>odco Amho Vo H$mcmZwH«$_o H$Wm {chÿZ,Ë`m§À`m H$WoMo ho A{ÔmVnU åhUmdo cmJoc. {ZdoXZmMm AmoK Hw$R>ohr I§{S>V Z H$aVmgcJnUo H$Wm {chÿZ Vr Am{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ H$aUo ho gdmªV H$R>rU AgVo. H$mcmZwH«$_o{M{ÌV Ho$coë`m KQ>Zm§VyZ _mS>JyiH$a Ame` A{YH$ AW©nyU© H$aVmV.

CXm. "Xodm gQ>dm _hma' `m H$WoVrc H$m~mS>H$îQ> H$aÊmmè`m XodmÀ`m OrdZmV Ii~i_mOUmar EH$ KQ>Zm KS>Vo. Vr KQ>Zm, Vmo KS>ë`mMm jU H$WoV AJXr eodQ>mcm òVmo.H$mcmZwH«$_o-EH$m g§Ü`mH$mir {XdocmJUrcm WHy$Z ^mJyZ Xodm Kar òVmo. Xwgè`m {Xder XodrH$mT>Umam S>m°ŠQ>a òUma Agë`mMo ~m`H$mocm gm§JyZ OodVmo d VŠŠ`mda amÌrMm Oam doi~gVmo. Xwgè`m {Xder gH$mir cdH$a CRy>Z Zo_coco H$m_ nwao H$aVmo. {Xdgâ am~Vmo.nmQ>cmÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z S>m°ŠQ>a Amë`mMo JmdmV Mma-MmaXm gm§JyZ òVmo. gaVoeodQ>rS>m°ŠQ>am§À`m à{V{H«$ò_wio nm`mVrc dhmU H$mTy>Z g§Vmn ì`ŠV H$aVmo. Ë`mZ§Va eodQ>r_mS>JyiH$a {c{hVmV, ""Ë`mZ§Va AmVm H$mhr {Xdg cmoQ>co AmhoV. _Ü`§Var Xodm gQ>dm_hma, amhUma _m¡Oo VS>dio, `mg g§ñWmZr nmo{cgm§Zr nH$Sy>Z Zoco Amho. S>m°ŠQ>aZo Ë`mÀ`mdaHo$cocr \$m¡OXmar Ý`m`mc`mZo _mZcr Amho. Xodm Vwé§JmV Amho.'' Agm nwT>Mm KQ>ZmH«$_ VoAJXr WmoS>Š`mV gm§JyZ "Xodm Vwé§JmV Amho' hr _m{hVr XoVmV Am{U ""Am{U X{jUrg§ñWmZmVrc chmZem g§ñWmZmV VS>dio ZmdmMo AmR>ZD$eo cmoH$dñVrMo chmZ IoS>o Amho.{VWë`m Xodm gQ>dm _hma `m gÁOZ _hmamMo H$m` Pmco, `mMr {~cHw$c _m{hVr Zm_Xma~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zm Zmhr, Am{U Vr H$Yr hmoB©c, `mMmhr g§^d Zmhr!'' Ago{ZdoXH$mMo ^mî` òVo. `m ^mî`m_wio `m H$WoMm Ame` A{YH$ gKZ ~ZVmo d H$Wmn[aUm_H$maH$ hmoVo. Jmo. _m. ndma åhUVmV, ""XodmÀ`m _ZmVco {MÌ Am{U dmñVd `m§VcrV\$mdV AW©nyU© arVrZo dmMH$m§À`m àË``mcm òVo.''

"am_m _¡cHw$cr' `m H$WoV àW_ nwéfr {ZdoXH$ am_mÀ`m JmdmV {eaVmo BWnmgyZ VoXwgè`m OodUmn`ªV BVH$mM H$mi {M{ÌV Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mV am_mMm gJim OrdZnQ>MCcJS>cm Amho. Ë`mMo {XgUo, Ë`mMo ì`pŠV_Îd, Ë`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm, Ë`mÀ`m§V Agcocm


ào_inUm, Ë`m§Mr H$Yrhr Z ~Xcy eH$Umar n[apñWVr, Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcocr AmJ{VH$Vm,Varhr Ë`mÀ`m R>m`r Agcocm {MdQ>nUm ho gJio H$WoVyZ EH$m c`rV {M{ÌV Ho$co Amho.H$WoVrc g§dmXmV AMyH$ OmJr Amcoco {ZdoXZ `mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU Agcocr hr H$Wm Amho.CXm. am_m d {ZdoXH$ XmoKohr JmdmVyZ ~mhoa nSy>Z gS>Ho$cm cmJVmV. EH$_oH$m§er ~mocVmV dnwÝhm em§VnUo Mmcy cmJVmV.

MmcVm MmcVm {ZdoXH$ "_r' am_mÀ`m ê$nmMo Vnercdma Var g§`_r dU©Z H$aVmo.Ë`mMm nohamd, Ë`mÀ`m c¾m{df`rMm A§XmO Ago gJio {ZdXZ H$aVmo. _¡cmMm XJS>òVmjUr ho {ZdoXZ g§nVo Am{U g§dmXmcm gwédmV hmoVo.

"_¡cmMm Ym|S>m Amcm ~Km' - Ago am_m åhUVmo.

"Am{S>Q>' `m H$WoVhr Jmonm ìhac CÝhmV ~gcm Amho BWnmgyZ {ZdoXZmcm gwédmVhmoVo. H«$_mZo Jmonm Am{U JUm McnVo `m§À`mVrc g§dmX òVmo. hm g§dmX Mmcy AgVmZm _Üò_Üò ~moH$S>mÀ`m hmcMmcr, JmonmMo nmoaJo Agohr Vnerc Jw§\$co OmVmV Am{U H$WoMm eodQ>JmonmZo nS> ImÊ`mV hmoVmo. Jmonmcm Jd© H$m MT>cm, _J Vmo JUmer H$gm dmJcm Am{U AIoaË`mMm n[aUm_ H$m` Pmcm - Ago AJXr KQ>Zm KS>ë`m Ë`mM H«$_mZo {ZdoXZ òVo. `mCcQ>"dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV' Am{U "nS>H§$ ImonQ>§'_Üò AmYr n[aUm_ gm§{JVcm/XmIdcm OmVmoAm{U _J Ë`m_mJMr H$hmUr H$WZ Ho$cr OmVo. "dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVr'_Üò AmYr cm§S>½`mÀ`mYwS>mH$S>o cj doYco OmVo. _J cjrZo Vmo H$gm nH$S>cm `mMr H$hmUr òVo. "nS>H§$ImonQ>§'_Üòhr gwédmVrcm nS>Š`m ImonQ>mMo dU©Z òVo Am{U Z§Va Ë`mMr Aer Xem H$mPmcr - Vo H$WZ Ho$co OmVo. Ago AndmX gmoS>co Va ~mH$s gd© H$Wm§Mr {ZdoXZoH$mcH«$_mZwgma AmhoV.

14.4.3 {ZdoXZmVrc ^mdZm àH$Q>rH$aUmda {Z`§ÌU

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm§Vrc {ZdoXH$ H$Yr ^mdZm{dde hmoV Zmhr. H$YrH$Yr EImÚmKQ>Zm-àg§JmMo {ZdoXZ H$aVmZm AZoH$Xm Ë`m àg§Jm§er g§~§Y Zgcoco Vnerchr òVmV. VoXoÊ`mMm _moh coIH$mcm AmdaVm òV Zmhr. Ë`m Vn{ecmZo dmVmdaU, Ame`, g§dmX,ì`pŠVaoIm `m§n¡H$s H$emdaM A{YH$ àH$me nS>V Zmhr qH$dm `m§n¡H$s H$emVM ho VnercKZmË_H$ â KmcV ZmhrV. Ago Vnerc H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo _hÎdmMo AgVo. H$WoVrc {ZdoXZmVAgo Vnerc H$_r-OmñV ñdê$nmV òÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. _mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm§Vrc{ZdoXZmMo EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Ago gm§JVm òB©c, H$s `m Vn{ecm§H$S>o Ë`m§Mo gVVcj AgVo, åhUyZM ^mdZm§Mo àH$Q>rH$aU H$aVmZm, coIH$ åhUyZ {ZdoXZ H$aVmZm Vo gVV{Z`§ÌUmda â XoVmV. Hw$R>crhr OmUrd Vrd« ñdê$nmV dmMH$mcm ìhmdr Ago {OWo-{OWoË`m§Zm dmQ>Vo, {VWo-{VWo Vo dU©ZmMm dmna Z H$aVm A{Ve` gyMH$ Aer EImXrM Cn_m`moOVmV d VodT>oM {chÿZ nwT>o OmVmV.

CXm. "AmoP§' `m H$WoVrc cS>m~mB© Á`m dñVrV amhVo {VMo dU©Z _mS>JyiH$a nmZâH$arV ZmhrV. 4-5 AmoitVyZ Ë`m dñVrMo J{cÀN> {MÌ S>moiçmg_moa Vo Cô H$aVmV. H$go


Vo nmhÿ.

""nwcmÀ`m AmS>moemZo dgcoë`m `m J{cÀN> dñVrV Jm|Yi Mmccm hmoVm. ZmZm VèhoMoCÚmoJ H$ê$Z naV {\$acocr _mUgo _moR>_moR>çmZo ~mocV hmoVr. nmoa§~mi§ IoiV hmoVr. aS>VhmoVr. ~m`m dgmdgm ~mocV hmoË`m. gJim H$mcdm Mmccm hmoVm.' (n¥. 123) `m dU©ZmVnwT>o Vo `m dñVrcm "gm§S>nmÊ`mV Sw>§~V ~gcoë`m coHw$admiçm Sw>H$[aUrgmaIr' Aer AË`§Vg_n©H$ Cn_m `moOVmV. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m dñVrMm Am|JinUm, J{cÀN>nUm àVrV hmoVmo.

"Y_m© am_moer' H$WoVrc Y_m©Mr _wcJr ~Om hr H$Yrhr {ZdoXH$mg_moa òV Zmhr. H$WoÀ`meodQ>r Vr XiU ¿`m`cm åhUyZ {ZdoXH$mÀ`m AmB©H$S>o òVo. {ZdoXH$ {VÀ`mH$S>o Y_m©MrMm¡H$er H$aVmo Am{U nwT>o {c{hVmo.

""-- Am{U BVHo$ {Xdg ~Om XiU ZoÊ`mgmR>r H$m òV ZìhVr, Am§~oMm {egm XoVmZmVr ~mhoa H$m Amcr Zmhr, `mMo H$maU _cm H$ico!

~OmÀ`m A§Jmda _r Y_m©cm {Xcoco YmoVa hmoVo! {VZo Ë`mMm cwJS>çmgmaIm Cn`moJ Ho$cmhmoVm.'' (n¥. 17)

BWo hr H$Wm g§nVo. Y_m©À`m n[apñWVrMo ~marH$gmarH$ Vnerc {Q>nUmam {ZdoXH$H$WoÀ`m eodQ>r ~OmÀ`m A§JmdaMo YmoVa nmhÿZ Ho$di AdmH$ hmoVmo. AYrÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmaoMOUy Ë`mcm {_iVmV d Vmo nwT>o A{YH$ H$mhrM åhUV Zmhr.

"_r A§V_w©I Pmcmo. J{hdacmo.' - dJ¡ao Ago Vmo H$mhr åhUV Zmhr. ^mdZm§Mo Agog§`{_V àH$Q>rH$aU hr `m e¡crMr VmH$X Amho.

"am_m _¡cHw$cr' H$WoVhr {ZdoXH$mZo {Xcoco gwJ«mg AÞ am_m ^mÀ`mgmR>r R>odVmo. Ë`mdacoIH$ Ë`mMo Xm[aÐç, Ë`mMo Xw:I `m§da H$moUVohr empãXH$ ^mî` H$arV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio H$WoMmEHy$U n[aUm_ gImoc hmoVmo. "JmoS>o nmUr' Am{U "Am{S>Q>' `m H$Wm§Mo eodQ>hr nhm. coIH$mZo^mî` H$aÊ`mMm _moh Amdacm Amho. Ë`m_wio H$Wm A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$, A{YH$ H$cmË_H$Pmcr Amho. {MÌU dñVw{ZîR>nUo Ho$co OmVo - hm ^mdZmàH$Q>rH$aUmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmMm AmUIrEH$ {deof Amho.

14.4.4 {ZdoXZmMr ^mfm

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$Wm§_Yrc {ZdoXZ Á`m ^mfoV Ho$co OmVo Vr nmÌm§À`m ^mfonojm doJirAmho; nU Varhr Vr J«m§{WH$ _amR>r Zmhr. Vr ^mfm H$WoVrc J«m_rU OrdZmer EH$ê$n hmoUmarAmho. J«m_rU ^mfoVrc AZoH$ eãX Ë`mV ghO, ñdm^m{dH$nUo Am{U gVV òVmV. Ë`m_wioH$WoVrc {ZdoXZmMr ^mfm Am{U nmÌm§Mr g§dmXmMr ^mfm `mV \$ma _moR>r V\$mdV {XgV Zmhr.CcQ> Ë`m EH$_oH$s¨Zm nyaH$ R>aVmV.

CXm. "dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV' H$WoV H$miçm dS>ma Am{U cjr `m§Mo Owië`mda {ZdoXH${c{hVmo, "~mn Joë`mnmgyZ Kw_r Pmcocr cjr H$moH$mQ>rgmaIr H$cH$cy cmJcr. H$miçmZoAmUcoë`m gmS>çm ZogyZ q^JarJV {\$ê$ cmJcr.'


"nS>H§$ ImonQ§>' `m H$WoV _mVªS>m ~mOmamV nmohmoMVmo. Ë`m ~mOmamMo {MÌU {ZdoXH$ H$goH$aVmo nhm.

""~mOma {MŠH$ma âcm hmoVm. _mUgm§Mr JdJd Mmccr hmoVr. Voc, gm¡Xm, ^mOrnmcm,XmUoXwUo KoUmè`m {JèhmB©H$m§Mm Vmo~m CSy>Z am{hcm hmoVm.'' (n¥. 84)

"JmoS>o nmUr' H$WoV _hma {d{hargmR>r OmJm _mJm`cm nmQ>cmH$S>o OmVmV; nU _yi _wÔmH$mhr {ZKV Zmhr. {ZdoXH$ åhUVmo, ""ho Hw$UrH$S>Mo ~mocUo Hw$UrH$S>oM âH$Q>V Mmcco hmoVo.{ZË`mMm Kmoi KmVcm OmV hmoVm Am{U Ë`m_wio H$mim J§S>m JiçmV KmVcocm Vmo OdmZ nmoaJmg§H$è`m _ZmVë`m _ZmV Vmncm hmoVm. _KmnmgyZ Vmo q^Vrcm nmR> cmdyZ C^m hmoVm.OdiOdi K§Q>m hmoV Amcm, Var _yi ~mocUo {ZKV ZìhVo. nmQ>rc MèhmQ> diV hmoVm Am{U~mH$sMr Ë`mcm dmImÀ`m ~Q>m nwadrV hmoVr. hr H$m` Vèhm Pmcr H$m`?'' (n¥. 96)

[ZdoXZmÀ`m ^mfoMr Aer AmUIrhr CXm. Vwåhmcm gmnS>Vrc. ~oXamnmgyZ, Mm§XUrCJdm`cm, H$Sy>g§ nS>co, eocH$s _§S>ir, Wmo~mS> qM~drc§, nmdco CMccr, KQ>H$m XmoZKQ>H$m, PnmQ>m _maUo - Ago {H$VrVar eãXà`moJ OmJOmJr òVmV Am{U _mS>JyiH$am§À`mH$WoVrc Añgc J«m_rU {deof gVV OmUdyZ XoVmV.

IoS>monmS>r dgcoë`m X{cV-J«m_rU _mUgm§{df`r {chm`Mo Va Ë`m§À`m amoOÀ`mOrdZmVcr ^mfm, Ë`m ^mfoVco eãX, Ë`m ^mfoMr c` H$WoV òUo An[ahm`© AgVo._mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$WoVhr Vo òVoM.

14.4.5 {ZdoXZmÀ`m ^mfoVrc c`

JÚ {ZdoXZmVhr EH$ àH$maMr c`~ÕVm AgUo, hm _mS>JyiH$am§À`m {ZdoXZe¡crMmAmUIr EH$ cjUr` {deof. A{Ve` gmYr, N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm dmŠ`m§Mr aMZm Vo H$aVmV._amR>r JÚm_Üò Aer A§J^yV c` \$ma H$_r doim OmUdVo. Aem JÚc`rVyZ {d{eîQ>^mdd¥Îmr (_yS>) {Z_m©U hmoVo d H$WoVrc Ame`mer {VMo ZmVo OwiVo.

CXm. "dmar' `m H$WoVrc AOw©ZmMo dU©Z nhm.

""AmVm AOw©Zm WH$cm hmoVm. AmVm Ë`mMo âV Amco hmoVo, ho Ë`mMo Ë`mcm C_Jco hmoVoAm{U Ë`m_wioM Ë`mcm CXmg CXmg dmQ>V hmoVo. àn§MmÀ`m CgmârVyZ Vmo AmVm AcJ hmoD$nhmV hmoVm. KamV H$m` Amho, H$m` Zmhr, `mMr Mm¡H$er H$arV ZìhVm. åhmVmanUr AmncrAm~mi hmoVo, åhUyZ Hw$Umnmer H$Yr Hw$aHw$aV ZìhVm. \$magm Hw$Umerhr H$Yr ~mocVhrZìhVm.'' (n¥. 44) `m g§nyU© n[aÀN>oXmcm EH$ àH$maMr c` Amho d {VÀ`mVyZ AOw©ZmMoWH$co ^mJconU, Ë`mMr CXmgr, {Zd¥Îmr `m§Mm àË`` òVmo. "hmoVm' d "ZìhVm hr {H«$`mnXm§Mrê$no dmnê$Zhr d gmYonUmZo {chÿZhr c`~Õ JÚmMr {Z{_©Vr Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr Amho.

AmUIr EH$ CXmhaU nhm. "_m§JdmS>çmV Am{U c|JadmS>rV Ho$dT>m Var \$aH$ PmcmhmoVm! PwS>nm§Mr PmS>o Pmcr hmoVr nmoam§Mo ~mnB© Pmco hmoVo, ~mn`m§Mo åhmVmao Pmco hmoVo Am{UåhmVmè`m§Mr _mVr Pmcr hmoVr.' (n¥.79).


"Y_m© am_moer' `m H$WoMr gwédmV nhm. ""gm§O ìhmdr. D$Z-gmdcr nañnam§V {_giyZ{dgmdmdr. Jwaodmgao amZmVyZ Kar naVmdrV. {Xdgâ eonQ>çm MmdrV, {Md{MdmQ> H$arV{â{âUmè`m {M_Ê`m diMUrV {eamì`mV. Kam§Kam§VyZ gm§OdmVr COimì`mV. AemH$mVadoir YmoVamMm gmoJm Im§Úmda Q>mHy$Z A§JUmVë`m A§JUmV eVnmdcr Kmcmdr.'' (n¥.12) BWo ìhmdr, {dgmdmdr, naVmdr, Kmcmdr - Aem {H«$`mnXm§Zr c` gmYcr Amho.

14.5 H$WoVrc g§dmX

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$WoVrc nmÌo Á`m n[agamV dmdaVmV, Ë`m§Mm Omo ì`dgm` Amho,Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV ^mfm dmnaVmV. g§dmXmVyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñd^mdmda, d¥Îmrda àH$me nS>Vmo.

CXm. "Xodm gQ>dm _hma'_Yrc S>m°ŠQ>aÀ`m An_mZmñnX ~mocÊ`mZo XodmÀ`m _ZmVcm jmoÂZmda hmoVmo. VgoM Am§~oS>H$am§gmaIm Amncm H¡$dmar "n§VàYmZm§À`m _m§S>rcm _m§S>r cmdyZ'~gVmo. `m _m{hVrZo Ë`mMm ñdm{^_mZ OmJ¥V hmoVmo Am{U Vmo nm`mVcm OmoS>m H$mTy>Z åhUVmo,""Aa§ E, ~§~brÀ`m, OmdS>rM§ OmoV§ CVê$Z Imcr ò. {eì`m XoZma§ VwO§ Wmo~mS> \$moS>Vmo `mVwQ>Š`m OmoS>çmZ§!'' qH$dm "Zm_m _mñVa' `m H$WoV chmZ AgVmZm Zm_mcm _mñVa N>S>çm_maVmV Voìhm Ë`mMr AmB© Ë`mcm g_OmdVo,

""YmS> ~S>dcr Ë`m _mñVaMr! coH$a§~mi§ h¡Vr, H$m Ýhm`Vr Ëòcm? noQy> Xo Vr gmim!Hw$R>§ {eHy$Z A_cXma hw`mM§ hm` AmnZmñZr? èhm Vy Amncm Kar.'' (n¥. 29) `m g§dmXmVyZñÌr gwc^ ~mocrMm àË`` òVmoo. {ejUmMo _hÎd Z OmUcoë`m AmB©Mm g§Vmn ì`ŠV hmoVmo.

qH$dm {_Ry> {enmB© ho "nmaY' _Yc§ nmÌ§ ^Q>Š`m nmaYr O_mVrVco Amho. AmXamWu~hþdMZmcm Ë`m§À`m ^mfoV ñWmZ Zmhr. Vmo {ZdoXH$mcm gai {dMmaVmo, '"Vy Kw~S> ImëcogH§$Xr?'' (n¥.) qH$dm ""BH$S>o dcrZ åhZcmo, Va OmJm Zm`. ~mOyg OmcH$a, _mJ§ OmcH$a,da OmcH$a. AmV hm Va gm_Zo YS>H$cm.'' hr JmoqdXm H$mVH$è`mMr ^mfm-`mdê$Zhr cjmVòVo H$s _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfm {H$Vr cd{MH$ Amho, {H$Vr Zo_H$s Amho. Vr ~mocr^mfoMm JmoS>dmOnUmar Amho. ewÕ J«m§{WH$ ^mfonojm ~mocr Zoh_rM {Od§VnUo Am{U agaerVnUo AZw^dì`ŠV H$aVmV. V_mg{JamMr T>§JXma ~mocr, Hw$bH$Ê`m©Mr VoT> ì`º$ H$aUmar, amì`m^mì`m `mXamoS>oImoam§Mr Aem ZmZmnarZo Vo ^mfm dmH$dVmV.

"Vmaoda {M_Ê`m ~gmì`mV Ver nmoa§ XmQ>r dmQ>rV ~gcr' qH$dm "hmVmVcm H§$XrcMVodT>m ^wVmÀ`m {XdQ>rgmaIm AYm§Var OmV am{hcm.', "C§{Xa ~mhoa òVmV Vgo {T>JmVyZH$mVH$ar ~mhoa Amco', "d¡aUrMm ^mam CMcmdm Vgm CMcmdm Vgm CMccm.' Aem à{V_m-Cn_m§_YyZ Ë`m§À`m ^mfocm g_¥Õr àmá hmoVo.

~mocVm ~mocVmhr nmÌo ghO AZoH$ åhUr dmnaVmV. "{OË`mMr ImoS> _oë`m{~Ja gwQ>VZm`,' "Hw$Í`mMo eonyQ> dmH$S>o Vo dmH$S>oM', "Oim_§Xr èhmD$Z _memer d¡a H$go H$aVyg?',"hÎmrg§J BQ>rXm§Sy> Ioim`cm VmH$X hm` H$m?', "_mOo S>moio {ZdË`mc Vwcm IwMuda


~gë`mcm ~JyZ!' Aem åhUr R>m`r-R>m`r AmT>iVmV. Zo_Ho$nUmZo Ame` ì`º$ H$aUo - hmåhUr§Mm ñd^mdM Amho. AZoH$ eãXm§Mo H$m_ åhUr WmoS>Š`mV ì`ŠV H$aVmV. WmoS>çmA{Ve`moŠVrnyU© Agë`m Var Ë`mZo ^mfoV R>gH$m òVmo. ghO gmYo Zoh_rMo g§dmX nmÌo~mocVmV. Ë`mVyZ Ame` {gÕ hmoV OmVmo.

CXm. "nmaY'_Üò am_moer Am{U {ZdoXH$ `m§À`mVcm nwT>Mm g§dmX nhm.

""VmË`m, nmIê$ Vw_À`m ZOa§cm nS>§c, Ag§ H$aU§ _mÁ`mH$S>§ cmJc§. AmO CÚm VoVw_mcm {Xgc§, åh§Oo Pmco H$m ÝhmB©?''

""Pmc§!''

""_§J Vw_r {ZÌmg èhm. _mP§ _r ~KVmo.'' (n¥. 112) qH$dm

"nS>H§$ ImonQ>§' _Ycm _mVªS>m Am[U amì`m `m§À`mVcm g§dmX nmhm.

""_r ~r OmD$Z òVmo ~mOmamcm. n¡aZrcm H$mnS> ~KVmo.' amì`mZo jUâ {dMmaHo$cm.

""Om Ia§, nZ Hw$èhmS> Agy Xo g§J§.''

""hþ§:! Vwcm ä`m nS>c§` ìh` ^mì`mM§? ^mì`m nimcm ~mB©crdmZr. Z _maVmM _ocmR>ma.'" (n¥. 84)

`m g§dmXmVyZ amì`mZo ^mì`mcm ZrQ> AmoiIcoco AgUo, _mVªS>mMm VméÊ`gwc^ ~oS>anUmì`ŠV hmoVmo Am{U nwT>À`m àg§JmMr chmZer gyMZmhr {_iVo.

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m H$WoVrc AZoH$ g§dmX Ago AmhoV. Vwåhmcmhr Aer AZoH$ CXmhaUogmnS>Vrc.

14.6 g_mamon

H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`H¥$VrMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JUo åhUOo Ë`m Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrMmàH$ma, Ë`mZwgma {VMo KQ>H$ `m§Mm nam_e© KoUo. BWo "H$Wm' hm gm{hË`àH$ma Aä`mgm`Mm



1) ...................... d ...................... ho {ZdoXZmMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.

2) {ZdoXZmV ^mdZoda {Z`§ÌU R>odë`m_wio {MÌU ...................... hmoVo.

3) _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfm H$WoVrc ...................... OrdZmer EH$ê$n hmoUmar Amho.

4) {ZdoXZmMr ^mfm d nmÌm§À`m g§dmXmMr ^mfm EH$_oH$s¨Zm ...................... AmhoV.

5) JÚ {ZdoXZmVrc ...................... hm _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ^mfoMm AmUIr EH$ {deof.

6) g§dmXmVyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m ...................... àH$me nS>Vmo.

Agë`m_wio AmnU H$WmZH$, nmÌ{MÌU, dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr, {ZdoXZH$m¡eë` `m§Mm g{dñVa{dMma Ho$cm. Ë`mM~amo~a coIH$Mr ^mfme¡cr hmhr _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ - dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>çm§Vg_m{dîQ> hmoVmo. dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>çm§~amo~aM Amncm "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmMm Aä`mg nyU©Pmcm. nwÝhm nwÝhm _yi H$Wm dmMUo, àñVmdZm dmMUo `m§_wio Vw_Mm Aä`mg A{YH$ Zo_H$mhmoV OmB©c.

14.7 gmam§e

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>çoAä`mgcr. Vr WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrc.

1) nmÌ{MÌU - hþ~ohy~ Am{U {Od§V Ago {MÌU Vnerc Zo_Ho$ AgyZ hrnmÌo Iar dmQ>VmV.

2) dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr - J«m_rU n[agamV KS>Umè`m `m H$Wm§V _mUXoeMm n[aga,g¥îQ>r Am{U _mUgo `m§Mo {MÌU. IoS>oJmdmVco dmVmdaU C^o.

3) {ZdoXZH$m¡eë` - XmoZ àH$maMo {ZdoXZ - àW_nwéfr d V¥Vr`nwéfr. _mS>JyiH$am§Mo "AmoP§'_Yrc {ZdoXZ ~hþVm§er H$mcmZwH«$_oAmho Ë`mV ^mdZm§da {Z`§ÌU Amho. Ë`mV c`~ÕVm AmT>iVo.

4) g§dmX - ~mocr^mfoV AmhoV. ghO AmhoV. nmÌm§À`m ñd^mdmda àH$me Q>mH$VmV.


14.3

1) nmÌo, dmVmdaU d {ZdoXZ 2) B_mZrnUm

3) Xodm gÁOZ hmoVm 4) H$pënV

5) dmVmdaUmcm.

14.5

1) àW_nwéfr d V¥Vr`nwéfr 2) dñVw{ZîR> 3) J«m_rU4) nyaH$ 5) c`~ÕVm 6) ñd^mdmda

***



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nmR> : 15

gÎmm§Va - H$WmZH$

15.0 C{Ôï>o

àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "gÎmm§Va' `m AmJiçm-doJiçm H$mX§~arMmAä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. _yi H$mX§~arMm Am{U `m nmR>mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda Vwåhmcm -

l H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ åhUOo H$m` - Vo {c{hVm òB©c.

l "gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ {c{hVm òB©c.

l "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc {ZgJ© H$gm Amho, Ë`mMo dU©Z H$aVm òB©c.

gÎmm§Va - H$WmZH$/ 171

15.0 C{Ôï>o15.1 àmñVm{dH$15.2 H$WmZH$ åhUOo H$m`?15.3 "gÎmm§Va'Mo H$WmZH$

15.3.1 g§Kfm©Mr gwédmV15.3.2 nmUr ho OrdZ?15.3.3 ~moWarMm _¥Ë`y15.3.4 _wS>mMm eoOmar cmc~wS>çm15.3.5 cmc~wS>çm Zmhrgm hmoVmo15.3.6 cmc~wS>çmMr ~odmaer Q>moir / gÎmmg§Kf©15.3.7 g§Kfm©Mo ahmQ>JmS>Jo

15.4 "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc {ZgJ©15.5 g_mamon15.6 gmam§e


15.1 àmñVm{dH$

{_Ìm§Zmo, "gÎmm§Va" hr ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mr AJXr doJiçm àH$maMr H$mX§~ar Amho."gÎmm§Va' `m erf©H$mdê$Z Amnë`mcm H$mX§~arÀ`m H$WmZH$m{df`r H$ënZm òVo. nU hogÎmm§Va amOH$s` ñdê$nmMo Agco Var Vo _mUgm_mUgm§_Yco ZgyZ dmZam§À`m_Yco Amho._wIn¥îR>mdarc dmZam§Mo Oo aoImQ>Z Amho, Ë`mdê$Z Vo gy{MV hmoVo.

coIH$ ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmrÀ`m àñVmdZoV åhQ>ë`mn«_mUo hr doJiçmàH$maMr H$mX§~ar Amho. `mVrc H$WmZH$ àm_w»`mZo dmZam§^modVrM {\$aVo. "hZw_mZ c§Jya' `mOmVrÀ`m dmZam§À`m Q>moiçm, Ë`m§Mo X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma, VgoM gÎmm {_idÊ`mgmR>rMo à`ËZBË`mXrMo Xe©Z `m H$mX§~arVyZ hmoVo. _mS>JyiH$am§Zr ^§S>mam {OëømVrc "ZmJ{Pam'A^`maÊ`mV OdiOdi _{hZmâ dmñVì` Ho$co Ë`m doir Ë`m§Zr dÝ`àm{UOrdZmMo Ho$cocogyú_ {ZarjU, dmZam§Mo ImUo {nUo, {dlm§Vr KoUo, BVa àmÊ`m§Mo {eH$ma H$aUo `m H$mX§~arVyZàË``mg òVo.

`m H$mX§~arVrc dmZam§Zm coIH$mZo Ë`m§À`m eara-d¡{eîQ>çm§Zwgma Zmdo {Xcr AmhoV.CXm. eonyQ> VwQ>cocr cm§S>r Va X§S>mn`ªVMm S>mdm hmV Agcocr WmoQ>r. `m_wio `m dmZam§Zm EH$ì`pŠV_Îd àmá Pmco Amho.

_wS>çm H$mZmMm _wS>m, Ë`mMr AZoH$ dmZar d chmZ {nc§ Agcocr {_l Q>moir d Xwgar_moJm d Ë`mÀ`m nmM gmWrXmam§Mr ZaQ>moir `m§À`mV Mmccoë`m gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo {MÌU `mH$mX§~arV òVo.

15.2 H$WmZH$ åhUOo H$m`?

H$WmZH$ åhUOo coIH$mZo/H$mX§~arH$mamZo Ho$cocr ì`ŠVtÀ`m H¥$VrMr, àg§JmMr,KQ>Zm§Mr OwiUr. H$WmZH$ hr EH$ aMZm AgVo.

"JmoîQ>' Am{U "H$WmZH$' `mV \$aH$ Amho. JmoîQ> hr gai aofogmaIr AgVo. EH$mKQ>ZoZ§Va Xwgar KQ>Zm Aem àH$maMm H«$_ JmoîQ>rV AgVmo. H$WmZH$mV _mÌñWcH$mcmg§~§Yr Agm H«$_ nmicm OmVmoM Ago Zmhr. dmMH$mÀ`m _ZmV gVV CËH§$R>m{Z_m©U ìhmdr Aem àH$mao H$WmZH$mMr aMZm Ho$cr OmVo.

B, E_. \$m°ñQ>a `m§Zr JmoîQ> (ñQ>moar) Am{U H$WmZH$ (ßcm°Q>) `m§À`mVcm \$aH$ ñnîQ>H$aVmZm EH$ CXmhaU {Xco Amho, Oo gd©lwV Amho. 'amOm _ocm Am{U Ë`mZ§Va amUr _aUnmdcr' hr JmoîQ> Amho. na§Vw "amOm _ocm Am{U Z§Va Ë`m Xw:ImZo amUr _¥Ë`y nmdcr.' hoH$WmZH$ Amho. JmoîQ>rV nwT>o H$m` Pmco hm àý AgVmo Va H$WmZH$mV Ago H$m Pmco hm àýAgVmo. H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ {d{eîQ> H$mc_`m©XoV KS>V AgVo. H$WmZH$mMr OwiUr H$erH$am`Mr ho H$mX§~arÀ`m H$cmË_H$ hoVyer {ZJ{S>V AgVo.

H$Wm dm H$mX§~arVyZ {d{dY nmÌo AgVmV. Vr AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m H¥$Vr H$aV AgVmV.


~mocV AgVmV. `m nmÌm§À`m g§X^m©V AZoH$ KQ>Zm-àg§J KS>V AgVmV. `m gdmª_YyZ"H$WmZH$' V`ma hmoVo.

"gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arV dmZao, dmZam§Mo OrdZ Am{U Ë`m§À`m H¥$Vr_YyZ "H$WmZH$' gmH$maPmco Amho.

15.3 "gÎmm§Va'Mo H$WmZH$

AmVm AmnU Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo "gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ g_OyZ KoD$.

15.3.1 g§Kfm©Mr gwédmV

O§Jcm_Üòhr gÎmm {_idÊ`mgmR>r Mmccoë`m g§Kf© d VmoXoIrc EH$mM OmVrÀ`màmÊ`m§_Üò, gwédmVrnmgyZM {XgVmo. AmoT>çmÀ`m H$mR>mda Agcoë`m {dñVrU© AemOm§îrÀ`m PmS>mda, XwnmaÀ`m doir _wS>çm dmZamMr Q>moir Amam_ H$arV AgVo. gJirH$S>oem§VVm ngacocr AgVo. gmiw§Š`m, H$moVdmc `m§gmaIo njrhr Jßn Pmcoco AgVmV Am{UË`mM doir C§~amÀ`m PmS>mda, Oo AmoT>çmÀ`m ncrH$S>o WmoS>çmM A§Vamda AgV§, _moJm `m^Q>Š`m ZamMr Q>moir Amnë`m hmcMmctZm gwédmV H$aVo. XmV ImUo, JwaJwaUo, Z¡g{J©H$ {dYrH$aUo `m§gmo~VM \$m§Úmhr hcdUo, \$m§Úmdê$Z CS>çm _maUo `m_wio H$mocmhc hmoVmo. _wS>mÀ`mQ>moirda h„m H$aÊ`mMm `m KwgImoa dmZam§Mm CÔoe AgVmo. Ë`m§À`m AmdmOm_wio _wS>mÀ`mQ>moirVrc dmZamV ^rVrMo dmVmdaU ngaVo. nU Ë`mMm ZoVm _wS>m dméimda C^m amhÿZ `mKwgImoam§H$S>o nmhÿZ H$amH$am XmV ImV ñdV:À`m ApñVËdmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoVmo. VoìhmKwgImoa _mH$S>o niyZ OmVmV. Q>moirdaMm YmoH$m Q>iVmo. dmZar EH$_oH$s¨Zm {_R>çm _maVmV._wS>m dméimImcr òD$Z em§V ~gVmo.

_Ü` ^maVmVrc EH$m _moR>çm nmZJir d¥jmÀ`m O§JcmV ho H$WmZH$ KS>Vo. (AWm©V AgoH$moUË`mhr O§JcmV KSy> eH$Vo) `m O§JcmV VèhoVèhoMo AZoH$ d¥j, docr AgVmV. Am§~m,qMM, Om§^yi, C§~a Aer \$iPmS>o AgVmV. VerM nig, nm§Jmam d¥jhr AgVmV. AZoH$OmVtMo njr, O§Jcr àmUr gJiçm§Mo Vo dg{VñWmZ AgVo. X`mi njr, hmoco, gmiw§Š`m `mMogwñda Jm`Z nhmQ>o EoHy$ òV AgVo.

`mM O§JcmVcm EH$ _moR>m ^yàXoe åhUOo "_wS>m' `m dmZamM§ amÁ` AgV§. `m àXoemVrcPmS§>, Ë`m§Mr \$i§, {hadi, nmUr. `m gJiçmda Ë`m§Mr gÎmm AgVo. gmoim OUm§Mr Q>moir,Ë`mÀ`m Q>moirVë`m dmZar, chmZ-_moR>r BVa dmZao `m§À`mdahr Ë`mMr gÎmm AgVo. hr gÎmmË`mZo ñdV:À`m gm_Ï`m©da {_idcr AgVo d Vr {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mcm Zoh_rM gmdY



1) "gÎmm§Va' hr H$mX§~ar H$moUmÀ`m OrdZmda Amho?

2) H$WmZH$ d JmoîQ> `mVrc ôX H$moUr ñnîQ> Ho$cm Amho?

amhmdo cmJVo H$maU O§JcmV BVahr AZoH$ dmZa-Q>moiçm AgVmV. `m Q>moiçm§_Üò H$m`_MgÎmogmR>r g§Kf© gwê$ AgVmo. dmZam§À`m Q>moirVrc ZdrZ OÝ_coë`m Za Agcoë`m {ncmcmQ>moirVyZ ~hþVoH$ hmH$cyZ {Xco OmVo. _mÚm _mÌ Ë`mM Q>moirV dfm©Zwdf© amhmV AgV. ZaåhUyZ OÝ_mcm Amcocr nmoao hmUm_mè`m H$aV, KwgImoar H$aV gÎmm {_idm`Mm à`ËZH$aVmV. H$Yr Ë`mV Ë`m§Zm è {_iVo H$Yr nam^yV hmoD$Z niyZ OmUo qH$dm Ord J_mdU§dmQ>çmcm òVo.

`m H$mX§~arV KQ>Zm/àg§J \$mago ZmhrV. nU Ë`m KQ>Zm§À`m {ZdoXZm~amo~a O§JcmVrcàmÊ`m§À`m dmJÊ`mVrc ~marH$ gmarH$ Vnerc _mS>JyiH$am§Zr a§Jdco AmhoV. gmYm nmUr{nÊ`mMm àg§J. nU Vmo hr {H$Vr OmoI_rMm Agy eH$Vmo. OrdZ XoUmao nmUr {nVmZm _aUòÊ`mMr eŠ`Vmhr Iyn OmñV AgVooo. BË`mXr ~m~r Hw$ecVoZo {M{ÌV Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

15.3.2 nmUr ho OrdZ?

Vo CÝhmiçmMo {Xdg AgVmV. XwnmaÀ`m doir gd©M dmZao VhmZoZo ì`mHy$i hmoVmV. nUnmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r Viçmda OmUo åhUOo Ord YmoŠ`mV KmcUoM AgVo. BVa AmoT>o, Zmco,S>~H$s gJiçmVco nmUr AmQ>ë`m_wio Vio hm EH$M n`m©` AgVmo. ViçmOdiÀ`m JX©PmS>rV EImXm qhó ney X~m Yê$Z ~gcm Agë`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`m_wio nmUr{nÊ`mgmR>r OmVmZm dmZao Iyn H$miOr KoVmV. AmYr _wS>m hm Q>moirà_wI ViçmH$mR>À`m C§MgmJmÀ`m PmS>mda WmoS>m doi ~gyZ AmOy~mOyMm H$mZmogm KoVmo. n[apñWVrMm A§XmO KoVhiyhiy Imcr CVaVmo. nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r OmÊ`mMr OmoIr_ Q>moirà_wI Agë`mZo _wS>mZoM¿`m`Mr AgVo. AmYr Vmo nmÊ`mnmgyZ Xhm-n§Yam nmdc§ A§Vamda WmoS>m doi ~gyZ amhVmo._J nmÊ`mÀ`m H$mR>mer OmVmo. Mm¡\o$a ~KyZ KoVmo. nU dmHy$Z nmÊ`mcm Vm|S> cmdyZ nmUr{nÊ`mVhr OmoIr_M AgVo. H$maU _mJyZ H$moUr Amco Oa Vo Ë`mcm {XgUma ZgV§. _J Ë`mQ>moirVrc VaUr dmZar Or Oam YrQ> AgVo Vr gmJmdê$Z CVê$Z Imcr òVo d _wS>mÀ`m_mJo hmVâ A§Vamda ~gVo. _mJo VaUr Amcr Amho ho ~KyZ _J _wS>m Imcr dmHy$Z nmUr{nVmo.

_J Q>moirVrc VrZ nmoao Imcr CVaVmV. _wS>m nmUr {nD$Z Joë`mda VaUr, _J Ë`m VrZnmoamVrc EH$ nmoao nmUr {nVo. ~mH$s XmoKo _mJo amIU H$aVmV. Aem àH$mao gJir dmZao nmUr{nVmV. Odi Odi AYm©Vmg hm {dYr gwê$ AgVmo.

15.3.3 ~moWarMm _¥Ë`y

g§Ü`mH$mir H$mH$S>d¥jmda dmZam§Mr Q>moir ~gcr AgVmZm AMmZH$ _moamÀ`mAmoaS>Ê`mMm, Ho$H$mMm AmdmO ncrH$S>À`m Zmë`mVyZ EoHy$ òVmo. Ë`m AmdmOmZo Q>moir gmdYhmoVo d ñVãY ~gyZ amhVo. Z§Va {MVi-haUm§Mmhr "nwH$-nwH$' Agm AmdmO òVmo. _mXrAm{U {VMo nmS>g dmZamMr Q>moir {OWo ~gcr AgVo Ë`m PmS>mImcyZ doJmV YmdV OmVmV.H$moUrVar qhó ney Amcm Agë`mM§ dmZam§Zm H$iVo. H$moUmMm Var Ord AmO OmUmaMAgVmo.


_wS>m dmZam§Zm gmdYmZVoMm Bemam XoVmo. "IH$a©IH$' dmZam§Zm ~amo~a H$iVmo. "ImcrH$mi Q>nyZ ~gcm Amho Voìhm PmS>mdaM Wm§~m gmdY amhm.' Agm Bemam {_imë`mda dmZaoJßn ~gyZ amhVmV.

nU ~moWarcm (åhmVmar dmZar) H$m` ~wÕr gwMVo H$s Vr Á`m PmS>mda C§M \$m§Xr Yê$Z~gcr AgVo Vr gmoSy>Z Xwgè`m gwa{jV PmS>mda Om`M§ R>adVo. Vr Imcr òD$Z n§MdrgEH$ nmdcmdaÀ`m Ë`m PmS>mda OmUma VodT>çmV EH$ amZHw$Ìm {VÀ`mda Pon KoVmo. Amnë`mnmocmXr O~S>çmV {VMm Jim nH$S>Vmo. nH$S> KÅ> H$ê$Z {VÀ`m N>mVrda EH$ n§Om R>odVmo.eonyQ> O{_Zrda AmnQ>V WmoS>m à{VH$ma H$aV Agcoë`m ~moWarM§ A§J cwi§ nS>V§, _J EH$Hw$Ìr YmdV òD$Z {VÀ`m _m§S>rMm cMH$m VmoS>Vo. _J Ë`mMr ghm {nc§ òVmV d ~moWardaVwQy>Z nS>VmV. ~moWar åhmVmar AgVo d {VÀ`mOdi Zm AmH«$mi{dH«$mi O~S>m AgVmo ZmVrúU Z»`m. ñdV:M§ g§ajU H$aÊ`mM§ H$moUV§hr hË`ma {VÀ`mOdi ZgV§. Vr àmUmcm_wH$Vo. {VWo dmgmIoarO H$mhr CaV Zmhr. amZHw$Ìr {VMo AmVS>o, hmS>o gJi§ ImD$ZQ>mH$VmV. hm gmam àH$ma nmhÿZ Km~acocr BVa dmZao ~amM doi XmV dmOdV, \$m§Úm hcdVamhVmV. O§JcmV Ago àH$ma Zoh_rM Mmccoco AgVmV.

15.3.4 _wS>mÀ`m eoOmar cmc~wS>çm

cmc~wS>çm hm _wS>mÀ`m eoOmar amhUmam. Vmo VmH$XdmZ hmoVm. gmV dmZar XmoZ H$iVrnmoa§ Ë`mÀ`m Q>moirV AgVmV. _wS>mgmaImM Vmo Ë`mÀ`m Q>moirMm à_wI hmoVm. _wS>m amoOgH$mir PmS>mÀ`m gdmªV C§M \$m§Xrda MTy>Z, Am^mimH$S>o Vm|S> H$ê$Z "hþßn... hþßn' AgmOmoamV AmdmO H$aV Ago. hm AmdmO EoHy$Z Ë`mcm AmOy~mOyÀ`m ^mJmVyZ CÎma EoHy$ òB©.Ë`mV EH$ cmc~wS>çmMo CÎma Agm`Mo. ho EoH$ë`mZ§Va AmO ImUo emoYm`cm Hw$R>o Om`Mo Vo_wS>m R>adm`Mm d ~mH$sMo Ë`mÀ`m _mJo Om`Mo.

EH$ {Xdg C§M PmS>mdarc \$io ImÊ`mnojm EH$m MmamoirÀ`m PmS>mImcr nS>coë`mMmamoiçm _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc gd© ImV AgVmV. ho ImV AgVmZm Q>moirMm à_wI Amcm, H$sBVam§Zr ~mOycm hmoD$Z Ë`mcm OmJm H$ê$Z Úm`Mr hr ZoË`mcm AX~ XmIdÊ`mMr Ë`m§MrnÕV AgVo. Ver Vo AmO àW_ VaUrcm d Z§Va _wS>mcm XmIdVmV. Mmamoiçm ImÊ`mVgd© Jw§J AgVmZmM cmc~wS>çmcm C§M, PmS>mÀ`m \$m§Xrdê$Z Vo {XgVmV. Vmo hþßn hþßn AgoAmYr A§VamA§VamZo d Z§Va OcX Ago VrZ doim AmdmO H$aVmo. \$m§Úm OmoaOmoamV hcdVmo.H$aH$a XmV MmdVmo, JwaJwamQ> H$aVmo. `m AmdmOmZo _wS>mMr Q>moir gmdY hmoVo. _wS>mhr PmS>mdaMTy>Z \$m§Úm hcdVmo. AmdmO H$aVmo. AmìhmZ à{VAmìhmZ XoÊ`mMr Vr Ë`m§Mr nÕV AgVo.WmoS>çmM doimV XmoÝhr Q>moiçm EH$_oH$m§g_moa òVmV. chmZ nmoao EH$_oH$m§da YmdyZ OmVmV.cmc~wS>çm d _wS>m d `m§À`mV AmVm Mm§Jcr cT>mB© hmoUma Ago dmQ>V AgVmZmM cmc~wS>çm_mKma KoD$Z niyZ OmVmo. _wS>m Ë`mMm WmoS>m nmR>cmJ H$aVmo. XmoÝhr Q>moiçmVrc dmZar nUEH$_oH$m§da IoH$gV ^m§S>VmV. Ago ~amM doi WmoS>çm A§VamZo gwê$ amhVo.

cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirV chmZ VmÝh§ nmoa ZgV§. _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc WmoQ>rMo VmÝho nmoacmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVrc H$mir dmZar {hgH$mdyZ ZoVo. WmoS>m doi Vo gd© dmZatH$S>o {\$aV


amhVo qH$MmiV amhVo _J WmoQ>rgmo~V CZmS>r, cmOar YmdyZ OmVmV d {ncmcm gmoS>dyZAmUVmV.

XmoZ Q>moiçm§_Yrc hr cT>mB© cwQw>nwQy>À`m cT>mB©gmaIr AgVo. Vr {dH$monmcm OmD$ ZXoÊ`mMr Vo I~aXmar KoVmV Aem VèhoMo Ë`m XmoZ Q>moiçm§Vco ghOrdZ AgVo.

15.3.5 cmc~wS>çm Zmhrgm hmoVmo

cmc~wS>çm dmZa EH$ {Xdg AMmZH$ Zmhrgm hmoVmo. Zoh_rà_mUo amÌr PmonÊ`mMo PmS>R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r gd© OmUË`m _mÚm Ë`mMr dmQ> nmhVmV. nU Ë`mMm AmdmO `oV Zmhr. Voìhm_mÚm§n¡H$s EH$ Oam daMT> AgVo Vr EH$ PmS> emoYVo, Oo C§M AgVo d Ë`mÀ`m Imcr EH$gm§~a ~gcocm AgVmo. dmZao PmonÊ`mgmR>r Oo PmS> emoYVmV Vo, _moR>o C§M AgVo d Ë`mÀ`m~wS>mer H$mhr BVa àmUr åhUOo JmB©, dmgao, Jdo ~gcoco AgV, Vo PmS> gwa{jV g_OcoOm`Mo.

gH$mir CR>ë`mda ImÊ`mgmR>r Hw$R>o Om`M§ Vo R>adÊ`mM§ H$m_hr cmc~wS>çm Zgë`mZoWmoamS d daMT> dmZarM H$aV.

ImÊ`mgmR>r PmS>mÀ`m e|S>çmdê$Z H$Yr H$Yr Q>moirnmgyZ, Amnë`m hÔrnmgyZ WmoS>§ XyaOmÊ`mMr cmc~wS>çmcm gd` AgVo. Vmo PmS>mÀ`m T>mocrV hmV KmcyZ amZH$m|~S>rZ§ qH$dmcm§S>moarZ§ KmVcocr A§S>r emoYyZ \$ñV H$am`Mm `mV {OdmMr OmoIr_ hmoVrM. H$maU AernmIam§Mr A§S>r emoYm`cm BVahr àmUr CXm. H$moëho, amZSw>¸$a, dmK `oÊ`mMr eŠ`VmAgm`Mr. AgmM A§S>çmÀ`m emoYmV OmV AgVmZm AMmZH$ Ë`mMm hmV EH$m gmnmda nS>Vmod gmn Ë`mÀ`m hmVmcm MmdVmo. gmn {dfmar AgVmo. WmoS>çmM doimV Ë`mMm hmV gwOVmo.Ë`mcm A{Ve` doXZm hmoD$ cmJVmV. gmn Mmdë`mM§ cmc~wS>çmcm H$ic§ AgV§ nUË`mÀ`mda Cnm` _mÌ Ë`mcm _mhrV ZgVmo. doXZm Agø hmoVmV. eodQ>r œmg ¿`m`cmhr ÌmghmoV Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo.

O§JcmV Agm EImÚm àmÊ`mMm eodQ> Pmë`mda Oo hmoV§ VoM cmc~wS>çmM§ hmoV§. Vm§~S>çm_w§½`m Ë`mÀ`m earamda Jmoim hmoVmV. gH$mi Pmë`mda nmIao, _mí`m Ë`mÀ`m ^modVr JmoimhmoVmV. nmIao Ë`mÀ`m earamV, Vm|S>mV MmoMr IwngVmV. {JYmS>o, _J, Vag, H$moëho gJio



1) _Ü` ^maVmVrc EH$ _moR>çm .................... d¥jm§À`m O§JcmV "gÎmm§Va'Mo H$WmZH$ KS>Vo.

2) nmUr {nVmZm gdmªV AmYr Q>moirà_wI .................... nmUr {nVmo.

3) ~moWarcm .................... _mê$Z Q>mH$VmV.

4) .................... hm _wS>mMm eoOmar hmoVm.

òD$Z cmc~wS>çmÀ`m _¥V earamMo cMHo$ VmoS>VmV. Vag Va ~aJS>çm§Mr hmS>§hr CMcyZZoVmV. Q>moirMm amOm Agcocm cmc~wS>çmÀ`m ApñVËdmMm _mJ_yghr {e„H$ amhmV Zmhr.

15.3.6 cmc~wS>çmMr ~odmaer Q>moir/gÎmmg§Kf©

cmc~wS>çm Zmhrgm Pmë`mMo H$ië`mda _wS>m Ë`m Q>moircm Amnë`m Q>moirV gm_mdyZKoÊ`mMm {dMma H$aVmo. Ë`mMo gm_«mÁ`, àOm `m_wio dmT>Uma AgVo. AÞ dmT>Uma AgVo dVmo A{YH$ gm_Ï`©dmZ epŠVemcr Agm à_wI hmoUma AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Vmo {Xdgmcmc~wS>çmÀ`mM Q>moirVrc XmoZ ZwH$Ë`m ehmÊ`m Pmcoë`m dmZar~amo~a ~amM doi KmcdVmod g§Ü`mH$mir Amnë`m Q>moirV naV òVmo. Aem àH$mao Vmo XmoÝhr Q>moiçm§da dM©ñdJmOdÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. XmoÝhr Q>moiçm§Vrc _mÚm EH$Ì òVrc Ago Ë`mcm dmQ>V AgVo.nU _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVë`m dmZatZm ho EH$Ì òUo ZH$mo AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m cmc~wS>çmÀ`mQ>moirVrc dmZatda h„m H$aVmV. H$maU _moR>r Q>moir gm§^miUo EH$m Zamcm eŠ` hmoUma Zmhrd _J BVa KwgImoa dmZam§À`m hëë`mcm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJoc d Ë`mVyZ {dZme hmoB©c ho Ë`m§ZmH$iV AgV§. Va cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZatZm g§ajUmgmR>r EH$ Za hdm AgVmo._wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc nmoa§ nidyZ AmUë`mg nmoam§nmR>monmR> Ë`m§À`m Am`m òVrc, Amnë`mVamhVrc d _wS>mM§ g§ajU {_ioc Ag§ cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZatZm dmQ>V Agë`mZoË`m _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc cm§S>r, WmoQ>r dJ¡a|Mr _wc§ nidyZ ZoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.

`mM doir _moJm hm KwgImoahr cmc~wS>mÀ`m Q>moirMo à_wInX {_idÊ`mÀ`m {dMmamVAgVmo. cmc~wS>çm Zmhrgm Pmë`mM§ Ë`mcmhr H$ic§ AgV§M. EH$Xm _moJm X~H$V X~H$Vcmc~wS>çmÀ`m H$inmV {eaVmo. Vmo earamZo ^¸$_ d VrúU ÑîQ>rMm Agm AgVmo.cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVrc EH$ dmZar Ë`mÀ`mer OdirH$ H$aVo Vr BVa dmZatÀ`m XoIVM.Ë`m {VH$S>o Xwc©j H$aVmV H$Xm{MV Ago hmoUo Ë`m§Zr J¥{hVM Yaco Agmdo. nU H$mhr doimZoAMmZH$M _moJmÀ`m Am{U dmZarÀ`m cjmV òVo H$s ncrH$S>À`m C§M \$m§Xrdê$Z _wS>mË`m§À`mH$S>o ~KV AgVmo. AmVm `m XmoKm§_Üò hmUm_mar d OmoamMr cT>mB© hmoUma, H$moUrVarEH$ OI_r, nam^yV hmoUma `mMr gdmªZm H$ënZm òVo nU _moJm Z cT>Vm niyZ OmVmo. _wS>mË`mMm nmR>cmJ H$aV Ë`mÀ`m _mJo YmdVmo.

_moJm niyZ Jocm Var nwZ: nwÝhm cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirda dM©ñd {_idÊ`mMm Ë`mMmà`ËZ gwê$M R>odVmo. Ë`mcm _wS>m ~w^y:H$mamZo Bemam XoV Ago Am{U Ë`mÀ`m AmìhmZmcmà{VAmìhmZ Z XoVm _moJm niyZ OmV Ago. nU Z§Va _moJm Amnë`m nmM gmWrXmam§gh XmoZVrZ doim hÔ Amocm§Sy>Z _wS>mÀ`m VmH$XrMm A§XmO KoVmo. cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirV dmZarAgë`m Var Ë`m§Mo ~i H$mhr \$mago ZgVo. _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirV {H$Vr YmH$Q>o Za, dmZar {H$Vr`mMr ì`dpñWV H$ënZm Ë`m§Zm òVo. H$mhr H$mi OmD$ {Xë`mda EH$ {Xdg _moJm Amnë`mnmM gmWrXmam§gh _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirda h„m H$aVmo. `m nmM gmWrXmam§n¡H$s EH$ Mm§Jcm VéU,VJS>m Agm AgVmo. Vmo _wS>m§da Mmc H$ê$Z OmVmo. Vmo \$ma McmI d Mni AgVmo. Vmo_wS>mcm Mmdo KoD$Z ~oOma H$aVmo. Va _wS>mhr Ë`mÀ`mda h„m MT>dVmo d Ë`mcm nidyZ cmdVmonU Ë`mMdoir _moJm Ë`mÀ`mda Mmc H$ê$Z òVmo d Ë`mcm OI_r H$aVmo. aŠV~§~mi Pmcocm


_wS>m Imcr H$mogiVmo. _moJm Amnë`m gmWrXmam§gh ni H$mT>Vmo. Var Q>moirVrc dmZam§Mr ^rVrH$_r hmoV Zmhr. H$mhr nmoam§Zr _ma Im„ocm AgVmo. EH$mM§ ~moQ> VwQ>V§. H$mhr OUm§À`m A§JmdaAmoaIS>o C_Q>VmV.

amÌr Pmonm`cm PmS> emoYm`Mo H$m_ VaUrM H$aVo. _wS>m JiyZ Jococm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`mA§JmVyZ ~aoM aŠV dmhÿZ Jococo AgVo. gJir Q>moir Jßn AgVo.

`mZ§Va _moJm d Ë`mMo gmWrXma _wS>mda nwÝhm h„m H$aVmV. `mdoir _wS>m OmñV OI_rhmoVmo d niyZ OmVmo Voìhm _moJm Ë`mMm nmR>cmJ H$aVmo. _wS>mÀ`m A§JmVyZ Iyn aŠV dmhÿZOmV§. Imcr PwS>nmMr nmZ§ cmc hmoV OmVmV. nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r _wS>m nmÊ`mÀ`m H$mR>mda `oVmo.WmoS>§ nmUr {nVmo d {VWoM _ê$Z nS>Vmo. Ë`mÀ`m aŠVmMm a§J nmÊ`mV {_giVmo. _wS>mM§à_wInX _moJmH$S>o OmV§.

Z§Va _moJm _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVë`m Mmahr Za nmoam§Zm _mê$Z Q>mH$Vmo. cm§S>r, ~moWar {damoYH$aVmV, OI_r hmoVmV. WmoQ>r Amncr nmoa KoD$Z Xya niyZ OmVo.

Mma dfmªnydu _moJm Á`m Q>moirV hmoVm Ë`m Q>moirÀ`m à_wImcm, _wS>mZ§ hmUm_marV nam^dH$ê$Z niyZ Om`cm ^mJ nmS>coc§ AgV§. Amnë`m Q>moirVë`m ~m`H$m nmoam§Zm gmoSy>Z Vmonimë`mda _wS>mZ§ _moJm d Ë`mÀ`m nmM Za gmWrXmam§Zmhr nidyZ cmdc§ AgV§. _moJmÀ`m `mQ>moircm ñdV:Mm àXoe ZgVmo, gÎmm ZgVo. BVam§À`m ^y_rV {eê$Z Vmo ImV AgVmo. nUAmVm Vmo _wS>mcm _mê$Z Ë`mMr gÎmm H$m~rO H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m dmZar, Ë`mMr ^y_r gd© _moJmM§hmoV. gÎmoM§ MH«$ {\$acoco AgVo.

15.3.7 g§Kfm©Mo ahmQ>JmS>Jo

H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr EH$m amÌr _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc VaUr {dVo. Vo nmoa Za Amho H$s _mXr? VrCËgwH$VoZo nmhVo. dmZam§À`m gm_«mÁ`mV Za AgÊ`mcm EH$ {deof _hÎd AgV§. VaUrMo nmoaZa AgVo. H$Xm{MV nwT>o _moR>m hmoD$Z hm _moJmer cT>oc Am{U Q>moirMm à_wI hmoD$ eHo$c.AmO _moJmMo Pmcoco _wS>mMo Agcoco gm_«mÁ` Ë`mMo hmoD$ eHo$c.

gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo ho ahmQ>JmS>Jo AgoM gwê$ amhUma AgVo. H$WmZH$mMr gwédmV g§Kfm©Z§,~moWarÀ`m _¥Ë`yZo hmoVo. Va eodQ> VaUrÀ`m nmoamÀ`m OÝ_mZo hmoVmo. {X. ~m. _moH$mer `m§À`m"Am_moX gw~mgr Amco' `m H$WoMr AmR>dU `m gwédmV d eodQ>m_wio hmoVo.


15.3.6 d 15.3.7 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

1) cmc~wS>çmMm _¥Ë`y .................... _wio hmoVmo.

2) _wS>m d cmc~wS>çmMr Q>moir EH$Ì `oUo .................... ZH$mo AgVo.

3) .................... hm KwgImoa AgVmo.

4) gÎmmg§Kfm©V .................... Mm On hmoVmo.

15.4 gÎmm§Va_Yrc {ZgJ©

{_Ìm§Zmo, gwédmVrcm åhQ>ë`mà_mUo "gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arVyZ dmZam§À`m Q>moiçm§_YrcgÎmmg§Kf© {M{ÌV Pmcm Amho. ñdm^m{dH$nUoM dmZao amhmVmV, Ë`m O§JcmMo, PmS>m-nmZm-\w$cm-\w$cm§Mo dU©Z H$mX§~arV {R>H${R>H$mUr Amcoco Amho. ~XcUmao G$Vy, dmZam§Mm {XZH«$_`m gdmªMr coIH$mZo {MÌ_` e¡crV dU©Zo Ho$cr AmhoV. "gÎmm§Va'À`m dmL>²_`rZd¡{eîQ>çm§_Ü`o AmnU Ë`mMm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$am`Mm Amho. H$maU Vmo H$mX§~arÀ`mdmVmdaU{Z{_©VrMm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho.

15.5 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo,> "gÎmm§Va" `m ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a{c{IV AmJiçm-doJiçmH$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ AmnU Aä`mgco. ZmJ{Pam O§JcmV _wŠH$m_ R>moHy$Z coIH$mZo dmZam§MmOmo Aä`mg Ho$cm Vmo `m H$mX§~arVyZ A{Ve` a§OH$nUo _m§S>cm Amho. dmZam§Mm {XZH«$_,Ë`m§À`m Q>moiçm, Ë`m§Mo dmËgë`, Ë`m§À`mVrc gÎmmg§Kf© `m gdmªMo A{Ve` doYH$ {MÌU `mH$mX§~arV Ho$co Amho. AmVm nwT>À`m nmR>mV AmnU "gÎmm§Va' _Yrc nmÌ{MÌU Aä`mgUmaAmhmoV.

15.6 gmam§e

"gÎmm§Va" `m H$mX§~arMo doJionU AmnU Aä`mgco. "H$WmZH$' H$emcm åhUm`Mo-Ë`mMr _m{hVr KoVcr. "gÎmmg§Kf©', "nmUr hoM OrdZ?', "~moWarMm _¥Ë`y', "_wS>mMm eoOmarcmc~wS>çm', "cmc~wS>çm Zmhrgm hmoVmo', "cmc~wS>çmMr ~odmaer Q>moir/gÎmmg§Kf©', "g§Kfm©MoahmQ>JmS>Jo' ho "gÎmm§Va'À`m H$WmZH$mMo _hÎdmMo Q>ßno AmnU Aä`mgco.


15.2

1. dmZam§À`m 2. B. E_. \$m°ñQ>a

15.3

1. nmZJir 2. _wS>m 3. amZHw$Ìr 4. cmc~wS>çm

15.3.6 d 15.3.7

1. gmn Mmdë`m 2. _mÚm§Zm 3. _moJm 4. _moJm

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A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 16

"gÎmm§Va' : nmÌn[aM`

16.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m nydu AmnU "gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ Aä`mgco. VoAä`mgVmZm Amnë`mcm "gÎmm§Va'_Ycr nmÌm§Mm n[aM` Pmcm Amho. AmVm `m nmR>mV AmnUË`m{df`r A{YH$ gImoc Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. H$maU Amnë`mcm Ë`m nmÌm§{df`rg{dñVa coIZ H$aVm òUo Ano{jV Amho.

"gÎmm§Va' dmMyZ hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmcm -

l "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc à_wI nmÌo dm ì`pŠVaoIm `m§Mo {MÌU H$aVm òB©c.

l "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc Jm¡U nmÌm§{df`r _m{hVr {c{hVm òB©c.

"gÎmm§Va' : nmÌn[aM` / 181

16.0 C{Ôï>o16.1 àmñVm{dH$16.2 "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc à_wI nmÌo

16.2.1 _wS>m16.2.2 cmc~wS>çm16.2.3 WmoQ>r16.2.4 _moJm

16.3 "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc Jm¡U nmÌo16.3.1 cm§S>r16.3.2 VaUr, H$mUr, cmOar, CZmS>r



16.1 àmñVm{dH$

"gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr dmZao d Ë`m§Mo OrdZ Amho. Ë`m_wio `m H$mX§~arVrcnmÌo åhUOo dmZao AmhoV. H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ Á`m nmÌm§À`m ^modVr Jw§\$co OmVo - Vr nmÌoåhUOo à_wI nmÌo. "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc à_wI nmÌo åhUOo _wS>m, Ë`mMm eoOmar cmc~wS>çm, WmoQ>rdmZar d _moJm. `m{edm` _wS>m dmZamÀ`m Q>moirVrc cm§S>r, VaUr, H$mUr, cmOar d CZmS>r`m dmZar åhUOo Jm¡U nmÌo hmoV. hr Zmdo coIH$mZo Ë`m Ë`m dmZamÀ`m eara d¡{eîQ>çm§Zwgmad ñd^md{deofm§Zwgma {Xcocr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio dmZam§Zm {d{eîQ> ì`pŠV_Îd ~hmc Ho$co Amho.BVa gd©gm_mÝ` dmZam§nojm hr "{deof' R>aVmV. AmVm `m gd© nmÌm§Mm AmnU g{dñVaAä`mg H$ê$.

16.2 "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc à_wI nmÌo

da åhQ>ë`mà_mUo _wS>m, cmc~wS>çm, WmoQ>r d _moJm hr à_wI nmÌo "gÎmm§Va'_Üò AmhoV.

16.2.1 _wS>m

_wS>m hm `m O§JcmVrc EH$m dmZa Q>moirMm à_wI hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m S>mì`m H$mZmMm, daÀ`m~mOyMm _moR>m VwH$S>m _mam_marV VwQ>cm hmoVm Am{U Vmo _wS>çm Pmcm hmoVm. Vmo {niXmañZm`y§Mm, I¡amÀ`m JmR>rgmaIm Q>UH$ Am{U dOZXma eara Agcocm Agm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mearamda _mam_marÀ`m AZoH$ IwUm hmoË`m. eonQ>rdagwÕm _moR>m cm§~ dU hmoVm.

ñd^mdmZo Vmo \$ma g§Vmnr hmoVm. Vmo g§Vmncm åhUOo Odi OmÊ`mM§ Y¡`© dmZatZm hmoVZgo. \$ŠV VaUr dmZarM Ë`mÀ`mnmer YrQ>nUmZo Om`Mr.

`m AaÊ`mV Ë`mMo åhUmdo Ago amÁ` hmoVo. Vio Am{U Zmcm `m_Ycm EH$ _¡câ Agm^yàXoe Ë`mMm hmoVm d ho amÁ` Ë`mZo ñdV:À`m gm_Ï`m©da {_idcoco hmoVo. Za åhUyZOÝ_mcm Amcoë`m dmZamÀ`m nmoamcm Q>moirV OmñV H$mi amhVm òV Zgo. WmoS>m _moR>mPmë`mda Q>moirVyZ hmH$cyZ {Xco OmV Ago. _J `m nmoamZo hmUm_mè`m H$ê$Z, BVa dmZam§ercTy>Z Q>moir ~Zdmdr. AWm©V Vmo O§JcmV dmMcm VaM Am{U ho amÁ`, Q>moirà_wInX Á`mÀ`mA§JmV eŠVr OmñV Ë`mcmM {_iV Ago. Xwgè`m EImÚm Q>moirÀ`m d`ñH$a Aem à_wImcm_mê$Z qH$dm nidyZ cmdyZ Ë`mMr Q>moir Amncr åhUyZ Ë`mda amÁ` H$am`M§, Ë`m Q>moirM§^y_r, dmZar gJio `m qOH$Umè`m dmZamcm {_iV Ago. Ë`m Q>moirVrc Za nmoam§Zm hm ZdrZà_wI EH$ Va hmH$cyZ XoV Ago qH$dm _mê$Z Q>mH$V Ago.

_wS>mhr AgmM Q>moirà_wI ~Zcm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m àXoemVrc \$iPmS>o, PmS>m§Mr H$modirnmcdr, qS>H$, \$io-\w$co gJio Ë`mMo hmoVo. BWcr Ima_mVr Ë`mcm MmQ>Ê`mgmR>r hmoVr.Q>moirVrc gJiçm dmZar, nmoa§~mio gJir Ë`mMr hmoVr.

Ë`mMr gmoim OUm§Mr Q>moir hmoVr. Ë`mV gmV dmZar, Mma chmZ nmoa§, VrZ dfm© gìdmdfm©Mr Zanmoa hmoVr Am{U XmoZ d`mV Amcoë`m nmoar hmoË`m.


_wS>mZo {_idcoco amÁ` {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo O§JcmV \$ma H$R>rU hmoVo. H$maU BVa dmZaQ>moir_Yrc hmHy$Z {Xcocr nomao _moR>r hmoD$Z Ë`mcm AmìhmZ XoV hmoVr.

Amnë`m Q>moirMo g§ajU H$aUo, amoOMo ImUo, AÞ nmUr emoYUo, amÌr PmonÊ`mgmR>rgwa{jV Ago C§M PmS> emoYUo ho Ë`mcm Q>moirà_wI åhUyZ H$amdo cmJm`Mo. _wS>m e{º$emcrAgVmo. Ë`m_wio à{VñnYr© ni H$mT>VmV.

CXm. EImXm _moJm d Ë`mMo gmWrXma _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirda h„m H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo,C§~amÀ`m PmS>mda JwaJwamQ> H$aVmV. Z¡g{J©H$ {dYr H$ê$Z CJ« ^nH$mam hdoV gmoS>VmV. XmVImVmV. hþßn hþßn Agm AmdmO H$aVmV. daÀ`m \$m§Úmdê$Z ImcÀ`m \$m§Xrda XUmXUCS>çm Q>mH$VmV. WmoS>Š`mV gmam n[aga XUmUyZ gmoS>VmV. nU _wS>m AMmZH$ PmS>rVyZ~mhoa òVmo d `m KwgImoam§À`m g_moaM dméimda ~gyZ H$aH$am XmV ImVmo. JwaJwamQ> H$aVmoAm{U _moJm d Ë`mMo gmWrXma Km~ê$Z ni H$mT>VmV. Vo Joë`mdahr _wS>m Ë`m {XeoH$S>o ~KVJwaJwa H$aV amhVmo.

Q>moirM§ g§ajU H$aÊ`m~amo~aM amÁ`mMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mMm Vmo {dMma H$aVmo. Ë`mMmeoOmar cmc~wS>çm Ooìhm AMmZH$ Zmhrgm hmoVmo d ghm gmV {Xdg Pmë`mdahr òV ZmhrVoìhm _wS>m> Ë`mÀ`m Q>moirda dM©ñd JmOdÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. CKS>çm nS>coë`mcmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZatZm Vmo de H$ê$Z KoVmo. XmoÝhr Q>moiçm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aUH$aÊ`mgmR>r {Xdgm cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirV d amÌr ñdV:À`m Q>moirV amhVmo.

nU Ë`mM§ gm_«mÁ` \$ma H$mi {Q>H$V Zmhr. XmoZ Q>moiçm§M§ EH$ÌrH$aU hmoV Zmhr. _moJmAmnë`m gmWrXmam§gh h„o H$aVM AgVmo. EH$m hëë`mV _wS>m O~a OI_r hmoVmo. A§JmVyZIyn aŠV dmhÿZ OmV§. amÌr Pmonm`M§ PmS> gwÕm Vmo emoYy eH$V Zmhr. Aem OI_r AdñWoVAgVmZmM _moJm nwZ: h„m H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m COì`m ~aJS>rOdi OI_ H$aVmo. _wS>m nam^dnËH$ê$Z niyZ OmVmo. _moJm Ë`mMm nmR>cmJ H$aVmo _wS>mÀ`m earamVc§ Iyn aŠV dmhÿZ OmV§Ë`mcm niU§ AeŠ` hmoV§.

nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r Vmo nmÊ`mOdi òVmo. nmUr {nVmo. Aemhr pñWVrV Vmo BH$S>o {VH$S>onmhÿZ KoVmo. nU nmÊ`mV ñdV:Mo à{Vq~~ nmhVmo. {VWoM Vmoc OmD$Z nS>Vmo d EH$Q>mM {VWo_ê$Z nS>Vmo. Ë`mMr Q>moir XyaM amhVo. (Xw:IX A§V)

Á`m _moJmcm _wS>mZ§ Ë`mÀ`m Q>moirda h„m H$ê$Z hmH$cyZ cmdc§ hmoV§ VmoM _moJm AmVm_wS>mcm _mê$Z ñdV: Q>moirà_wI ~ZVmo.

"~ir Vmo H$mZ {nir'M§ àË`§Va `mVyZ òV§. hmM O§JcmMm H$m`Xm AgVmo.

16.2.2 cmc~wS>çm

cmc~wS>çm hm _wS>mMm eoOmar hmoVm. Ë`mMr VoamOUm§Mr dmZa-Q>moir hmoVr. _wS>mÀ`meoOmaMm Odinmg H$mogâ AaÊ`mMm ^mJ hr Ë`mMr ^y_r hmoVr. hm gwÕm Mm§Jcm VmH$XdmZd dOZXma Agm gmV df} d`mMm Za hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m ~wS>mda XmoÝhr ~mOycm cmcga a§JmMr


{R>Ji§ hmoVr d CS>çm _marV {ZKmcm H$s Vr ñnîQ> {Xgm`Mr. Ë`mÀ`m `m d¡{eîQ>çm_wµio Ë`mcmcmc~wS>çm ho Zmd coIH$mZo {Xco.

cmc~wS>çmMm OÝ_ Pmcm Ë`mdoir O§JcmVrc EH$m ^mJmcm AmJ cmJcr hmoVr. `m AmJrZoO§JcmVrc PmS>mPwS>nm§~amo~aM chmZ {H$S>o, _moa, amZH$m|~S>çm, ggo, KmoanS>r {n„§,{Q>Q>drMr, A§S>r `m§Mm {dZme Ho$cm hmoVm. AmJrÀ`m CîUVo_wio haUrMo J^©nmV Pmco hmoVo. nUcmc~wS>çm _mÌ Ë`mÀ`m AmB©À`m nmoQ>mV gwa{jV am{hcm hmoVm.

dmZam§À`m Q>moirVrc BVa dmZar Ë`mcm chmZ hmoVm, VoìhmnmgyZ AmB©OdiyZ AmoTy>Z ZoVd \$m§ÚmdaZ§ CS>çm KoV. Voìhm cmc~wS>çmcm Iyn ^rVr dmQ>m`Mr. _mÌ AmB©Mr C~, XyY{_imc§ H$s Vmo gwImdm`Mm. O§JcmV BVahr qhò n«mUr, njr dmZam§da h„m H$aV. Vo ~KVMcmc~wS>çm _moR>m Pmcm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m ~amo~arÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m IoiJS>çmcm EH$m ~mO nú`mZoPS>n KmcyZ, XmoZ nm`m§À`m Z»`mV nH$Sy>Z ZoVmZm cmc~wS>çmZo nm{hc§ hmoV§. VoìhmnmgyZnú`m§À`m gmdcrMrXoIrc Ë`mcm ^rVr dmQy> cmJcr hmoVr.

ImÊ`m{nÊ`mMo YS>o Ë`mcm chmZ d`mVM {_imco. Vmo cdH$aM ñdV§Ì Pmcm hmoVm.Ë`mÀ`m d`mÀ`m BVa dmZam§~amo~a _ñVr H$aV, Hw$ñË`m IoiV Vmo _moR>m hmoV hmoVm. WmoS>m_moR>m Pmë`mda Ë`mÀ`m ñd^mdmVcr AmH«$_H$Vm {XgyZ òD$ cmJVo. ImÊ`m{nÊ`mgmR>r,PmonÊ`mgmR>r, ~gÊ`mgmR>r, Oo CÎm_ Agoc VoM Ë`mcm hd§ Agm`M§. Ë`mgmR>r Vmo BVam§er_mam_mar, YŠH$m~wŠH$s H$ê$Z hd§ Vo {_idy cmJcm. BVa dmZar, nmoa§ Ë`mcm {^D$ cmJcohmoVo. Ë`mÀ`mVco ho ZoV¥ËdJwU {Xgë`m_wioM H$s H$m` Ë`mMr Ë`mÀ`m ^mdmgH$Q> Q>moirVyZhH$mcnÅ>r Pmcr hmoVr. Og§ dmZam§À`m Q>moir_Üò hmoV§ H$s Za Agcoë`m {ncm§Zm WmoS>o _moR>oPmë`mda hmH$cyZ XoÊ`mV XoÊ`mV òV§. _J Ë`m§Zr Oo H$m` {_idm`M§ Vo ñdV:À`m ~imda,ZmhrVa, _ma Imdm, BVa H$moëhm-Vag dmK `m§M§ {eH$ma ìhmd§. Ë`m§À`m ~m~VrV OrdZ hmAnKmV Agm`Mm!

cmc~wS>çm hm e{º$emcr d AmH«$_H$ ñd^mdmMm Agë`mZo EH$m Q>moirMo à_wI nX{_idVmo. Ë`mÀ`m hÔrV KwgUmè`m§da Vmo Mmc H$ê$Z OmVmo.

gH$mir CRy>Z PmS>mÀ`m C§M \$m§Xrda OmD$Z "hþßn hþßn' Agm AmdmO H$aÊ`mMr Ë`mMrnÕV hmoVr. Ë`mMm AmdmO Amcm H$s _wS>mhr VgmM AmdmO H$mT>V Ago. gH$mir ImU§{_iÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m {Xeocm Om`M§ Vo Vmo R>adV Ago d Q>moir Ë`mÀ`m _mJyZ OmV Ago.amÌr Pmonm`M§ PmS>§hr Vmo R>adm`Mm. nwT>o Ë`mÀ`m d _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirV cwQw>nwQw>Mr ^m§S>U§ hmoVAgV. AWm©V, {ZH$amÀ`m cT>mB©M§ ñdê$n Ë`m ^m§S>Umcm XmoÝhr Q>moir à_wI òD$ XoV ZgV.H$maU Ë`mVyZ {dZme AQ>i hmoVm. Vmo Q>miyZ Amnmnë`m ~imMr H$ënZm à{VñnYu Q>moircm`mdr Aem CÔoemZo `m cT>m`m Ioië`m Om`À`m.

cmc~wS>çm WmoS>m gmhgr hmoVm. ñdV:Mr Q>moir d hÔ gmoSy>Z \$ma cm§~ Hw$R>o Vmo OmV Zgo.nU WmoS>o Xyan`ªV PmS>m§À`m e|S>çmdê$Z CS>çm KoV Om`Mr Ë`mcm gd` hmoVr d AgoH$aVmZm Vmo H$Yr H$Yr Q>moirnmgyZ Xya OmV Ago. PmS>mda, O{_Zrda doJdoJiç>m nú`m§Zr


KmVcocr A§S>r emoYyZ Vr \$ñV H$aU§ `mV Ë`mcm _Om dmQ>m`Mr. AmZ§X dmQ>m`Mm. hm AmZ§X{_idÊ`mgmR>r Vmo WmoS>r OmoIr_hr nËH$aV Ago. nU hrM OmoIr_ KoÊ`mÀ`m ^amV, A§S>remoYÊ`mÀ`m ZmXmV cmc~wS>çmcm Amncm Ord J_dmdm cmJVmo.

{MVya n{jUrZ§ KmVcocr A§S>r ImÊ`mgmR>r OmVmZm Ë`mMm hmV EH$m gmnmda nS>Vmo.{dfmar gmn Ë`mÀ`m hmVmMm Mmdm KoVmo. gmnmZo Mmdm KoVë`mM§ Ë`mcm H$iV§. Vmo ~S>~S>VPmS>mda OmD$Z ~gVmo. nU WmoS>çmM doimV Ë`mMm hmV gwOVmo. doXZm Ë`mcm Agø hmoVmV.œmg KoU§hr H$R>rU hmoV§ Am{U H$YrVar Ë`mMm Ord OmVmo. Amnë`m Q>moirnmgyZ Xya EH$Q>mMVmo _ê$Z nS>Vmo.

Ë`mÀ`m {ZOud earamda cmc _w§½`m, Q>H$mMmoa njr, Vag, H$moëho, {JYmS>o gJio h„mMT>dVmV. Xwgè`m {Xdgmn`ªV {VWo H$mhrhr CaV Zmhr. dmZaQ>moirÀ`m amOmMr XwX£dr AIoahmoVo. hmM O§JcMm Ý`m` AgVmo.

16.2.3 WmoQ>r

hr _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVcr EH$ coHw$admir dmZar hmoVr. Vr chmZ AgVmZmM EH$m KwgImoadmZamZ§ {VÀ`mda h„m Ho$cm hmoVm. {VÀ`m AmB©H$Sy>Z {Vcm nidyZ {VÀ`m S>mdm hmVmMm MmdmKoVcm hmoVm d Z§Va Q>mHy$Z {Xco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {VMm S>mdm hmV X§S>mn`ªVM hmoVm. Vem EH$mhmVmZo Vr Amnë`m {ncmcm gm§^mim`Mr, Ë`mcm KoD$Z {\$am`Mr. WmoQ>çm hmVmMr ndm© ZH$aVm ^m§S>UmV nwT>o ìhm`Mr.

^m§S>UmMr Iw_Iw_r {VÀ`mV hmoVr. EH$Xm _wS>m d Ë`mMm eoOmar cmc~wS>çm `m§À`mVc§cwQw>nwQ>rM§ ^m§S>U g§nc§ AgVmZm Vr Amnë`m nmoamcm Xwgè`m CZmS>r `m dmZarOdi gmoSy>ZMdVmiyZ cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVë`m dmZarÀ`m A§Jmda YmdyZ OmVo. ~amM doi dmZarM§^m§S>U, Ho$g AmoT>U§, MmnQ>çm _maU§ Aem ñdê$nmV gwê$ AgV§.

Amnë`m nmoamda {VMm Ord AgVmo. BVa dmZar {VÀ`m nmoamcm ZoD$Z qhS>dm`À`m VoìhmnmoamMo hmc hmoD$Z Vo AmoaSy> cmJc§ H$s hr YmdV OmD$Z Ë`mcm ¿`m`Mr. nU cmc~wS>çmÀ`mQ>moirVcr EH$ dmZar `oD$Z {VÀ`m {ncmcm hmV KmcVo Voìhm Vr {ncmcm KÅ> N>mVrer Yê$Z



1) "gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr _mUgo ZgyZ .................... AmhoV.

2) "_wS>m" dmZa .................... JmR>rgmaIm .................... hmoVm.

3) .................... åhUyZ OÝ_mcm Amcoco dmZamMo nmoa Q>moirVyZ hmH$cyZ {Xco OmVo.

4) .................... hm _wS>mMm eoOmar hmoVm.

5) cmc~wS>çmMm ñd^md .................... hmoVm.

R>odVo. naŠ`mÀ`m hmVmV Amnë`m coH$amcm {Vcm OmD$ Úm`M§ ZgV§. nU AmoT>mVmUrVnmoamMo hmc hmoVmV. H$miVm|S>r dmZar {ncmÀ`m _m§S>rcm Mmdm KoVo. Voìhm nmoa§ {OdmÀ`mAmH$m§VmZo aSy> cmJV§. Voìhm Ë`mMo hmc hmoD$ ZòV åhUyZ WmoQ>r Amncr nH$S> g¡c H$aVo d{ncmcm ZoD$ XoVo. nU H$mhr doimZ§Va CZmS>r d cmOarcm gmo~V KoD$Z Amnë`m {ncmcmnaV AmUVo. Ë`mdoir H$miVm|S>rÀ`m \$Q>Š`mZo {Vcm OI_ hmoVo. daMm AmoR> \$mQ>Vmo. aŠVòD$ cmJV§ Var Vr {ncmcm KoD$Z naV òVo. cmc~wS>çm Zmhrgm Pmë`mda Ë`mÀ`m d_wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZar_Üò g§Kf© gwê$ hmoVmo. _wS>mÀ`m dmZaQ>moirVrc dmZarcmc~wS>çmÀ`m hÔrV OmD$Z Ë`m dmZarer ^m§Sy> cmJVmV. Ë`m§À`mda Mmc H$ê$Z OmVmVVoìhm WmoQ>r _mÌ Amnë`m nmoamcm OI_m hmoVrc åhUyZ ^m§S>UmV nS>V Zmhr.

_wS>mcm _maë`mZ§Va _moJm Ë`m§À`m Q>moirVë`m chmZ nmoam§Zm _mam`Mm gnmQ>m gwê$H$aVmo. cm§S>rM§ nmoa AmYr _maVmo. Z§Va BVa nmoam§Zm _maVmo. Voìhm WmoQ>r Amnc§ nmoa KoD$ZQ>moir gmoSy>Z Xya O§JcmV {ZKyZ OmVo. VmËnwaVr Var _moJmÀ`m YmoŠ`mVyZ {ncmMr gwQ>H$m hmoVo.

nU {ncmcm gm§^miU§ {Vcm H$R>rU OmD$ cmJV§. {Vcm ñdV:M§ ImU§{nU§ hr ZrQ> H$aVmòV Zmhr. H$maU Q>moirVë`m BVa dmZar AmVm ZgVmV Am{U amÌr EH$Q>§ Pmonm`Mr ^rVrdmQy> cmJVo. eodQ>r EH$ {Xdg XmT>rdmë`mÀ`m Q>moirÀ`m Odi OmVmo. hm XmT>rdmcm åhUOo_moJmÀ`m Q>moirVcm ~cdmZ Agm Za AgVmo. Vmo cmc~wS>çmÀ`m ~odmaer Q>moirMm Zm`H$Pmcocm AgVmo d BVa Mm¡Km§Zm Ë`mZo hmH$cyZ {Xc§ AgV. XmT>rdmë`mÀ`m Q>moirVrc åhUOocmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZar WmoQ>rÀ`m nmoamcm Odi KoVmV. Ë`mMm cmo^ H$aVmV. WmoQ>rcmXmT>rdmë`mMr ^rVr dmQ>V AgVo H$s, Vmo YmdyZ òD$Z nmoamcm {hgHy$Z _maVmo H$s H$m`! nUVmo Vgo H$mhr H$aV Zmhr. Ë`m Q>moirV chmZ nmoa ZgVoM. {VÀ`m nmoam_wio WmoQ>rMm `m eoOmarQ>moirV àdoe hmoVmo.

16.2.4 _moJm

~wQ>H$m, ^¸$_ eara, VrúU ÑîQ>r, Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>m^modVr Iyn Ho$g AgVmV. _moJm hm EH$mQ>moirVyZ hmH$cyZ cmdcocm EH$ dmZa AgVmo. Ë`m Q>moirà_wImcm _wS>mZ§ OI_r H$ê$ZnidyZ cmdc§ AgV§ d Ë`mÀ`m Q>moirda H$ãOm Ho$cocm AgVmo. _moJm~amo~aM AOyZ nmMZa-nmoam§Zmhr hmH$cyZ cmdco AgVo. AmVm Vo _moR>o Pmcoco AgVmV. _moJm d Ë`mMo gmWrXmaVoìhmnmgyZ amZmo_mi ^Q>H$V AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm ñdV:Mm àXoe ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio ImÊ`mgmR>rZoh_rM Xwgè`mÀ`m hÔrV {eamd§ cmJV AgV§. _moJm Ë`m Q>moirM§ ZoV¥Ëd H$aV AgVmo.{XemhrZ ^Q>H$V AgVmZmM EImÚm Q>moirda h„m H$ê$Z Ë`m Q>moirM§ à_wInX{_idÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV Vmo AgVmo. _wS>mZo Ë`mcm hmH$cë`m_wio Vmo _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirda h„mH$aV AgVmo.

_moJm hm e{º$_mZ d XUH$Q>, amJrQ> AgVmo. VgoM YmoaUr AgVmo. Om§îmÀ`m PmS>mda~gcoë`m _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirda h„m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vmo C§~amÀ`m PmS>mda ~gyZ gmWrXmam§~amo~aX§Jm H$aVmo. S>hmiçmdê$Z CS>çm Q>mH$Vmo. XmV H$amH$am dmOdVmo. nU Q>moirMm à_wI _wS>mPmS>rVyZ ~mhoa òD$Z dméimda ~gVmo d _moJm d Ë`mÀ`m gmo~Ë`m§H$S>o ~KyZ JwaJwamQ> H$aVmo.


_moJmcm à{VAmìhmZ XoVmo. Voìhm _moJm niyZ OmVmo. Amncm {Z^md cmJUma Zmhr ho Ë`mcmH$iV AgVo.

nU Vmo nwZ:nwÝhm _wS>mÀ`m Q>moir^modVr dmdaV amhVmo d g§YrMr dmQ> nmhVmo. (gÎmmH$m§jm)_moJmcm Q>moirà_wI ìhm`Mo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r àXoe hdm AgVmo. _mÚm hì`m AgVmV. {ZdS>H$\$io, {ZdS>H$ OmJm, gmWrXmam§H$Sy>Z AX~ Ag§ gJi§ Ë`mcm hd§ AgV§. hr gÎmm AWm©VMXwgè`m Q>moirà_wImcm _mê$Z qH$dm nam^yV H$ê$Z hmH$cyZ cmdyZM {_iUma AgVo.Ë`mgmR>rM Vmo à`ËZ H$aV amhVmo.

cmc~wS>çm Zmhrgm Pmë`mMo H$ië`mda Vmo Ë`m ~odmag Q>moirV {eaVmo. Ë`m Q>moirVrcEH$ dmZar cJoM Ë`mcm de hmoVo. nU {VÀ`mgmo~V EH$Ì AgVmZm _wS>m Amnë`mH$S>o nmhVmoho H$iVmM Vmo niyZ OmVmo. _wS>mÀ`m eŠVrMm Ë`mcm A§XmO AgVmo.

_moJmcm gÎmm {_idm`Mr AgVo. nU Ë`mgmR>r Vmo Amncm Ord OmoI_rV Q>mH$V Zmhr.à{VñnYu e{º$emcr Amho ho nmhÿZ niyZ OmÊ`mM§, _mKma KoÊ`mM§ ehmUnU Ë`mÀ`mVAgV§. Vg§M cmc~wS>çmMr [aH$m_r OmJm {_iVo H$m `mMrhr Vmo MmMnUr H$aVmo. Ë`mM~amo~acmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVë`m dmZar Amnë`m gmo~Ë`m§Zm Z XmIdÊ`mM§ MmVw`©hr Ë`mÀ`mVAgV§. _mÚm ~KyZ Amnco gmWrXma MoH$miyZ Amnë`mcmM _maVrc ho g_OV Agë`mZo VmoË`m§Zm dmZar {Xgy XoV Zmhr. EH$Q>mM Ë`m H$inmV {eaVmo. nU _wS>mcm _mam`cm, gmWrXmam§MrJaOhr Amho `mMr hr Ë`mcm H$ënZm AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vmo H$Yr H$Yr nam^d nËH$ê$Z ~mOycmhmoVmo.

_wS>mÀ`m VmH$XrMm Vmo A§XmO KoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m Q>moirV dmZar Agë`mVar Ë`m \$maYmoH$mXm`H$ ZmhrV. ZamgmaIo I§{Oar gwio Ë`m§À`mOdi Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Zr OI_r Ho$c§ VaràmUmda ~oVUma Zmhr. cmc~wS>çmMr d _wS>mMr Q>moir EH$ Pmcr Var cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVdmZatMrM g§»`m OmñV hmoV hmoVr d Ë`m_wio _wS>mM§ ~i H$_r hmoV§ ho Vmo AmoiIVmo. EHo${Xder XwnmaÀ`m doir Vmo Q>oH$S>rÀ`m nm`Ï`mer {dlm§Vr KoV Agcoë`m _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirdah„m H$aVmo. Ë`mAmYr Vmo d Ë`mMo gmWrXma C§~amÀ`m PmS>mda _moR>_moR>çmZo AmdmO H$aVmV\$m§Úm hmcdVmV daÀ`m \$m§Úmdê$Z Imcr CS>çm KoVmV. _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirV K~amQ> ngaVo._moJm _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirV KwgVmo. chmZ nmoa§, Ë`m§À`m Am`m BVa dmZar, åhmVmar ~moWargJiçm§Zm Vmo _maVmo. _moJmMm gmWrXma _wS>mda Mmc H$ê$Z OmVmo. Ë`mÀ`mer cTy>Z _wS>mWH$ë`mda _moJm Ë`mÀ`mda ËdofmZo h„m H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m Im§ÚmMo, nmR>rMo cMHo$ VmoS>Vmo,ZIm§Zr Ë`mMm Moham Amoa~S>Vmo. _wS>m ½cmZr `oD$Z Imcr H$mogiVmo. Aem OI_r _wS>mdaXwgè`m {Xder _moJm nwÝhm h„m H$aVmo. _wS>m à{VH$ma H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Vmo aŠV~§~mi hmoD$ZniyZ OmVmo d nmÊ`mÀ`m ViçmÀ`m H$mR>mda _ê$Z nS>Vmo.

_wS>mcm _maë`mda _moJmcm Ë`mÀ`m Q>moirM§ à_wInX {_iV§. ho {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r Vmo BVachmZ Za-nmoam§Zm _mê$Z Q>mH$Vmo. dmZatZm YmH$ XmIdÊ`mgmR>r JwaJwéV, ~S>~S>V amhVmo.Ë`mcm AmVm gÎmm {_imcr AgVo. Vr {Q>H$dm`Mr AgVo.


Om§îrÀ`m PmS>mda Ë`mMr Q>moir Om§î§ ImV AgVmZm Vmo C§M \$m§Xrda ~gcocmAgVmo. XwéZ Ë`mcm {~~Q>çm òVmZm {XgVmo. Voìhm Vmo Q>moircm "IH$a©IH$' Agm AmdmOH$ê$Z Bemam H$aVmo. Q>moir gmdY hmoVo. dmZao C§M \$m§Úm§AmS> cnyZ ~gVmV. nydu _wS>m dcmc~wS>çm Ogo gH$mir EH$_oH$m§Zm gmX-à{VgmX XoV AgV. Vgo AmVm XmT>rdmcm hm_moJmMm gmo~Vr d _moJm XoVmV.

H$mcMo cwQ>mê$, n|T>mao Agcoco AmVm gÎmmYre Pmco AgVmV.

gd© pñWañWmda Pmë`mda _moJm _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZatÀ`m _mJo cmJVmo. Ë`mhr AmVmË`mÀ`m Pmcoë`m AgVmV.

gÎmm§VamVco EH$ dVw©i _moJm nyU© H$aVmo.

16.3 "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc Jm¡U nmÌo

"Or nmÌo H|$ÐñWmZr ZgVmV, Ë`m§À`m ^modVr H$WmZH$ {\$aV Zmhr, Var Ë`m§À`mApñVËdmcm _hÎd AgVo.' Aer Mma à_wI nmÌm§{edm` H$mhr Jm¡U nmÌohr "gÎmm§Va' `mH$mX§~arV AmhoV. Vr åhUOo _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZar. `m§Zm _mS>JyiH$am§Zr H$mUr, VaUr,cm§S>r Aer Zmdo R>odcr AmhoV. gÎmm {_idÊ`mgmR>r `m g§Kfm©V Ë`m§Mmhr WmoS>m dmQ>m AmhoM.

16.3.1 cm§S>r

_wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc hr EH$ dmZar AgVo. Vr Mm§Jcr Mni AgVo. YS>YmH$Q> AgVo.YrQ> AgVo. {Ocm EH$ VmÝh§ nmoa AgV§. EH$Xm nhmQ>o WmoS>m A§Yma AgVmZmM EH$m {~~Q>çmM§cj {hÀ`mH$S>o OmVo. O{_ZrnmgyZ C§M Aem PmS>mda Pmoncr Agë`mZo Amnë`mcm H$mhrYmoH$m Zmhr Ag§ Vr g_OV AgVo. nU Imcr cm|~H$iV Agcocr eonQ>r {~~Q>çmcm {XgVo.n§Yam-drg nmdcm§À`m A§Vamda Vmo {VÀ`mda Pon KoVmo. nU dmZar Ë`mÀ`m nH$S>rV òVZmhr. Ë`mÀ`m n§Á`mÀ`m VS>m»`mVyZ VwQ>coc§ eonyQ> Ë`mÀ`m O~S>çmV òV§. cm§S>r ~MmdVo.

Q>moircm hmXIyZ Q>mH$Umam hm àg§J cm§S>rÀ`m ~m~VrV KS>Vmo.



1) .................... hr _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc .................... dmZar hmoVr.

2) WmoQ>r_Üò .................... Iw_Iw_r hmoVr.

3) _moJm dmZa .................... d ...................., .................... AgVmo.

4) _moJmcm .................... Zo Q>moirVyZ hmH$cyZ {Xcoco AgVo.

5) gÎmm§VamVco EH$ dVw©i .................... nyU© H$aVmo.

cmc~wS>çm hm _wS>mMm eoOmar Zmhrgm Pmë`mda _wS>mcm Ë`m Q>moirdahr gÎmm JmOdmdrerdmQ>V AgVo. Va cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZatZm ñdg§ajUmgmR>r EH$ Za hdm AgVmo.nmoam§À`m nmR>monmR> Ë`m§À`m Am`mhr `oVrc d AmnU EH$Ì amhÿ Agm {dMma Ë`m H$aV AgVmV.Ë`m_wio Ë`m _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc chmZ nmoam§Zm nidV AgVmV. EH$Xm cm§S>rM§hr nmoanidÊ`mgmR>r EH$ OmS>r dmZar {VMm nmR>cmJ H$aVo. cm§S>r niVo d EH$m PmS>mÀ`m \$m§Xrda~gVo. OmS>r {VWo Amë`mda Vr OmS>rcm eaU OmVo d {VMo Ho$g qdMê$ cmJVo. ho CnOVehmUnU dmZarH$S>o AgV§. Ooìhm cT>Uo eŠ` ZgVo Voìhm nam^d _mÝ` H$aUo. nU VarOmS>rZo nmoamcm nidë`mda cm§S>r {VÀ`m hÔrV OmD$Z nmoamcm gmoS>dyZ AmUVo.

Vr Mm§Jcr YrQ> AgVo. _wS>mcm _maë`mda _moJm H$mUrM§ nmoa {hgH$mdyZ ZoVmo d Ë`mcmAmoa~S>Vmo Voìhm Vr BVa dmZar~amo~a H$mUrÀ`m _XVrcm OmVo. Amnë`m nmoamda {VM§ Iynào_ AgV§. _moJm {VÀ`mhr nmoamcm nidVmo Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m _mJo YmdVo d nmoamcm gmoS>dm`Mmà`ËZ H$aVo. nU _moJmnwT>o {VM§ H$mhr MmcV Zmhr. _moJm {VÀ`m _wcmcm _mê$Z, OI_r H$ê$ZVS>\$S>V Imcr R>odVmo. Voìhm Vr naV nmoamH$S>o OmVo. nU _moJm XmVAmoR> ImV {VÀ`mdaYmdVmo. eodQ>r {VMm gJim AmH«$moe {VÀ`m Mohè`mda C_Q>Vmo.

_yc _oc§ ho {Vcm H$iV Zmhr. Mma {Xdg Vr Ë`m nmoamcm KoD$Z {\$aVo. nmoa _oc§ Var{VM§ AmB©nU _aV ZìhV§/ Zmhr.

16.3.2 VaUr, H$mUr, cmOar, CZmS>r

`m dmZar H$mX§~arVë`m Jm¡U ì`pŠVaoIm AmhoV. `m gd© _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVM AgVmV.`mVrc VaUr hr {deof YrQ> AgVo. A§JmZ§ WmoamS> nU ZmH$s, S>moir ZrQ>g, Mni, ~iH$Q>XmVm§Mr d AJXr VéU Aer AgVo. YrQ> Agë`mZo amJmV Agcoë`m _wS>mOdi OmÊ`mM§Y¡`© {VÀ`mH$S>oM AgV§. BVa dmZar {Vcm Km~aV AgV. _wS>mÀ`m ImcmoImc Q>moirV {Vcm_mZ AgVmo. {VÀ`m nmoQ>mV XmoZ _{hÝ`m§Mm J^© AgVmo.

nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r Vµiçmda gJir Q>moir OmUma AgVo. ~mH$sMo PmS>mda Wm§~VmV d _wS>mEH$Q>m nwT>o OmVmo. ViçmÀ`m H$mR>mn`ªV Amë`mdahr nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r dmH$m`Mr Ë`mMr qh_VhmoV ZgVo Voìhm hr VaUrM Imcr CVaVo d _wS>mÀ`m _mJo hmV^a A§Vamda ~gVo. Vr _mJoAmho ho nm{hë`mda cJoM _wS>m nmUr {nÊ`mg gwédmV H$aVmo. Ë`mM§ Pmë`mda Vr nmUr {nVo.

_moJmH$Sy>Z _wS>m Ooìhm OI_r hmoVmo, Voìhm amÌr PmonÊ`mgmR>r PmS> emoYm`M§ ÌmUË`mÀ`mV ZgV§. Voìhm VaUrM ho H$m_ H$aVo. _wS>m _oë`mZ§Va _moJm Ë`m§À`m Q>moirMm à_wIhmoVmo d Q>moirVrc chmZ Zanmoam§Zm _mam`cm gwédmV H$aVmo. VaUrcm hmoUmè`m {ncmcmhrË`mZo Z§Va _mac§ AgV§. VaUr `m {dMmamVyZ _moJmcm de H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. nU VmoXmX XoV Zmhr.

EH$m amÌr Vr EH$m {M_waS>çm nmoamcm OÝ_ XoVo. ho nmoa _wS>mM§ AgV§. WmoS>o _moR>mPmë`mda OJcm dmMcm Va hm _moJmcm nam^yV H$aUma AgV§.

CZmS>r hr EH$ _hÎdmMr dmZar AgVo. hr A§JmZ§ chmZIwar AgVo. nU d`mV


Amë`mda hr Q>moirà_wImMm S>moim MwH$dyZ Xwgè`m Q>moirVrc dmZam§er gyV O_dÊ`mMm à`ËZH$aV AgVo. Ë`m_wio Q>moirVë`m BVa dmZar {VÀ`mH$S>o cj XoV AgVmV.

H$mUr EH$m S>moiçmZo AYy Agcocr hr dmZar cmOar hmoVr. {VÀ`mV H$moUV§hr ì`§JZìhV§ nU Zoh_rnojm H$mhr doJim àg§J KS>cm Va Vr Hw$R>o Var cnyZ ~gV Ago. H$moUË`mhrg§H$Q>mÀ`m MmhþcrZo Km~ê$Z PmS>mÀ`m ImoS>m_mJo, nmZm§_mJo ZmhrVa EImÚm dmZarÀ`m _mJocnm`Mr. ~moH$m§S>r hr A§JmZo YS>YmH$Q>, Mni Aer dmZar AgVo. Vr Iyn ^m§S>Hw$Xi AgVo.Q>moirVë`m dmZaterhr Va Vr ^m§S>VoM. nU Xwgè`m Q>moirVë`m dmZarerhr ^m§S>U CH$ê$ZH$mT>V AgVo. EImÚm dmZarcm ~ogmdY AgVmZm JmRy>Z {VÀ`mda CS>r KoV AgVo. Ë`m_wioBVa dmZar {Vcm Iyn ^rV AgVmV.

Aer hr "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc Jm¡U nmÌo. Jm¡U nmÌm§_wio H$WmZH$mcm ârdnUm òVmo.

16.4 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU "gÎmm§Va"_Yrc nmÌm§Mm/ì`pŠVaoIm§Mm gImoc n[aM`H$ê$Z KoVcm. ~maH$mB©Zo hr H$mX§~ar dmMcr Va Vwåhmcm `m n[aM`mV AmUIrhr H$mhr âKmcVm òB©c. nmÌ{MÌU - hm Hw$R>ë`mhr H$mX§~arMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo. "gÎmm§Va'_YrcnmÌ{MÌU- åhUOo dmZam§Mo {MÌU AmnU Aä`mgco. AmVm "gÎmm§Va'Mr BVa dmL>²_`rZd¡{eîQ>ço AmnU nwT>À`m nmR>mV Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.>

16.5 gmam§e

àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc _wS>m, cmc~wS>çm, WmoQ>r, _moJm hr à_wI nmÌo dcm§S>r, VaUr-CZmS>r-H$mUr d ~moH$m§S>r `m Jm¡U nmÌm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm.



1) cm§S>rMr eonQ>r .................... À`m hëë`mV VwQ>cocr AgVo.

2) cm§S>r ñd^mdmZo Mm§Jcr .................... AgVo.

3) _wS>mÀ`m ImcmoImc Q>moirV .................... Mm _mZ AgVmo.

4) H$mUr EH$m .................... Zo AYy AgVo.

5) ~moH$m§S>r ñd^mdmZo .................... AgVo.


16.2.2

1) dmZao 2) I¡amÀ`m, Q>UH$ 3) Za

4) cmc~wS>çm 5) gmhgr

16.2.4

1) WmoQ>r, coHw$admir 2) ^m§S>UmMr

3) epŠV_mZ d XUH$Q>, amJrQ> 4) _wS>m

5) _moJm

16.3

1) {~~Q>çmÀ`m 2) YrQ> 3) VaUr

4) S>moiçm 5) ^m§S>Hw$Xi

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 17

"gÎmm§Va'_Yrc gÎmmg§Kf©

17.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{_Ìm§Zmo, AmÎmmn`ªV AmnU "gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ Aä`mgco. `m H$mX§~arVrc{d{dY nmÌo - åhUOoM dmZao - `m§Mo {MÌU coIH$mZo H$go Ho$co Amho, Vohr Aä`mgco. AmVmàñVwV nmR>mV AmnU gÎmm§Va'_Yrc gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n Aä`mgm`Mo Amho. _yiH$mX§~arÀ`m ~amo~arZo `m nmR>mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mda Vwåhmcm -

l "gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arVrc gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n {c{hVm `oB©c.

l "gÎmm§Va' ho erf©H$ {H$Vr g_n©H$ Amho/AÝdW©H$ Amho / Ame`g§nÞ Amho /gyMH$ d ~mocHo$ Amho Vo g{dñVa {c{hVm `oB©c.

"gÎmm§Va'_Yrc gÎmmg§Kf©/ 193

17.0 C{ÔîQ>o17.1 àmñVm{dH$17.2 "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc gÎmmg§Kf©

17.2.1 g§Kfm©Mr gwédmV17.2.2 cmc~wS>çmMo Zmhrgo hmoUo17.2.3 _wS>m d _moJm `m§À`mVrc cT>V17.2.4 _moJmMm {dO`17.2.5 gÎmm§VamZ§VaMo ~Xc17.2.6 gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo ahmQ>JmS>Jo

17.3 "gÎmm§Va' `m erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm17.4 g_mamon17.5 gmam§e


17.1 àmñVm{dH$

"gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arÀ`m erf©H$mVyZM coIH$mZo H$mX§~arMo Ame`gyÌ gyMdco Amho.EH$m JQ>mH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m JQ>mH$S>o gÎmm§Va hmoUo - ho `m H$mX§~arMo Ame`gyÌ Amho. AWm©V hogÎmm§Va _mUgm§_Yco ZgyZ dmZam§À`m XmoZ Q>moiçm§_Yco Amho. Hw$R>cohr gÎmm§Va KS>VmZm {VWo"~ir Vmo H$mZ {nir' `m VÎdmMm àË`` òVmoM. qhgm, H«$m¡`©, gÎmoMr cmcgm, A{YH$manXmMm_moh Am{U Ë`m AZwf§JmZo {_iUmao BVa AZoH$ \$m`Xo B. AZoH$ KQ>H$ gÎmm§Vam_Üò A§V^y©VAgVmV.

"gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arV _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirda _moJm Amncr gÎmm àñWm{nV H$er H$aVmo `mMog{dñVa dU©Z òVo. AmnU Ë`mMm H«$_e: Aä`mg H$ê$.

17.2 " gÎmm§Va'_Yrc gÎmmg§Kf©

17.2.1 g§Kfm©Mr gwédmV

_Ü`àXoemVrc EH$m O§JcmV _wS>m dmZamMr Q>moir dmdaV AgVo. dmZam§À`mV Agcoë`mg§Ho$VmZwgma EH$ Za dmZa H$mhr dmZar d Ë`m§Mr {nëco Ago Ë`m Q>moirMo ñdê$n AgVo.{ncm§n¡H$s Or Za {nëco AgVmV Vr Oam _moR>r Pmcr, H$s Ë`m§Zm Q>moirVyZ hmH$cyZ {XcoOmVo. Aer hmH$cyZ {Xcocr Za{nco _moR>r Pmcr H$s EH$Ì òD$Z BVa Q>moiçm§À`m àXoemVKwgImoar H$aVmV. EImÚm Q>moirÀ`m n«_wI Zamer g§Kf© H$ê$Z, hmUm_mar H$ê$Z Ë`m Q>moirMrgÎmm H$m~rO H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio _moR>m ^yàXoe, _mÚm ho gmao Ë`mÀ`m _mcH$sMo ~ZVo. AmYrÀ`mZamMr {nco hm Zdm à_wI _mê$Z Q>mH$Vmo. dfm©Zwdf} dmZam§À`m Q>moiçm§V hm g§Kf© Mmcy AgVmo.`m g§Kfm©Mr PcH$ H$mX§~arÀ`m AJXr gwédmVrÀ`m ^mJmVyZM coIH$mZo XmIdcr Amho.

_wS>m dmZamMr Q>moir gmoim OUm§Mr hmoVr. {VÀ`mV gmV dmZar hmoË`m. Mma chmZ nmoaohmoVr. VrZ df©, gdmdfm©Mr Za nmoao d XmoZ d`mV Amcoë`m nmoar hmoË`m. `m gd© Q>moirda_wS>mMr gÎmm hmoVr. {edm` AmS>dm-C^m AYm© H$mog O§JcMm nÅ>m ho Ë`mMo gm_«mÁ` hmoVo. hogm_«mÁ` Ë`mZo ñdgm_Ï`m©da H$_mdco hmoVo. `m àXoemVcr \$iPmS>o Ë`mMr hmoVr. BWë`mPmS>m§Mr H$modir nmcdr, H$içm, \w$co, \$io, ^|S>o, ag, qS>H$ gJio Ë`mÀ`m _mcH$sMo hmoVo.BWco nmUr, BWcr {hadi, BWcr Ima_mVr ho gmao Ë`mMo hmoVo Am{U ho gm_«mÁ` A~m{YVamhmdo åhUyZ Ë`mcm gVV OmJê$H$ amhmdo cmJo. AYyZ_YyZ ~w^w:H$ma H$ê$Z Amncr gÎmmàX{e©V H$amdr cmJo. amoO Hw$R>o Mam`Mo, H$moUË`m PmS>mda {dlm§Vr ¿`m`Mr ho gmao Vmo R>adVAgo. Q>moirVë`m _mÚm Ë`mÀ`m _mcH$sÀ`m AgV.

nU hr H$mhr EH$M Q>moir O§JcmV ZìhVr, Va Aem AmUIr gmV dmZa-Q>moiçm hmoË`m,Ago coIH$ gm§JVmo. `m àËòH$ Q>moirMo ñdV:Mo joÌ hmoVo. Ë`mhr Q>moiçm§_YyZ Za-dmZa ~mhoahmH$cco OmV. Aem hmH$cyZ {Xcoë`m dmZam§Mr-KwgImoam§Mr EH$ Q>moir Ago. ho KwgImoagVV doJdoJiçm Q>moiçm§da hëco H$ê$Z gÎmm H$m~rO H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV AgV. Ë`m_wio


{VWo gVV g§Kf© Mmcy Ago.

gwédmVrcmM _wS>m dmZamMr Q>moir Xwnmar Oam {dgmdcr AgVmZm ghm KwgImoadmZam§À`m Q>moirZo {VÀ`mda hëcm H$aÊ`mMm, Q>moircm Km~adyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm.Zoh_rM Q>moirnmgyZ Oam Xya A§Vamdê$Z {VMr amIU H$aUmè`m _wS>mZo AmH«$_H$ JwaJwamQ>H$ê$Z KwgImoam§Zm nidyZ cmdco. dmZam§_Yrc g§Kfm©Mr, gÎmmñnY}Mr MwUyH$ AergwédmVrÀ`mM àg§JmVyZ coIH$mZo XmIdcr Amho.

17.2.2 cmc~wS>çmMo Zmhrgo hmoUo

_wS>m dmZamÀ`m Q>moirÀ`m eoOmaÀ`m ^mJmV cmc~wS>çm dmZamMr Q>moir hmoVr.cmc~wS>çmMr Q>moir Voam OUm§Mr hmoVr. AYyZ_YyZ `m XmoÝhr Q>moiçm EH$_oH$s¨~amo~a cwQy>nwQ>rMrcT>mB© H$arV. Q>moirVrc nmoam§Zm S>mdnoMm§Mo {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>rM OUy `m cT>m`m-_mam_mè`mhmoV AgV. Xa Mma-AmR> {Xdgm§V H$YrVar `m XmoÝhr-Q>moiçm§Mr ôQ> hmoB© Am{U ZamZam§V,_mÚm_mÚm§V, nmoamnmoam§V OmoaXma ^m§S>Uo hmoV. Iao ^m§S>U _mÌ Q>mico OmB©. {ZH$amÀ`mMH$_H$sV {dZme AQ>i AgVmo. Vmo Q>micm OmB©.

hm cmc~wS>çm dmZa nú`mMr A§S>r ImÊ`mÀ`m ZmXmV {dfmar gmn MmdyZ _aVmo. cmJmonmR>ghm gH$mir Ooìhm Ë`mMm à{VgmX EoHy$ òV Zmhr Voìhm _wS>mZoo cmc~wS>çmMr Q>moir Vmã`mVKoÊ`mMm à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$cm. AmYr dmZatZm de H$ê$ cmJcm. Á`m XmoZ dmZar d`mV Amë`mhmoË`m Ë`m§À`mgmo~V Ë`mZo {XdgmMm ~amM doi H$mT>Uo gwê$ Ho$co.

nU Xaå`mZ KwgImoa Q>moirVcm _moJm dmZa Am{U Ë`mMo nmM gmWrXma `m§Zmhrcmc~wS>çm Zmhrgm Pmë`mMo g_Oco. Ë`m§Zrhr cmc~wS>çmMr Q>moir Vmã`mV KoÊ`mMo à`ËZgwê$ Ho$co.

cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZatZm g§ajUmgmR>r Za hdm hmoVm. åhUyZ Ë`m _wS>mÀ`mQ>moirVrc nmoao nidyZ AmUV. nmoam§_mJmo_mJ Am`m òVrc, EH$Ì amhVrc Ago nmhV hmoË`m;nU _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirVrc dmZatZm ho XmoZ Q>moiçm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU ZH$mo hmoVo H$maU _moR>m n[adma,_moR>r hÔ gm§^miUo EH$m Zamcm AeŠ` hmoVo. Ë`m_wio KwgImoa Q>moiçm§Mo \$mdUma hmoVo.CnOV ehmUnUm_wio Ë`m EH$ÌrH$aUmcm {damoY H$aV hmoË`m. Q>moirMr g§»`m drg-~mdrgamhÊ`mV gmè`m§Mo {hV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m XmoÝhr Q>moiçm EH$Ì hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm _mdicr.

_moJm Am{U Ë`mMo KwgImoa gmWrXmahr Amnë`m narZo cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirV KwgÊ`mMmà`ËZ H$arV hmoVo. cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Zmhrgo hmoÊ`mZo Aem àH$mao g§Kf© AJXr Vm|S>mer òD$ZR>oncm.

17.2.3 _wS>m d _moJm `m§À`mVrc cT>V

_moJm dmZamcm chmZ AgVmZm _wS>mZo Q>moirVyZ hþgH$mdyZ cmdco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio AmVm~iH$Q> Pmcocm _moJm nwÝhm _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirV KwgÊ`mMm d Jococo gm_«mÁ` naV {_idÊ`mÀ`mà`ËZmV hmoVmM.


EH$m Xwnmar _moJm d Ë`mÀ`m gmWrXmam§Zr _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirda hëcm Ho$cm. nmoa§gmooa§, åhmVmarH$mhr Z ~KVm Ë`m§Zr _maPmoS> Ho$cr. _moJmMm EH$ VaUm~m§S> gmWrXma hmoVm. Vmo _wS>mda VwQy>ZnS>cm. Ë`mMo Mmdo MwH$dVm MwH$dVm _wS>m ~oOma Pmcm. AIoa _wS>mZo Ë`mÀ`m eonQ>rÀ`m~w§Ü`mcm H$S>H$Sy>Z Mmdm KoVcm Voìhm Vmo Za H$idiyZ AmoaS>cm d niyZ Jocm. Ë`mMmnmR>cmJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _wS>mZo Pon KoVcr Am{U `mM jUmMm _moH$m gmYyZ _moJmZo {Zå_r A{YH$eŠVr IM© Pmcoë`m _wS>mda \$ma ËdofmZo hëcm Ho$cm. Ë`mÀ`m Im§ÚmMo, nmR>rMo cMHo$VmoS>co. Ë`mMm Moham YmaXma ZIm§Zr Amoa~mSy>Z aŠV~§~mi Ho$cm. ½cmZr `oD$Z _wS>m ImcrYwaiçmV nmcWm nS>cm.

dmdQ>i `mdr Vgo Vo KwgKmoa Amco Am{U {ZKyZ Joco; nU Ë`m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$cocr XheV_mÌ {Q>Hy$Z am{hcr. chmZ nmoao cQ>cQ> H$mnV hmoVr. dmZar Jßn ~gyZ hmoË`m. EH$mÀ`m hmVmMo~moQ> VwQ>co hmoVo.

WmoS>çm doimZo _wS>m gmdY Pmcm nU Vmo JiyZ Jocm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m A§JmVyZ Iyn aŠVJoco hmoVo.

_moJm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m gmWrXmam§Zr VrZ {Xdg nmR>monmR> _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirda hëco Ho$co.{Vgè`m hëë`mV _wS>mMr COdr Hy$g Cgdcr d nam^d nËH$ê$Z Vmo Q>moir gmoSy>Z nimcm.aŠVmMr Yma cmJyZ Vmo ^ocH$m§Sy>Z Imcr nS>cm. _moJmZo WmoS>m doi Ë`mMm nmR>cmJ Ho$cm.nmÊ`mer H$gm~gm nmoMyZ, nmUr {nD$Z _wS>m {VWoM H$mogicm Am{U _ê$Z nS>cm.

17.2.4 : _moJmMm {dO`

{dO` {_idcm Var _moJmcm Q>moirVrc dmZatZr ghOnUo ñdrH$maco Zmhr. cm§S>rMo nmoaË`mZo {hgH$mdyZ KoVco Am{U Ë`mMo cMHo$ VmoSy>Z Ë`mcm _maco. H$mUrda hëcm Ho$cm.Cacocr {VÝhr nmoaohr Ë`mZo _macr. ~moWarÀ`m åhmVmè`m ~{hUrÀ`m _mJo cmJcm. {Vcm OI_mHo$ë`m. hiyhiy ZmBcmOmZo Q>moir _moJmMr Pmcr. _wS>mÀ`m OmJr _moJm Q>moirMm _mcH$ Pmcm.

17.2.5 gÎmm§VamZ§VaMo ~Xc

_moJmZo _wS>mMr Q>moir hñVJV Ho$cr. Ver Cacoë`m nmMr KwgImoam§Zr cmc~wS>çmÀ`mQ>moirV Yw_mHy$i KmVcm. Ë`mVhr EH$ XmT>rdmcm Za ~iH$Q> hmoVm. Ë`mZo Vr Q>moir H$m~rOHo$cr. cmc~wS>çmÀ`m ~odmaer Q>moircm Za {_imcm.

BH$S>o _moJmZo _macoco nmoa KoD$Z cm§S>r Mma {Xdg VerM {\$aV am{hcr.

WmoQ>r Amnco nmoa KoD$Z Q>moirVyZ ~mhoa nS>cr Am{U EH$ {Xdg hiyM XmT>rdmë`mÀ`mQ>moirV OmD$Z {_gicr. àm¡T> dmZatZm dmQ>mS>çm H$ê$Z XmT>rdmë`mZo Amncm àXoe ~KyZKoVcm Am{U EH$ {Xdg gH$mir Ë`mZo ~w^w:H$ma Ho$cm. Ë`mcm _moJmZo à{VgmX {Xcm. H$mcMon|T>mar/KwgImoa AmVm gÎmmYre ~Zco!

17.2.6 gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo ahmQ>JmS>Jo

_moJmZohr _wS>mMr gd© nmoao _mê$Z Q>mHy$Z Ë`mMr Zmd{ZemUrhr ZîQ> Ho$cr. _moR>r nmoao


Q>moirVyZ hmH$cyZ {Xcr. CZmS>r, cmOar `m dmZar Ë`mcm de Pmë`m. Xaå`mZ VaUrZonmoamcm OÝ_ {Xcm. gÎmm§VamZ§Va OÝ_ {Xë`mZo {VMo nmoa dmMco. _wS>mMo AgyZhr dmMco.H$Xm{MV ho nmoa _moR>o hmoD$Z nwÝhm _moJmcm AmìhmZ XoUma hmoVo Am{U gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo ahmQ>JmS>JoAgoM Mmcy amhUma hmoVo.

17.3 "gÎmm§Va' `m erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm

H$Wm dm H$mX§~arMr erf©Ho$ AZoH$Xm Ë`mVrc Ame`gyÌmMm ~moY KS>dVmV. Aemerf©H$m§Zm gyMH$, ~mocH$s, g_n©H$ qH$dm AÝdW©H$ erf©Ho$ åhQ>co OmVo.

"gÎmm§Va' ho erf©H$ AgoM gyMH$ Amho. `m erf©H$mdê$ZM ~moY hmoVmo H$s BWo gÎmm Amho,gÎmogmR>r hmoUmam g§Kf© Amho Am{U g§Kfm©Z§Va Pmcocm gÎmm~Xc, gÎmm§Vahr Amho.

Hw$R>cmhr gÎmm~Xc ghOmghOr hmoV Zmhr. cmoH$emhr nÕVrV Vmo em§VVm_` _mJm©Zo d_VnoQ>rÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ZdS>UwH$sÛmao hmoVmo; nU AÝ`Wm gÎmm~Xc hmoVmZm ZmamOr, {damoY,g§Kf©, qhgm aŠVnmV ho AQ>i AgVo.

"gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arVhr Amnë`mcm gÎmmg§Kf© Am{U Ë`m AZwf§JmZo KS>Umam aŠVnmV{XgyZ òVmo. "~ir Vmo H$mZ {nir' `m VÎdmZwgma {ZgJm©V gd©Ì Aì`mhVnUo Mmcy AgcocogÎmmg§Kfm©Mo MH«$ Ë`mVyZ àË``mcm òVo.

_wS>m dmZamÀ`m Q>moirMr gÎmm _wS>mcm _mê$Z _moJm H$m~rO H$aVmo hm `m gÎmmg§Kfm©Mm_hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. _wS>mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va VaUr Ë`mÀ`m nmoamcm OÝ_ XoVo. gÎmm§VamZ§VaOÝ_mcm Amë`m_wio Vo nmoa dmMVo. H$Xm{MV _moR>o hmoD$Z Vo _moJmÀ`m gÎmocm AmìhmZ XoD$eH$Uma AgVo.

XwgarH$S>o OJÊ`mgmR>rhr gdmªZm g§Kf© H$amdm cmJVmo. Ë`mMohr {MÌU H$mX§~arV òVo.



1) Hw$R>cohr gÎmm§Va KS>VmZm {VWo H$moUË`m VÎdmMm àË`` òVmo?

2) _wS>m dmZamMr Q>moir {H$Vr OUm§Mr hmoVr?

3) cmc~wS>çmMm _¥Ë`y H$em_wio Pmcm?

4) cmc~wS>çmÀ`m Q>moirVrc _mÚm§Zm Za H$m hdm hmoVm?

5) Q>moirMr g§»`m {H$Vr amhÊ`mV gmè`m§Mo {hV hmoVo?

6) cmc~wS>çmMr Q>moir H$moUr H$m~rO Ho$cr?

7) VaUrMo nmoa H$m dmMUma hmoVo?

dmKmZo nmR>cmJ Hoo$coco harU ViçmVë`m _JarÀ`m VmdS>rV gmnS>Vo. nú`mMr A§S>r Im`cmJococm cmc~wS>çm gn©X§emZo _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>Vmo.

coIH$ åhUVmo, ""H$mimà_mUoM g§Kf© gVV dmhVM AgVmo. Ë`mcm I§S> Agm ZgVmoM.AgcrM Va ^aVr AgVo, nya AgVmo. Ooìhm Ooìhm ImUmar Vm|S> ^a_gmR> dmT>VmV, JXuhmoVo, Voìhm Voìhm g§Kf© ~imdyZ CR>Vmo. Ooìhm CncãY AÞmV, ^y_rV dmQ>oH$ar {Z_m©U hmoVmVVoìhm g§Kf© CMc ImVmo.'' ñdV:Mo ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf© AQ>i AgVmo. Ë`m_wio{OWo {OWo OrdZ Amho {VWo g§Kf© AQ>i AgVmo.

"gÎmm§Va'_YyZ g§Kfm©Mr hr {d{dY ê$nohr doJdoJiçm àg§Jm§_YyZ àË``H$m[aËdmZoàH$Q>cr AmhoV. åhUyZ "gÎmm§Va' ho g§Kfm©Mo gyMZ H$aUmao erf©H$ g_n©H$ Amho, AgoåhUmdogo dmQ>Vo.

17.4 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, "gÎmm§Va' `m AJXr doJiçm àH$maÀ`m H$mX§~ar_YyZ coIH$mZo gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo OoMH«$ {ZgJm©V Aì`mhV Mmcy Amho, Ë`mMo n[aUm_H$maH$ Xe©Z KS>dco Amho. AmVm nwT>À`mnmR>mV AmnU "gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

17.5 gmam§e

{_Ìm§Zmo, n«ñVwV nmR>mVyZ AmnU

l "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc gÎmmg§Kf© g{dñVa Aä`mgcm.

l "gÎmm§Va' `m erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm Aä`mgcr.


17.2.

1) ~ir Vmo H$mZ {nir 2) gmoim

3) gn©X§em_wio 4) g§ajUmgmR>r

5) drg-~mdrg 6) XmT>rdmë`m ZamZo

7) Ë`mMm OÝ_ gÎmm§VamZ§Va Pmë`m_wio

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 18

"gÎmm§Va'Mr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço

18.0 C{Ôï>o

{_Ìm§Zmo, "gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arÀ`m Aä`mgm_Yrb eodQ>Mm Am[U _hÎdmMm ^mJ åhUOo`m H$mX§~arMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço AmnU AmVm Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. _yi H$mX§~arMo Am{U`m nmR>mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mda Vwåhmbm

l "gÎmm§Va'_Yrb H$WmZH$ aMZoMr _m{hVr {b{hVm òB©b.

l "gÎmm§Va'_YyZ boIH$mMo nmÌ{MÌU H$m¡eë` H$go àH$Q>Vo Vo {b{hVm òB©b.

l "gÎmm§Va'À`m dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr~Ôc g{dñVa _m{hVr {_ioc.

l "gÎmm§Va'À`m {ZdoXZe¡cr~Ôc {c{hVm òB©c.

l "gÎmm§Va'À`m ^mfme¡brMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVrb.

"gÎmm§Va'Mr dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço>>/ 201

18.0 C{Ôï>o18.1 àmñVm{dH$18.2 "gÎmm§Va'Mr dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço

18.2.1 H$WmZH$ aMZm18.2.2 nmÌ{MÌU18.2.3 dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr18.2.4 {ZdoXZ e¡br18.2.5 ^mfme¡br

18.3 g_mamon 18.4 gmam§e


18.1 àmñVm{dH$

H$moUVrhr Mm§Jbr gm{hË`H¥$Vr AmnU dmMVmo, Voìhm ZH$iV {VÀ`mV Jw§VV OmVmo. ho Jw§VVOmUo åhUOoM Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$Vrer g_ag hmoUo hmo`. hr g_agVm Amnë`mbm AmZ§X XoVo.åhUyZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo, H$s "loð> H$bmH¥$Vt_YyZ {_iUmam AmZ§X Abm¡{H$H$ AgVmo,{ZIi AgVmo.' hm AmZ§X Zo_H$m H$em_wio {_iVmo, `mMm {dMma H$ê$ bmJbmo åhUOoH$bmH¥$VrÀ`m KQ>H$m§H$S>o Amnbo bj OmVo. CXm. EImXm {MÌnQ> H$m AmdS>bm `mMm {dMmaH$aVmZm A{^Z` Mm§Jbm hmoVm, JmUr ldUr` hmoVr, H$WmZH$ AmH$f©H$ hmoVo, N>m`m{MÌUAà{V_ hmoVo, Ago AmnU åhUVmo. VgoM EImXr H$mX§~ar H$m AmdS>br `mMm ImobmV OmD$Z{dMma Ho$bm, H$s H$WmZH$ doJio hmoVo, dmVmdaU AJXr hþ~ohÿ~ Cô Ho$bo hmoVo, nmÌo AJXrIar dmQ>V hmoVr... Aer Amnbr _Vo AmnU ì`º$ H$aVmo. `mMmM AW© AmnU Ë`mH$mX§~arÀ`m KQ>H$m§{df`r ~mobV AgVmo. dmL²>_` åhUyZ/gm{hË` åhUyZ Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>çogm§JV AgVmo. AemM àH$mao AmnU AmVm "gÎmm§Va" `m H$mX§~arMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>çoAä`mgm`Mr AmhoV.

18.2 "gÎmm§Va'Mr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço

àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU "gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgUma AmhmoV."gÎmm§Va' hr ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mr EH$ A{Ve` doJù`m àH$maMr d doJù`m{df`mdarb H$mX§~ar Amho. `mVrb gÎmm§Va ho _mUgm§_Ybo ZgyZ, amOH$s` ñdê$nmMo ZgyZ,O§JbmV dmñVì` H$aUmè`m "hZw_mZ b§Jya' `m OmVrÀ`m dmZam§_Yrb Amho. H$mX§~arÀ`m_wIn¥ð>mdarb dmZamÀ`m {MÌmdê$Z ho gy{MV hmoVo.

_Zwî`àmÊ`m§_Üò Oer gÎmm {_idÊ`mgmR>r MT>mAmoT> AgVo, Ë`mgmR>r g§Kf© hmoVmo, `wÕohmoVmV, VgoM O§JbmV dmZam§_Üòhr Q>moirMo à_wInX {_idÊ`mgmR>r, EImÚm {d{eï>^yàXoemda _mbH$s h¸$ ñWmnÊ`mgmR>r g§fY© gwê$ AgVmo, ho `m H$mX§~arMo _w»` gyÌ Amho.gÎmm {_idë`mdahr Vr {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r gVV H$go gmdYmZ amhmdo bmJVo, Vo `m H$mX§~arVàË`VH$maH$arË`m {M{ÌV Ho$bo Amho.

boIH$ `m O§Jbmer, òWrb OrdZmer, dmVmdaUmer AË`§V g_ag Pmbobo `m H$mX§~arVyZ{XgyZ òVo. VgoM Ë`m§Mr gyú_ {ZarjUeº$shr `mVyZ àË``mbm òVo. dmZam§er Vo BVHo$g_ag hmoVmV, Vo dmZam§Zm AmoiIy bmJVmV, Zmdo XoVmV. dmZam§À`m hmbMmbtVyZ, Ë`m§À`mAmoaS>Ê`mdê$Z, Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrb {dMma, ^mdZmgwÕm boIH$mbm H$iVmV.

O§JbmVrb PmS>mPwS>nm§À`m dUm©Zm~amo~aM O§JbmV KS>Umè`m N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm KQ>Zm,àg§J, àmÊ`m§Mr dmJUyH$, ~XbUmè`m F$Vy~amo~a ~XbUmao O§JbmMo ê$n, Ë`mMo O§JbmVrbàmÊ`m§da-nú`m§da hmoUmao n[aUm_, `m gmè`m§Mo AË`§V gyú_ Vnerbdma dU©Z `m H$mX§~arVAmho.


18.2.1 H$WmZH$ aMZm

gwédmVrbmM boIH$mZo g§Kfm©Mr eŠ`Vm gy[MV Ho$br Amho. XwnmaÀ`m {Zdm§V doirAMmZH$ KwgImoa dmZam§À`m Q>moirZo H$er K~amQ> CS>dyZ {Xbr, Ë`m àg§JmMo dU©Z òVo.Am{U _J _wS>m `m Q>moirà_wImMm d H$mX§~arVrb EH$m à_wI nmÌmMm n[aM` boIH$ H$ê$ZXoVmo. _wS>mbm nmhÿZ KwgImoa niyZ OmVmV Am{U _J boIH$ Amnë`mbm _wS>mMr d Ë`mÀ`mQ>moirMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVmo. Ë`mZ§Va O§Jbr àmÊ`m§Mo OrdZ H$go AgVo, Ë`mMr PbH$_wS>mÀ`m Q>moirÀ`m nmUr {nÊ`mÀ`m àg§JmVyZ boIH$ XmIdVmo. Q>moirZo {Zd©oYnUo nmUrß`m`bo, ho dmMyZ dmMH$ gwQ>Ho$Mm {Z:œmg Q>mH$Vmo Z Q>mH$Vmo, VmoM ~moWarda amZHw$Ìr h„mH$aVmV d {VMm Ë`mV _¥Ë`y KS>Vmo, hm àg§J boIH$ {MVmaVmo.

Z§Va dmZam§Mm {XZH«$_ gm§JyZ _wS>m Q>moirà_wI H$gm ~Zbm, Ë`mMr hH$sJV òVo.bmb~wS>çm øm _wS>mÀ`m eoOmè`mer AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVo, XmoÝhr Q>moù`m§_Ybo g§~§Y,bmb~wS>çmMo Zmhrgo hmoUo, Agm gd© KQ>ZmH«$_ {ZdoXZ Ho$bm OmVmo. bmb~wS>çm ZmhrgmPmë`mda Ë`mÀ`m CKS>çm nS>boë`m Q>moirda _moJmMm Am{U _wS>mMmhr S>moim AgVmo. Vo VrQ>moir Vmã`mV KoÊ`mMo H$go à`ËZ H$aVmV, Vo gm§{JVbo OmVo. _ÜòM h[aU Am{U dmK`m§À`mVrb ZmQ>çnyU© àg§J H$WZ H$ê$Z O§JbmMm H$m`Xm _Zmda R>gdbm OmVmo.

`mZ§Va âb°e~°H$ nÕVrZo bmb~wS>çmMr H$hmUr bhmZnUmnmgyZ _¥Ë`yn`ªV H$WZ Ho$brOmVo. _J nwÝhm _moJm d Ë`mMo gmWrXma Am[U _wS>m `m§À`mVrb g§Kfm©da bj H|${ÐV H$ê$ZàË`j g§Kf© Am{U _wS>mMm H$éU A§V `m KQ>Zm gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. _J _wS>mMr Q>moirVmã`mV KoÊ`mMo _moJmMo à`ËZ, bm§S>rÀ`m nmoamMm _¥Ë`y, WmoQ>rMo Q>moir gmoSy>Z niyZ OmUo, `mKQ>Zm òVmV. _J nmdgmMo {Xdg gwê$ hmoVmV. bmb~wS>çmMr ~odmaer Q>moir _moJmMm XmT>rdmbmgmWrXma Vmã`mV KoVmo. AmVm _moJm Am{U XmT>rdmbm eoOmar ~ZVmV. VaUrbm nmoa hmoVo. Am{UOrdZMH«$, gÎmmg§Kfm©Mo amhQ>JmS>Jo AgoM Aì`mhV gwê$ amhUma, VmoM {ZgJ©{Z`_ Amho,Ago gwMdyZ H$mX§~arMr AIoa hmoVo.

A{Ve` CËH§$R>mdY©H$ Aer hr H$WmZH$ aMZm Amho.

18.2.2 nmÌ[MÌU

H$WmH$mX§~arVrb nmÌ[MÌU hmhr EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo. nmÌ{MÌUm{df`r AmnUg{dñVa _m{hVr `mnydu KoVbrM Amho; nU Vo {MÌU H$go Amho, `m{df`r `m {R>H$mUr OmUyZ¿`m`Mo Amho.

boIH$mZo `m H$mX§~argmR>r Omo {df` {ZdS>bm Amhoo, VmoM _wir ê$T> [df`m§nojm doJimAmho. dmZam§À`m OrdZmda "gÎmm§Va'nydu Hw$Ur H$Wm-H$mX§~ar {b{hbr ZìhVr. Ë`m_wiodmZam§Zm nmÌ§ åhUyZ C^§ H$aÊ`mV boIH$mMr H$ënH$Vm {XgyZ òVo. hr nmÌ§ _mUgm§hÿZ doJirAmhoV, åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mVrb g§dmX `m H$mX§~arV Hw$R>oM òV ZmhrV. Am{U Varhr Ë`m§Mrñd^mdd¡{eîQ>ço, Ë`m§À`m ^md-^mdZm `m§Mo A{Ve` Zo_Ho$ Xe©Z boIH$mZo KS>dbo Amho.CXm. KwgImoam§Zr _wS>mÀ`m Q>moirda h„m H$aVmM "Om§îrÀ`m PmS>mda {dgmdboë`m Q>moirV


K~amQ> Pmbr. bhmZ nmoa§ Km~ê$Z MrËH$ma H$ê$ bmJbr. WmoS>r OmUVr hmoVr Vr nmoa§-nmoar`m§Mr nimni gwê$ Pmbr. ImoS>mAmS> XSy>Z Vr g_moa ~Ky bmJbr. _mÚm gmdY Pmë`m Am{Ugamgam OmñVr C§Mrda OmD$Z Km~aboë`m nmoam§Zm AmoTy>Z Odi KoD$ bmJë`m.' qH$dm

"KwgImoam§H$S>o ~KyZ _wS>mZ§ H$amH$am XmV Im„o. ngaë`m O~S>çmZ§ hdoMm EH$, XmoZ, VrZXmbMH$m VmoS>bm Am{U Amnë`m H$mù`m O~S>çmAmVbo nm§T>ao, H$UIa gwio nwÝhm nwÝhmXmIdbo.' `m dU©ZmVyZ _wS>mMm g§Vmn ì`º$ Pmbm Amho.

dmZam§À`m earad¡{eîQ>çm§dê$Z _wS>m, XmT>rdmbm, bmb~wS>çm, WmoQ>r, H$mUr, bm§S>r Aer ZmdoboIH$mZo Ë`m§Zm {Xbr AmhoV; Va ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çm§dê$Z CZmS>r, bmOar, ~moH$m§S>r Aer Zmdo{Xbr AmhoV. Ë`mdê$Z boIH$mMr `m nmÌm§{df`rMr AmñWm àH$Q>Vo. VgoM Zo_Š`m eãXm§VË`m§Mo dU©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë`hr! "J§^ranUmZ§ nmÊ`mVë`m Amnë`m à{Vq~~mH$S>o ~KV _wS>m~gyZ hmoVm.'

"~moWar BVH$m doi XmV {dMH$V wC§MmdaMr \$m§Xr Yê$Z ~gbr hmoVr. {Vbm D$_u AmbrH$s AmnU ho PmS> gmoS>md§, Yy_ nimd§ Am{U eoOmar Agboë`m Xwgè`m gwa{jV PmS>mdaOmd§.'

"C§Mmda ~gyZ _wS>m ~KV hmoVm. VaUr ~KV hmoVr. gJirOU Imbr _mZm KmbyZ nmVoè`mVH$m` emoYVmhoV, H$m` Hw$Sw>_ Hw$Sw>_ ImVmhoV?' Aem gmaIr dU©Zo dmMVmZm nmÌm§À`m_ZmVrb {dMma d ^mdZm àH$Q> H$aÊ`mMo boIH$mMo gm_Ï`©© {XgyZ `oVo. Ho$di earamÀ`mEImÚm hmbMmbrMm {ZXo©e H$ê$ZgwÕm nmÌmMr _Z:pñWVr boIH$ C^r H$aVmo. CXm. "VoOmUV§ nmoa Q>dH$mê$Z ~gb§ hmoV§.' boIH$mÀ`m `m nmÌ{MÌUH$m¡eë`m_wio H$mX§~arVrb gd©dmZao dmMH$mÀ`m AmoiIrMr ~ZVmV Am{U ZH$iV Vmo `m nmÌm§À`m OrdZg§Kfm©V Jw§VyZOmVmo.

18.2.3 dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr

H$Wm H$mX§~arV dmdaUmar nmÌo hr H$mhr nmoH$irV OJV ZgVmV. Ë`m§Mm dmda Á`m^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[agamV AgVmo, Á`m nÕVrMo OJUo Ë`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm Ambobo AgVo, Ë`m§Mm



1) loð> H$bmH¥$Vt_YyZ {_iUmam AmZ§X .................. AgVmo.

2) "gÎmm§Va'_Yrb gÎmmg§Kf© .................. `m OmVrÀ`m dmZam§_Yrb Amho.

3) bmb~wS>çmMr H$hmUr boIH$mZo .................. nÕVrZo {ZdoXZ Ho$br Amho.

4) "gÎmm§Va'Mr H$WmZH$aMZm A{Ve` .................. Amho.

5) dmZam§Zm nmÌ§ åhUyZ C^§ H$aÊ`mV boIH$mMr .................. {XgyZ `oVo.

n[aUm_ nmÌm§À`m OJÊ`mda An[ahm`©nUo hmoV AgVmo. nmÌm§À`m ^modVrMm hm gd© n[aga,n[apñWVr `m§VyZ dmVmdaU V`ma hmoVo. nmÌm§Mm d Ë`m§À`m ^modVmbÀ`m dmVmdaUmMmEH$_oH$m§er AVyQ> g§~§Y AgVmo.

"gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ O§JbmV KS>Vo. Vr_Yrb nmÌo O§JbmV dmdaVmV.gmhm{OH$nUo H$mX§~arVrb dmVmdaU Z¡g{J©H$ Amho. O§JbmVrb Amho.

`m H$mX§~arVrb O§Jb åhUOo H$WmZH$mMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` Agm ^mJ Amho. O§JbmVrbgmJ, {~Om, H$ê$, EoZ Aem Xhm-~mam nwéf C§MrÀ`m PmS>m§À`m dU©Zm~amo~aM `mV Am§~m,qMM, Om§^yi, Mmamoir Aem _moR>çm _moR>çm \$im§Zr bJS>boë`m d¥jm§Mr dU©Zo òVmV. C§~a,dS>, qnni ho d¥j; VgoM gmdar, nig-nm§Jmam, ~hmdm, _moh Aem \w$bUmè`m PmS>m§Mo,Ë`m§À`m a§Jm§Mo, J§YmMo dU©Z òVo. CXm. _mohmÀ`m PmS>m§Zm bmbMwQy>H$ nmbdr Ambr hmoVr.~hmì`mbm {ndio Yå_H$ \w$bm§Mo bm|Ja bm|~y bmJbo hmoVo. (n¥. 71) gmdarMr ~m|S>§ \w$Qy>ZË`mVyZ åhmVmè`m Va§JV ~mhoa nS>ë`m hmoË`m. (n¥. 38) dmZam§Mo dmñVì`, XwnmaMm Amam_,amÌrMr Pmon ho PmS>m§daM Agë`mZo, d¥jm§Zmhr `m H$mX§~arV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. dmZam§À`mOrdZmVrb KQ>Zm d¥jm§À`m gmWrZo KS>VmV. H$Yr Om§îrÀ`m PmS>mda {dgmdboë`mdmZam§da C§~amÀ`m PmS>mda Sw>bH$s KoUmao KwgImoa dmZa h„m H$aVmV; Va H$Yr nmUr{nÊ`mgmR>r Vù`mda OmÊ`mAmYr gd© dmZaQ>moir Vù`mH$mR>À`m gmJmÀ`m PmS>mda {dgmdVo.

dmZam§Mo ~hþVm§e ImÚhr Ë`m§Zm PmS>m§daM {_iVo. dS>mMr \$i§, Om§î§ ImUmar dmZa§,MmamoirÀ`m PmS>mImbr Mmamoù`m ImUmar dmZa§ Ago dU©Z `m H$mX§~arV òVo.

`m H$mX§~arMr gwédmV CÝhmim `m F$VyZo hmoVo, Va eodQ> hmoVmo Voìhm nmdgmim gwê$Pmbobm AgVmo. CÝhmù`mV BVa PmS>o {ZînU© hmoV Agbr, Var gmJmMo d¥j {hadoJmaAgë`mM§ boIH$ Zm|XdVmV. H$S>H$, aIaIrV Aem CÝhmù`mV dmiyZ Joboë`m JdVmM§dU©Z, n{hë`m nmdgmM§ _ZmodoYH$ dU©Z dmMyZ O§Jb S>moù`mnwT>o Cô amhVo. CXm. 1)_moR>_moR>çm W|~m§Zr Am^mimVyZ Imbr {VaH$g CS>çm KoVë`m. 2) Vù`mÀ`m nmÊ`mdanm§T>è`m bmøm \w$Qy> bmJë`m. nmdgmÀ`m MmhþbrZo nmIam§Zr Pmbobr Ymdni, AmgamemoYÊ`mgmR>rMr Ym§Xb `mM§ _Zmohmar dU©Z `mV Ho$bob§ Amho. "gÎmm§Va'À`mdmVmdaU{Z{_©VrM§ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Ë`mVrb dmZam§À`m OrdZmM§ gyú_ {MÌU.

dmZam§_Yrb gÎmmg§Kfm©~amo~aM Ë`m§À`m OrdZmVrb BVa KQ>Zm, Ë`m§Mo EH$_oH$m§erdmJUo, Q>moirà_wImer dmJUo, Ë`m§Mo amJ-bmo^, dmËgë`, Ë`m§Mo XwX£dr _¥Ë`y, eoOmaÀ`mQ>moirà_wImer hmoUmar bwQy>nwQy>Mr hmUm_mar, ^m§S>Uo, dmZam§À`m {nbm§Mo ~mJS>Uo `m gmè`m§Mogyú_ Ago Vnerbdma dU©Z `mV òVo.

1) gH$mi Pmë`mda ImÚ {_idm`bm Hw$R>o Om`Mo Vo Q>moirà_wI R>adVmo. VgoM ñdV:MoApñVËd OmUdyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r, PmS>mdarb C§M \$m§Xrda OmD$Z "hþßn hþßn' Agm OmoamVAmdmO H$aVmo, Ë`mbm ~mH$sMo Q>moirà_wI CÎma XoVmV.


2) Za åhUyZ OÝ_mbm Ambob§ dmZamM§ nmoa WmoS> _moR>§ Pmë`mda Q>moirVyZ hmH$bc§ OmV§._mÚm _mÌ drg drg dfª Ë`mM Q>moirV amhVmV.

3) EImX§ {OdmdaM§ g§H$Q> Q>ië`mZ§Va dmZar EH$_oH$tZm {_R>çm _maVmV. d Ë`m§À`mVIoir_oirM§ dmVmdaU V`ma hmoV§. bhmZ nmoa§ Ioiy~mJSy> bmJVmV.

4) EH$m Q>moirà_wImbm _maë`mda qH$dm nam^yV Ho$ë`mda, nam^yVmÀ`m Q>moirVë`m Za{nbm§Zm qOH$bobm dmZa _mê$Z Q>mH$Vmo.

5) dmZar Xwgè`m dmZarMo nmoa§ nidVmV. WmoS>m doi Ë`mÀ`mer IoiVmV. ho ñdV:À`m VgooMXwgè`m Q>moir~m~Vhr KS>Vo.

6) dmZao amZHw$Í`m§Mo ^ú` ~ZVmV. amZHw$Ìr dmZamMo H$moUVohr Adeof _maë`mda {e„H$R>odV ZmhrV.

7) dmZatMm Amnë`m {nbm§da \$ma Ord AgVmo. Xwgè`m Q>moirVrb dmZarZo {nbmbmnidë`mg Ë`m nmR>bmJ H$ê$Z Amnë`m {nbmbm gmoS>dyZ AmUVmV. {nby _aUnmdë`mMo dmZatZm H$iV Zmhr.

8) nmdgmù`mV dmZa§ O{_Zrda CVaV ZmhrV. PmS>mdaM EH$_oH$m§À`m A§JmMr D$~ KoV~gyZ amhVmV.

dmZam§à_mUoM O§JbmVrb BVa àmÊ`m§Mo OrdZhr `m H$mX§~arÀ`m dmVmdaUmMm ^mJ Amho.O§JbmMm Ý`m` åhUOo "~ir Vmo H$mZ {nir' `mMo àË`§Va `mV òVo. H$m§MZ_¥JmÀ`m _mJo dmKbmJë`mZ§Va Vmo {OdmÀ`m AmH$m§VmZo niV gwQ>Vmo. dmKmbm MwH${dÊ`mgmR>r nmÊ`mV CS>rKoVmo; nU Ë`mbm n¡bVra JmR>Vm òV Zmhr. dmK naV OmVmo, nU _¥J _JarÀ`m VmdS>rVgmnS>Vmo. {MÌXeu e¡brVrb ho dU©Z _Zmbm MQ>H$m bmdyZ OmUmao Amho.

O§JbmVrc gmiw§Š`m, _¡Zm, ~Jio, CXr a§JmMr ~XH§$, H$moVdmb njr, bmOao haob, YZoe,Vm§~Q> ~wb~wb `m nú`m§À`m ImÊ`mMo, CSy>Z OmÊ`mMo, Jßn amhÊ`mMo C„oI òVmV. CÝhmimg§nV Amë`mda nmdgmim gwê$ hmoVmM hmoUmam g¥OZmMm gmohim `mV {XgVmo. nmD$gnS>m`À`m AmYr T>moH$ar nú`m§_Ybo Za KaQ>r ~m§YVmV. BVa nmUnjrhr qMMoÀ`m PmS>mdaKaQ>r ~m§YVmV. _J _mÚm§Mo AmJ_Z, A§S>r XoUo BË`mXtMo dU©Z _Zmoa§OH$ Amho. _JaVù`mÀ`m H$mR>mda H$er A§S>r KmbVo. Z§Va {nbm§Zm H$go KoD$Z OmVo, ho dmMyZ boIH$mZoHo$boë`m O§Jb dmMZmMm àË`` òVmo.

dmZamMr AZoH$ aoImQ>Z§hr `m H$mX§~arV AmhoV. Ë`m~amo~aM ~mO nú`mMo, _¥Jm§À`mH$inmMo, {eH$margmR>r OmUmè`m {~~Q>çmMo Aer AZoH$ aoImQ>Zo AmhoV, Or àg§Jmbm AZwê$nAer AmhoV. `mVrb àg§Jm§Mr Jw§\$U gw~H$ d ì`dpñWVarË`m Ho$bobr Amho. 1 ë`màH$aUmnmgyZM g§Kfm©bm Vm|S> \w$Q>Vo d Vmo CÎmamoÎma dmT>VM OmVmo. 1 ë`m àH$aUmV"~moWar' `m dmZarMm _¥Ë`y, 2 è`m n«H$aUmV bmb~wS>çmMo Zmhrgo hmoUo, Z§Va 6 ì`màH$aUmn`ªV bmb~wS>çm, _wS>çm, _¥J, bm§S>rMo nmoa Ago _¥Ë`y hmoV OmVmV. gmVì`m àH$aUmV


_moJm d Ë`mÀ`m gmWrXmamMr gÎmm àñWm{nV hmoVo d AmR>ì`mV nmD$g d OZZmMm gmohim`m§Mo dU©Z Amho. EH§$XarV ZmQ>ç_` Aer _m§S>Ur `m H$mX§~arMr Amho.

18.2.4 {ZdoXZe¡br

{ZdoXZ hm H$mX§~arMm _hÎdmMm d AmYma^yV KQ>H$ Amho. H$mX§~arV ho {ZdoXZ H$moUrVarH$arV AgVo. {ZdoXZ åhUOo KQ>Zm§Mr _m{bH$m. {ZdoXZmV gmVË` d gyÌ Agmdo bmJVo.H$mX§~arMo {ZdoXZ H$Yr H$Yr nmÌmÀ`m Vm|Sy>Z Ho$bo OmVo. CXm. "nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo.' dm._. Omoer `m§Mr "B§Xy H$mio, gabm ^moio' hr H$mX§~ar nÌmË_ Amho. Ë`mV AZoH$ nmÌoEH$_oH$m§Zm nmR>dboë`m nÌm§VyZ KQ>Zm§Mo dm H¥$VrMo {ZdoXZ H$aVmV.

{ZdoXZmÀ`m XmoZ nÕVr AmhoV.

1) àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZ : H$m§X~arVrb EImXo nmÌ {ZdoXZ H$aVo, Ë`mbm àW_nwéfr{ZdoXZ åhUVmV. CXm. H$mogbm : "nm§Sw>a§J gm§JdrH$a' `m nwéfnmÌmZo Ho$bobo {ZdoXZàW_nwéfr {ZdoXZ EH$m nmÌmZo Ho$bobo Agë`mZo H$mX§~arVë`m BVa nmÌm§À`m {MÌUmV EH$àH$maMr VQ>ñWVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. "H«$m¡§MdY' `m H$mX§~arV doJdoJù`m nmÌm§Zr {b{hboë`mnÌm§_YyZ, S>màr_YyZ Ambobr AmË_{ZdoXZo AmhoV.

2) V¥Vr`nwéfr {ZdoXZ : H$mX§~ar~mhoaMm {ZdoXH$ {ZdoXZ H$aVmo. `m àH$maÀ`m{ZdoXZmVbm {ZdoXH$ hm gd©Ì g§Mma H$arV AgVmo. gd© nmÌm§À`m ñd^mdmMo, Ë`m§À`mVKS>Umè`m g§^mfUm§Mo, àg§Jm§Mo, KQ>Zm§Mo Ë`mbm kmZ AgVo. nmÌm§À`m _ZmV àdoe H$ê$ZË`m§Mo {dMma Vmo _m§Sy> eH$Vmo.

"gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arMo {ZdoXZ V¥Vr`nwéfr Amho. KQ>Zm Á`m à_mUo KS>ë`m, Ë`mMH«$_mZo åhUOo AZwbmo_ nÕVrZo gm§{JVë`m AmhoV. \$º$ "bmb~wS>çm' `m dmZamMr H$Wm{dbmo_ nÕVrZo gm§{JVbr Amho. AmYr Ë`mÀ`m Zmhrg§ hmoÊ`mMr hH$sJV òVo. Z§Va Ë`mÀ`mOÝ_mMr, Ë`mÀ`m dmT>Ê`mMr, Q>moirà_wI ~ZÊ`mMr hH$sJV òD$Z nwÝhm hm YmJm Ë`mÀ`mZmhrg§ hmoÊ`mer OmoS>bm OmVmo.

`mVrb {ZdoXZ àdmhr Agë`mZo H$mX§~arbm EH$ JVr àmá Pmbr Amho. {ZdoXZm~amo~aMboIH$mMo ^mî` `m H$mX§~arV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Ambo Amho.

CXm. 1) H$moUVrhr Ym[aï>çmMr JmoîQ> H$aVmZm AmUr~mUrMo jU AJXr WmoS>o AgVmV. Am{UË`m§Zm gm_moa§ OmU§ hrM Iar narjm AgVo. (n¥. 12)

2) gÎmm H$m~rO H$aUo hr EH$Q>çm-XwH$Q>çmMr H$m_[JarM ZgVo. XmoZ hmV PmoS>nr C^mê$eH$VmV. n«mgmX C^m H$am`Mm, Va hOmamo hmV bmJVmV. (n¥. 37)

3) g§K{Q>V amhÊ`mgmR>r Iè`m d H$mën{ZH$ Aem eº$sMr YmñVr AgmdrM bmJVo. (n¥.46)

4) niyZ Job§, H$s gJù`m YmoŠ`mVyZ gwQ>H$m hmoVo, Ag§ WmoS>§M Amho?


YmoŠ`m_wio Va XhmOU EH$Ì òVmV Am{U EH$Ì amhÿ bmJVmV. EH$Ì amhÊ`mgmR>r YmH$bmJVmoM. ~mhoaMm Zgbm Var KamVbm. KamVbm Zgbm Va _ZmVbm. _Z§ YmH$ {dVmVAm[U Pmo{Q>§J, hS>ir OÝ_mbm òVmV. (n¥. 62)

5) H$mim~amo~a g§Kf©hr gVV dmhVM AgVmo. Ë`mbm I§S> Agm ZgVmoM. AgbrM VaâVr AgVo. nya AgVmo.

g§Kf© gd©Ì ^ê$Z am{hbobm AgVmo. B. `mVyZ boIH$mMr qMVZerbVm àH$Q>Vo.

18.2.5 ^mfme¡br

H$WmZH$, nmÌ[MÌU d dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr `m§À`mà_mUoM ^mfm hmhr H$mX§~arMm EH$ _hÎdmMmKQ>H$ Amho. ^mfm Am{U H$mX§~arMr e¡br `m§da H$mX§~arMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Adb§~yZ AgVo.H$mX§~arH$mamMo AZw^d g_mOmVyZ g_¥Õ hmoV AgVmV. ho AZw^d Vmo H$mX§~ar_YyZ _m§S>Vmo,Voìhm Ë`mÀ`mOdi ^mfm ho _mÜ`_ AgVo. gm[hË`H¥$VrÀ`m èmV ^mfm hr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$mnma nmS>Vo. H$mX§~arMr {ZdoXZmMr ^mfm doJir AgVo d g§dmXmMr doJir AgVo.

Ame`mZwgma H$mX§~arMr ^mfm ~XbVmZm {XgVo. boIH$mÀ`m ì`{º$_ÎdmMm, Ë`mÀ`mOrdZ-{df`H$ ^y{_Ho$Mm Ë`mÀ`m ^mfme¡brda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo.

"gÎmm§Va' `m H$mX§~arMr ^mfm àdmhr Amho. e¡br gmYr, gmonr, gwQ>gwQ>rV Amho. nyduÀ`mH$hmÊ`m§_Yrb dmŠ`m§à_mUo (CXm. AmQ>nmQ> ZJa hmoV§.) N>moQ>r N>moQ>r dmŠ`§ `mV òVmV. CXm.1) Q>iQ>irV Xwnma hmoVr. 2) gJirH$S>M§ MwnMmn Pmb§. 3) hr VaUr. hr J^m©a hmoVr.

àdmhr AgÊ`m~amo~aM `m H$mX§~arMr e¡br {MÌXeu Amho. CXm. 1) Vo OmUV§ nmoaQ>dH$mê$Z ~gb§ hmoV§. 2) nmdgmÀ`m Ymam§Zr, Vwfmam§Zr dmVmdaU YwaQy>Z Job§. 3) Am{UCKS>rn Pmbr. {Ôboë`m nmIam§Zr n§I \$S>\$S>dyZ âmè`m KoVë`m.

4) CXr a§JmÀ`m ~XH$m§Mm Wdm _mZm da H$mTy>Z ~KV hmoVm. nmÊ`mÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmdaIi~imQ> Pmbm. Vwfma Mm¡\o$a CS>mbo.

H$mhr Amc§H$m[aH$ dmŠ`§hr `mV AmhoV. CXm. :-

1) ho Om§îrM§ PmS>, \$im§Zr \$UgmM§ PmS> chS>md§, Vg§ AmVm dmZam§Zr chS>c§ hmoV§.

2) gmoZoar nmR>rda nm§T>è`m Mm§XÊ`m Agbobm _¥J _moR>_moR>r CÈ>mU§ KoV g¡amd¡am YmdV hmoVmAm{U Ë`mÀ`m_mJ§ AmJrMm bmoi Ponmdmdm, Vgm dmK Ponmdbm hmoVm.

3) gJi§ Vi§M OUy XMH$b§.

4) _moR>_moR>çm W|~mZr Am^mimVyZ Imbr {VaH$g CS>çm KoVë`m. Vù`mÀ`m nmÊ`mdanm§T>è`m bmøm \w$Qy> bmJë`m.

5) g¥ï>r AÞ~«÷mÀ`m nyOobm ~gUma hmoVr.

6) N>m`m-àH$memMr nmR>{edUr gmaIr Mmby hmoVr.


H$mhr AJXr doJio eãX `m H$mX§~arV Ambo AmhoV. CXm. CîUH$mi, ^rOnmD$g, nmVoam(nmMmoim), YJmQ>m B. Aem ~mobr^mfoVrb eãXm§_wio H$mX§~arVrb dmVmdaUmbm{Od§VnUm òVmo.

nú`m§Mo dU©Z H$aVmZm boIH$mZo d¡{dÜ`nyU© {deofUm§Mm dmna Ho$bm Amho. {hado amdo,bmOao haob, {ZioJX© ZrbH§$R>, {ndù`ma§OZ a§JmÀ`m Ymo{~Ur, Hw$byHw$by ~mobUmè`m gmiw§»`mB.

O§JbmVrb {d{dY AmdmOhr boIH$mZ§ g§doXZerbnUo {Q>nbo AmhoV. "O~S>çmMm MmnIQ>H$Z² {_Q>bm.' "nmD$g {Pa{_ê$Z OmB©.' "{MVya _mXr \$a©H$Z CS>mbr.' Aer AmUIrhrCXmhaUo AmhoV. Vr emoYm.

boIH$mMr ^mfme¡br {MÌ_` Amho. A ZoH$ àg§J Ë`mZo OUy H°$_oamZo \$moQ>mo {Q>nmdm, Vgo~maH$mB©Zo {Q>nbo AmhoV. CXm. nwT>rb dU©Z nhm.

" gdmªV d`mZ§ _moR>r Agbobr _mXr H$inmMr åhmoaH$s hmoVr. Vr VmËH$mi gmdY Pmbr._moR>_moR>o H$mZ VmR> ngê$Z, _mZ VUmdyZ {VZ§ dmè`mH$S>§ Amnb§ H$mi§ Amobga ZmH$ H$ê$Zdmg KoVbm. Am{U {~~Q>çmMm dmg òVmM "nwH$!' Agm Bemam H$ê$Z Vr {déÕ {XeobmCS>mbr. _mJmo_mJ gmam H$inhr CYibm.'

H$mX§~arÀ`m gwédmVrbm CÝhmim Am{U CÝhmù`mVrb O§JbmMo dU©Z òVo. Am{Unmdgmù`mÀ`m dU©ZmZ§ eodQ> hmoVmo. g¥ï>rVbm OZZgmohim dU©Z H$ê$Z H$mX§~arMr AIoahmoVo. g§nyU© df©âmMm H$mbnQ> H$mX§~arV boIH$mZ§ C^m Ho$bm Amho. `m df©âmV O§JbmVKS>Umè`m AZoH$ KS>m_moS>tMm Am{U àmUr-njr OrdZmMm A{Ve` ZmQ>çnyU© Am{U agnyU©doY boIH$mZ§ "gÎmm§Va'_YyZ gmXa Ho$bm Amho.



1) H$Wm H$mX§~arVrb nmÌo hr H$mhr .................. OJV ZgVmV.

2) "gÎmm§Va'_Yrb O§Jb åhUOo H$WmZH$mMm .................. Agm ^mJ Amho.

3) "gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arMo {ZdoXZ .................. Amho.

4) bmb~wS>çm dmZamMr H$Wm .................. nÕVrZo gm§{JVbr Amho.

5) {ZdoXZm~amo~aM boIH$mZ§ .................. `m H$mX§~arV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Amb§ Amho.

6) ..... Zwgma H$mX§~arMr ^mfm ~XbVmZm {XgVo.

7) nú`m§Mo dU©Z H$aVmZm boIH$mZo d¡{dÜ`nyU© .................. dmna Ho$bm Amho.

8) boIH$mMr ^mfme¡br .................. Amho.

18.3 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, "gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arMm Aä`mg AmVm nyU© Pmbm Amho. `mM nÕVrZo Amnë`mdmMZmV `oUmè`m H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`H¥$VrMm gImob Aä`mg H$aVm `oVmo, ho Vw_À`m bjmVAmbo Agob. gwédmVrbm hm Aä`mg OmUrdnyd©H$ H$amdm bmJVmo. Z§Va gd`rZo gm[hË`H¥$VrdmMV AgVmZmM hm Aä`mg AmnmoAmn A§JdiUr nS>V OmVmo. {df`, Ame`gyÌ,nmÌaMZm, dmVmdaU, ^mfme¡br, ho H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`H¥$VrMo KQ>H$ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§MmAä`mg åhUOoM EImÚm gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Aä`mg hmo`.

18.8 gmam§e

àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU "gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arVrb

l H$WmZH$aMZoMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVbr.

l boIH$mÀ`m nmÌ[MÌU H$m¡eë`mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm.

l dmVmdaU{Z{_©VrMo {deof _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVbo.

l {ZdoXZe¡brMm Aä`mg Ho$bm.

l ^mfme¡brMo {deof _mhrV H$ê$Z KoVbo.


18.2.2

1) Abm¡{H$H$ 2) hZw_mZ b§Jya 3) âb°e~°H$

4) CËH§$R>mdY©H$ 5) H$ënH$Vm.

18.2.5

1) nmoH$irV 2) A{d^mÁ` 3) V¥Vr`nwéfr 4) {dbmo_ 5) ^mî` 6) Ame`m 7) {deofUm§Mm 8) {MÌ_`.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 19

~ZJadmS>r - H$WmZH$ n[aM`

19.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV nmR>mV _mS>JyiH$am§À`m A{Ve` à{gÕ Am{U H$cmÑîQ>çmèñdr Aem "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. _yi H$mX§~arModmMZ H$ê$Z `m nmR>mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mda Vwåhmcm,

l àmXo{eH$ H$mX§~ar åhUOo H$m` Ë`mMr _m{hVr hmoB©c d ~ZJadmS>rcm àmXo{eH$H$mX§~ar Ago H$m åhUm`Mo, Vo gm§JVm òB©c.

l "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ {c{hVm òB©c.

l "~ZJadmS>r'Vrc CnH$WmZH$m§{df`r _m{hVr {c{hVm òB©c.

~ZJadmS>r - H$WmZH$ n[aM`/ 213

19.0 C{ÔîQ>o19.1 àmñVm{dH$19.2 ~ZJadmS>r H$WmZH$

19.2.1 Zm`H$mMr ~Xcr19.2.2 YZJam§Mo OrdZ19.2.3 H$ma^mè`mMm AmYma19.2.4 dmS>rV pñWamdUo19.2.5 A§Or àH$aU19.2.6 Vmcr_ ~m§YVmo19.2.7 n§VgaH$maMr ôQ>19.2.8 XwîH$mi

19.2 CnH$WmZHo$19.3 g_mamon19.4 gmam§e


19.1 àmñVm{dH$

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m `m H$mX§~arÀ`m AmOda AZoH$ Amd¥Î`m {ZKmë`m. A_moc nmcoH$a `m§Zr`m H$mX§~arda {MÌnQ>hr Ho$cm.

àm_w»`mZo YZJam§Mr dñVr AgUmè`m ~ZJadmS>rV emim _mñVa åhUyZ EH$m nmoagdXm_wcmMr - amOmam_ {dÇ>c gm¢XUrH$aMr ~Xcr hmoVo. emioV {eH$dÊ`m~amo~aM dmS>rVrcOrdZmer Vmo g_ag hmoVmo. {VWë`m cmoH$m§À`m Cn`moJr nS>Vmo. VrZ dfmªÀ`m H$mcmdYrV `mVéUmcm Amcoco AZw^d, Ë`mcm ôQ>cocr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© _mUgo `m§_YyZ "~ZJadmS>r'H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ AmH$mamcm Amco Amho. `m H$mX§~arVyZ _w»`V: amOmam_Mo - åhUOoM-Zm`H$mMo AZw^d Ë`mÀ`mM ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ {M{ÌV Pmco AmhoV. \$ma _moR>çm, gZgZmQ>r KQ>ZmH$mX§~arV ZgyZhr H$mX§~ar A{Ve` amoMH$, dmMZr` Pmcr Amho.

A{dZme gào `m H$mX§~ar{df`r åhUVmV, "ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mr "~ZJadmS>r'(1954) hm _amR>rVrc H$mX§~ar coIZmMm EH$ ghOgw§Xa Am{dîH$ma Amho. Añgc,IamIwam Am{U Om{Vd§V AZw^d Ë`mVyZ àË``mcm òVmo.' ("àX{jUm' I§S> - 2)

coIH$ ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m "_mS>Jyio' `m OÝ_JmdmnmgyZ OdiM Agcoë`mc|JadmS>rcm Ë`m§Zr "~ZJadmS>r' ho Zmd {Xco. _mS>JyiH$am§À`m _ZmVë`m IS>H$mda ~gcocr"~ZJadmS>r' d VoWrc a{hdmgr, Ë`m§Mo OJUo `m§M§ {Od§V {MÌU `m H$mX§~arVyZ àË``mcmòVo.

19.2 "~ZJadmS>r' : H$WmZH$

~ZJadmS>rVrc H$WmZH$ KS>V§ Vmo H$mi ñdmV§Í`àmár hmoÊ`mnyduMm Amho. Am¢Yg§ñWmZÀ`m A{YnË`mImcr ~ZJadmS>rMm àXoe AgVmo.

19.2.1 Zm`H$mMr ~Xcr :

Aem `m ~ZJadmS>rV emim_mñVa åhUyZ `m H$mX§~arÀ`m Zm`H$mMo AmJ_Z hmoVo. `mH$mX§~arMo {ZdoXZ `m emim_mñVamZo Ho$coco Amho. `mMo Zmd amOmam_ {dÇ>c gm¢XUrH$a AgoAgVo. ~ZJadmS>rOdiÀ`m "{d^yVdmS>r' `m JmdmVyZ Vmo Amcocm AgVmo. nhmQ>o cdH$a CRy>ZXeå`m§Mr {nedr nmR>rcm ~m§YyZ Zm`H$ MmcVM dmS>rcm `m`cm {ZKVmo. MmcVmZm Ë`m§À`m_ZmV Jmdm~Ôc {VWë`m _mUgm§~ÔcMo {dMma òV AgVmV. Vo Jmd H$go Agoc, _mUgoAmnë`mer H$er dmJVrc `m g§~§YrMo {dMma Ë`mcm ^§S>mdV AgVmV. ~ZJadmS>rcm òÊ`mMrË`mMr hr n{hcrM doi AgVo. Ë`m H$mir dmhVwH$sMr gmYZo \$ma ZgV. "Jmd {VWo Eg. Q>r.'gwê$ Pmcocr ZgVo. Ë`m_wio amOmam_Mm åhUOo Zm`H$mMm àdmg nm`rM hmoV AgVmo. AmVmCÝh Mm§JcM§ Vmny cmJc§ AgV§. ^yH$ d VhmZoZo Ord ì`mHw$i Pmcocm AgVmo. Var Vmo ZoQ>mZoMmcV amhVmo.

MmcVm MmcVm AmOy~mOycm Zm§Jacoë`m O{_Zr Va Hw$R>o n{S>H$ O{_Zr {Xgy cmJVmV.


Ë`mdê$Z Jmd Odi Amë`mMo Zm`H$mcm H$iVo. hiyhiy Vmo dñVrÀ`m Odi òD$Z nmohmoMVmo.AmOy~mOycm gnmQ> _moH$im _mi, ~mOarMr Vm§~S>r amZo Am{U _ÜòM J~mio nS>mdo VernS>cocr Vrg-nñVrg _mVrMr qH$dm Ymã`mMr Kao AgVmV. N>nao IncrÀ`m H$mS>mZoemH$macocr AgVmV. dmS>rV añVo Ago ZgVmVM. Kao ~m§YyZ Cacocr OmJm añVm åhUyZMmcÊ`mgmR>r dmnacr OmV AgVo. KamnwT>o _wco IoiV AgVmV. JmdmVrc cmoH$m§À`mgd`rà_mUo H$mhr KamVrc ~m`H$m Zm`H$mH$S>o S>moH$mdyZ nmhVmV. nmoao Ë`mcm nmhÿZ AmVniVmV. nwT>o Joë`mda nQ>m§JUmV EH$ qc~mMo PmS> {XgVo. Ë`mÀ`m ^modVr nma AgVmo.X_cocm Zm`H$ PmS>mÀ`m gmdcrV OmD$Z ~gVmo. Ë`mcm Oodm`Mo AgVo. nmUr hdo AgVo.nU AmOy~mOycm H$moUr {XgV Zmhr.

Oam doimZo A§JmV Jmoc gXam KmVcocm, S>moŠ`mcm Vm§~S>çm a§JmMm nQ>H$m ~m§Ycocm dhmVmV ^mcm KoVcocm EH$ _mUyg òVmZm {XgVmo. AmnU _mñVa Agë`mMo Ë`mcm Zm`H$gm§JVmo. nU Ë`m _mUgmcm Vo Iao dmQ>V Zmhr Am{U "hV§ H$m` H$am`Mm _mñVa' Ag§VwÀN>VoZo Vmo ~mocVmo. BWo nmoa§ ZmhrV d emimhr MmcV Zmhr. gaH$macm ho _mhrV Zmhr H$m?dJ¡ao ~mocyZ Vmo {ZKyZ OmVmo. Zm`H$mcm Iyn {Zame dmQy> cmJVo. ZdrZ ZmoH$arda ZdrZ JmdmVòVmZm Ë`mZo {H$VrVar ñdßZo nm{hcr AgVmV. _moR>çm C_oXrZo Vmo Amcocm AgVmo. _wcm§ZmMm§Jco {ejU Úmdo, Mm§Jco Zmd H$_dmdo Aem Ë`mÀ`m BÀN>m AmH$m§jm§À`m MŠH$mMya hmoVmo.BWo H$emcm Amcmo Ago Ë`mcm dmQy> cmJVmo. EH$Q>onUm OmUdy cmJVmo. nU WmoS>çmM doimVEH$ Iyn d` Pmcocm åhVmam _mUyg H$mR>r Q>oH$V amZmH$Sy>Z òVmo. Zm`H$mcm Vmo Ý`mhmiyZnmhVmo d AmnwcH$sZo {dMmaVmo "hV§ H$m ~gcm ao ~m~m?'

AmnU _mñVa Agë`mMo Zm`H$ Ë`mcm gm§JVmo. Voìhm Vmo Ë`mcm emim XmIdVmo.ZmVrH$Sy>Z Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r nmUr _mJdVmo. Ë`mMo ~mocUo Zm`H$mÀ`m OI_oda \w§$H$a KmcUmaoAgVo. dmS>rV nwîH$i nmoa§ Amhoa d Vr emioV òVrc Agohr Vmo åhUVmo. Zm`H$mcm Ë`m_wionwîH$iM Yra òVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _ZmdaM§ CXmgrZVoM§ gmdQ> Xya hmoV§. Vmo emioV òVmo. emim~è`mM {XdgmnmgyZ ~§X Agë`m_wio O_rZ CIUcocr AgVo, Yyi, _mVr, {M_Ê`m§Mr {dîR>m`m§Zr ^ê$Z Jococr AgVo. åhmVmam Amnë`m Km|JS>çmZoM Vr O_rZ gm\$ H$aVmo d Ë`mcm~gm`cm gm§JVmo. `m åhmVmè`m J¥hñWmcm "H$ma^mar' åhUVmV. Ë`mcm JmdmV ~amM _mZ Amho.ho Zm`H$mcm amÌr MmdS>rOdi ~aoM JmdH$ar O_ë`mda H$iV§. H$ma^mar Ë`mMr OwO~rMm¡H$er H$aVmo. "Vy Am_À`mn¡H$sM hmòg!' åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rdê$Z hmV {\$adVmo. Ë`mÀ`mAmnwcH$sZo Zm`H$mcm Yra òVmo. ^mH$ar ImD$Z Vmo emioVM {dlm§Vr KoVmo. g§Ü`mH$mihmoB©n`ªV Ë`mcm OmJ òV Zmhr.

g§Ü`mH$mir amZmVyZ naV òUmè`m _|T>am§À`m Jc½`mMm AmdmO gd©Xya ngacm AgVmo.Yyi CS>V AgVo. Zm`H$ OmJm hmoVmo. Xwnmar em§V, {ZOud dmQ>Umar ~ZJadmS>r AmVm EH$X_{Od§V dmQ>V AgVo. A§Yma nS>ë`mda H$moUrVar òD$Z g_moaM EH$m ~mOycm Agcoë`m_méVrÀ`m XodimV {Xdm cmdVo. Zm`H$mÀ`m _ZmV {dMma Mmcy AgVmV. AmVm VrZ df} VarË`mcm BWoM amhm`Mo AgVo. hoM Amnco Jmd, `mM cmoH$m§_Üò {_gim`Mo, emioMo _hÎd `mcmoH$m§Zm nQ>dyZ Úm`Mo. `m naŠ`m AZmoiIr cmoH$m§V H$go hmoUma? BË`mXr {dMmam§Zr Vmo


ì`mHy$i hmoVmo.

19.2.2 YZJam§Mo OrdZ

~ZJadmS>rV ~hþVoH$ dñVr YZJam§Mr AgVo. H$miçm^moa a§JmMo ho YZJa Zoh_r CKS>oMdmdaV. ~mhoaÀ`m OJmMo Ë`m§Zm {deof kmZ ZìhVo d Vo ZìhVo `mMr Ë`m§Zm {deof OmUrdhrZìhVr. nhmQ>o cdH$a CRy>Z _|T>am§Zm Mam`cm KoD$Z OmUo. _|T>am§À`m c|S>çm§Mm T>rJ IVmgmR>rV`ma H$aUo, _|T>ao MaV AgVmZm {Xdgâ Ë`m§À`m_mJo qhS>Uo, XwnmaÀ`m doir {d{hardaAmirnmirZo Am§Kmoir H$ê$Z gmo~V AmUcocr ^mH$ar ImUo d g§Ü`mH$mir _|T>am§Zm KoD$ZnaV Kar òUo hmM Ë`m§Mm _w»` CÚmoJ Agm`Mm. _o|T>a§ Mam`cm ZoVmZm gmo~V Vo EImXoHw$Ìohr Ý`m`Mo. e§â _|T>am§_mJo EH$m YZJa Agm`Mm.

g§Ü`mH$mir Kar Amë`mda "_|T>a§ OwidUo' hm EH$ _moR>m AÜ`m© VmgmMm H$m`©H«$_Agm`Mm. _|T>ao Mam`cm ZoVmZm Ë`m§Mr nmoao KarM AgV. _|T>çm Kar Amë`mZ§Va nmoamcmemoYm`À`m Am{U nmoa§ AmB©cm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm _o-_o Agm EH$M Jm|Yi gwê$ Agm`Mm. gmè`mJmdâM hm Jm|Yi gwê$ amhr. _|T>Š`mcm åhUOo YZJamcm `m Jm|YimV {eê$Z hr _|T>aoOwidmdr cmJV. àËòH$ _|T>rOdi {VMo nmoa AmUyZ Vo H$mgocm cmdyZ ¿`mdo cmJo _J hmJcH$m em§V hmoB©. _|T>çm nmoam§Mr A§Jo MmQy> cmJV. nm§T>è`m KÅ> XwYmZo nmoam§Mr Vm|S>o _mIyZ OmV.

_|T>ao OwidyZ Pmcr H$s, _|T>H$m YZJarZo Ho$coë`m D$Z D$Z ^mH$ar d H$moaS>çmgIm`cm ~go. OodU qH$dm ^moOZ hm eãX Ë`m§Zm _mhrV ZìhVm. OodU åhQ>co H$s EImXXwgamnXmW© OmñVr òVmo. Ë`mMr YZJam§Zm Oê$a ZìhVr. XmoÝhr doim Vo \$ŠV ^mH$ar ImV. H$YrMQ>Urer Va H$Yr {haì`m ^mOrÀ`m nmë`mer Va H$Yr H$m§Úmer ^mH$ar ImD$Z Pmë`mdaYZJa MmdS>rnmer O_V. {VWo A§YmamV YwirVM ~gyZ Ë`m§À`m Jßnm MmcV. Ë`m _|T>am§~ÔcAgV qH$dm nmD$gnmÊ`m~Ôc! Kar naVyZ _|T>am§À`m dmS>çmOdi _|T>Ho$ Pmonm`Mo. Ë`mMo Hw$ÌoË`m§À`m nm`mOdi Ago. XmoKm§Mrhr Pmon gmdY Ago. YZJarU KamV chmZ nmoamcm KoD$ZPmono.

19.2.3 H$ma^mè`mMm AmYma :

Zm`H$ Agm CXmg _Z:pñWVrV ~gcocm AgVmZm WmoS>çm doimV A§YmamVyZ H$ma^maròVmo. H$ma^mè`mZ§ Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r XyY AmUc§ AgV§. H$ma^mar Ë`mMr Mm¡H$er H$aVmo, hiyhiyBVa JmdH$ar O_VmV. H$ma^mar Ë`m§À`mOdi emioMm {df` H$mT>Vmo. _mñVa Amë`mMogm§JVmo. nU emim, {ejU `m{df`r gJiçm§À`m _ZmV AZmñWmM AgVo. "Hw$R>§ hmòVJmdmcm nmoa§?' Ag§ {dMmê$Z Vo Ë`m§Mr CXmgrZVm XmIdVmV. nU H$ma^mar Mm§Jcm I_Š`mAgVmo d Ë`mcm emioMo _hÎd nQ>coco AgVo. JmdH$è`m§Zm, Ë`m§Zm H$ioc Aem ^mfoV àý{dMmê$Z Vmo {ZéÎma H$aVmo d eodQ>r _mPm gIm, Vw_Mm VwH$m Ago H$aV Xhm~mam _wcm§ZmemioV nmR>dm`cm dmS>rVco cmoH$ V`ma hmoVmV. Zm`H$hr Ë`m§Zm emioMo _hÎd gm§JVmo. _wcm§Zm{chm-dmMm`cm Amë`mZo Ë`m§Mm \$m`Xm hmoB©c dJ¡ao gm§JVmo.

Xwgè`m {XdgmnmgyZ emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo R>aV§. _J cmoH$m§À`m _|T>amÀ`m, Hw$aUmÀ`m,


hdmnmÊ`mÀ`m Jßnm gwê$ hmoVmV. WH$cocm Zm`H$ H$ma^mè`mMr aOm KoVmo d AmV OmD$ZPmonVmo.

H$ma^mar Zm`H$mcm EH$ chmZgo Ka XoVmo. Jmdr OmD$Z Vmo WmoS>r ^m§S>r-Hw§$S>r AmUVmo,XJS>m§Mr Myc _m§S>Vmo d hmVmZo ^mH$ar H$ê$Z ImD$ cmJVmo.

emim gwê$ hmoVo. nU `WmVWmM. _wcm§Zm emioMr JmoS>r ZgVo Am{U _wcm§Zm emioVnmR>dÊ`mnojm _|T>am§_mJo amZmV nmR>dUoM cmoH$m§Zm _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. Amcocr _wco H$mhrVar{Z{_Îm H$ê$Z Kar {ZKyZ OmV. Ë`m§Zm WmoS>o Oar amJdco Var Vr aSy> cmJV d Ë`m§Mr AmB©òD$Z Ë`m§Zm KoD$Z OmB© d Zm`H$mcmM amJmdr - "Vwcm nmoa~mc§ ZmhrV H$m?' åhUo.EH§$XarV emim åhUOo gJim AmZ§XM hmoVm. _wcm§Zm emioMr gd` hmoÊ`mMr dmQ> nmhUoEdT>oM Zm`H$mÀ`m hmVmV AgVo. Vo Vmo H$aVmo. hiyhiy gJio gwairV hmoB©c Ago Ë`mcmdmQ>V AgVo.

hiyhiy AmR>-Xhm _wco {Z`{_VnUo emioV òD$ cmJVmV. J. _. ^. Z {eHy$ cmJVmV.nU `m _wcm§Zm ñdÀN>Vo~ÔcÀ`m gmÜ`mgmÜ`m JmoîQ>rhr _mhrV ZgVmV. Vm|S> Z YwVm VerMVr emioV òVmV. nmQ>rcm Ww§H$s cmdVmV. Zm`H$ Ë`m§Zm gwYmaÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$aVmo. gVmZmdmMm EH$ _wcJm _mÌ hþema AgVmo. Ë`mcm {ejUmMr, Aä`mgmMr AmdS> AgVo. {~amYZJamMm hm _wcJm gmVdrn`ªV Var {eH$m`M§ åhUVmo. Zm`H$ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o {deof cj XoD$cmJVmo.

19.2.4 dmS>rV pñWamdUo :

Am`~y _wcmUr, AmZ§Xm am_moer Am{U am_m ~ZJa ho H$mhrhr CÚmoJ H$aV Zgcoco{VKoOU {Z`_mZo emioV òD$Z ~gVmV. Am`~ycm H$YrH$Yr ~H$a§ H$mnÊ`mM§ H$m_ H$amd§cmJV AgV§. Ë`m ~Xë`mV Vmo amoO Mma Kar ^mH$ar d H$mcdU _mJyZ Amncr JwOamU H$aVAgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m JaOm \$ma H$_r AgVmV. Ë`mcm Pmonm`cm H$moUVrhr OmJm MmcVo. AmZ§Xmam_moer Hw$UmÀ`m Var eoVmVyZ dm§Jr, Ádmar-~mOarMr H$Ug§ Ag§ H$mhrVar Mmoê$Z AmUVAgo d Ë`mdaM Ë`mMm CXa{Zdm©h MmcV Ago. `m ~marH$gmarH$ Mmoè`m Vmo _mcH$mH$S>oOmD$Z H$YrVar H$~yc H$ê$Z Q>mH$V Ago. Ë`mMm hm ñd^md H$ië`mZo Ë`mcm H$moUr H$mhrH$aV ZgV. H$YrVar Vmo {eH$ma H$ê$Z ggm, KmoanS> _mê$Z amZmV {eOdyZ ImV Ago.

am_m ~ZJahr H$mhrM CÚmoJ H$arV Zgo. _|T>a§ Mam`cm ZoÊ`mM§ H$m_ Ë`mMm _wcJmZmhrVa ~mn H$mHw$~m H$arV Ago. EH$Xm am_m Zm`H$mH$S>o amUr N>mn én`m AmUyZ XoVmo. AmVmVmo ì`dhmamV ZgVmo. nU VmcwŠ`mcm Oa Vmo MmcV Agoc Va MmcdyZ AmUmdm åhUyZ VmoZm`H$mH$S>o XoVmo. Zm`H$ Jmdr Joë`mda òVmZm én`m _moSy>Z AmUVmo. Mm§XrMm én`m Agë`mZoË`mMo Amcoco AR>am AmUo Vmo am_mcm XoVmo. Zm`H$mZo MwHy$Z Amnë`mcm XmoZ AmUo OmñV {XcoAg§ dmQy>Z Vmo Vo naV H$aVmo. nU Vo VwPoM AmhoV Ag§ gm§JyZ Zm`H$ Vo n¡go KoV Zmhr. Z§Vaam_m Ë`mcm nwÝhm én`m XoVmo. Vohr Vmo _moSy>Z AmUVmo. nmZV§~mIycm Mma AmUo KoÊ`mMm am_mZm`H$mcm AmJ«h H$aVmo, nU Zm`H$ Vo KoV Zmhr. `m àg§JmVyZ am_mMm àm_m{UH$nUm d


Zm`H$mMr {Z:ñn¥h d¥Îmr {XgVo.

Zm`H$mcm JmdmVco cmoH$ ~arM H$m_o gm§Jy cmJVmV. emim \$maer {Z`{_V ZgVo.Ë`m_wio Zm`H$ JmdmVrc H$m_o H$aVmo. nÌ§ {chÿZ XoUo, AO© {chÿZ XoUo, VmcwŠ`mcm OmD$ZnÌo nmoñQ> H$aUo, _ZrAm°S>©a H$aUo. BË`mXr. _mñVa {eH$cocm Amho Voìhm cmoH$ H$moUVrhrAS>MU g_ñ`m KoD$Z Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o òVmV. ~m`H$moMr ^m§S>Uo, _|T>ê$ Mmoar OmUo AemH$moUË`mhr VH«$marM§ {ZH$maU "_mñVa' H$ê$ eH$Vmo Agm cmoH$m§Mm g_O AgVmo.

nmdgmim òVmo, _¥JmÀ`m nmdgmZo hdoV Jmadm òVmo. O{_ZrVyZ JdVmMo H$m|~ da òVmV.WmoS>r CKmS> Pmë`mda cmoH$m§Mr noaUrMr JS>~S> gwê$ hmoVo. EH$ {Xdg eoHy$~m Zm`H$mH$S>oòVmo d noaUrgmR>r EH$m ~¡cmMr gmo` H$ê$Z Úmdr åhUyZ Zm`H$mÀ`m _mJo cmJVmo. Zm`H$mcmVo AWm©VM eŠ` ZgVo. Z§Va Zm`H$mcm H$iVo H$s eoHy$H$S>rc EH$m ~¡cmÀ`m OmoS>rcmeoHy$À`m ~m`H$moZo ñdV: _mZoda Oy KoD$Z noaUr H$am`cm cmdcr. `m KQ>ZoZo gJioMAmíM`©M{H$V hmoVmV.

am_m ~ZJamZo {Xcoco VrZeo Mmirg énò Zm`H$ JmdmhÿZ òVmZm _moSy>Z AmUVmo. JmdmVòVmo Voìhm g§Ü`mH$mi Pmcocr AgVo. n¡emMr OmoIr_ _moR>r åhUyZ Vo n¡go Zm`H$mZoXeå`m§À`m {nedrV R>odco AgVmV. MmcyZ MmcyZ WH$cocm Zm`H$ Kar Amë`mda ~KVmo Vmo{nedrV n¡emMo JmR>moS>o, Xeå`m§Mr {nedr ZgVo. Vmo A{Ve` Km~aVmo. Ë`mcm H$mhrM gwMoZmgohmoVo. qMVmJ«ñV hmoD$Z Vmo gmao gm_mZ nwZ:nwÝhm VnmgyZ ~KVmo. dmQ>oV Va n¡emMo JmR>moS>onS>co Zgoc Zm? H$s ^mH$arÀ`m dmgmZo Hw$Í`mZo JmR>moS>o Zoco Agoc? ^moim {XgUmè`mAm`y~Zo Va n¡go KoVco ZgVrc? AZoH$ {dMma, AZoH$ àý Ë`m§À`m _ZmV òVmV. n¡goKamVyZ H$moUr Zoco AgmdoV? gmaIm hmM {dMma òV amhVmo. Am`~yÀ`m dmJÊ`mV H$mhrdoJio, g§H$moM {XgV ZgVo. AmVm am_mMo n¡go H$go d Hw$Ry>Z Úm`Mo? n¡go Mmoarcm Joco Agoam_mcm gm§{JVco Va Vmo H$gm {dœmg R>odUma? n¡go AmnUM hS>nco Agoc gJiçm§ZmdmQ>Uma. gJim Mm§JwcnUm, {_imdcocm {dœmg dm`m OUma. H$go~go Vmo {Xdg aoQ>V amhVmo.gwÅ>rV Kar Joë`mda Vmo d{S>cm§Zm ho gm§JVmo. dS>rc Ë`mcm hr OmoIr_ nËH$aë`m~Ôc XmofXoVmV. n¡go Mmoarcm Joco Ago _mcH$mcm gm§JÊ`mMm g„m XoVmV. nU gd© ~mOy§Zr {dMmaH$ê$Zhr hm g„m Ë`mcm ~amo~a dmQ>V Zmhr. MmoarÀ`m VnmgmgmR>r JmdmV nmocrg Amco VaJmdmVë`m cmoH$m§Zm Ìmg hmoB©c. H$O© KoD$Z n¡go naV ÚmdoV Agmhr {dMma Vmo H$aVmo. nUË`mcm H$O©hr {_iV Zmhr. XmXyZo Va ho H$mañWmZ Ho$co Zgoc Zm? Agohr Ë`mÀ`m _ZmVòVo. Jmd gmoSy>Z OmÊ`mMo {dMmahr òVmV d Vmo ñdV:da {MS>Vmo.

AmB© _mÌ Ë`mMr qMVm nmhÿZ Ë`mcm Yra XoVo d Amnë`m Zmdmda Agcoco Ka {dHy$ZË`mMo MmanmMeo énò òVrc Ë`mVyZ am_mMo n¡go naV H$aÊ`mg gm§JVo. Amnë`m nmR>rerAmB© Amho d AmnU n¡go naV H$ê$ eHy$ `m {dMmamZo Ë`mMr H$miOr ~arM H$_r hmoVo. dmS>rcmnaV Amë`mda amÌr MmdS>rg_moa ho gm§Jm`Mo Vmo R>adVmo.


19.2.5 A§Or àH$aU

AemVM EH$ {Xdg H$ma^mè`mMr ZmV A§Or cmOV cmOV Zm`H$mH$S>o òVo. AmVm Vrd`mV Amcocr AgVo. Vr Zm`H$mH$S>o EH$ IU d OwZr Mmoir XoVo Am{U e{Zdmar VmcwŠ`mhÿZMmoir {edyZ AmUm`cm gm§JVo. {Vcm H$ma^mè`mnmgyZ hr JmoîQ> cndm`Mr AgVo. Ë`mÀ`mMmoê$Z n¡go gmR>dyZ AmnU XoV Agë`mZo H$ma^mè`mcm ho gm§Jy Zò Agohr gm§JVo d Zm`H$hrZmhr åhUm`À`m AmVM {ZKyZhr OmVo.

Amnco n¡go Mmoarcm Joë`mMo MmdS>rg_moa gm§Jm`Mo, nU Ë`mAmYr H$ma^mè`mMm g„m¿`mdm åhUyZ Vmo Am`~ycm H$ma^mè`mcm ~mocmdm`cm nmR>dVmo, nU Vmo òV Zmhr. Zm`H$ ñdV:Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o OmVmo Voìhm Ë`mÀ`mer ~mocÊ`mMo ZmH$mê$Z H$ma^mar ~mhoa {ZKyZ OmVmo. ^mH$è`m~S>dV Agcocr A§Or Ë`mcm gm§JVo H$s, XmXy ~mcQ>çmZ§ H$ma^mè`mcm H$mhrVar gm§{JVc§`d Ë`m_wio Ë`mZo A~mocm Yacm`. AmYrM H$miOrV Agoccm Zm`H$ Xw:Ir d An_m{ZVhmoD$Z naV Kar òVmo. Am`~yOdi Vmo ho ~mocVmo. Voìhm Am`~y hr gm§JVmo H$s XmXy ~mcQ>çmVw_À`mda \$ma OiVmo. H$maU Vwåhr JmdmV Amë`mnmgyZ Ë`mÀ`m Q>JonUmcm Hw$Ur {dMmaVZgV§.

Zm`H$ {dMmamV nS>Vmo. EImÚm IcZm`H$mgmaIm hm XmXy Amnë`m H$m _mJ§ cmJcm`?am_m ~ZJamÀ`m n¡em§À`m g§H$Q>m~amo~a ho Xwgao EH$ g§H$Q> Cô amhVo. JmdmVë`m dOZXma_mUgmÀ`m _ZmV ~mcQ>çmZo Amnë`m~Ôc {df noaco. AmVm H$ma^mar Amnë`mer ZrQ> dmJVZmhr. H$m` H$amdo? Aem gd© {dMmam§Zr CXmg _Z:pñWVrV ~gcm AgVmZm AMmZH$ZmQ>H$mV Q´>mÝg\$a grZ CKS>mdm Vgo hmoVo. AmZ§Xm am_moer AmV òVmo d n¡go Zoë`mMo gm§JVmo.Vo n¡go naV AmUyZ XoVmo. Zm`H$mÀ`m {Odmcm cmJcocm Kmoa g§nVmo. "Xeå`m ZoÊ`mgmR>r{nedr Zocr. Ë`mV EdT>o énò ~KyZ Vo n¡go KoÊ`mMr cmcyM {Z_m©U Pmcr. nU Z§Va _mP§M_Z _cm ImD$ cmJë`mZo n¡go naV AmUyZ {Xco.' Ago Vmo gm§JVmo.

Zm`H$ AdmH²> hmoVmo. `m _yI© _mUgmÀ`m H¥$Ë`m_wio {H$Vr {Xdg AZoH$ `mVZm AmnU^moJë`m `m {dMmamZo Ë`mcm AmZ§XmMm amJ òVmo. g§VmnmZo Vmo Ë`mcm hmH$cyZ XoVmo. "Ag§Jmerg§J Am{U àmUmer JmR>' `mMm Ë`mcm àË`` XoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m Jiçmcm cmJcocm VmV AmVmgwQ>cocm AgVmo. cJoM Vmo Vo énò KoD$Z am_mÀ`m hdmcr H$aVmo d Ë`mcm n¡go ZwgVo KamVZ R>odVm Jw§Vdm`cm gm§JVmo. am_m Ë`mMr _|T>a§ KoVmo. EH$m _moR>çm g§H$Q>mVyZ Zm`H$mMr gwQ>H$mhmoVo.

EH$ {Xdg Zm`H$ {d{harH$S>o Am§KmoirgmR>r OmV AgVm H$ma^mar Ë`mÀ`m _mJmo_mJ òVmo.Zm`H$m _mJmo_mJ Vmo hr nm`è`m CVê$Z {d{harV òVmo. da XmoZ nm`è`m gmoSy>Z ~gVmo dZm`H$mer ~mocU§ gwê$ H$aVmo. EH$mM JmdmV amhÿZ A~mocm Yê$Z amhU§ Mm§Jc§ Zmhr Ag§ VmoåhUVmo. ~mocU§ Va H$ma^mè`mZoM ~§X Ho$co AgV§. Zm`H$ Vg§ ~mocyZ XmIdVmo. H$ma^mè`mÀ`m~mocÊ`mdê$Z H$iV§ H$s Zm`H$mZo A§Orcm Mmoir AmUyZ {Xcr Ag§ XmXy ~mcQ>çmZ§H$ma^mè`mcm gm§{JVcoc§ AgV§. Zm`H$ Va ho {dgê$Zhr Jococm AgVmo. nU ~mcQ>çmZo _mÌVo nmhÿZ Ë`mM§M ^m§S>dc H$ê$Z H$ma^mè`mMo H$mZ \w§$H$coco AgVmV. A§OrZo n¡go {Xco d


IU AmUyZ {Xcm. Mmoir {edyZ AmUyZ {Xcr. hr JmoîQ> A§OrZM H$ma^mè`mnmgyZ cndyZR>odcocr Agë`mM§ Ë`mcm g_OV§. H$ma^mar VoìhmnmgyZ Zm`H$mÀ`m dmJÊ`m-~mocÊ`mda cjR>odyZ AgVmo. Ë`mcm H$mhr dmdJ§ AmT>iV Zmhr åhUyZ Vmo ñdV:hÿZ Zm`H$mer ~mocUo gwê$H$aVmo.

Zm`H$ amJmdyZ H$ma^mè`mer ~mocVmo d Kar {ZKyZ òVmo. {Xdgâ Ë`mMm amJ em§V hmoVZmhr. JmdmVë`m cmoH$m§À`m AmnU Cn`moJr nS>Vmo, Ë`m§Mr H$m_o H$aVmo; nU Ë`mMm AgmCcQ>m n[aUm_ Pmcm. Amnc§ Mm[aÍ` ñdÀN>, {Z_©i AgyZ Amnë`mda {e§VmoS>o CS>dco Joco`mMm Ë`mcm Iyn _Z:ñVmn hmoVmo. ~mcQ>çmcm Mm§Jcm Mmon Úmdm, Ë`mMm gyS> ¿`mdm AgoË`mcm gmaIo dmQy> cmJVo. nU Ë`mÀ`mgma»`m Xw~içm _mUgmcm Vo eŠ` ZgVo.

Am`y~cm _mÌ Zm`H$mÀ`m ~Xccoë`m _Z:pñWVrMm A§XmO òVmo. nU H$m` Pmco AgmdoVo Z H$ië`mZo Vmo Ë`mÀ`m ^modVr ^modVr H$aVmo. eodQ>r amÌr Zm`H$ Ë`mcm gm§JVmo.

"Am`~y, ~mcQ>çmZ§ \$ma S>mi Zmgcr JS>çm'

~mcQ>çmZo H$m` Ho$co Vo Vmo Am`~ycm gm§JVmo. Am`~yÀ`m Vm|Sy>Z {edr ~mhoa nS>Vo.~mcQ>çm BVH$m BagmcnUm H$arc, BVH$m cm§~ nmoMoc Ag§ Ë`mcm dmQ>V ZgV§. A§Ordê$Z~mcQ>çm JmdmV Amncr ~XZm_r H$arc d Amnë`mcm _mahmU H$arc Ago Zm`H$mcm dmQy>cmJVo. Ë`mZo nydu {Xcocr Y_H$s Zm`H$mcm AmR>dVo. N>moQ>çm JmdmV H$mQ>çmMm Zm`Q>m H$gmhmoVmo Vo Ë`mcm _mhrV AgVo. ~amM doi Ë`mcm Pmon òV Zmhr.

Ë`mZ§Va VrZ-Mma {Xdgm§Zr EH$m amÌr AMmZH$ MmdS>rOdi Mmccoë`m Jc~ë`mZoË`mcm OmJ òVo. Vmo Am`~ycmhr CR>dVmo. OmD$Z nmhVmV Vmo MmdS>rOdi ~arM _mUg§O_cocr AgVmV Am{U ~mcQ>çm YwirV nSy>Z Ymnm Q>mH$V AgVmo. Ë`mMo H$nS>o \$mQ>cocoAgVmV. Ë`mcm H$moUr Var ~oX_ _macoco AgVo. Zm`H$ nwT>o hmoD$Z Ë`mcm YwirVyZ CMcyZKamV Ý`m`cm gm§JVmo. XmoK§{VK§ Ë`mcm CMcyZ KamV ZoVmV. Ë`mcm dmam KmcVmV. Mohè`mdanmUr qenS>VmV. Voìhm Vmo Ymnm Q>mH$m`Mm Wm§~Vmo. Ë`mMr åhmVmar aS>V AgVo. {Vcm H$ma^marJßn ~gdVmo. H$moUr _mac§ Vo {dMmac§ Va Ë`mcm H$mhrM gm§JVm òV Zmhr. hm ^mZm_VrMmàH$ma Agmdm Ag§ H$moUrVar åhUV§. nU Zm`H$ AmdmO MT>dyZ gm§JVmo H$s, "^mZm_Vr dJ¡aoH$mhr Zmhr, WmoS>m X_ ImD$Z Vmo CRy>Z ~gcm H$s H$m` Pmcm Vo H$ioc." nU gH$miPmë`mda hr ~mcQ>çm CRy>Z ~gV Zmhr. hiyhiy JXu H$_r hmoVo. cmoH$ Amnmnë`m CÚmoJmcmcmJVmV. "Amnë`m A§Jmda Km|JS>r Q>mHy$Z Amnë`mcm _mac§, _maUmao {Xgco ZmhrV.' dJ¡ao~mcQ>çm gm§JVmo. H$moUmda g§e` Amho H$m {dMmaë`mda Zmhr gm§JVmo. am_m åhUVmo H$s `mÀ`mhOma ^mZJS>r AgVmV. Hw$Ur naJmdÀ`m _mUgmZ§ _mac§ Agoc.

AmR>-n§Yam {Xdg Pmco Var ~mcQ>çm A§WéUmcm {IiyZ amhVmo. Ë`mcm ^wVmZo Kmoigc§Ag§ JmdmVco cmoH$ ~mocy cmJVmV.

`m àH$aUmda nS>Xm nS>Vmo.


19.2.6 Vmcr_ ~m§YVmo

EH$ {Xdg Zm`H$mÀ`m _ZmV òV§ H$s, JmdmV EH$ nŠH$s Aer B_maV Agmdr. JmdmVyZdJ©Ur Jmoim H$ê$Z Vr ~m§Ymdr. emiocm XmoZ IUm§Mr B_maV hmoVr d emioMm ì`mn dmT>Ê`mMreŠ`Vm H$_r hmoVr. Voìhm Vmcr_ ~m§Ymdr. _wcm§Zm Ioim`cm, JmdH$è`m§Zm ~gm`cm, Ë`m§MoT>moc, coPr_ R>odm`cm OmJm hmoB©c. EImXm _moR>m A{YH$mar Amcm Va Ë`mcm CVam`cm `mVmc_rMm Cn`moJ hmoB©c. Amncr EH$ AmR>dU amhrc. Agm {dMma H$ê$Z Zm`H$ am_moernmR>dyZ JmdH$è`m§Zm MmdS>rda ~mocmdVmo. BH$S>Mo {VH$S>Mo ~mocUo Pmë`mda Amncm {dMmagm§JVmo. cmoH$m§V Hw$O~yO gwê$ hmoVo. Zm`H$ Ë`m§Zm _moR>çmZo ~mocm`cm gm§JVmo. _J cmoH$ ~mocycmJVmV. Ë`m§Zm Vmc_rMr JaO dmQ>V ZgVo. JmdmV Hw$R>o n{hcdmZ AmhoV? emim Amho VrM{H$Vr {Xdg MmcUma Amho? H$moU {eHy$Z _moR>m A§_cXma hmoUma Amho? Zoh_rà_mUoMH$moUË`mhr Zdr JmoîQ>rgmR>r Ë`m§Mm ZÞmMm nmT>m AgVmo.

nU H$ma^mar Ë`m§Zm g_OmdVmo. AmO H$moUr n{hcdmZ Zgcm Var nmoa§ Vmc_rVIoiVrc Ë`mVyZM EImXm n{hcdmZ V`ma hmoB©c. Zm`H$ Ë`m§Zm gm§JVmo H$s, Vwåhr T>moc,Pm§Om KoD$Z ZmMVm. Ë`m dñVy BH$S>o {VH$S>o Hw$R>oVar nS>coë`m AgVmV. Ë`m ZrQ> EH$m{R>H$mUr amhVrc. dJ¡ao. JmdmVë`m d¥Õ cmoH$m§Zm ~mocdyZ Zm`H$ nwÝhm nwÝhm Ë`m§Zm Vmc_rM§_hÎd g_OmdVmo. BVa Jmdm§Mr CXmhaU XoVmo d Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z hmoH$ma {_idVmo. Vr _§S>ir_J JmdH$è`m§Zm V`ma H$aVmV. Vmc_rMr JmoîQ> JmdH$è`m§À`m Jir CVadÊ`mV Zm`H$mcm èòV§.

Á`m§Zm amoI a¸$_ XoU§ eŠ` Zgoc Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m eoVmVco PmS> Úmdo, ~¡c, JmS>rH$m_mgmR>r Úmdo Ago R>aVo. H$m_mcm gwédmV hmoVo. CX²KmQ>Zmcm amOmcm ~mocmdy Ago gm§JyZZm`H$ Ë`m§Mm CËgmh dmT>dVmo. Jd§S>r, gwVma, dS>ma O_VmV. S>m|Jamdê$Z _moR>o _moR>o XJS>AmUUo, dS>mam§Zr Vo nmS>Uo BË`mXr H$m_§ gwê$ hmoVmV.

gÚm dmUr åhUyZ Agcoë`m EH$m dmÊ`mM§ [aH$m_§ nS>PS> Pmcocm Ka nmhÿZ Ë`mOmJoda Vmcr_ ~m§Ym`M§ {ZpíMV hmoV§. gÚm dmUr AmVm h`mV ZgVmo. cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z PmS>o JmoimH$aUo gwê$ hmoVo. PmS> {_imco H$s Vo VmoS>m`Mo, JmS>rVyZ Vmc_rÀ`m OmJoda AmUm`Mo,gwVmamcm Úm`Mo, _J Ë`mVyZ gwVma Ë`mcm cmJoc Vgo cmHy$S> KoD$Z Xma§, {IS>Š`m d BVaJmoîQ>r ~Zdm`cm cmJo. Zm`H$ gJio CËgmhmZo H$aV AgVmo. nU H$YrH$Yr Vmo d¡VmJVmo.H$maU cmoH$ PmS> gwImgwIr XoV ZmhrV. {Xc§ Var H$Yr Vo nmoIacoc§ AgV§. H$Yr JmS>r ~¡c{_im`cm Ìmg hmoVmo. Ia§ Va ho JmdmgmR>rM§ H$m_ AgV§. Zm`H$ Vo ñdV:gmR>r H$aV ZgVmo.Var cmoH$ Ago dmJVmV. "Ka nhmd§ ~m§YyZ' `m åhUrM§ àË`§Va Ë`mcm òV AgV§.

~mim ~ZJa Va PmS> XoÊ`mM§ gneoc ZmH$maVmo. Zm`H$ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o OmD$Z Amë`mdaH$ma^mar, AmZ§Xm dJ¡ao XmoKo{VKo OU Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o OmVmV. Ë`mcm g_OmdVmo nU Vmo EoH$VZmhr. eodQ>r dmS>r Ë`mcm dmirV Q>mH$Vo.

Zm`H$ VhmZ^yH$, Pmon {dgê$Z Vmc_rÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m _mJo cmJVmo. Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a


Am`~y, AmZ§Xm, am_m ~ZJa, H$ma^mar gJioM Ymdni H$aV AgVmV. Vmc_rMr B_maV hmAmOy~mOyÀ`m Jmdm§Mm Hw$VwhcmMm {df` hmoVmo. H$mhr cmoH$ Zm`H$mcm Zmd§hr R>odV AgVmV.n¡go Im`cm {_imdoV åhZyZ Vmo ho H$aVmo Amho Agohr cmoH$ ~mocV AgVmV. nU Zm`H${VH$S>o Xwc©j H$ê$Z Vmc_rÀ`m H$m_mH$S>o cj XoV AgVmo Var H$m_mcm åhUmdm Vgm doJZgVmo. H$mVmdyZ Zm`H$ da gaH$mamV {chyZ H$idVmo H$s "Vmc_rMo H$m_ nyU© Pmco Amho.Voìhm hþOwam§Zr CX²KmQ>ZmgmR>r òÊ`mMr H¥$nm H$amdr.' Am{U dmS>rVë`m cmoH$m§Zm gm§JVmo H$s,"`mM _{hÝ`mV gaH$mañdmar òUma Amho, Voìhm Vm~S>Vmo~ nyU© H$am ZmhrVa Ë`m§Zm gm§Jm H$sAm_À`mÀ`mZo ho ~m§YH$m_ hmoV Zmhr. Amåhmcm _m\$ H$amdo.'

19.2.7 n§V gaH$maMr ôQ>

Zm`H$mZo gaH$mamV H$idco AgVo. Ë`mMo CÎma òVo. drg E{àc amoOr gaH$ma ñdmaròD$Z CX²KmQ>Z H$arc. Ë`mZ§Va hmcMmctZm doJ òVmo. EH$ {XdgmAmS> VmcwŠ`mhÿZA{YH$mar òD$ cmJVmV. nmhUr H$ê$ cmJVmV. dmS>rn`ªV òUmam añVm Mm§Jcm H$aÊ`mV òVmo.dmS>rMr ñdÀN>Vm hmoVo. ^Q>Š`m Hw$Í`m§Zm _mê$Z Q>mH$Ê`mV òVo. JmdH$ar gmadyZgwadyZ KaoñdÀN> H$aVmV. Vmc_rMo H$m_hr nwao hmoV òVo. eodQ>À`m {_{ZQ>mn`ªV Ymdni gwê$ AgVo.

eodQ>r CX²KmQ>ZmMm {Xdg COmS>Vmo. gmao Jmd amÌr OmJoM AgVo. Vmc_rÀ`m N>namMoH$m_ am{hcoco AgVo. Vo J°g~Î`m cmdyZ nyU© Ho$co OmVo. cmoH$m§_Üò EH$ A^yVnyd© AgmCËgmh g§MmaVmo. amOogaH$mam§Zm EH$drg ~¡cm§À`m aWmVyZ AmUm`Mo R>acoco AgVo.Ë`mà_mUo aW e¥§Jmacm OmVmo. EH$m qeJdmë`mcm C§M PmS>mda ~gdco OmVo. amOmMr _moQ>a_¡c-XmoZ _¡cmda Amcr H$s Ë`mZo qeJ \w§$Hy$Z Bemam H$am`Mm Ago R>aco AgVo.

AmR>-gìdmAmR>À`m gw_mamg qeJ dmOVo. gaH$ma Amco åhUyZ gJiçm§Mr EH$MYmdmYmd gwê$ hmoVo. amOm JmdmV òVmM JmdÀ`m nmQ>cmZo Zmai-én`m KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm g_moaoOm`Mo Agm {admO AgVmo. dmS>rcm H$moUr nmQ>rc ZgVmo. Voìhm Zm`H$ ho H$m_ H$ma^mè`mH$S>ogmondVmo. H$ma^mar H$moam A§JaIm d Vm§~S>o ^S>H$ _w§S>mgo ~m§YyZ V`ma AgVmo. gwdm{gZrAmaVr KoD$Z V`ma AgVmV Am[U gaH$mañdmarMo AmJ_Z hmoVo. gaH$maMr Vm§~S>r nmQ>rAgcocr H$moar MH$MH$sV JmS>r doerOdi òD$Z C^r amhVo. Zm`H$ cJ~JrZo nwT>o hmoVmo.{ejUm{YH$mar Ë`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVmV. Zm`H$ Ë`m§Zm Z_ñH$ma H$aVmo. Vo hr "O` Xodm'åhUyZ Z_ñH$ma H$aVmV. YZJa O{_Zrcm hmV cmdyZ Amnë`m amOmcm Z_ñH$ma H$aVmV.Vm§~S>r nJS>r, ImXrMm nm§T>amew^« cm§~ H$moQ>, ew^« gwadma d Vm§~S>m^S>H$ OmoS>m KmVcoë`mamOmMr {_adUyH$ {ZKVo. H$ma^mar Ë`m§Zm gm_moao hmoV Zmai-én`m Agcoco VmQ> nwT>oH$aVmV. VmQ>mcm hmV cmdyZ amOm H$ma^mè`mÀ`m Im§Úmda hmV R>odVmo d Ë`mcm "H$m`nmQ>rc? ~ao Amho Zm?' {dMmaVmo H$ma^mar AmZ§XyZ AX~eranUo CÎma XoVm.' hmo` OrgaH$ma!'

amOm JmdmV òVmo. gwdm{gZr AmaË`m AmodmiVmV. Vmc_rMo ~§X Xma amOmÀ`m hñVoCKS>co OmVo. qeJo dmOVmV. dmO§Ìr dmOVmV. amOm Zm`H$mcm ~mocmdyZ Ë`mMo H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmo.Zmd {dMmaVmo. _m_coXma gm§JVmV H$s, "Amnë`m BWë`m ~ma{Zer H$maHw$ZmMm hm _wcJm


Amho.' "Mm§Jco Amho, CÎm_ Amho.' åhUV amOm Zm`H$mMr nmR> WmonQ>Vmo. Ë`mMm D$a AmZ§XmZo^ê$Z òVmo. Vmc_rVë`m _méVrcm _hmamO ñdV: Zmai \$moS>VmV. Zm`H$ N>moQ>ogo ^mfUH$aVmo. Ë`mV JmdH$è`m§Zr Ho$coë`m n[al_mMo, Ho$coë`m ghH$m`m©Mo H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmo d amOmZoAmerdm©X Úmdm Aer {dZ§Vr H$aVmo. amOmMo ^mfU hmoVo. àg§Jmo{MV Aem ^mfUmV amOmJmdH$è`m§Mo, Zm`H$mMo H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmo. "kmZm~amo~a ~cmonmgZm hdrM.' ho {dMma `m dmS>rn`ªVnmohmoMë`m~Ôc AmZ§X ì`ŠV H$aVmo.

Am^ma àXe©Z, d§Xo_mVa_ hmoD$Z H$m`©H«$_ g§nVmo. amOmMr JmS>r d BVa A{YH$mar{ZKyZ OmVmV. YZJa OmJmoOmJr Cô amhÿZ amOm~Ôc ~mocV amhVmV. g_ma§^ g§ncm VarË`mMm AmZ§X g§ncocm ZgVmo.

19.2.8 XwîH$mi

JmdmV Vmcr_ ~m§YÊ`mM§ Zm`H$mM§ ñdßZ Aem àH$mao nyU© hmoV§, Vmc_rV nmoa§ òD$ZOmoa~R>¡H$m H$mTy> cmJVmV. BVa Ioi Ioiy cmJVmV. _moR>r _mUgogwÕm Vm§~S>çm _mVrV A§JoKmoigy cmJVmV. emim {Z`{_VnUo gwê$ hmoVo. Vmc_rMo ~m§YH$m_ gwê$ AgVm C§Mmdê$ZnS>coë`m Am`~yMm hmV _moS>cocm AgVmo. Vmo OJÝ`m am_moer òD$Z MmoiyZ ZrQ> H$ê$Z XoVmo.

N>moQ>çmem ~ZJadmS>rV AZoH$ KQ>Zm KS>V AgVmV. EH$ {Xdg H$ma^mè`mMr VãòV{~KS>Vo. amÌr Ë`mcm EH$ ñdßZ nS>coc§ AgV§. AmnU AmVm OmUma ho Ë`mcm H$iV§. VmoZm`H$mMr d BVa gdmªMr ôQ> KoVmo. A§Orcm eoHy$~mÀ`m hdmcr H$aVmo. g§Ü`mH$mir Ë`mcmdm§Ë`m, Owcm~ hmoD$ cmJVmV. KaJwVr BcmO Ho$co OmVmV. nU gH$mir H$ma^mar gdmªZmgmoSy>Z {ZKyZ OmVmo. dmS>r gwZr gwZr hmoVo. Zm`H$mcm CXmg, EH$mH$s dmQy> cmJVo. emim,Vmcr_ `mV ag dmQ>oZmgm hmoVmo.

_mdë`m AmB©Mr OÌm âVo. dmirV Q>mH$coë`m ~mim ~ZJamcm nwOmar àgmXmMm JwcmccmdV Zmhr. Voìhm Vmo H$mHw$iVrcm òVmo. Ë`mZo AmVmn`ªV Iyn Ìmg ghZ Ho$cocm AgVmo.Vmo JmdH$è`m§Mr _m\$s _mJVmo. Ë`mÀ`m S>moiçm§Zm Ymam cmJVmV. åhmVmam H$mHw$~m Ë`mcmJwcmc cmdm`cm gm§JVmo. BVa cmoH$hr V`ma hmoVmV. ~mimcm naV dmS>rV KoVc§ OmV§. Ë`mcmJwcmc cmdcm OmVmo. "_mdë`m AmB©M§ Mm§J^c§' åhUyZ gJio AmoaS>VmV. Ywim YZJamÀ`mA§JmV Xodr òVo. {Vcm àý {dMmaco OmVmV. nmD$g òB©c H$m åhUyZ {dMmac§ OmV§. Z§VaXodrnwT>o ~H$ao H$mnco OmVmV. Ë`mM§ H$mcdU Oodm`cm òVmV. XodrÀ`m 'Mm§J^c§' Mm KmofhmoVmo. OÌm g_má hmoVo.

Ywim YZJamÀ`m A§JmV Amcoë`m XodrZ§ "nmD$g nS>oc' Ag§ gm§{JVc§ Agc§ VarË`mdfu ~ZJadmS>rV nmD$g nS>V Zmhr. gJir ZjÌo H$moaS>r OmVmV. {d{harMo nmUr AmQ>Vo.dmS>rVcm hoi AmQ>Vmo. {nÊ`mgmR>r nmUr {_im`Mr _mam_ma hmoVo. hoimV {_iUmè`m WmoS>çmnmÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$ nhmQ>o CRy>Z ^m§Sy> cmJVmV.

OZmdam§Zm, _|T>am§Zm Im`cm Mmam CaV Zmhr. Vr ~marH$ hmoVmV. Ma~r dmiyZ OmVo.H$mdio, {M_Ê`m Ago njr {XgoZmgo hmoVmV. amZmV Im`cm Z {_imë`mZo amZmVco C§Xra


JmdmV òVmV. Vo YZJam§À`m Km|JS>çm, gwn§ BË`mXr Hw$aVSy>Z ImD$ cmJVmV. Á`m§À`mOdiWmoS>m n¡gm AgVmo, Vo eoOmaÀ`m JmdmVyZ YmÝ` AmUVmV. nU Á`m§Mr nmoQ>o hmVmda AgVmVË`m§Zm Cnmg KSy> cmJVmV. emim, Vmcr_ Amog nS>Vo. _mUXoeÀ`m nmMdrcm nwOcocmXwîH$mi òVmo. gJim {OëhmM XwîH$mimÀ`m VmdS>rV gmnS>Vmo.

AeŠV Pmcocr _|T>ao {Za{Zamio amoJ hmoD$Z _ê$ cmJVmV. H$mhr YZJa _|T>a§ {dH$m`cmZoVmV, ~¡c {dH$m`cm ZoVmV. Ë`m§Zmhr Z§Va ^md òV Zmhr. åhmVmè`m ~¡cmcm {dH$m`cm eoHy$KoD$Z OmVmo. nU ImQ>H$mcm {dH$m`Mr nmir òVo Voìhm eoHy$ Ë`mcm naV Kar AmUVmo. {~amYZJamMr gJir _|T>ao amoJmZo _aVmV. AmZ§Xm am_moer Z`H$mH$S>o òVmo d Jmd gmoSy>Z OJm`cmXwgarH$S>o OmV Agë`mMo gm§JVmo. Vmo nU dmiyZ Jocm AgVmo. OmVmZm Vmo gm§JVmo H$s, "Ë`mamÌr ~mcQ>çmcm _r d Am`y~Zo {_iyZ _maco, H$maU Vmo Vwåhmcm \$ma Ìmg XoD$ cmJcm hmoVm.'

am_moem§À`m Z§Va dmS>rVco _|T>Ho$hr Jmd gmoSy>Z OmD$ cmJVmV. åhmVmam H$mHw$~m _mÌam_m~amo~a OmV Zmhr. Voìhm Ë`mcm ^mH$ar H$ê$Z Kmcm`cm am_m ~m`H$mocm R>odyZ OmVmo.H$mHw$~mÀ`m åhUÊ`mà_mUo XmoZ _|T>aohr R>odVmo Am{U am_m d Ë`mMm nmoaJm {ZKyZ OmVmV. H$mhr{Xdg VJ Yê$Z eoVH$ar hr OmVmV. ~mim ~ZJa, eoHy$~m, Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo gJir OmVmV.~mimÀ`m nmR>rda ~gyZ ~mcQ>çmgwÕm OmVmo. dmS>r ^H$mg hmoVo. g§Ü`mH$mir òUmam _|T>am§MmAmdmO AmVm òB©Zmgm hmoVmo. dmS>r {ZOud dmQy> cmJVo. hcVr ~mocVr dmS>r {ZñVãY hmoVo.emim, Vmcr_ {VWoM amhVo. PmS>o, Kao amhVmV. nU {VWo dmdaUmar _mUgo _mÌ ZmhrerhmoVmV. Xya {ZKyZ OmVmV. Ho$di EH$mM dfu nmD$g òV Zmhr Am{U dmS>rMr YyiYmU hmoVo.

dmam Km|KmdV amhVmo. gJirH$S>o Yyi ngaVo. Kam§À`m ~§X Xmam§da dmam YS>H$m _mê$cmJVmo. JmdmV H$moUr {XgoZmgo Pmë`mZo {M_Ê`m, H$mdio, ~Jio òB©Zmgo hmoVmV. YrQ> Pmcocmcm§S>Jm JmdmV {\$ê$ cmJVmo.

Zm`H$ gJir hH$sJV da gaH$mamV H$idV AgVmo. Vmo Am{U Am`~y H$goVar {XdgH$mT>V AgVmV. H$mHw$~m H$Yr Var Zm`H$mH$S>o òD$Z ~gVmo. nU \$mag§ H$mhr ~mocU§ hmoVZmhr. OUy AmVm ~mocÊ`mgmaI§ H$mhrM Cac§ ZgV§ Am{U EH$ {Xdg Zm`H$mcm dê$Z AmXoe{_iVmo H$s Ë`mZo dmS>rVcr emim ~§X H$ê$Z VmcwŠ`mÀ`m àm`_ar emioV éOy ìhmdo.

Am`~y Zm`H$mMo gm_mZ AmdaVmo. EH$m nmoË`mV âVmo. emiocm Hw$cyn cmJVo. Vmc_rcmHw$cyn cmJVo. H$mHw$~mH$S>o OmµD$Z Ë`mMm {Zamon KoD$Z Zm`H$ d Am`~y dmS>r~mhoa nS>VmV.gm_mZ KoD$Z {ZKVmV. Zm`H$mÀ`m Kar Ë`mMo gm_mZ Q>mHy$Z Am`~y naV òUma AgVmo. VmoAmVm H$m` H$arc, Hw$R>o Amgam KoB©c hm àýM AgVmo. XmoKo MmcV amhVmV. COmS>~ZJadmS>r _mJo amhVo. {XgoZmer hmoVo. Zm`H$ naV OmVmo.


19.3 CnH$WmZHo$

H$mX§~arVrc _w»` H$WmZH$m~amo~a H$mhr CnH$WmZHo$hr AgVmV / Agy eH$VmV.H$mX§~arV AZoH$ nmÌo AgVmV. Ë`m§n¡H$s EImÚm nmÌmÀ`m Am`wî`mVë`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`mKQ>Zm-àg§Jm§VyZ Ago CnH$WmZH$ AmH$ma KoVo.

"~ZJadmS>r' `m H$mX§~arV _w»` H$WmZH$m~amo~a H$mhr CnH$WmZH§$hr AmhoV. `mVyZdmS>rVrc cmoH$m§À`m OrdZmda, Ë`m§À`mV Agcoë`m g_OwVrda, Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m§da àH$menS>Vmo. N>moQ>çm dmS>rVrc ~ZJam§À`m OrdZmVrc ZmQ>ç_`Vm _mS>JyiH$a `m§Zr Hw$ecVoZo{M{ÌV Ho$cr Amho. ~ZJadmS>rV nwT>rc CnH$WmZHo$ {XgVmV.

1) dmS>rVcm eoHy$ ZmdmMm EH$ eoVH$ar EH$Xm Zm`H$mH$S>o òVmo d noaUrgmR>r EH$~¡cmMr JaO Agë`mMo gm§JVmo. emim _mñVa åhUyZ JmdmV Amcoë`m `m Zm`H$mcm JmdH$ar"àËòH$ g_ñòdaM CÎma' _mZy cmJcoco AgVmV. Zm`H$ Ë`mcm namonarZo gm§JVmo H$s_mÂ`mOdi ~¡c Zmhr Am{U Hw$Umnmer Amho Vo gm§J åhUOo _r Ë`mcm gm§JyZ Vwcm ~¡cÚm`cm cmdrZ. nU Á`mÀ`mOdi ~¡c AgVmV Ë`m§Zm hr noaUr H$am`Mr AgVo. Ë`m_wioeoHy$cm H$moU ~¡c XoUma? eoHy$ {ZKyZ OmVmo. Zm`H$ {dMmamV nS>Vmo H$s, AmnU `m§À`m _wcm§ZmemioV "J-_-^-Z' {chm`cm {eH$dVmo. nU `m§À`m JaOm doJiçm AmhoV. Am`~ycm Hw$Qw>§~nm{hOo, eoHy$cm ~¡c nm{hOo. AmnU `m ~m~VrV H$m` H$ê$ eH$Vmo?

~¡c Z {_imë`mZo noaUr doioda Pmcr Zmhr Va Cnmer amhm`Mr doi òB©c `m {dMmamZo



1) ~ZJadmS>rV àm_w»`mZo H$moUmMr dñVr AgVo?

2) Zm`H$mMo nyU© Zmd H$m`?

3) ~ZJadmS>rMm àXoe H$moUË`m g§ñWmZmV hmoVm?

4) Zm`H$mcm ~ZJadmS>rV ôQ>Umè`m ^mcmB©VmMo Zmd H$m`?

5) g§Ü`mH$mir Kar Amë`mda YZJam§Mo _w»` H$m_ H$moUVo Agm`Mo?

6) _wcm§Zm emioV nmR>dÊ`mnojm cmoH$m§Zm H$m` _hÎdmMo dmQ>V AgVo?

7) gVm Hw$UmMm _wcJm AgVmo?

8) AmZ§Xm am_moerMm CXa{Zdm©h H$gm Mmco?

9) A§Or Hw$UmMr ZmV AgVo?

10) Hw$UmÀ`m OmJoda Vmcr_ ~m§YÊ`mMo R>aVo?

eoHy$ H$miOrV nS>Vmo. Voìhm Ë`mMr _O~yV eara`îQ>rMr d Ë`mÀ`mnojm hmVâ C§M AgcocrË`mMr ~m`H$mo Ë`mcm noaUrMr V`mar H$am`cm gm§JVo d ~¡cmÀ`m OmoS>rcm ñdV: Im§Úmda OyKoD$Z ~¡cmÀ`m ~amo~arZo {Q>nU AmoT>Vo. EH$m ~mOycm ~¡c Am{U Xwgè`m ~mOycm ~m`H$mo AerMmccocr noaUr JmdmVco cmoH$ nmhVmV, Voìhm gd©M Zdc H$aVmV. H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmV. H$mhrHw$MoîQ>mhr H$aVmV. amÌr eoHy$ {VMr XwIar nmR> nm`mZo VwS>dyZ MonVmo.

2) `mM eoHy$H$S>o H$ma^mar _aVmZm Amnë`m ZmVrcm A§Orcm gmondVmo. Mm§Jcm _wcJm~KyZ {VM§ c¾ H$ê$Z XoU§ ho eoHy$Zo H$am`cm hd§ AgV§ nU Ë`mEodOr npñVerMm eoHy$A§OrÀ`m ZmXr cmJVmo. {VÀ`mgmR>r cwJS>§ AmUVmo, Mmoir AmUVmo. {VÀ`mer Xwga§ c¾ H$am`M§R>adVmo. Voìhm Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo Zm`H$mH$S>o òVo Am{U eoHy$cm Ë`mZo Mma CnXoemÀ`m JmoîQ>rgm§Jmì`mV åhUyZ {dZdVo. Zm`H$ {dMmamV nS>Vmo. ho AdKS> OmJoM XwIU§ AgV§. eoHy$Mr hrImgJr ~m~ AgVo. Ë`mcm H$g§ Am{U H$m` g_Odmd§? ~¡cmÀ`m ~amo~arZo Am¡V AmoT>Umarhr C§M, {YßnmS> ~mB© Zdè`mÀ`m Aem dmJÊ`mZo Xw:Ir hmoD$Z Aly T>mirV AgVo. _ZmVAgyZhr Zm`H$ Ë`mcm H$mhr gm§Jy eH$V Zmhr. JmdmV ho àH$aU MoîQ>oMm {df` ~ZVo. OmUVr_mUgo eoHy$da ZmamO hmoVmV. eoHy$Mr ~m`H$mo doJir amhÿ cmJVo.

nU AMmZH$M gw§R>rdmMyZ ImoH$cm OmVmo. amZmV H$m_ H$aV Agcoë`m A§OrMreoOmaÀ`m JmdmVë`m EH$ VéU _|T>Š`mer JmR> nS>Vo. Ë`mM§ Am{U A§OrM§ gyV O_V§ Am{UeoHy$~amo~a KoVcocr enW _moSy>Z A§Or Ë`m _|T>Š`m~amo~a {ZKyZ OmVo. eoHy$cm gmoSy>Z XwgamZdam H$aVo. Ë`mZ§Va AmR>-Xhm {Xdgm§Zr Q>monc§ ^ê$Z JmOa§ KoD$Z eoHy$Mr ~m`H$moZm`H$mH$S>o òVo. {VMm Moham AmZ§XmZo \w$ccm AgVmo. Vr Zm`H$mcm åhUVo - "_mñVa, Amc§Am_M§ Iwi§ _mKmar!'

3) emioV gVm ZmdmMm EH$ _wcJm Aä`mgmV Mm§Jcm AgVmo. AmdS>rZo Aä`mg H$aVAgVmo. Zm`H$mcm hm _wcJm AmdS>Vmo. gmVdrn`ªV {eH$m`Mr BÀN>mhr Ë`mZo ~mocyZXmIdcocr AgVo. nU {~am YZJa Ë`mcm {eHy$ XoB©c H$m? `m~m~V Zm`H$mÀ`m _ZmV e§H$mMAgVo.

_|T>a§ Mam`cm KoD$Z Jocm AgVm hm gVm Hw$èhmS>rZo cm§S>½`mcm _maVmo. _|T>amcm nH$Sy>ZZoUmè`m `m cm§S>½`mda Hw$Ìm ^w§Hy$ cmJVmo d cm§S>½`mÀ`m _mJo cmJVmo. Ë`m§À`m PQ>mnQ>rVHw$Í`mMr eŠVr H$_r nS>ë`mZo cm§S>Jm Ë`mÀ`m A§Jmda CS>r KoVmoooo. Amnë`m Hw$Í`mcmcm§S>½`mZo _macoco ~KyZ gVm {MSy>Z cm§S>½`mda Hw$èhmS>rMo Kmd KmcVmo d Ë`mcm _maVmo. nUHw$Ìohr _aVo. _|T>ê$ Va _ococoM AgVo. Hw$Í`mcm IÈ>çmV nwê$Z gVm Kar òVmo.

Ë`mÀ`m `m namH«$_m~Ôc Ë`mMr nmR> WmonQ>mdr åhUyZ Zm`H$ Ë`mÀ`m Kar OmVmo. nUgVm AmVm nmoa am{hcm Zmhr. _moR>m Pmcm Amho Voìhm Ë`mZo AmVm Amnë`mcm CÚmoJmV _XVH$amdr, åhUyZ {~am YZJa Ë`mMr emim ~§X H$aVmo. Zm`H$mcm Vgo gm§JVmo. Zm`H$ Ë`mcmIyn g_OmdVmo nU Ë`mMm H$mhr Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr. gVmhr emioV òÊ`m~m~V {deof AmJ«hYarV Zmhr. eodQ>r {Zame _ZmZo Zm`H$ naV òVmo. hþema _wcmMr emim gwQ>ë`mMr I§V Ë`mcmdmQ>V amhVo.


4) Vmcr_ ~m§Ym`Mr R>aë`mda OmJoMm emoY KoVmZm Zm`H$mcm EH$m OmJm `mo½` dmQ>Vo.Vo EH$ [aH$m_o d nS>Ho$ Ka AgVo. JmdH$ar Vr gÚm dmÊ`mMr OmJm Agë`mM§ gm§JVmV Am{UVmo AmVm {Od§V ZgVmo. Mhm {~S>rÀ`m ì`gZmnm`r Ë`mZo Amncm gd©Zme H$gm H$ê$Z KoVcmVo JmdH$ar gm§JVmV. gÚm dmÊ`mMr n[apñWVr Mm§Jcr AgVo. nU Vmo Z OodVmImVm{Xdgâ ZwgVm Mhm nrV amhVmo d {dS>çm \w§$H$V amhVmo. ho ì`gZ Vmo EH$Q>m Z H$aVmcmoH$m§Zm ~mocmdyZ Ë`m§Zm Mhm {dS>çm XoVmo. åhmVmè`m AmB©Mo EoH$V Zmhr. Ë`mMr gd© BñQ>oQ>`mVM Icmg hmoVo. Ë`mMr VãòV T>mgiVo Am{U EH$ {Xdg Vmo _ê$Z OmVmo. MhmM§ ì`gZhr_mUgmcm OrdZmVyZ CR>dV§.

5) Vmc_rMo ~m§YH$m_ H$aVmZm Am`~ycm AnKmV hmoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _moS>coë`m hmVmMo hmS>ZrQ> ~gdÊ`mgmR>r AmZ§Xm OJÝ`m ZmdmÀ`m EH$m am_moí`mcm AmUVmo. hm VéU d Mm§JcmXoIUm AgVmo. Am`~yÀ`m hmVmcm MmoiyZ MmoiyZ Vmo hmV R>rH$ H$aVmo. Am`~y qhSy> {\$ê$cmJVmo. nU OJÝ`m XwgarM EH$ ^mZJS> CnpñWV H$aVmo.

eoOmaÀ`m JmdmVë`m EH$ _amR>m ~mB©er gyV O_dyZ Vmo {Vcm nidyZ AmUVmo. {VMm nVr_aU nmdcocm AgVmo d ~mH$s ZmË`mVco H$moUr ZgVo. nU Amnë`m OmVrVrc ~mB© am_moí`mZonidcr ho Ë`m dm§Jr JmdmVrc cmoH$m§Zm ghZ hmoV Zmhr. Xhm-n§Yam OU dmS>rV òD$Zam_moí`m§À`m dñVrda h„m H$aVmV. AmZ§Xm d Zm`H$ Ë`m§Zm Vmc_rV AmUVmo. Ë`mÀ`mer~mocVmo. OJÝ`mcm nH$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m Vmã`mV XoÊ`mM§ AmZ§Xm am_moer H$~yc H$aVmo. hr JmoîQ>am_moí`m§Zmhr H$_r nUmMr Amho Ag§ Ë`mcm dmQ>V AgV§. Vr _§S>ir {ZKyZ OmVmV. AmZ§XmniyZ Jocoë`m OJÝ`mMm emoY KoVmo d Ë`mcm OI_r H$ê$Z dm§Jr JmdmV Ë`m ~mB©gh KoD$ZOmVmo. OJÝ`mcm KoD$Z Om`cm Vr _§S>ir gm§JVmV. Ë`m ~mB©cm _mahmU H$aVmV. OJÝ`mcmnaV dmS>rV AmUco OmVo. PmS>nmë`mMr Am¡fY§ dmnê$Z OJÝ`mMr OI_ am_moer ~arH$aVmV. dm§Jr JmdMo cmoH$ Ë`m ~mB©Mo ZmH$ H$mnyZ {Vcm hmH$cyZ XoVmV. dmS>rV òD$Z VraS>Vo. nU {Vcm H$moUr R>odyZ KoV Zmhr. EHo$ {Xder Vr dmS>rVyZ {ZKyZ OmVo. Z§Va Vr H$moUmcm{XgV Zmhr.

{_Ìm§Zmo, hr Pmcr "~ZJadmS>r'_Ycr CnH$WmZH§$. AWm©V Vr gd© Vwåhr _wimVyZ -H$mX§~ar_YyZ dmMU§- Ano{jV Amho. H$maU CnH$WmZH$m§da Oa nyU© cm§~rMm àý Amcm VaVmo Vnercdma {c{hVm òUo Amdí`H$ Amho.



1) eoHy$Mr JaO .................. Va Am`~ycm .................. hdo AgVo.

2) gVm Hw$èhmS>rZo .................. cm _maVmo.

3) gÚm dmÊ`mZo .................. d .................. À`m ì`gZmnm`r gd©Zme H$ê$Z KoVcocm AgVmo.

4) Vmc_rMo ~m§YH$m_ Mmcy AgVmZm .................. cm AnKmV hmoVmo.

5) .................. am_moer .................. ~mB©cm nidyZ AmUVmo.

19.4 g_mamon

"~ZJadmS>r' `m à{gÕ H$mX§~arM§ H$WmZH$ \$ma Jw§VmJw§VrM§ dm {MÎmWamaH$ Ag§ ZgyZhrdmMH$mcm Vo {IidyZ R>odV§. Zm`H$mÀ`m ~amo~arZo dmMH$hr CXmg, AmZ§Xr, AñdñW hmoVamhVmo. ~ZJadmS>rVcr _mUg§ AmoiIrMr dmQy> cmJVmV - hoM `m H$mX§~arM§ `e.

{_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU `m H$mX§~arM§ H$WmZH$ Am{U CnH$WmZHo$ g_OyZ KoVcr.AmVm nwT>À`m nmR>mV AmnU "~ZJadmS>r'Vrc nmÌm§Mm Aä`mg H$am`Mm Amho.

19.5 gmam§e

n«ñVwV nmR>mV AmnU "~ZJadmS>r'À`m H$WmZH$mMm Vnercdma Aä`mg Ho$cm. Ë`mVnwT>rc Q>ßno Aä`mgco.

l Zm`H$ - amOmam_ {dÇ>c gm¢XUrH$aMo - "~ZJadmS>rV' emim_mñVa åhUyZ éOyhmoUo.

l "~ZJadmS>r'Vrc YZJam§Mo OrdZ.

l _mñVa åhUyZ Zm`H$mMo dmS>rV pñWamdUo. cmoH$m§Zm _XV H$aUo, g„m XoUo.

l H$ma^mè`mMr ZmV A§Or d Zm`H$ `m§À`m{df`r XmXy ~mcQ>çmZo H§$S>çm CR>dUo -Ë`m àH$aUmVyZ Zm`H$mMr gwQ>H$m hmoUo.

l Zm`H$ gdmªÀ`m _XVrZo dmS>rV Vmcr_ ~m§YVmo.

l Vmc_rÀ`m CX²KmQ>Zmcm amOm `oVmo. cmoH$ AmZ§XVmV.

l dmS>rV XwîH$mi nS>Vmo. YZJa dmS>r gmoSy>Z OmVmV. Zm`H$mMrhr ~Xcr hmoVo.

l eoHy$~m, A§Or, AmZ§Xm am_moer, OJÝ`m, gÚm dmUr hr CnH$WmZHo$hr AmnU Aä`mgcr.



19.2

1) YZJam§Mr 2) amOmam_ {dÇ>c gm¢XUrH$a

3) Am¢Y 4) XmXy ~mcQ>çm

5) _|T>ao OwidUo 6) Ë`m§Zm _|T>çm§_mJo amZmV nmR>dUo

7) {~am YZJamMm

8) eoVm§VyZ Mmoê$Z AmUcoë`m ^mOr/H$Ug§ `m§da

9) H$ma^mè`mMr 10) gÚm dmUr

19.3

1) ~¡cmMr, Hw$Qw>§~ 2) cm§S>½`mcm

3) Mhm d {~S>r 4) Am`~y

5) OJÝ`m, _amR>çmÀ`m

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 20

~ZJadmS>r : nmÌn[aM`

20.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{_Ìm§Zmo, "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arV AZoH$ nmÌo AmhoV. Ë`m§n¡H$s _hÎdmÀ`m nmÌm§Mr d¡{eîQ>çoAmnU `m nmR>mV Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. _yi H$mX§~ar dmMyZ nmÌm§Mm àmW{_H$ n[aM` H$ê$ZKoVë`mZ§Va d nmR>mMo AÜ``Z Vwåhmcm,

l Zm`H$mÀ`m {MÌUmMr _m{hVr XoVm òB©c.

l H$ma^mè`mMm n[aM` {c{hVm òB©c.

l XmXy ~mcQ>çm, AmZ§Xm am_moer, Am`~y, H$miw~m, eoHw$~m d Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo d BVaJm¡U nmÌm§{df`r _m{hVr {c{hVm òB©c.

~ZJadmS>r - nmÌ$ n[aM`/ 231

20.0 C{ÔîQ>o20.1 àmñVm{dH$20.2 à_wI nmÌo

20.2.1 Zm`H$ : amOmam_ {dÇ>c gm¢XUrH$a20.2.2 H$ma^mar

20.3 Jm¡U nmÌo20.3.1 XmXy ~mcQ>çm20.3.2 AmZ§Xm am_moer20.3.3 Am`~y _wcmUr20.3.4 H$mHw$~m YZJa20.3.5 eoHw$~m d Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo20.3.6 BVa Jm¡U nmÌo



20.1 àmñVm{dH$

H$mX§~arV H$WmZH$ OodT>o _hÎdmMo VodT>rM nmÌohr _hÎdmMr AgVmV. nmÌo H¥$Vr H$aVmVAm{U Ë`mVyZM H$WmZH$mcm JVr {_iVo. H$mX§~arH$mamÀ`m _ZmV Ooìhm H$WmZH$ gmH$mahmoVo, Voìhm Vo nmÌm§ghM gmH$ma hmoVo. H$mX§~arVrc nmÌo hr H$mX§~arH$mamMr "{Z{_©Vr' AgVo.`m {Z{_©Vr_mJo H$mX§~arH$mamMm {d{eîQ> hoVy AgVmo. Ë`m_wio H$mX§~arV {d{dY nmÌo AgcrVar Ë`m hoVyZwgma Ë`m§Zm doJdoJio _hÎd {Xcoco AgVo. H$mhr [deof _hÎdmMr AgVmV, VaH$mhr H$_r _hÎdmMr; nU A{O~mV Cn`moJ Zmhr Ago Cnao nmÌ H$mX§~arH$ma {Z{_©V Zmhr.

"~ZJadmS>r' hr H$mX§~ar YZJam§À`m OrdZmda AmYm[aV Amho. `m dmS>rV emim_mñVaåhUyZ Amcoë`m VéUmcm ôQ>Umè`m ì`ŠVr d Amcoë`m AZw^dm§Mo eãX{MÌ `m H$mX§~arVaoImQ>co Amho. hm emim_mñVa dmS>rVrc OrdZmer EH$ê$n hmoVmo. VoWrc cmoH$m§À`m JaOm,g_ñ`m OmUyZ KoVmo. Ë`m§Zm gd© àH$maMr _XV, eŠ` hmoB©c Ver H$aVmo. hm emim_mñVaAm{U Ë`mcm n{hë`m {XdgmnmgyZ _XV H$aUmam, JmdmV {deof _mZ Agcocm H$ma^mar hm`m H$mX§~arVrc à_wI ì`pŠVaoIm AmhoV.

20.2 à_wI nmÌo

20.2.1 Zm`H$ : amOmam_ {dÇ>c gm¢XUrH$a

ho `m Zm`H$mMo Zmd. n§VgaH$mamV ~ma{Zer H$maHy$Z Agcoë`m gm¢XUrH$am§Mm hm _wcJmAgVmo. `mMr A§JH$mR>r {H$aH$moi AgVo d d`hr \$ma ZgVo. C§Mrhr ~oVmMrM AgVo.ZmoH$arMm Ë`mMm hm n{hcmM AZw^d AgVmo. _ZmV AZoH$ ñdZo, BÀN>m AmH$m§jm KoD$Z Vmo~ZJadmS>rV òVmo.

Vmo H$îQ>miy AgVmo. ZmoH$arÀ`m Jmdr òÊ`mgmR>r ^ë`m nhmQ>o CRy>Z Vmo nm`rM {ZKVmo.c|Jm d YwdQ> a§JmMm eQ>© Agm nmofmI H$ê$Z Vmo AZdmUr nm`m§Zr MmcVmo. ^yH$ cmJcr Varcm§~ Q>m§Jm Q>mH$V MmcV amhVmo.

N>moQ>çm JmdmVM Ë`mMo OrdZ Joë`m_wio Ë`mcm Jmdm~Ôc, JmdmVrc cmoH$m§~Ôc _m{hVrAgVo. AmOy~mOycm Zm§Jê$Z nS>coco O{_ZrMo VwH$S>o {Xgy cmJë`mda Jmd Amë`mMo Ë`mÀ`mcjmV òVo.

Vmo Iyn ^mdZmàYmZ AgVmo. JmdmV Amë`mda qc~mÀ`m gmdcrV ~gcm AgVmZm^mcmB©V Ë`mÀ`mer VwÀN>VoZo ~mocVmo. "BWo H$m` H$am`Mr emim? nmoao Hw$R>o hmòV?' Ago~mocyZ Vmo {ZKyZ OmVmo. Ë`mÀ`m `m ~mocÊ`mMm Zm`H$mÀ`m _Zmda cJoM n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Vmo{Zame hmoVmo. AmnU `m JmdmV CJrM Amcmo, BWo Amnë`mZo ZmoH$ar hmoUma Zmhr, BWo emimâUma Zmhr, _wco òUma ZmhrV, Ago {dMma _ZmV òD$Z Vmo CXmg hmoVmo. Ë`mcm EH$mH$sdmQy> cmJVo; nU WmoS>çmM doimV H$ma^mar òD$Z Ë`mÀ`mer ào_mZo ~mocVmo. Ë`mcm "~mim'åhUyZ g§~moYVmo. Ë`mMr Mm¡H$er H$aVmo. Ë`mcm emim XmIdyZ emioV ~gm`cm gm§JVmo. `m


JmoîQ>rZo Ë`mcm cJoM Yra òVmo d AmnU AJXrM EH$mH$s Zmhr, Amncohr H$moUrVar Amho AgoË`mcm dmQy> cmJVo.

dmS>rV emim Mmcdm`Mr, _wcm§Zm {eH$dm`Mo, JmdmVrc _mUgm§Mm {dídmg g§nmXZH$am`Mm. Ë`m§Mo ào_ {_idm`Mo, Aer AZoH$ ñdßZo Camer ~miJyZ Vmo Amcocm AgVmo. VmoË`mà_mUo dmJm`cm cmJVmo. emim gwê$ H$aVmo. cmoH$m§Zm emioMo _hÎd gm§JVmo. gmo~V åhUyZË`mÀ`mH$S>o nmR>dcoë`m Am`~ycm Vmo Amnë`m ^mH$arVcr ^mH$ar Im`cm XoVmo. VmoPmonë`mda Ë`mÀ`m A§Jmda Amnco Km|JS>o Q>mH$Vmo. dmS>rVrc cmoH$m§Mr {Za{Zamir H$m_o VmoH$aVmo. CXm. nÌ, AO© {chÿZ XoUo, _ZrAm°S>©a H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m VH«$marMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMmà`ËZ H$aUo, VmcwŠ`mcm OmD$Z én`mMr _moS> AmUyZ XoUo BË`mXr. McZmV Zgcoë`mén`mMr _moS> {Xë`mda nmZ-V§~mIygmR>r am_mZo {Xcoco n¡go Vmo KoV Zmhr. Ë`mMr {ZarÀN>d¥Îmr `mVyZ {XgVo.

Vmo gai_mJu, nmn^rê$ d àm_m{UH$ AgVmo. XmXy ~mcQ>çm Ë`mcm Y_H$s XoD$Z OmVmoVoìhm Vmo Km~aVmo. VgoM am_mMo _moS> AmUcoco énò Mmoarcm Joë`mda Amnë`mda MmoarMmAmi òB©c. {_idcoco Zmd, à{VîR>m Ywircm {_ioc, `m e§H$m§Zr Vmo H$mgmdrg hmoVmo. H$O©KoD$Z n¡go âm`Mrhr Vmo V`mar H$aVmo. dS>rc Ë`mcm hr ~m~ gdmªZm gm§JyZ VH«$ma Úm`cmgm§JVmV, Voìhmhr dmS>rVrc cmoH$m§Zm nmo{cgm§Mm Ìmg hmoB©c åhUyZ Vgo H$aV Zmhr.

nmn^rê$ d gai_mJu Agcm, Var Vmo ñdm{^_mZr AgVmo. H$maUm{edm` H$ma^marË`mÀ`mer A~mocm YaVmo Voìhm Ë`mcm `m JmoîQ>rMr MwQ>nwQ> cmJyZ am{hcr, Var nwÝhm VmoH$ma^mè`mer ~mocm`cm OmV Zmhr. ~mcQ>çmÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z H$ma^mar Ë`mÀ`mda g§e`KoVmo, Voìhm Vmo g§VmnVmo. Var Z§Va Vmo H$ma^mè`mer ~mocy cmJVmo.

Ë`mcm KamMr AmoT> AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r Vmo e{Zdmar gH$miMr emim Pmë`mda nm`nrQ>H$aV [d^yVdmS>rcm OmVmo. gmo_dmar naV ghm H$mogm§Mo A§Va VwS>dV dmS>rcm naVVmo.

Vmo YS>nS>çm ñd^mdmMm d à`ËZdmXr AgVmo. JmdmgmR>r Mm§Jco H$mhrVar H$aÊ`mMrË`mcm Vi_i AgVo. VgoM JmdmV H$m` H$aVm òB©c d gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$emgmR>r _XV {_iyeHo$c, `m gmè`mMm Vmo {dMma H$aVmo d Vmcr_ ~m§Ym`Mo _Zmer R>adë`mda g^m KoD$ZAmncr H$ënZm gJiçm§Zm gm§JVmo. cmoH$ EoH$Uma ZmhrV ho H$ië`mdahr Vmo à`ËZ H$aVamhVmo. JmdmVrc d¥Õ _§S>itZm dma§dma ôQy>Z h>r JmoîQ> nQ>dyZ XoVmo. Vmcr_ ~m§YyZ nwarhmoÊ`mgmR>r Iyn H$îQ> KoVmo. gÚm dmÊ`mÀ`m nS>Š`m Kamda Hw$èhmS> Mmcdm`cm cmoH$ V`maZgVmV, Voìhm Vmo ñdV: emioVë`m _wcm§Zm {VWo KoD$Z OmVmo d H$m_mcm gwédmV H$aVmo."Ho$ë`mZo hmoV Amho ao' `mda Ë`mMm {dídmg AgVmo.

JmdmVrc cmoH$m§H$S>o PmS>o _mJÊ`mgmR>r nwÝhm nwÝhm OmVmo. H$Yr MmVw`m©Zo Vmo cmoH$m§H$Sy>ZH$m_o H$adyZ KoVmo. AmnU CX²KmQ>Zmcm amOmcm ~mocdy Ago Vmo cmoH$m§Zm gm§JVmo. Amnë`m `mchmZem dmS>rV amOm òB©c `m H$ënZoZo cmoH$ CËgmhmZo H$m_mcm cmJVmV.

>JmdH$è`m§À`m gwI-Xw:Imer Vmo g_ag hmoVmo. Ë`m_wioM ~¡c _mJÊ`mnmgyZ Vmo ImOJr


^mZJS>rn`ªV àËòH$ ~m~VrV cmoH$ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o òVmV. Ë`mÀ`mdmMyZ Ë`m§Mo nmZ hcoZmgohmoVo. Ë`mcm Ìmg XoUmè`m XmXy ~mcQ>çmcm Am`~y d AmZ§Xm Ë`mcm H$iy Z XoVm nañna MmonXoVmV.

gwédmVrcm Ë`mÀ`m A§JmV WmoS>m {^ÌonUm Agcm, Var Z§Va Vmo Mm§Jcm YrQ> hmoVmo.am_moí`mÀ`m dñVrV òD$Z _mahmU H$aUmè`m dm§Jr JmdÀ`m cmoH$m§Zm Vmo YmS>grnUo gm_moaoOmVmo d _mahmU H$aÊ`m~Ôc Ë`m§Zm Om~ {dMmaVmo. Ë`m§Zm Vmc_rV KoD$Z OmVmo. Ë`m§À`mer~mocUo H$aVmo d hr ^mZJS> {_Q>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo.

XwîH$mi nS>ë`mZo, nmÊ`mMo Xw{_©j {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo Amog nS>cocr dmS>r nmhÿZ Ë`mcmdmB©Q> dmQ>Vo. emim ~§X Agë`mMo Vmo gaH$mamV H$idVmo. VmcwŠ`mÀ`m Jmdr éOy hmoÊ`mMmAmXoe {_imë`mda Vmo OS> A§V:H$aUmZo ~ZJadmS>rMm {Zamon KoVmo.

AmXe© Zm`H$Mr hr ì`pŠVaoIm _mS>JyiH$am§Mr H$m¡eë`mZo a§Jdcr Amho. XrK©H$miñ_aUmV amhrc Aer hr ì`pŠVaoIm Amho.

20.2.2 H$ma^mar

~ZJadmS>rVrc g_OyVXma, d`mod¥Õ Aer hr ì`pŠVaoIm. ~ZJadmS>rcm {ejH$ åhUyZAmcoë`m Zm`H$mcm gd©àW_ AmYma dmQ>Vmo Vmo H$ma^mè`mMmM.

H$ma^mar H$miçm^moa a§JmMm d gS>gS>rV A§JH$mR>rMm AgVmo. XmT>r{_em, ^wd`m dN>mVrdaMo Ho$g {nHy$Z nm§T>ao Pmcoco AgVmV. earamda gwaHw$Ë`m nS>coë`m AgVmV. hmVm-nm`m§daÀ`m {eam \w$Jcoë`m AgVmV. AY} YmoVa, S>moŠ`mcm _w§S>mgo EdT>mM Ë`mMm nmofmIAgVmo. nm`m§V OmoS>o AgVmV.

H$ma^mè`mcm JmdmV _mZ AgVmo. Vmo ào_i d {dMmar AgVmo. CÝhmiçmÀ`m {Xdgm§V,qc~mÀ`m nmamda EH$Q>mM ~gcoë`m Zm`H$mcm Vmo ào_mZo {dMmaVmo "hV§ H$m ~gcm ao ~mim?'AmnU _mñVa AmhmoV Ag§ gm§{JVë`mda H$ma^mar Ë`mcm emioV ~gm`cm gm§JVmo. Ë`mMr{dMmanyg H$aVmo. ZmVrcm Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r nmUr AmUm`cm gm§JVmo. emioV _wco òVrc åhUyZYra XoVmo. g§Ü`mH$mir Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r eoaS>mMo XyY AmUVmo. AmZ§Xm am_moemcm A§YmamV~gcoë`m Zm`H$mgmR>r {M_Ur AmUm`cm gm§JVmo. _XV H$aÊ`mMm Ë`mMm ñd^md `mVyZ{XgVmo.

MmdS>rOdi O_coë`m cmoH$m§Zm _mñVa Amcm Agë`mMo d _wcm§Zm CÚmnmgyZ emioVnmR>dm åhUyZ gm§JVmo. Ë`m A{e{jV cmoH$m§Zm {ejUmMo _hÎd H$iV ZgVo. Ë`m_wio Vr AZoH$e§H$m CnpñWV H$aVmV. nmoao Hw$R>o hmòV? emioV Amcr Va nmoQ>mcm H$m` ImVrc? dJ¡ao;nU àËòH$ H$m_mV "{VaH$gVw§~m' KmcUmè`m cmoH$m§Zm H$ma^mar nwê$Z CaVmo. "Á`m JmdÀ`m~moar, Ë`mM JmdÀ`m ~mîr' Agë`mZo, H$ma^mar Ë`m§Zm Jßn ~gdVmo. eodQ>r _wcm§Zm emioVnmR>dm`cm JmdH$ar V`ma hmoVmV. Z§Va Vmo Zm`H$mcm amhÊ`mgmR>r EH$ chmZgo KagwÕm XoVmo.

Vmo gËerc d B^«Vrcm OnUmam AgVmo. d`mV Amcoë`m ZmVrMr, A§OrMr, Ë`mcm


H$miOr AgVo. Zm`H$m{df`r Ë`mMo _V Mm§Jco Pmcoco AgVo, Var "Zm`H$mZo A§Orcm MmoirAmUyZ {Xcr.' Ago XmXy ~mcQ>çm gm§JVmo, Voìhm {~WaVmo d A§Orcm Iyn _ma XoVmo Am{UZm`H$mer ~mocUo ~§X H$aVmo. Var \$ŠV ~mcQ>çmda {dídmg R>odV Zmhr. Zm`H$mda Vmo nmiVR>odVmo. Ooìhm Ë`mcm H$mhrM dmdJo qH$dm ~moQ> R>odÊ`mOmoJo {XgV Zmhr, Voìhm Vmo Zm`H$merñdV: ~mocm`cm òVmo d Iao-ImoQ>o H$m` Vo OmUyZ KoVmo. AmnU A~mocm Yaë`mZ§Va Zm`H$mZoË`mMo H$maU {dMmaco Zmhr d Ë`mZohr ~mocUo gmoSy>Z {Xco, `mMo Ë`mcm dmB©Q> dmQ>Vo. Z§Va VmoZm`H$mer nwÝhm _moH$ionUmZo d AmnwcH$sZo dmJVmo. `mVyZ Ë`mÀ`m _ZmMm _moR>onUm {XgyZòVmo.

Zm`H$mÀ`m _ZmV Vmcr_ ~m§Ym`Mo òVo Voìhm dmS>rVco cmoH$ Zoh_rà_mUoM {damoYH$aVmV. Voìhm H$ma^mar naV Ë`m§Zm g_OmdVmo. Vmcr_ Pmcr Va \$m`XmM hmoB©c. AmOn{hcdmZ H$moUr Zgcm Var _wcm§Zm Ioim`cm, Omoa-~¡R>H$m _mam`cm OmJm hmoB©c dJ¡ao gm§JyZË`m§Mr _Zo didVmo. dmS>r~Ôc d dmS>rVrc cmoH$m§~Ôc Ë`mcm dmQ>Umar H$iH$i `mVyZ{XgVo. H$maU emim qH$dm Vmcr_ hmoÊ`mV Ë`mMm ñdV:Mm Agm H$mhr \$m`Xm ZgVmo.

Ë`mÀ`m `m g_OyVXmanUm_wioM Ë`mcm dmS>rÀ`m H$ma^mè`mMo nX {_imcoco AgVo.Vmcr_ ~m§YVmZm Amcoë`m AS>MUtZr d¡VmJcoë`m Zm`H$mcmXoIrc VmoM g_OmdVmo.""B_maV ~m§Ym`Mr åhUOo AS>MUr òUma, Ìmg hmoUma. Vy Oa ho AY©dQ> gmoS>cog VaB_maV H$mhr nyU© hmoUma Zmhr. AmVm Oo H$m_ hmVmV KoVco` Vo nU© H$ê$.'' Vmo ZwgVm ~mocyZWm§~V Zmhr, Va eŠ` hmoB©c Vr _XVhr H$aVmo. g_OyVXmanUm~amo~aM Vmo H$amarhr AgVmo.~mim ~ZJa Vmc_rgmR>r PmS> Úm`cm V`ma hmoV Zmhr, Voìhm Vmo ñdV: Zm`H$m~am~oaË`mÀ`mH$S>o OmVmo; nU ~mim AaoamdrZo ~mocVmo d _cm dmS>rMr Oê$a Zmhr, Ago åhUVmo VoìhmH$ma^mar Ë`mcm H$amarnUmZo CÎma XoVmo, H$s ""Oo ~moccmg Vgo dmJyZ XmId.'' ~mimÀ`mA§Jmda YmdyZ OmUmè`m AmZ§Xmcm, am_mcm AmdaVmo.

Vmc_rÀ`m CX²KmQ>ZmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m doirhr Vmo gd© JmoîQ>tV cj KmcVmo.n§VgaH$mam§Zm gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ A§JaIm d Vm§~S>o^S>H$ _w§S>mgo KmcyZ òVmo. Zmai-én`mMo VmQ> KoD$Z gm_moam OmVmo d Ë`m§Zm AX~rZo CÎma XoVmo.

Agm hm g§`{_V, g_Vmoc d¥ÎmrMm H$ma^mar dm§Ë`m-Owcm~mÀ`m XwIÊ`mZo EH$mM{XdgmV _aU nmdVmo. Ë`mcm Amnco _aU H$iVo. Ë`m_wio Vmo gdmªZm ôQy>Z d gdmªMm {ZamonKoD$Z òVmo. A§OrMr ì`dñWm eoHw$~mH$S>o H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r aS>Umè`m cmoH$m§Mo ñdV:Mgm§ËdZ H$aVmo. ""àË`j n§VgaH$maZo _mÂ`m Im§Úmda hmV R>odcm. AmVm _mPo H$m` am{hcoAmho?'' Ago åhUV gwImg_mYmZmZo S>moio {_Q>Vmo. dmS>r gwZr hmoD$Z OmVo. Zm`H$mcmCXmg, EH$mH$s dmQy> cmJVo.

dmS>r_Yco Zm`H$mMo dmñVì` `m H$ma^mè`m_wio gwgø hmoVo.


20.3 Jm¡U nmÌo

H$mX§~arVrc _w»` nmÌm§~amo~a BVahr H$mhr nmÌo AgVmV, Á`m§Mm _w»` nmÌm§er H$mhrZm H$mhr àH$maMm g§~§Y AgVmo. hr nmÌo åhUOo Jm¡U nmÌo. H$mX§~arÀ`m H$WmZH$mV Jm¡UnmÌm§_wio ârdnUm òVmo. Ë`m§À`m_wio _w»` nmÌm§À`m ñd^md{deofm§da àH$me nS>Vmo.

~ZJadmS>rVrc Jm¡U nmÌo nwT>rcà_mUo -

20.3.1 XmXy ~mcQ>çm

g_mOmV doJdoJiçm àH$maMr, d¥ÎmrMr, ñd^mdmMr _mUgo dmdaV AgVmV. gÁOZ,gËnd¥Îm cmoH$m§~amo~aM Icàd¥ÎmrMr _mUgohr g_mOmV AgVmV. ~ZJadmS>rhr Ë`mcmAndmX ZgVo. XmXy ~mcQ>çm hm dmS>rVcm EH$ Q>½`m, XwîQ> àd¥ÎmrMm _mUyg AgVmo.{Q>dë`m~mdë`m H$aUo, `mMr Q>monr Ë`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mda R>odUo, hmM Ë`mMm CÚmoJ AgVmo.WmoS>o\$ma {c{hVm-dmMVm òV Agë`mZo Am{U VmcwŠ`mVrc A{YH$mè`m§er AmoiIAgë`mZo Vmo Jw_uV dmdaV AgVmo.

Zm`H$mcm Vmo gwédmVrcmM ôQ>Vmo. _moR>m Am{U cm§~moS>H$m Moham Agcoë`m ~mcQ>çmÀ`mJmcmMr hmS>o da Amcr AgVmV. {_em§Mo Ho$g YwaH$Q>mè`mgmaIo {XgV AgVmV. A§JmV JmocgXam Am{U S>moŠ`mcm Vm§~S>m nQ>H$m Agm Ë`mMm dof AgVmo. H$_aocm YmoVa AgVo d hmVmVC§M ^mcm AgVmo. Ë`mcm {Mcr_ AmoT>m`Mr Am{U gmaIo Ww§H$m`Mr gd` AgVo. Mm§Jë`mJmoîQ>rda, Mm§Jco H$mhr KS>Ê`mda Ë`mMm {dídmg ZgVmo. JmdmV ZdrZ H$moUr Amcoco Ë`mcmInV ZgVo. H$maU ZdrZ _mUgmMm à^md nS>cm, Va Amnë`mcm H$moUr {dMmaUma Zmhr,Ago Ë`mcm dmQ>V AgVo.

Ë`mÀ`m `m ZVÐîQ>nUmMm \$Q>H$m Zm`H$mcm ~gVmo. qc~mÀ`m gmdcrV ~gcoë`m,WH$ë`m^mJcoë`m nmoagdXm Zm`H$mcm ~KyZ Vmo Ë`mcm XQ>mdUrÀ`m gwamV {dMmaVmo, "H$mÀ§S>rdmcm hmòg H$m Jm?' Zm`H$mZo _mñVa Amho Ago gm§{JVë`mdahr Ë`mcm H$mhrM \$aH$



1) H$mX§~arVrc nmÌo hr ........................... Mr {Z{_©Vr AgVo.

2) A{O~mV Cn`moJ Zmhr Ago, ........................... nmÌ H$mX§~arH$ma {Z{_©V Zmhr.

3) ........................... d ........................... `m à_wI ì`pŠVaoIm AmhoV.

4) nmn^rê$ d gai_mJu Agcm Var Zm`H$ ........................... AgVmo.

5) Zm`H$ dmS>rV ........................... ~m§Ym`Mo R>adVmo.

6) ........................... hr ~ZJadmS>rVrc g_OyVXma d d`mod¥Õ ì`pŠVaoIm Amho.

7) H$ma^mè`mcm ........................... Mr H$miOr AgVo.

nS>V Zmhr. dmS>rV _mñVa Amcocm Ë`mcm ZH$mo AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Vmo VwÀN>VoZo ~mocyZ Ë`mcmZmC_oX H$aVmo. BWo _mñVaMr JaO Zmhr. BWo emim MmcUma Zmhr. dmS>rV emioV OmUmar_wco ZmhrV. Ago AgyZ BWo _mñVa nmR>dUo åhUOo "[aŠH$m_m \$mOrcnUm' Ago Vmo ~mocVmo.OmVmZm gd`rn«_mUo Ww§H$Vmo.

EdT>o H$ê$Z Vmo Wm§~V Zmhr. emim gwê$ Pmcocr AgVo Am{U _mñVacm amhm`cmH$ma^mè`mZo Kahr {Xcoco AgVo. EH$m amÌr Vmo Zm`H$mÀ`m Kar OmD$Z Ë`mcm Km~adyZgmoS>Vmo. AmYrÀ`m BWoM amhUmè`m _mñVacm AmnU H$go _maco, Vmo JmdmVë`m ^mZJS>rVcj KmcV hmoVm, dJ¡ao JmoîQ>r Vmo Zm`H$mcm gm§JVmo Am{U Ë`mcm Y_H$s XoVmo, H$s Ë`mZo OaemioV {eH$dÊ`mncrH$S>o dmS>rVrc BVa JmoîQ>tV cj KmVco, Va Ë`mcmhr ~oX_ _maÊ`mVòB©c dJ¡ao ~mocyZ Vmo {ZKyZ OmVmo.

`m Y_H$sZ§Vahr Zm`H$mMo ~ñVmZ ZrQ> ~gcoco nmhÿZ Vmo Ë`mMm H$mQ>m H$mT>m`Mr g§YremoYV amhVmo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m gwX¡dmZo d Zm`H$mÀ`m XwX£dmZo Vr Ë`mcm {_iVo. H$ma^mè`mÀ`mZmVrZo Zm`H$mcm VmcwŠ`mhÿZ Mmoir {edyZ AmUm`cm gm§{JVcoco ZH$iV AgVo dH$ma^mè`mÀ`m Mmoê$Z {VZo IUmMo n¡go O_dco Agë`mZo, hr JmoîQ> H$ma^mì`mcm Zgm§JÊ`m~Ôc Vr Zm`H$mcm gm§JVo. A§Orcm Zm`H$ Mmoir XoVmZm Zo_H$m ~mcQ>çm nmhVmo dH$ma^mè`mH$S>o MwJcr H$aVmo. gai ñd^mdmÀ`m H$ma^mè`mcm Vmo H$mhr H$mimnwaVo Iao dmQ>Vo.Vmo A§Orcm _ma XoVmo Am{U Zm`H$mer A~mocm YaVmo.

nU gË` \$ma H$mi cnyZ amhV Zmhr. H$ma^mè`mcm Iar JmoîQ> H$iVo. Vmo Zm`H$mcmgd© gm§JVmo Am{U A~mocm gmoS>Vmo. hr KQ>Zm Am`~ycm H$iVo. Voìhm Vmo d AmZ§Xm {_iyZ EH$mamÌr ~mcQ>çmcm Iyn _maVmV. Vmo A§WéUmcmM {IiVmo. EdT>o Pmë`mdahr Ë`mMm XwîQ>ñd^md ~XcV Zmhr. XwîH$mim_wio Jmd gmoSy>Z OmVmZm Vmo Zm`H$mcm åhUVmo, "_r Mmccmo,na, Vwcm ~KyZ KoB©Z.' Aer Y_H$s XoVmo. _mñVaZoM Amnë`mcm _maco. Amnco hmV-nm`VmoS>co, Ago Ë`mcm dmQ>V AgVo. H$maU "MmoamÀ`m _ZmV Mm§XUo.'

Ë`mcm _macoco nmhÿZ JmdmV H$moUmcmhr dmB©Q> dmQ>V Zmhr. CcQ> am_m ~ZJa åhUVmo,H$s `mÀ`m hOma ^mZJS>r AgVmV. Hw$Um naJmdÀ`m _mUgmZo _maco AgUma. nU Am`~y dAmZ§Xm Ë`mcm OÝ_mMr Ahc KS>dVmV.

20.3.2 AmZ§Xm am_moer

~ZJadmS>rV Ogo YZJa amhV AgVmV, VgoM am_moerhr. Ë`m§Mr EH$ ~mOycm dñVrAgVo. AmZ§Xm {VWoM amhV AgVmo. AmZ§Xm d BVa am_moer H$mhrhr H$m_Y§Xm H$arV ZgV.Var Ë`m§Mo nmoQ> âV Ago.

AmZ§Xm am_moer ~wQ>H$m Am{U A§JmZo ~marH$ hmoVm. Ë`mMo d` nñVrV-Mmirg Agmdo.XmT>r H$m`_ dmT>cocr Ago. AmIyS> MÈ>r, A§JmV ZwgVm H$moQ> Am{U S>moŠ`mda Jm§Yr Q>monrAgm Ë`mMm dof AgVmo. AmZ§Xm, Am`~y d am_m ~ZJamgmo~V amoO emioV òD$Z ~gV Ago.Vo BWo ~gyZ doi H$m KmcdVmV, Ago Zm`H$mcm dmQ>V Ago; nU Z§Va Ë`mcm H$iVo, H$s


Vo doi KmcdÊ`mgmR>rM emioV òD$Z ~gVmV.

Im§Úmda EH$ Km|JS>o KoD$Z AmZ§Xm amZmVyZ {\$aV amhr d H$moUmÀ`m Var eoVmVyZ dm§Jr,{_aÀ`m, Mma-XmoZ H$Ugo Ago H$mhrVar Mmoê$Z AmUr. Mma-XmoZ H$Ugo Mmoarcm Joë`mMo_mcH$cm H$iV Zgo. Am{U Mmoar Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmR>-Xhm {Xdgm§Zr AmZ§Xm _mcH$mH$S>o OmD$ZMmoar H$~yc H$ê$Z Q>mH$s. _mcH$ H$mhr åhUmcm, Va Ë`mMm `wpŠVdmX V`ma Ago. ""nmIao,{H$S>m-_w§Jr ImVmV Ë`m§Zm Vwåhr H$mhr åhUV Zmhr. VgoM _r Imcy Ago åhUyZ Vo {dgê$ZOm Am{U H$~yc Ho$ë`mda MmoarMm S>mJ OmVmo.''

H$Yr H$Yr amZmV OmD$Z ggm, KmoanS> Ago àmUr _mê$Z AmUr d amZmVMgmo~Ë`m§gmo~V Vo ImB©. dfm©Zwdf} Ë`mMm hmM Y§Xm hmoVm.

Ë`mMr EH$ Mmoar _mÌ Zm`H$mÀ`m Jiçmcm VmV cmdUmar R>aVo. dmS>rVrc am_m ~ZJamMoVrZeo Mmirg énò Zm`H$ JmdmH$Sy>Z _moSy>Z AmUVmo. dmQ>oV Hw$Ur MmoamZo KoD$ Zò, åhUyZXeå`m§À`m {nedrV R>odVmo. Kar Amë`mda WH$ì`mZo Ë`mMm S>moim cmJVmo. VodT>çm doimVË`mMr Xeå`mMr {nedr AmZ§Xm KoD$Z OmVmo; nU H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Ë`mVrc XmoZ-VrZ énòIM© H$ê$Z ~mH$sMo gd© énò naV AmUyZ XoVmo. Amnë`mcm Mmoar H$am`Mr ZìhVr. ^yH$cmJcr hmoVr d Vwåhr Pmoncm Agë`mZo Xeå`m§Mr {nedr Zocr. énò {Xgë`mda Vo KoÊ`mMrBÀN>m Pmcr; nU Z§Va _Zmcm Q>moMUr cmJyZ am{hë`mZo n¡go naV AmUyZ {Xco, Agm VmoIwcmgm H$aVmo. {ejm Ho$cr, Vwé§JmV Q>mH$co Va Ë`mcm V`ma hmoVmo. {Odmcm ZgVm KmoacmdyZ R>odë`m~Ôc Zm`H$ g§VmnmZo Ë`mcm hmH$cyZ XoVmo.

~oaS>nUm, Mmoè`m H$aUo, `m§~amo~aM àm_m{UH$nUm, WmoS>m Mm§JwcnUm Ago {d{MÌ {_lUAgcoë`m ñd^mdmMm AmZ§Xm AgVmo. VgoM Zm`H$mMm Mm§JwcnUm d namonH$mar ñd^md`m§~m~V Ë`mMr ImÌr AgVo. Ë`m_wio Zm`H$mcm Ìmg XoUmè`m XmXy ~mcQ>çmcm Vmo Am`~yÀ`mgmWrZo ~oX_ _ma XoVmo. XmXy A§WéUmcmM {IiVmo. hr JmoîQ> Vmo d Am`~y Jwá R>odVmV. eodQ>rdmS>r gmoSy>Z OmVmZm Vmo ho Zm`H$mcm gm§JVmo.

Ë`mÀ`m dñVrV amhUmam OJÝ`m am_moer eoOmaÀ`m dm§Jr JmdmVrc EH$m _amR>m d {dYdmAgcoë`m ~mB©er gyV O_dyZ, Ë`m ~mB©gh niyZ OmVmo. dm§Jr JmdmVco _amR>o dñVrda hëcmH$aVmV, Voìhm AmZ§Xm OJÝ`mcm emoYyZ Ë`m§À`m hdmcr H$aÊ`mMo H$~yc H$aVmo. Ë`mà_mUoOJÝ`mMm nmR>cmJ H$aVmo d OI_r AdñWoV Ë`mcm JmdH$è`m§À`m Vmã`mV XoVmo. _amR>mOmVrVcr ~mB© OJÝ`mZo nidyZ AmUUo åhUOo am_moí`mÀ`m OmVrcm H$_rnUm Amho, AgoË`mcm dmQ>Vo. AmZ§XmMm YmS>grnUm `mVyZ {XgVmo.

Zm`H$mMo n¡go MmoaÊ`mMm JwÝhm Ho$cm Agcm, Var Z§Va Vmo Zm`H$mer Mm§Jco dmJVmo.Vmcr_ ~m§YÊ`mÀ`m H$m_mV Zm`H$mcm _XV H$aVmo. nS>oc Vr H$m_o H$aVmo. Mmoar H$aUo gmoS>coVa Ë`mÀ`mV BVa dmB©Q> JwU ZgVmV. Mmoar H$aÊ`m_mJo Ë`mMo ñdV:Mo VÎdkmZ AgVo.OJÝ`mcm _maÊ`mV Ë`mcm H$mhr J¡a dmQ>V Zmhr. H$mim d nm§T>am Ago XmoÝhr a§J Agcocrhr ì`pŠVaoIm Amho.


20.3.3 Am`~y _wcmUr

~ZJadmS>rV Amë`mda Zm`H$mcm H$ma^mar EH$ N>moQ>ogo Ka XoVmo. Mma ^m§S>rHw§$S>r AmUyZZm`H$ Amnco {~èhmS> _m§Sy>Z amhÿ cmJVmo. Ë`mcm EH$ gmo~Vr {_iVmo. EH$m amÌr Zm`H$mH$S>odrg-~mdrg dfmªMm EH$ VéU òVmo d gm§JVmo H$s _r Am`~y Amho. Vmo EIVnyaMm amhUmamAgVmo d JmdmoJmd ^Q>H$Vm ^Q>H$Vm dmS>rV Amcocm AgVmo. Ë`mcm OdiMo Ago H$moUrMZgVo. JmdH$è`m§À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z Vmo Zm`H$mgmo~V amhÊ`mgmR>r òVmo.

`mMm Moham hgam, \w$Jra Jmcm§Mm AgVmo. S>moio ~marH$ AgVmV. ZmH$ cmcga AgVo.AZoH$ OmJr \$mQ>cocm Hw$S>Vm Am{U _wgc_mZr MmoiUm Agm Ë`mMm dof AgVmo. A§JmZo VmoMm§Jcm Xm§S>Jm, _O~yV earamMm AgVmo.

`mÀ`m JaOm \$maM WmoS>çm AgVmV. nmoQ>mcm ^mH$ar {_imcr H$s Pmco. {Xdgâ VmoZm`H$mgmo~V emioV ~gyZ amhVmo. dmS>rVë`m cmoH$m§Zm ~H$ao H$mnÊ`mgmR>r Am`~yÀ`m ê$nmVEH$ _mUyg {_iVmo. Ë`m ~Xë`mV dmS>r Ë`mcm XmoZ doim Oody KmcVo. amoO Mma Kar ^mH$ard H$mcdU _mJyZ AmUm`Mo d Hw$R>oVar ~gyZ Vo Im`Mo. Ë`mcm A§Wê$U-nm§KéUmMrhr JaOZgVo. Vmo Hw$R>ohr PmonV Ago. MmdS>r, _moH$io _¡XmZ, ZmhrVa Zm`H$mMo Ka Va hmoVoM.

dmS>rV Zm`H$m~amo~a amhÿ cmJë`mda Vmo dmS>rVcmM EH$ ~ZyZ OmVmo. dmS>rÀ`mOrdZmer, gwI-Xw:Im§er Vmo g_ag hmoVmo. Zm`H$m~Ôc Ë`mcm AmnwcH$s dmQy> cmJcr AgVo.Am{U H¥$VkVm hm _moR>m JwU Ë`mÀ`m A§Jr AgVmo.

Zm`H$mcm Vmo AZoH$ àH$mao Cn`moJ nS>Vmo. eoHy$~m ~¡cmgmR>r Zm`H$mcm IynM JiKmcVmo, Voìhm Am`~yM Ë`mcm dmQ>ocm cmdVmo. ^mH$ar _mJÊ`mgmR>r JmdmV qhS>V Agë`mZo,Ë`mcm JmdmVë`m ~è`mM JmoîQ>r _m{hVr AgVmV. XmXy ~mcQ>çmÀ`m Q>JonUmcm JmdmV _mñVaAmë`mnmgyZ H$moUr {dMmaV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vmo _mñVada OiVmo, ho VmoM Zm`H$mcm gm§JVmo.Zm`H$mZo ~mocmdUo nmR>dë`mda H$ma^mar òV Zmhr d gdS> Zmhr Ago CÎma XoVmo, VoìhmAm`~ycm H$ma^mè`mMm amJ òVmo.

~mcQ>çmMo H$ma^mè`mH$S>o Zm`H$mMr ImoQ>rZmQ>r MwJcr Ho$ë`mMo Am{U Zm`H$mMm dA§OrMm dmB©Q> g§~§Y Amho, Ago ~mcQ>çmZo H$ma^mè`mcm g§m{JVë`mMo H$ië`mda Vmo Iyn{MS>Vmo d EH$m amÌr g§Yr gmYyZ Vmo d AmZ§Xm {_iyZ ~mcQ>çmcm JwamgmaIo ~S>dVmV.~mcQ>çm A§Wê$U YaVmo.

dmirV Q>mH$coë`m ~mim ~ZJamMm _wcJm Am`~ycm ~H$am H$mnÊ`mgmR>r ~mocmdm`cmòVmo, Voìhm Vmo OmV Zmhr. "VwÂ`m eoanm`crMr _cm JaO Zmhr' åhUyZ ~mUoXmanUm XmIdVmod dmS>rcm, Zm`H$mcm gmW XoVmo.

Vmc_rÀ`m àË`j ~m§YH$m_mV AZoH$ H$m_o H$ê$Z Vmo ~marH$ hmoVmo. nm`nrQ> H$ê$ZË`mÀ`m nm`m§Zm Hw$ano hmoVmV. Var eodQ>n`ªV Vmo H$m_o H$aV amhVmo. Vmc_rda n|S> Q>mH$Ê`mMoH$m_ gwê$ AgVmZm _mÌ Vmo nS>Vmo d Ë`mMm hmV _moS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mcm Vmc_rÀ`m CX²>KmQ>Zg_ma§^mV ^mJ KoVm òV Zmhr. amOm òD$Z Joë`mMo H$ië`mda, Amnë`mcm amOm nmhm`cm


{_imcm Zmhr `mMo Ë`mcm dmB©Q> dmQ>Vo. OJÝ`m am_moer òD$Z Ë`mMm hmV R>rH$ H$ê$Z XoVmo.

dmS>rV XwîH$mi nS>ë`mda Zm`H$mcm dmS>rVcr emim ~§X H$ê$Z VmcwŠ`mÀ`m Jmdr éOyhmoÊ`mMm AmXoe òVmo. Zm`H$ Om`cm {ZKVmo Voìhm Am`~y Ë`mMo gm_mZ S>moŠ`mda KoD$ZË`mcm gmo~V H$aVmo.

EH§$XarV d`mZo VéU d _ZmZo chmZ _wcmgmaI {ZamJg, {Zînmn d Zm`H$cm OrdcmdUmam Agm hm Am`~y _wcmUr AgVmo.

20.3.4 H$mHw$~m YZJa

H$mHw$~m hm dmS>rVrc gmR>-gÎma d` Agcocm åhmVmam. Ho$g {nHy$Z nm§T>ao Pmcoco.Mohè`mda gwaHw$Ë`m§Mo Omio. am_m ~ZJa hm Ë`mMm _wcJm. H$mHw$~mcm BVa YZJam§à_mUo{Mcr_ AmoT>m`Mr gd` AgVo.

AmR> dfmªMm Agë`mnmgyZ H$mHw$~m _|T>mam§_mJo OmV AgVmo d AmVm BVHo$ d`Pmë`mdahr Vmo VoM H$m_ H$arV AgVmo. Ë`m{edm` Xwgao H$mhr Ë`mcm òV ZgVo. Ë`m_wio_|T>ao AmoiIÊ`mV Va Vmo Va~oO Pmcocm AgVmoM; nU Amgnmg EImXm cm§S>Jm dmdaVAgcm Va Ë`mcm cm§S>½`mMm dmg òV Ago d Vmo BVa _|T>Š`m§Zm gmdY H$aV Ago.

Zì`mZo _|T>ao H$aUmè`m EH$m YZJamZo H$mHw$~mMr Mma _|T>ao Zocr d H$mhr {Xdgm§ZrH$mHw$~mcm gm§{JVco, H$s VwPr gJir _|T>ao _ocrV d Ë`m§Mr H$mhr {ncohr ZmhrV. H$mHw$~mcmho Iao dmQ>co Zmhr. Vmo Ë`m YZJamÀ`m dmS>çmV Jocm d Amnë`m _|T>am§Mr {nco Ë`mZo ~amo~aAmoiIcr. IOrc Pmcoë`m Ë`m YZJamZohr hr JmoîQ> H$~yc Ho$cr.

`m H$mHw$~mcm ~gë`m ~gë`mM Pmon ¿`m`Mr gd` AgVo. AmS>do hmoÊ`mMr JaOË`mcm dmQ>V Zmhr. XwîH$mi nS>ë`mda am_m ~ZJadmS>r gmoSy>Z OmÊ`mMo R>adVmo, VoìhmH$mHw$~m _mÌ Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a OmV Zmhr. EdT>m AmQ>m{nQ>m H$ê$Z OJmdo, Ago Amnco AmVm dàm{hco Zmhr, Ago Vmo am_mcm gm§JVmo. Amncr _mVr BWoM nS>oc, Ago gm§JVmo. Ë`mcm ^mH$ar



1. H$mX§~arÀ`m H$WmZH$mV Jm¡U nmÌm§_wio ..................... òVmo.

2. ..................... ..................... hm dmS>rVcm Q>J`m, XwîQ> àd¥ÎmrMm _mUyg AgVmo.

3. AmZ§Xm am_moer ..................... d A§JmZo ..................... hmoVm.

4. Mmoar H$aÊ`m_mJo AmZ§XmMo ñdV:Mo ..................... AgVo.

5. Am`~y ..................... Mm amhUmam AgVmo.

6. A§JmZo Am`~y Mm§Jcm ..................... d ..................... earamMm AgVmo.

H$ê$Z Kmcm`cm am_m ~m`H$mocm R>odyZ OmVmo. åhmVmam H$mHw$~m dmS>rVM amhVmo.

20.3.5 eoHw$~m YZJa d Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo

eoHw$~m hm dmS>rVrc Vrg-npñVerMm EH$ YZJa. Ë`mMr WmoS>r eoVrhr AgVo. A§JmZoVmo {H$aH$moiM AgVmo. Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo _mÌ C§M, {YßnmS> d VmH$XdmZ AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m~amo~arZo Vrhr eoVmVcr H$m_o H$arV AgVo. EH$Xm noaUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoHy$Mr ~¡cmMr JaO^mJdcr OmV Zmhr. H$maU ~¡c Agcoë`m gJiçm§ZmM noaÊ`m H$am`À`m AgVmV.Zm`H$mH$S>ohr Vmo ~¡c _mJm`cm òVmo; nU Zm`H$ Hw$Ry>Z ~¡c XoUma? Voìhm eoHy$Mr ~m`H$moË`mcm EH$m ~mOyZo ~¡cmcm Ow§nm`cm gm§JVo d Xwgè`m ~mOyZo ñdV:À`m Im§Úmda Oy§ KoD$Z~¡cm~amo~a {Q>nU AmoT>V amhVo d Aem àH$mao eoHy$Mr noaUrMr qMVm Xya H$aVo. amÌr eoHy${VÀ`m XwIè`m nmR>rda C^m amhÿZ {VMr nmR> VwS>dVmo.

nwT>o H$ma^mè`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mMr ZmV A§Or eoHy$H$S>o amhVo, Voìhm Vmo {VÀ`m ZmXrcmJVmo Am{U {VÀ`mer Xwgao c¾ H$am`Mo R>adVmo. Zdè`m~amo~arZo eoVmV H$m_o H$aUmar,~¡cm~amo~a Am¡V AmoT>Umar Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo XrZdmUr hmoD$Z Aly T>miy cmJVo. doJir amhÿcmJVo; nU H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr A§Orcm eoOmaÀ`m òS>er JmdÀ`m _içmV Amcocm J|T>H$m ôQ>VmoAm{U Ë`mÀ`mer c¾ H$ê$Z Vr {ZKyZ OmVo. AmZ§{XV Pmcocr eoHy$Mr ~m`H$mo Zm`H$mcmåhUVo, "_mñVa, Amc§ Am_M§ Iwi§ _mKmar !'

20.3.6 BVa Jm¡U nmÌo

darc nmÌm§{emd` "~ZJadmS>r'V BVahr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© nmÌo AmhoV.

`m{edm` ~mam-Voam df} d`mMm, _Z cmdyZ Aä`mg H$aUmam, {eH$m`Mr BÀN>m AgcocmAm{U amZmV _|T>ê$ CMcyZ Ë`m cm§S>½`mcm ZmJo OmD$Z, Hw$èhmS>rMo Kmd KmcyZ Ë`mcm§S>½`mcm _maUmam eya gVm Amho. Z§Va _mÌ Ë`mMr emim gwQ>Vo d _|T>ao amIm`Mo H$m_ VmoH$ê$ cmJVmo.

Vmcr_ ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r gmao JmdH$ar PQ>V AgVm, Vmc_rgmR>r PmS> XoÊ`mg ZH$maXoD$Z dmS>rer d¡a KoUmam ~mim ~ZJa Amho. dmS>rZo Ë`mcm dmirV Q>mH$ë`mda _mÌ Vmohdmc{Xc hmoVmo. _mdë`mB©À`m OÌoV Ë`mcm àgmXmMm Jwcmchr cmdcm OmV Zmhr, Voìhm VmoaS>Hw§$S>rcm òD$Z dmS>rMr _m\$s _mJVmo. H$mHw$~m Ë`mcm dmS>rV naV KoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVmo.BVa cmoH$hr Vmo EoH$VmV. Aem d¡{dÜ`nyU© Am{U {Od§V Aem nmÌm§Zr hr H$mX§~ar d¡{eîQ>çnyU©Pmcr Amho.

`m{edm` OJÝ`m am_moer, amOm, Zm`H$mMo AmB©-dS>rc, OJÝ`mMr ~hrU hr nmÌogwÕmH$mX§~arV àg§Jm àg§JmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo òVmV. _mÌ H$mX§~arÀ`m Ame`mMr drU A{YH$ KÅ>H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m àg§JmMo Vnerc nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo ApñVËd AgVo.

Aem gJiçm {d{dYa§Jr, {d{dYT>§Jr nmÌm§_wio "~ZJadmS>r' {Od§V Pmcr Amho.


20.4 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arVrc nmÌo, Ë`m§Mo ñd^md, Ë`m§À`m d¥Îmr Am{U Zm`H$merË`m§Mm òUmam {d{dY àH$maMm g§~§Y, `m§_wio "~ZJadmS>r' {Od§V dmQ>Vo. `m nmÌm§_Üò Hw$UrMAJXr gX²>JwUm§Mm nwVim Zmhr dm Hw$Ur nyU©nUo Ic d¥ÎmrMmhr Zmhr. XmXy ~mcQ>çmMmXwîQ>nUmgwÕm ñdmWm©VyZ {Z_m©U Pmcocm Amho. _`m©{XV ñdê$nmMm Amho. Ë`m_wio hr gd© nmÌohmS>m-_m§gmMr, IarIwar _mUgo dmQ>VmV, `mVM coIH$mMo è Amho. AmVm nwT>rc nmR>mV"~ZJadmS>r'Mr BVa dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgm`Mr AmhoV.

20.5 gmam§e

àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU Zm`H$ Am{U H$ma^mar `m _w»` nmÌm§Mm gImoc Aä`mg Ho$cm.Ë`m§Mo {XgUo, Ë`m§Mo d`, Ë`m§Mm ñd^md, {d{dY àg§Jm§VyZ ì`ŠV Pmcoco Ë`m§À`mì`pŠV_ÎdmMo {deof AmnU Aä`mgco. VgoM XmXy ~mcQ>çm, AmZ§Xm am_moer, Am`~y _wcmUr,H$mHw$~m, eoHw$~m d Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo `m§À`m{df`rhr _m{hVr KoVcr.

`m nmR>mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mda Vwåhmcm _w»` nmÌo d Jm¡U nmÌo `m§À`m{df`r {c{hVm òB©c.


20.2

1. H$mX§~arH$mamMr/ coIH$mMr 2. Cnao 3. Zm`H$ d H$ma^mar

4. ñdm{^_mZr 5. Vmcr_ 6. H$ma^mar 7. A§OrMr.



MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm

1. H$mHw$~mcm Ho$di dmgmdê$Z Odinmg cm§S>Jm Amcm Amho, ho g_OV Ago.

2. noaUrÀ`m {Xdgm§V eoHw$~mMr ~m`H$mo Zm§JamMo Oy§ EH$m ~mOyZo Im§Úmda KoVo.

3. eoHw$~m d` {dgê$Z A§OrÀ`m ZmXr cmJVmo.

4. Vmc_rgmR>r {~am YZJa Amnë`m eoVmVco qZ~mMo PmS> AmZ§XmZo XoVmo.

5. ~ZJadmS>rV BVahr H$mhr nmÌo AmhoV. CXm. amOm, OJÝ`m B.

6. "~ZJadmS>r'Vrc nmÌo d¡{eÜ`nyU© d {Od§V ZmhrV.

20.3.3

1. ^ardnUm 2. XmXy ~mcQ>çm 3. ~wQ>H$m d ~marH$

4. VÎdkmZ 5. EIVnyaMm 6. Xm§S>Jm, _O~yV.

20.3.36

1. ~amo~a 2. ~amo~a 3. ~amo~a

4. MyH$ 5. ~amo~a 6. MyH$.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 21

~ZJadmS>r - dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço

21.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU AmVm "~ZJadmS>r' `m H$mX§~arMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>çoAä`mgUma AmhmoV. AmnU E_. E. À`m Aä`mgH«$_mV doJdoJù`m gm{hË`H¥$VtMm Aä`mgH$aV AmhmoV. hm Aä`mg åhUOoM Vr Vr gm{hË`H¥$Vr {Za{Zamù`m nÕVtZr g_OyZ KoUohmo`. "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$, {VÀ`mVrb nmÌd¡{eîQ>ço `m§À`m gImob Aä`mgmZ§VaAmVm BVa dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgm`Mr AmhoV. _yi H$mX§~arÀ`m OmoS>rZo hm nmR>Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmbm,

l "~ZJadmS>r'Vrb dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr, àXoeaMZm Am[U {ZgJ© `m§{df`r {b{hVm òB©b.

l "~ZJadmS>r'Vrb bmoH$OrdZmMr _m{hVr gm§JVm òB©b.

l "~ZJadmS>r'À`m {ZdoXZe¡br{df`r {b{hVm òB©b.

l "~ZJadmS>r'À`m ^mfme¡brMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVrb.

'~ZJadmS>r' : dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço>/ 245

21.0 C{ÔîQ>o21.1 àmñVm{dH$21.2 dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr

21.2.1 àXoedU©Z21.2.2 dmS>rH$S>o OmUmam añVm, Jmd

21.3 bmoH$OrdZmMo {MÌU21.4 {ZdoXZe¡br21.5 ^mfme¡br21.6 g_mamon21.7 gmam§e

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm : CÎmaoñdmÜ`m`

21.1 àmñVm{dH$

"~ZJadmS>r' `m erf©H$mdê$ZM øm H$mX§~arÀ`m H$WmZH$m~Ôb, Vo H$WmZH$ Hw$R>o KS>boË`m àXoem~Ôb H$ënZm òVo. boIH$ ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a Á`m àXoemV OÝ_bo, dmT>bo VmoàXoe åhUOo _mUXoe hm hmo`. `m _mUXoembm `m H$mX§~arV EH$ ì`{º$_Îd àmá Pmbo Amho.hm àXoe `m H$mX§~arMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` Agm ^mJ Amho. `m H$mX§~arVrb KQ>Zm KS>VmV Ë`m_mUXoemVrb YZJam§Mr dñVr Agboë`m dmS>rV. _mS>Jyio øm boIH$mÀ`m OÝ_JmdmnmgyZOdiM Agboë`m `m dmS>rM§ Zmd b|JadmS>r hmoV§. {Vbm _mS>JyiH$am§Zr "~ZJadmS>r' ho Zmd{Xbo. `m àXoem~ÔbMo, VoWo amhUmè`m bmoH$m§~ÔbMo Vnerbdma dU©Z `m H$mX§~arV Amho.boIH$mÀ`m gyú_ {ZarjUeº$sMm Ë`mVyZ àË`` òVmo. `m àXoemVrb OrdZZmQ>ç Am{UAZw^d `m H$mX§~arV {Od§VnUo {M{ÌV Pmbo AmhoV.


"~ZJadmS>r' hr àmXo{eH$ H$mX§~ar Amho, Ago AmnU _mJrb nmR>mV (H«$.19) nm{hbo.àXoem{edm` `m H$m§X~arbm "H$mX§~arnU'M àmá hmoV Zmhr. H$maU _mUXoemVë`m `m {d[eï>àXoemVrb {d{eï> bmoH$m§Mo (YZJam§Mo) OrdZ hm `m H$m§X~arMm àmU^yV Agm, AË`§V_hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. øm àXoemMo dU©Z boIH$mZo A{Ve` Vnerbdma Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m_wionmÌm§BVHo$M Ë`m§Mm n[agahr ~mobH$m Am{U gOrd Pmbm Amho.

`m dmVmdaUmMr {d{dY d¡[eîQ>ço Amnë`m gm§JVm òVrb.

21.2.1 àXoedU©Z

hm àXoe _w»`V: H$_r nmD$g nS>Umam àXoe Amho d Ë`m_wio AmogmS> Agbobm {XgyZòVmo. {OH$S>o {VH$S>o {ndù`m H$aS>çm a§Jm§Mo ^J^JrV _mi {XgyZ òVmV. ho _miXJS>JmoQ>çm§Zr âbobo AgVmV. nmD$g H$_r Agë`mZo hm àXoe {haì`mJma dZamOrZoZQ>bobm Zmhr. PwiPwi dmhUmè`m, {demb nmÌ Agboë`m ZÚm `m àXoemV ZmhrV. ¹${MVHw$R>o ZonVr~moamQ>rMr PwS>no AgVmV Am{U dmS>rbm OmUmar dmQ> XJS>JmoQ>o Agbobr d YwirZoâbobr Aer AgVo. òWrb {ZgJm©Mo dU©Z H$mX§~arV Ago òVo.

1) ¹${MV Hw$R>o ImobJQ> ^mJm§V PmS>mPwS>nm§Mo {hado {R>nHo$ {XgV hmoVo. (n¥. 2)

2) dmQ>odaMr Yyi nm`mbm Jma bmJy bmJbr. (n¥. 1)

3) PmS>oPwS>no, XJS>JmoQ>o `m§Zm AmH$ma Ambm. (n¥. 1)

4) _mimda dmiyZ nS>bobo JdV gy`m©À`m n{hë`m {H$aUm§Zr C~Xmabo. (n¥. 2)

`m àXoemV AmT>iyZ òVmV qb~mMr d ~mîrMr PmS>o. H$maU hr PmS>o H$_r nmdgmVhrdmT>VmV. CÝhmVyZ bm§~da MmbV Ambobm Zm`H$ qb~mMr gmdbr nmhÿZ Ë`m PmS>mImbr~gVmo. Vmb_rÀ`m B_maVrgmR>r Zm`H$ ~mim ~ZJamH$S>o PmS> _mJm`bm OmVmo Vo PmS> qb~mMo


AgVo. A§Orbm amZmV H$m_ H$aVmZm Xwgè`m JmdmVrb _|T>H$m ôQ>Vmo Vmo ~mîrMo PmS>gmdiVmZm.

_|T>am§Zm Mam`bm ZoÊ`mMo Hw$aU dmS>rnmgyZ VrZ _¡b bm§~ AgVo. nmÊ`mMr Q>§MmB©Agë`mM§ Zm`H$ d H$ma^mar `m§À`m g§dmXmVyZ gy{MV hmoV§. VhmZbobm Zm`H$ H$ma^mè`mbmnmÊ`m{df`r {dMmaVmo Voìhm Vmo CÎma XoVmo, ""nmÊ`mMr daS> hm` Jm dmS>rbm. CÝhmù`mV nmadmidU hþV§.'' Mam`bm Joboë`m _|T>am§Zm gwH$bobm AmoT>çmAmoKirbm Agbobo nmUr ß`mdobmJVo. {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mgmR>r BWo {d{har ImoXboë`m AgVmV. VgoM JmdmV XJS>MwÝ`mZo~m§Ybobm hoi AgVmo.

"nmD$g nS>Vmo Voìhm _mÌ gJirH$S>o {hadoJma hmoVo. {OH$S>o {VH$S>o JdV CJdVo. `mJdVmMo dU©Z H$mX§~arV Ho$bo Amho. CXm. "A§JUmV, _miamZmda, N>nam§da {OWo CJdy Zò{VWo JdV CJdy bmJbo. gd©Ì PJPJrV nmonQ>r a§J {Xgy bmJcm.'

nmD$g nS>ë`mda ~marH$ ~marH$ ~oS>Š`m {Xgy bmJVmV. CS>çm _mê$ bmJVmV.Ë`mÀ`mda H$mdio PS>nm Kmby bmJVmV. Va n§I Agbobo {H$S>o CSy> bmJVmV. Ë`m§Zm{M_Ê`m-H$mdio ImD$ bmJVmV. {dQ>H$ar d H$mù`m a§JmMo dmUr BH$S>o{VH$S>o {\$ê$ bmJVmV.

Zm§Jaë`m O{_ZrVrb T>oH$io {daKiVmV. O{_Zr nmUr {nD$Z KoVmV. bhmZ_moR>rS>~H$s gmMVmV Am{U Ë`mV {Zù`mH$mù`m AmH$memMo à{Vq~~ {Xgy bmJVo. _|T>am§À`m,bmoH$m§À`m nm`mbm {MIb bmJy bmJVmo. H$mio H$moVdmb njr KmoJam AmdmO H$mTy> bmJVmV.nmdgm_wio g¥ï>rV hmoUmè`m ~XbmMo dU©Z Aem àH$mao H$mX§~arV òVo.

dmS>rOdi amZmV ggo, bm§S>Jo, KmoanS>r Ago àmUr AgVmV. bm§S>Jo _|T>ambm KoD$ZOmVmV Voìhm JmdmVbo XhmnmM bmoH$ Ë`m§À`m _mJo OmVmV. nU bm§S>Jm gmnS>VmoM Ago Zmhr.gVmgmaIm dmS>rVbm _wbJm bm§S>½`mbm Hw$èhmS>rZo _maVmo. am_moer amZmVë`m ggm,KmoanS>rMr {eH$ma H$aVmV.

{M_Ê`m, H$mdio, ~Jio ho gJirH$S>o AmT>iUmao njr _mUXoemV {XgVmV. nrH$ V`maPmë`mda {nH$m§_Ybo XmUo Im`bm ho njr òVmV. VgoM H$mhr naXoer njrhr òVmV. am_moer`m nmIam§Mr {eH$ma H$ê$ bmJVmV.

`m àXoemVrb à_wI nrH$ åhUOo ~mOar d Ádmar. Ë`mgmo~V VwarMo nrH$hr KoVboOmVo. hþbJm, _yJ, _Q>H$s Aer H$S>YmÝòhr {nH$VmV. `m V`ma hmoUmè`m {nH$m§Mo gw§Xa dU©Z`m H$mX§~arV Ho$bo Amho. CXm. "{haì`m VmQ>m§da Vn{H$ar a§JmMr H$Ugo gd©Ì Sw>by bmJbrAm{U bdH$aM Om§^ù`m \w$bmoè`m§Zr \w$byZ Jobr. hþb½`mcm Omo_ Ambm. VwarÀ`m C^maPmS>m§da gmdù`m e|Jm XmÊ`m§Zr ^ê$ bmJë`m.'

"Xaå`mZ lmdU_mgr noabobr Ádmar ~imdbr. H$mù`m amZmVyZ ÁdmarMr YmQ>oJwS>¿`m_m§S>rbm Ambr.'

"ha~è`mbm nmoMQ> KmQ>o bmo~§y bmJbo. {hado ~mQy>H$ ImD$Z OZmdao JmoQ>rgmaIr Jmob


JaJarV Pmbr.'

~mOarMo nrH$ V`ma Pmë`mda Z§Va Ádmar, ha~am hr {nHo$ òVmV. ~mOarMr Zdr H$UgoXgè`mbm gmoÝ`m~amo~a dmQ>br OmVmV. ÁdmarMm hþaS>m bhmZWmoa, ~m`m_mUgo gJioMAmdS>rZo ImVmV. W§S>r nSy> bmJbr H$s bmoH$ eoH$moQ>r noQ>dy bmJVmV d H$mù`m Km|JS>rZo A§JPmHy$Z KoVmV.

EImXo df© `m àXoemV Ago òVo H$s, nmD$g `m àXoembm hþbH$mdUr XoD$Z {ZKyZOmVmo. ZjÌm§_mJyZ ZjÌo H$moaS>r OmVmV. dmS>rda XwîH$mimMo gmdQ> nS>Vo. AÞYmÝ` dnmÊ`mMo Xw{^©j {Z_m©U hmoVo. amZmVbo AmoKi, AmoT>o AmQy>Z OmVmV. {d{hatMo nmUr AmQ>Vo.H$maU O{_ZrVhr Imobda nmUr ZgVo. JwamT>moam§Zm, _|T>am§Zm Mmam {_im`Mr _mam_ma hmoVo.OZmdao amoS> hmoVmV. _|T>am§Mr Ma~r dmiyZ OmVo. Ë`m§À`mV amoJamB© ngaVo. Va H$mhr Jwam§Zm,_|T>am§Zm ~mOmamV ZoD$Z {dH$mdo bmJVo. hmVmdaMr nmoQ>o AgUmè`m§~amo~a KamVbo YmÝ`g§në`mda gJù`m§da Cnmg_marMr doi òVo. Voìhm JmdH$ar Amnbr _|T>ao, Jwa§T>moa§ KoD$Z"OJm`bm' ~mhoa nS>VmV. dmS>r Amog nS>Vo. "~ZJadmS>r'Vrb {ZgJ© Agm {M{ÌV PmbmAmho.

H$mX§~ar_Üò dmñVdmMm àË`` `mdm åhUyZ H$mX§~arVrb nmÌo Á`m àXoemV dmdaVmV,Ë`mMm R>gm dmMH$mÀ`m _Zmda C_Q>mdm Agm à`ËZ H$mX§~arH$ma H$aV AgVmo. hr nmÌo Á`màXoemV dmdaV AgVmV Ë`mbmM dmVmdaU åhQ>bo OmVo. H$mX§~arbm AgUmar ñWbH$mbmMrMm¡H$Q>, ^m¡Jmo{bH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[aga, nmÌo dmdaVmV Vr Kao, añVo, AmOy~mOyMr amZo, O§Jboho gd© dmVmdaUmMm ^mJ åhUyZ òVo.

"~ZJadmS>r' øm erf©H$mdê$ZM "~ZJa' åhUOo YZJam§Mr dñVr Ago ê$n _Zmg_moaòVo. _mUXoemVrb _mS>Jyio øm JmdmOdi hr dmS>r Amho. Zm`H$ øm dmS>rV EH$ {ejH$ åhUyZ`m`bm {ZKVmo Ë`m àg§JmnmgyZ `m H$mX§~arMr gwédmV hmoVo. `m H$mX§~arV òUmam àXoeH$WmZH$mMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Amho. H$mX§~arV àXoe AË`§V gOrd Agm gmH$mabm Amho.H$mX§~arMm Ame` _Zmbm {^S>ob Agm Pmbm Amho.

21.2.2 dmS>rH$S>o OmUmam añVm, Jmd

Xeå`m§Mr {nedr nmR>rbm KoD$Z MmbVM ~ZJadmS>rbm {ZKmboë`m Zm`H$mÀ`m{ZdoXZmVyZ dmQ>oMo d C_bUmè`m nhmQ>oMo gw§Xa dU©Z òVo.

AÚmn gd© H$mimoI ^ê$Z am{hbobm AgVmo. Mm§XÊ`m§À`m COoS>mV JmS>rdmQ> {\$¸$Q>{XgV AgVo. doioMm A§XmO ~m§YVm òV ZgVmo. amV{H$S>o {H$a{H$a H$aV AgVmV. Jma dmamdmhV AgVmo. ~mîr, VadQ> `m PwS>nm§Mm dmg òV AgVmo. hiyhiy COmSy> bmJVo. Mm§XÊ`m{XgoZmem hmoVmV. amV{H$S>çm§Mo JmUo Wm§~Vo. PmS>oPwS>no, XJS>JmoQ>o `m§Zm AmH$ma òD$ cmJVmo.Vm§~S>m{ndim gy`© _mim AmSy>Z da òVmo. {hadQ> àH$membm {ndiQ> Pimir òVo. njr OmJohmoVmV d Ë`m§Mo gwñda H$mZr òD$ bmJVmV. H$sQ>H$hr OmJo hmoD$Z CS>çm _mê$ bmJVmV.ImÚ emoYy bmJVmV.


gJirH$S>o {ndù`mH$aS>çm a§JmMo ^J^JrV _mi {Xgy bmJVmV. ¹${MVM Hw$R>o {hadrPmS>o-PwS>no {XgVmV.

Zm`H$ JmdmV [eaVmo Iam. nU Jmd H$gbo Vo. boIH$ {b{hVmo, ""AmOy~mOybm gnmQ>_moH$im _mi, ~mOarMr Vm§~S>r amZo, Am{U _ÜòM J~mio nS>mdo Ver nS>bobr Vrg-nñVrgKao, Aer ~ZJadmS>r hmoVr.'' Kam§À`m q^Vr _mVrÀ`m hmoË`m Am{U N>nao InbrÀ`m H$mS>rZoemH$mabobr hmoVr. dmS>rV añVo Ago ZìhVoM. Kao ~m§YyZ Cabobr OmJm MmbÊ`mgmR>r dmnabrOmV hmoVr.

21.3 bmoH$OrdZmMo {MÌU

~ZJadmS>rV ~hþVoH$ dñVr YZJam§Mr AgVo. `m{edm` eoVH$ar, am_moerhr dmS>rVamhmV AgVmV. `m bmoH$m§À`m OJÊ`mMo, Ë`m§À`m g_OwVtMo, Ë`m§À`mVrb amJbmo^, hodoXmdo,Ë`m§À`m na§nam, A§YlÕm `m gJù`mMo ~maH$mdo boIH$mZo {Q>nbo AmhoV.

ho YZJa a§JmZo H$mio^moa AgVmV. XmT>r dmT>bobr, Ë`m§Mm doe åhUOo YmoVa, da gXamdJ¡ao H$mhr Zmhr. Vmo H$YrVar Kmbm`Mm. S>moŠ`mbm _w§S>mgo ZmhrVa nQ>H$m.

`m§Mr dñVr åhUOo AmOy~mOybm _moH$im _mi d ~mOarMr amZo Am{U _ÜòM Vrg-nñVrg Kao. dmS>rV añVo Ago ZgVmVM. Kao ~m§YyZ Cabobr OmJm MmbÊ`mgmR>r dmnabrOmV AgVo. ~hþVoH$ Kao _mVrMr AgVmV, H$mhr Ymã`mMr AgVmV. àËòH$ KamnwT>o A§JUAgVo. gm§S>nmÊ`mda dmT>bobr eod½`mgmaIr PmS>o AgVmV. KamÀ`m _mJÀ`m ~mOybm_|T>am§gmR>r ~mîrÀ`m H$mQ>çm§Mo Hy$S> KmVbobo dmS>o AgVmV. nmD$g nS>bm H$s hr Kao JiybmJV _J KamV OmJOmJr ^m§S>r R>odmdr bmJV.

øm YZJam§Mo OrdZ H$ï>_` AgVo. `m§Mr gH$mi COmS>o VrM _|T>am§À`m JbŠ`mZo.nhmQ> Pmë`mnmgyZ OmJo Pmbobo _|T>Ho$ _|T>am§À`m nmoam§Zm _moH$io H$ê$Z XoV AgV. dmS>mñdÀN> PmSy>Z b|S>çm§Mm T>rJ EH$m {R>H$mUr Jmoim H$arV. nmoam§Mo XyY {nUo Pmbobo Agbo H$s,Ë`m§Zm naV ~m§YyZ Q>mH$m`Mo. YZJaUrZo Ho$bobr D$ZD$Z ^mH$ar ImD$Z _|T>am§Zm KoD$ZamZmV Om`Mo Agm gH$miMm doi OmV Ago. amZmV OmVmZm amIU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmo~VHw$Ìohr Agm`Mo. D$Z Vmny bmJÊ`mnyduM _|T>Ho$ amZmV Jobobo AgV.

Xwnmar ho {d{harda Am§Kmoir H$aV. ^mH$ar ImV Am{U _J AmirnmirZo WmoS>r Sw>bH$sKoV. CÝh§ CVê$ bmJbr H$s _|T>ao KoD$Z naV Kar òV. Kar Agboë`m YZJam§À`m ~m`H$mQ>mH$irda gyV H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m_ H$aV. _|T>a§ Kar Ambr H$s Myb noQ>dyZ ñd`§nmH$mbm bmJV._|T>Ho$ _|T>ao OwiÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aV. _J ^mH$ar d H$moaS>çmg ImD$Z A§Jmda H$m§~io KoD$Zho _|T>Ho$ MmdS>rnmer O_V. WmoS>çm nmD$gnmÊ`mÀ`m, BH$S>À`m {VH$S>À`m Jßnm hmoD$Z KaròD$Z PmonV.

eoVH$ar d Ë`m§À`m ~m`H$mhr amZmV OmV. am_moer _mÌ H$mhr CÚmoJ H$arV ZgV.


H$moUmH$moUmÀ`m eoVmVyZ H$mUg§, dm§Jr Aem Mmoè`m H$ê$Z Va H$Yr amZmVrb EImXm àmUr_mê$Z `m§Mr JwOamU hmoB©.

`m bmoH$m§À`m JaOm \$ma WmoS>çm AgVmV. ^mH$ar hoM Ë`m§M§ _w»` AÞ AgV§.^mH$argmo~V Agbr Va ^mOr ZmhrVa MQ>Ur, H$m§Xm, {_aMr Ag§ H$mhrhr Ë`m§Zm MmbVAgo. MmdS>rg_moa hr _§S>ir A§YmamVM ~gV. Ë`m H$mir Jmdm_Üò drO ZìhVrM. nUgmÜ`m {Xì`mMrhr JaO Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V Zgo. H$a_UyH$ åhUyZ ho _|T>am§À`m Jù`mV Kw§Jê$ ~m§YyZË`mbm H$mR>rdê$Z CS>çm _mam`bm {eH$dV. Ë`mbm Oam ^mH$arMm VwH$S>m dJ¡ao ImD$ KmbV.

gwJr g§nbr H$s H$moëhmQ>çmMo, XadoemMo, Jmê$S>çmMo Ioi ~KV. Ë`m§Zm WmoS>o YmÝ` XoV.T>mob, Pm§Om, boPr_ KoD$Z Ë`m§Mm ZmM hmoV Ago. Mm§XÊ`m amÌr VéU nmoao bm|nmQ> IoiVAgV. H$moUr boPr_ IoiV Va H$moUr nQ>m§JUmVbo _moR>_moR>o XJS>JmoQ>o Zmb CMbyZ O{_ZrdaQ>mHy$Z Amnë`m eº$sMm A§XmO KoV. dmS>rV b¾ gmd©O{ZH$, gm_y{hH$arË`m H$aV AgV.Ë`m_wio OodUmMm IM© H$moUm EH$mbmM H$amdm bmJV Zgo. Xadfu EImXm _whÿV© ~KyZ gJirb¾ EH$mM {Xder bmdÊ`mV òV. EImXm AS>MUrV Agbm Va gd© {_iyZ IMm©Mm ~moOmCMbV.

^m§S>UV§Q>m Pmbm Va Vmo dmS>rVM {_Q>dbm OmB©. H$ma^mar, H$mHy$~m Aer d¥Õ _§S>ird _mñVa {_iyZ Ý`m` H$aV. Vmo _mZbm OmB©. Anrb H$aUo åhUOo YZJam§À`m _hmX¡dVmbm~mobmdUo Am{U gdmªZm OodU XoUo ho H$amdo bmJo. Ë`m_wio Hw$Ur Anrb H$aV Zgo.

Om{VôX nmibm OmV Ago. Amnmnë`m OmVrVM b¾ hmoV. nwéf Xwga§ b¾ H$ê$ eH$VAgo. Xwgè`m OmVrVrb {dYdm ~mB© nidyZ AmUbobr MmbV Zmhr. XmoKm§Zmhr O~a {ejmAgVo. ho OrdÝ`m am_moí`mÀ`m àH$aUmdê$Z bjmV òVo. EImÚmbm ZdrZ _|T>a H$am`MrAgbr Va Vr {dH$V ¿`mdr bmJV ZgV. Imo~è`mMr dmQ>r d Ë`mda ^§S>mam KmbyZ_|T>Š`mH$S>o OmD$Z Ë`mbm Úm`Mr d gm§Jm`M§ "_r ~oU§ H$aVmo`'. _J Vmo _|T>H$m EH$XmoZ _|T>ao`mbm \w$H$Q> XoVmo. XhmnmM _|T>ao O_dyZ gwédmV hmoV Ago. _mÌ {~`mUo åhUyZ AmUbobr_|T>ao {dH$m`Mr ZmhrV, H$mnm`Mr ZmhrV. Agm Ë`m§À`m {Z`_ AgVmo d Vmo Vo nmiVmV.

Ë`m§À`mV g_OwVr, lÕm, A§YlÕm AgVmV. ^mZm_Vr, XodF$fr, Xodr A§JmV òUoBË`mXtda {dœmg AgVmo. na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m g_OwVr AgVmV. CXm. bm§S>½`mZo _|T>ê$Zob§ Va _|T>am§Zm gmWrMm amoJ hmoV Zmhr.

{ejU, emim `m§Mo _hÎd ZgVo. `m dmS>rVrb _mUgo pñW{Verb AgVmV. nmoa§ OmñV{eH$br Va amZmV _|T>am§_mJo OmUma ZmhrV åhUyZ {ejUmbm {damoY AgVmo. "R>o{dbo AZ§VoV¡goMr amhmdo' Aer d¥Îmr AgVo. ~mhoaÀ`m OJmMo kmZ ZgVo d Vo Zmhr `mMr OmUrdhr ZgVo.

Var EH§$XarV hr _mUgo gmYr, EH$_mJu AgVmV. amJbmo^, Ûof `m ^mdZm Agë`mVar Ë`m Q>moH$mÀ`m ZgVmV. XmXy ~mbQ>çmgma»`m EImÚm _mUgmbm [ejm Ho$br VarH$ma^mè`mgmaIm _mUyg Ë`mbm _m\$ H$aVmo. Xwgè`m ~mB©À`m ZmXr bmJboë`m Zdè`m~amo~aeoHy$Mr ~m`H$mo nwÝhm g§gma H$ê$ bmJVo. H$ma^mè`mgmaIm d¥Õ em§VnUo d g_mYmZmZo


_aUmbm gm_moam OmVmo.

`m bmoH$OrdZmVrb hr d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`mVrb Vnerb ho H$WmZH$mÀ`m AmoKmV AmboboAmhoV ho {deof. hm àXoe, ømVrb _mUgo gOrdnUo S>moù`mg_moa gmH$mê$ bmJVmV.

øm H$mX§~arV nmZmonmZr _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Ho$bobr aoImQ>Zo AmhoV. hr dmS>rVë`m_mUgm§Mr, ~m`H$m§Mr AmhoV, VerM MaUmè`m _|T>am§Mr, YZJam§À`m PmonS>çm§Mr, Kam§nwT>rbH$m|~S>çm§Mr AmhoV. Ë`mZo øm H$m§X~arbm, àXoembm A{YH$ {Od§VnUm Ambm Amho.

21.4 {ZdoXZe¡br

{ZdoXZ hm H$mX§~arMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. H$mX§~ar hm Iyn _moR>m H$mi d AdH$meì`mnUmam H$WmË_ gm{hË`àH$ma Amho. Ë`m_wio H$mX§~arV nmÌohr AZoH$ AgVmV.H$m§X~arVë`m Ame`mbm Zo_Ho$ nobÊ`mgmR>r àñVwVrH$aUmÀ`m AZoH$ nÕVr dmnamì`mbmJVmV. {ZdoXZ, dU©Z, g§^mfU, ^mî` øm àñVwVrH$aUmÀ`m nÕVr AmhoV. VgoMX¡Z§{XZr, nÌo BË`mXr _mÜ`_o AmhoV. H$m§X~arH$ma JaOoZwgma `m gd© nÕVtMm dmna H$aVmo.

{ZdoXZmÀ`m XmoZ nÕVr AmhoV.

1) àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZ - àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZ ho H$mX§~arVrb EH$m nmÌmZo Ho$boboAgVo. CXm. "nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo'_Üò "`_y' `m órnmÌmÛmao Ho$bobo {ZdoXZ qH$dm



1) "~ZJadmS>r' hr ............... H$mX§~ar Amho.

2) `m àXoemV ............... d ............... PmS>o AmT>iyZ òVo.

3) A§Orbm ............... PmS> gmdiVmZm _|T>H$m ôQ>Vmo.

4) `m àXoemVrb à_wI {nH§$ åhUOo ............... d ...............

5) ~ZJadmS>rVrb KamÀ`m q^Vr ............... hmoË`m.

6) YZJam§Mo OrdZ ............... AgVo.

7) YZJam§À`m ~m`H$m ............... gyV H$mT>V.

8) ............... _mÌ H$mhrhr CÚmoJ H$arV ZgV.

9) ^m§S>UV§Q>m Pmbm Va ............... [_adbm OmB©.

10) H$ma^mè`mgmaIm d¥Õ ............... d ............... _aUmbm gm_moam OmVmo.

"^§Jbobo XoD$i'_Yrb AZw `m nmÌmÛmao Ho$bobo {ZdoXZ hm EH$ àH$mao AmË_m{dîH$ma AgVmo.`m {ZdoXZm_wio Amnbr ñdV:Mr OrdZÑï>r ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr boIH$mbm bm^Vo.

2) V¥Vr`nwéfr {ZdoXZ - `m àH$maÀ`m {ZdoXZmVrb {ZdoXH$ hm gd©gmjr AgVmo.nmÌm§nmgyZ AbJ amhÿZ Ë`m§À`m hmbMmbtMo, {H«$`m§Mo, bH$~tMo Vmo dU©Z H$aVmo. VgoMnmÌm§À`m _Zmoì`mnmam§er, _mZ{gH$ g§doXZm§er Vmo g_ag hmoVmo. ~hþg§»` H$mX§~è`m `mnÕVrZo {b{hboë`m AgVmV.

øm H$mX§~arVrb {ZdoXZ àW_nwéfr Amho. dmS>rV emim_mñVa åhUyZ Amboë`mZm`H$mÀ`m Vm|Sy>Z d Ë`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ H$WmZH$ CbJS>V Jobobo Amho. Ago Agbo Var{ZdoXH$ åhUyZ `m H$mX§~arV H$mhr dU©Zm§_Ü`o boIH$mMo ApñVËd OmUdVo.

n¥. 20, 21, 22 darb YZJam§Mr {XZM`m©, n¥. 35 Vo 36 darb nmdgmMo dU©Z, n¥.63, 65 darb gZmMr hH$sH$V, n¥. 102 Vo 108 darb OJÝ`mMr nmR>bmJmMr d Ë`mbmnH$Sy>Z {Xë`mMr hH$sH$V `m§_Ü`o {ZdoXH$mZo Ho$bobr dU©Zo AmhoV.

{ZdoXZ ZmJar ^mfoV Agbo Var ~mobr^mfoVrb H$mhr eãX {ZdoXZmV Amë`mZo ^mfobmEH$ doJimM ~mO àmá Pmbm Amho.

CXm. "C~Xmabo', "haoH$', "Ü`mZr Ambo Zmhr', "_mimdaÀ`m {~im§VyZ KmoanS>tZr _w§S>H$s~mhoa H$mT>br.', "~mhoa Mm§X CJdbm hmoVm', "Ord YmH$YwH$ H$aUo', "H$Ugo IwSy>Z Vr Mmar,hoi' B.

{ZdoXZm~amo~aM boIH$mM§ ^mî`hr H$mX§~arV H$mhr {R>H$mUr Amb§ Amho. Oo boIH$mMo{dMma ì`º$ H$aVmV.

1) "_wbo emioV Ambr Va Ë`m§Zm nmoQ>mbm Hw$Ur Kmbmdo, H$go hm àý _bm H$Yr OmUdbmZìhVm. bhmZ _wbm§Zm AmB©~mn {_idyZ ImD$ KmbVmV, Aer _mPr g_OyV hmoVr.'

2) "nU _bm amhÿZ amhÿZ dmQ>bo H$s "J-_-^-Z' {bhm`bm {eH${dUo EdT>oM AmnUH$aVmo, nU `m§Mr JaO doJir Amho.'

3) "EH$ doi nmUr nS>bo Zmhr, EH$ nmdgmim {Xgbm Zmhr, Am{U dmS>r Ibmg Pmbr.'

boIH$mMo {ZdoXZH$m¡eë` g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb dU©Zo ~maH$mB©Zo dmMm.

"n{ü_oH$S>o Vm§~S>o^S>H$ Pmbo hmoVo. nyd}H$S>o dmam dmhmV hmoVm. nm§T>è`m T>Jm§Mo bhmZbhmZnw§OHo$ Vm§~S>çm n{ü_oH$Sy>Z {Zù`mH$mù`m nyd}H$S>o ngabo hmoVo. O{_Zrà_mUo Am^mimVhrnm§T>ar _|T>ao dmS>½`mH$S>o Mmbbr hmoVr!' (n¥.11)

"gH$miMr H$modir CÝho {Z~a hmoÊ`mAJmoXa _|T>am§Mo dmS>Jo _moH$io hmoV. XyaMr amZoVwS>{dV _|T>ao KoD$Z OmV. hr _|T>ao Jobr H$s, dmS>rVbo M¡VÝ` Joë`mgmaIo hmoB©. _J eoVH$arhmoVo Vo JwaoT>moao KoD$Z amZmV OmV. bhmZ nmoao eoaS>m§_mJo OmV. ~m`m~mnS>çm VmÝhr nmoaoH$mIobm _mê$Z, S>mb nmQ>rV KmbyZ amZmV H$m_mbm OmV. Ë`m§À`m _mJmo_mJ nmird Hw$Ìr


OmV. Xwnma hmoB© Voìhm ahmQ>mda bmoH$a H$mVUmè`m ~m`H$m§dmMyZ dmS>rV H$moUrhr {XgV Zgo.'(n¥.23)

`m dU©ZmVyZ boIH$mZo H$mhr Iyn Ab§H¥$V ^mfm dmnabobr Zmhr, H$s H$ënZmaå`VoMm{dbmg XmIdbobm Zmhr. nU "T>Jm§Zm _|T>ao' åhUÊ`mVyZ "CÝho {Z~a'Pmbr Aer eãX`moOZmH$aÊ`m_YyZ boIH$ Amnë`m {df`mer {H$Vr EH$ê$n Pmbm Amho, Vo g_OVo! (AemàH$maMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo Vwåhmbmhr gmnS>Vrb. Ë`m§Mr Zm|X H$am.)

gwJrÀ`m {Xdgm§Vbo dmVmdaU, XwîH$mi nS>ë`mdaMr n[apñWVr `m§Mr dU©Zo {MÌXeuAmhoV.

{ZdoXZmV "g§dmX' hmhr _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo. boIH$mZo Oo g§dmX a§Jdbo AmhoVË`m_YyZ Ë`m Ë`m nmÌm§Mo ñd^mdhr ì`º$ hmoVmV. CXm.

AmZ§Xm am_moer Am{U eoVH$ar `m§À`mVrb nwT>rb g§dmX nmhm.

"H$m nmQ>rb, Vw_À`m amZmVbr dm§Jr Hw$Ur VmoS>br H$m Vw_À`m _mKmar, øm AmR>n§Yam{Xgm§V?'

"hmo` a§ AmZ§Xm, H$moZ MmoaQ>m gmoH$bm` Hw$Zmg R>md§, dQ>m^a dm§Jr Zobr ~J _mOr!'

"Ag§? _rM Zobr dm§Jr.'

"boH$m, da AmUIr gm§JVmo`mg. {~ZA~«yÀ`m!'

"H$~yb Ho$ë`mda MmoarMm S>mJ OmVmo _mbH$....' (n¥. 27)

`m g§dmXmVyZ AmZ§XmÀ`m ñd^mdmda d d¥Îmrda àH$me nS>Vmo. (AemgmaIr g§dmXmMrCXmhaU§ emoYyZ H$mT>m.)

21.5 ^mfme¡br

{_Ìm§Zmo, AmnU ho nm{hbo H$s _mS>JyiH$am§À`m boIZmVrb {dœ ho J«m_rU {dœ Amho.{deofV: _mUXoeMm n[aga Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m eãXmeãXm§VyZ {Od§V C^m Ho$bm Amho.H$mX§~arVrb nmÌo, dmVmdaU ho gmao Ë`m§À`m ^mfoVyZ gOrd Pmbobo {XgVo.

^mfm hm H$m§X~arMm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. H$mX§~ar hr boIH$mMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo.Vr EH$ H$bmH¥$Vr AgVo. boIH$ {VWo ^mfoMm ghoVwH$ dmna H$aVmo. AWm©V Agm dmnaH$aVmZm H$mX§~arH$mamZo Oo {d{eîQ> {dœ H$pënbo Amho, Ë`m {dœmMr, Ë`mV dmdaUmè`m_mUgm§Mr Or g§ñH¥$Vr Amho, {Vbm AZwê$n Aer ^mfm dmnamdr Aer Anojm AgVo.

øm H$mX§~arV ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a øm§Zr ZmJar d ~mobr Aem XmoÝhr ^mfm§Mm dmnaHo$bm Amho. {ZdoXZmgmR>r ZmJar d g§dmXm§gmR>r _mUXoemVrb ~mobr^mfoMm dmna Ho$bm Amho.Oa {ZdoXZ ~mobr ^mfoV Ho$bo AgVo Va ehar dmMH$m§Mm ^mfm g_Om`bm H$R>rU Jobr


AgVr d H$mX§~ar OmñVrV OmñV dmMH$m§n`ªV nmoMbr ZgVr. g§dmX ZmJar ^mfoV {b{hboAgVo Va nmÌo H¥${Ì_ dmQ>br AgVr. ^mfoMm hm g_Vmob _mS>JyiH$a `m§Zr ì`dpñWVnUogm§^mibm Amho. g§dmXm_Üò Zm`H$ gw{e{jV Agë`mZo Ë`mMr ^mfm ewÕ d ehar Amho.CXm. ""nmUr Hw$R>§` Vo gm§Jm, åhUOo OodU H$arZ. ^mH$ar AmUë`mV ~amo~a.''

""_bm Vw_À`mer WmoS>§ ~mobm`M§ hmoV§ ~m~m. EH$ OéarMr Jmoï> gm§Jm`Mr hmoVr.''

dmS>rVrb BVa bmoH$ ~mobr^mfoV ~mobVmV.

CXm. ""EH$boM hm` H$m _mñVa?''

""_moOyZ ~Jm, Vr VrZ énò Ym AmZo ImD$Z ~gbmo`. Vo H$m` _mKmar XoZma ÝhmB© na~mH$s Vw_M§ gJi§ én`§ VgM§ hmòV.''

n§VgaH$maÀ`m Vm|S>rhr ZmJar ^mfm Amho. ~mobr^mfoVrb g§dmXm§_Üò Agboë`m Z¡g{J©H$JmoS>ì`mZo ^mfobm doJi§M gm¢X`© àmá Pmbo Amho. g§dmXmV ~mobr^mfoMm R>gH$m AgyZ VoMQ>H$Xma AmhoV. ~mobr^mfoÀ`m dmnam_wio nmÌ Ë`m§À`m ghOê$nmV AdVabr AmhoV.

_mS>JyiH$am§Mr e¡br AmoKdVr Am{U {MÌ_` Amho. dmS>r, _mUg§, _|T>a§, eoV§ `m§À`mdU©ZmV gyú_ Vnerb {Xbo AmhoV. {ZgJ© `mV gOrdnUo aoImQ>bm Amho. F$VyVrb ~Xb,Ë`m_wio n[agamVbo ~XbVo dmVmdaU, dmS>rVrb bmoH$m§da Ë`mMm hmoUmam n[aUm_ ho Ë`m§ZrA{Ve` gyú_nUo {Q>nbo AmhoV. CXm. "AJmoXa ^J^JrV Agbobo ho _mi CÝhmù`m_wioA{YH$ ^J^JrV {XgV hmoVo.'

"_wa_wQ>çmÀ`m ~w§Ü`mda ~gyZ am{hbobo {haì`m PJPJrV a§JmMo ^w§Jo _wa_wQ>rMr VwaQ> nmZoImD$ bmJbo.'

"{M_UrMm Vm§~S>m COoS> ~mbQ>çmÀ`m hmS>Š`m Vm|S>mda nS>bm hmoVm. {_em qnOmaë`mhmoË`m Am{U {dS>rZo H$mim nS>bobm AmoR> Ë`mZo \$mamoù`m XmVm§Imbr Xm~bm hmoVm.'

H$mS>mZo emH$mabobr Kao Jiy bmJbr. gwaoI gmadbobr O_rZ {R>H${R>H$mUr AmobrhmoD$Z CIUy bmJbr, Voìhm YZJaUr MS>\$S>ë`m Am{U JiUmè`m OmJr Ë`m§Zr bhmZ_moR>r^m§S>r R>odyZ {Xbr.

n¥. 35 Vo 36 da nmdgmZo Pmbobm ~Xb dU©Z Ho$bm Amho. n¥. 57 Vo 61 dadmS>rVrb eoVmV V`ma hmoUmè`m {nH$m§Mo, H$Ugo eoVmV Amë`mda, Ë`mVyZ YmÝ` H$go H$mT>boOmVo, Z§Va eoV H$go {Xgy bmJVo dJ¡a|Mo dU©Z òVo. Va n¥. 120 Vo 130 XwîH$mimMo,Ë`m_wio Amog nS>V Mmbboë`m dmS>rMo dU©Z òVo.

Cn_m§Mm dmna H$aVmZm boIH$mZo Ë`m àXoembm gmOoem Cn_m {Xë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wiohm n[aga _Zmda A{YH$M R>gVmo. CXm.

1) "Vr Jma gmdbr ~KVmM, Vmnboë`m H$m|~S>çmgmaIm _r {VÀ`mV ~gbmo.'

2) "XyY^mV ImD$Z _m§Oa PmonVo, Vgm Am`~y Pmonbm.'


3) "Ë`mMo Vob g§nV Amë`m {Xì`mgmaIo S>moio ~[KVbo Am{U Vr YramZo åhUmbr.'

4) "dmè`mÀ`m PwiH$sda ^wñgm ~mOybm Jobm Am{U _moË`mgma»`m ÁdmarMr amgnS>br.' "O{_Zrà_mUo Am^mimVhr nm§T>ar _|T>ao dmS>çmH$S>o Mmbbr hmoVr.'

øm àXoemVë`m H$mhr åhUtMm dmna `mV Ho$bm Amho.

1) "YZJar doS> ghm _{hZo OmUma Zmhr!' n¥. 74

2) "~moS>H$sbm ~mdmMm YmH$ H$m` a§ amå`m?' n¥. 84

3) "Ka ~Kmd§ ~m§YyZ!' n¥. 78

4) "OZmMr ÝhmB©, _ZmMr Var bmO nm`Oo.'

^rJnmD$g, {VaH$gVw§~m, hoi, ^|S>mibobr BË`mXr H$mhr doJio eãX `m§Mmhr dmnaË`m àXoembm {Od§V H$aVmo.

boIH$mÀ`m ^mfme¡brVyZ Ë`mMo {ZgJm©er Am{U g_mOmer AgUmao AZw~§YZo_Ho$nUmZo àH$Q>VmV. H$maU _mS>JyiH$a Hw$R>ohr nmëhmi bmdV ZmhrV. {dñVmamZo {b{hUoQ>miVmV. g§`{_V Am{U Zo_H$s A{^ì`º$s Vo H$aVmV. à_mU Am{U ~mobr^mfoMm H$ënH$ dgO©H$ dmna Vo H$aVmV. J«m_rU _mUgmMr, Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmMr agaerV nU AmQ>monera Aer{MÌUo H$aUmar Ë`m§Mr ^mfme¡br ho Ë`m§À`m boIZmMo ~bñWmZ Amho.

_mS>JyiH$am§Zm Iao åhUOo {MÌH$ma ìhm`Mo hmoVo,"H$éUmï>H$' H$mX§~arV Ë`m§À`mbhmZnUr Ë`m§Zr {MÌH$boÀ`m narjm {Xë`mMm C„oI Amho. Ë`m_wio a§J, aofm ho Ë`m§Mo OUyn{hbo ào_ hmoVo. Ë`m_wioM H$Xm{MV Ë`m§Mr ^mfm {MÌ_` ~Zbr Agmdr. `m {MÌXeu ^mfoMmàË`` Ë`m§À`m gd©M boIZmVyZ `oVmo. "~ZJadmS>r'hr Ë`mbm AndmX Zmhr.

21.6 g_mamon

{_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV nmR>mVyZ AmnU ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m AË`§V JmOboë`m,



MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.

1) {ZdoXZ hm H$mX§~arMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.

2) "~ZJadmS>r'Mo {ZdoXZ àW_nwéfr Amho.

3) "~ZJadmS>r'Mr ^mfme¡br J«m_rU d à_mU Aer XmoÝhr àH$mam§Mo {_lU Amho.

4) "~ZJadmS>r'Vrb g§dmXm§VyZ nmÌm§Mo ñd^mdXe©Z KS>Vo.

5) _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfm {MÌ_` Amho.

"~ZJadmS>r' `m H$mX§~arMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgbr. "~ZJadmS>r' BVH$s bmoH${à`H$m Pmbr Agmdr, g_rjH$m§Zrhr Ë`m H$m§X~arbm loð> H$mX§~ar H$m åhQ>b§ Agmd§ `mMrH$ënZm Amnë`mbm AmVm Ambr Agob. BWo Amnbm "~ZJadmS>r' `m H$mX§~arMm Aä`mg"narjoÀ`m Ñï>rZo' g§nbm. AmVm nwT>À`m nmR>mV AmnU Ë`m§À`m ZmQ>H$mMm - "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma'`m gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgmbm gwédmV H$am`Mr Amho.

21.7 gmam§e

àñVwV nmR>mV AmnU "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arMr nwT>rb dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>o Aä`mgbr.

l dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr, àXoeaMZm d {ZgJ©

l bmoH$OrdZmMo {MÌU

l "~ZJadmS>r'Mo {ZdoXZ àW_nwéfr Amho. Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço.

l boIH$mMr J«m_rU-ZmJar ^mfme¡br. {VMm Zo_Ho$nUm, {VMr {MÌ_`Vm.


21.3

1) àmXo{eH$ 2) qb~ d ~m^ir 3) ~m^irMo 4) Ádmar d ~mOar

5) _mVrÀ`m 6) H$ï>_` 7) Q>H$irda 8) am_moer

9) dmS>rVM 10) em§VnUo d g_mYmZmMo.

21.5

1) ~amo~a 2) ~amo~a 3) ~amo~a

4) ~amo~a 5) ~amo~a

ñdmÜ`m` :

A_mob nmboH$a `m§Zr "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arda `mM ZmdmMm Aà{V_ {MÌnQ>~Zdbm Amho. Vmo nmhm.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 22

"ZmQ>H$' : ñWyc n[aM`

22.0 C{Ôï>o

ZmQ>H$ hm EH$ ÑH$-lmì` H$cmàH$ma Amho. AmnU òWo ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m "VydoS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mÀ`m nwñVH$ê$nmMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. Ë`mcm gmø^yV AemnmR>mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va -

l ZmQ>H$ `m gm{hË`àH$mamMo ñdê$n Am{U ZmQ>H$ hm ÑH$-lmì` H$cmàH$ma H$gmAmho ho cjmV òB©c.

l ZmQ>H$ Am{U BVa gm{hË`àH$ma `mVrc \$aH$ g_OyZ KoVm òB©c.

l ZmQ>H$mMr g§{hVm (ZmQ>H$mMo nwñVH$) Am{U à`moJ `mVrc \$aH$ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.

l ZmQ>H$H$ma ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m ZmQ>çcoIZmMm n[aM` hmoD$Z Ë`mda Q>rn{c{hVm òB©c.

"ZmQ>H$' : ñWyc n[aM` / 259

22.0 C{Ôï>o22.1 ZmQ>H$ `m dmL>²_` àH$mamMo ñdê$n22.2 ZmQ>H$ Am{U BVa gm{hË`àH$ma22.3 ZmQ>çg§{hVm Am{U ZmQ>çà`moJ `m§Vrc \$aH$22.4 ZmQ>H$H$ma ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ZmQ>çcoIZ22.5> g_mamon 22.6 gmam§e


22.1 ZmQ>H$ `m dmL>²_`àH$maMo ñdê$n

gm{hË` hr EH$ àdmhr d cd{MH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. gm{hË`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mZd AmncoAZw^d ì`ŠV H$arV AgVmo. H${dVm, H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, AmË_M[aÌ Am{U ZmQ>H$ ho c{cVgm{hË`mMo _hÎdmMo gm{hË`àH$ma _mZco OmVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s ZmQ>H$ hm Ho$di gm{hË`àH$maZgyZ Vmo EH$ H$cmàH$ma (Performing art) Amho. ZmQ>H$ hm a§J^y_rer {ZJ{S>V AgcocmdmL>²_` àH$ma Amho. ZmQ>H$mMo Am{dîH$ma AmnU {d{dY àH$mao AZw^dV AgVmo. ZmQ>çdmMZ,lw{VH$m, XyaXe©Z à`moJ qH$dm a§J_§MmdaMm à`moJ Aem {d{dY nÕVrZo ZmQ>H$ gmH$ma hmoVo.ZmQ>H$ dmMco, nm{hco Am{U EoH$co OmVo åhUyZ ZmQ>H$ hm EH$ ÑH$lmì` H$cmàH$ma Amho.

"ZQ>m§_m\©$V a§J_§Mmda, àojH$m§g_moa gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r aMcocr ~ìh§er g§dmX`wŠV H$Wm'Aer ZmQ>H$mMr EH$ ì`m»`m H$aVm `oVo.

àm. lr. Zm. ~ZhÅ>tÀ`m _Vo "ZmQ>H$mMo H$WmZH$ ~m§Yrd, gwg§K{Q>V Agmdo cmJVo. Ë`mMon`©dgmZ R>merd, gwñnîQ> Agmdo cmJVo Am{U Ë`mÀ`mVrc KQ>Zm ÑT> H$m`©H$maUg§~§YmZoJw§\$coë`m Agmì`m cmJVmV.' åhUOoM H$WmZH$ ho dmñVd, ñdm^m{dH$ dmQ>co nm{hOo.

gmYmaUV: hmM AW© Üd{ZV H$aUmar ZmQ>H$mMr ì`m»`m àmo. Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$ `m§Zr Ho$crAmho. "a§J^y_rda, ZQ>m§H$Sy>Z A{^Z`mÀ`m d ^mfUmÀ`m Ûmao cmoH$g_wXm`mg gm§{JVcocrH$Wm åhUOo ZmQ>H$.' (à{V^m-gmYZ, n¥. 152)

ZmQ>H$ åhQ>co H$s, gVV H$mhrVar KS>mdo cmJVo. dV©_mZmH$Sy>Z ^{dî`mH$S>o dmhUmamH¥$VtMm Vmo EH$ àdmh AgVmo. AemarVrZo EH$m àg§JmVyZ Xwgam àg§J `m H«$_mZo ZmQ>H$mVàg§Jm§Mr qH$dm KQ>Zm§Mr gcJ _m{cH$m V`ma hmoVo. Ë`mV ~mø hmcMmct~amo~a Am§V[aH$KS>m_moS>tMmhr g_mdoe AgVmo. `m H¥$VtVyZ ZmQ>H$ àH$Q> hmoV AgVo. ZmQ>H$mVrc g§dmX~mocÊ`mgmR>r AgVmV. Ë`m AWm©Zo Vohr H¥$VrM hmoV.

CËH§$R>m d {dñ_` `m KQ>H$m§Zmhr ZmQ>H$mV _hÎd AgVo.

ZmQ>H$mV ~hþ{dY cmoH$m§À`m OrdZmMo, _mZdr OrdZmda Pmcoë`m [d{dY KQ>H$m§À`mn[aUm_m§Mo {MÌU AgVo. åhUOo _mZdr OrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>dUo hmM ZmQ>H$mMm à_wI CÔoeAgVmo. qH$~hþZm Drama is a mirror of life Ago åhQ>co OmVo. ZmQ>H$H$ma dg§VH$mZoQ>H$am§À`m _Vo "ZmQ>H$ åhUOo Û§Û' hmo`. OoWo g§Kfm©Mr OmUrd ZmQ>H$H$mamcm hmoVo, VoWoZmQ>H$mMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. Iao nmhVm hm g§Kf© EH$ àH$maMm ZgVmo. Vmo ì`ŠVr {déÕ ì`ŠVr,ì`ŠVr {déÕ ì`ŠVrMr "ñd', gwîQ> d XwîQ> àd¥Îmr Agm AgVmo. ZmQ>H$m_wio H$éU, e¥§Jma,hmñ`, am¡Ð, ^rfU Ago gJio ag AZw^dVm `oVmV. VgoM ZmQ>H$mV {d{dY H$cm§Mm dmnahmoV Agë`mZo ZmQ>H$mcm "g§{_l H$cm' Agohr åhQ>co OmVo.


22.2 ZmQ>H$ Am{U BVa gm{hË` àH$ma

àËòH$ gm{hË` àH$mamÀ`m _wimer _mZdr Xe©Z hm hoVy Agcm Var àËòH$m_ÜòdoJionUm Amho. H${dVoV ^mdmË_H$Vocm _hÎd AgVo. H${dVoMo ê$n ~hþVm§er N>moQ>o AgVo.H$mX§~arMm nQ> d AmdmH$m _moR>m AgVmo Va H$Wm cKwê$nmV gmXa hmoVo. H$Wm H$mX§~arVH$moUVr Var JmoîQ> gmH$macocr AgVo. ZmQ>H$mV hr JmoîQ> {d{eîQ> nmÌo, g§dmX, Ë`m§Mm A{^Z``m Ûmao gmXa hmoV AgVo. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, M[aÌ, AmË_M[aÌ `m dmL>²_` àH$mam§nojm "ZmQ>H$'hm dmL>²>_`àH$ma {^Þ Amho. H$Wm H$mX§~arMm EH$m§VmV dmMyZ ñdV§ÌnUo AmñdmX KoVm òD$eH$Vmo, na§Vw ZmQ>H$mMo Vgo hmoV Zmhr. "ZmQ>H$' ho g_mOm{^_wI Agë`mZo Ë`mMm AmñdmXàojH$m§À`m gmjrZo KoVcm OmVmo. "ZmQ>H$' `m dmL>²_`àH$mam_Üò g_mOmda à{VHy$c AWdmAZwHy$c n[aUm_ KS>dÊ`mMr j_Vm BVa dmL>²_`àH$mam§nojm VwcZoZo OmñV Amho.

H$mX§~arH$mamcm {df`mÀ`m ~m~VrV Oo ñdmV§Í` Amho, Vo ZmQ>H$H$mamcm Zmhr. ZmQ>H$mÀ`ma§J_§Mr` A§Jm_wio ZmQ>H$H$mamcm nmD$g, dmam, dmXi, g_wÐ B. a§J^y_rda XmIdVm òVZmhr. Va Ver ZonÏàMZm H$amdr cmJVo. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar coIH$ ñWim§{df`r,ì`{º$aoIm§{df`r, dmVmdaUm{df`r {ZdoXZ Am{U dU©Z `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _m{hVrgm§Jy eH$Vmo. ZmQ>H$H$mamcm _mÌ Vo H¥$Vr-CŠVr Am{U ZonÏ`mÛmao gm§Jmdo cmJVo. ZmQ>H$mcmH$mimMo ~§YZ AgVo. H$mX§~arMm AmñdmX dmMH$ Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo KoD$ eH$Vmo. ZmQ>H$mÀ`mnwñVH$mMm AmñdmX Aem àH$mao KoVm òB©c. _mÌ ZmQ>çà`moJmMm AmñdmX gcJnUo ¿`mdmcmJVmo. ZmQ>H$mVrc dV©_mZH$mi hm Am^mgmË_H$ dV©_mZ AgVmo. gdmªV _hÎdmMo åhUOoZmQ>H$mcm XmoZ A§Jo AgVmV. nwñVH$ Am{U à`moJ `m_wio ZmQ>H$mMo BVa c{cV gm{hË`mhÿZdoJionU {gÕ hmoVo.

à`moJê$nmZo gmXarH$aU ho ZmQ>H$mMo ì`dÀN>oXH$ cjU Amho. Ë`m_wio ZmQ>çH$coMm {dMmaAZoH$ nmViçm§da H$amdm cmJVmo. H$WmZH$, nmÌo, g§dmX, n«g§J ho ^m{fH$ KQ>H$ ZmQ>H$mÀ`meãXg§{hVoer g§~Õ AgVmV, Va ZonÏ`, àH$me`moOZm d g§JrV ho A^m{fH$ KQ>H$à`moJ{ZîR> AgVmV. åhUOoM ZmQ>çH$cm hm EH$ gm{hË`àH$mahr Amho Am{U H$cmàH$mahrAmho. Ë`m_wio {Vcm {Û{dY ñdê$nmMo ApñVËd àmá hmoVo Am{U {VÀ`m èmnèmVhr `mXmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mm cjUr` dmQ>m AgVmo.

22.3 ZmQ>çg§{hVm Am{U ZmQ>çà`moJ `m§Vrc \$aH$

ZmQ>H$ eãX _mÜ`_mÛmao {c{IV ñdê$nmV AgVo Voìhm {Vcm "ZmQ>H$mMr g§{hVm' AgoåhQ>co OmVo. åhUOo "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMo nwñVH$ hr Ë`m ZmQ>H$mMr g§{hVm hmo`.g§{hVm XmoZ àH$maÀ`m AgVmV. {d{dY nmÌm§Mo g§dmX Ë`m§À`m ZmdmnwT>o {c{hcoco AgVmV VreãXg§{hVm Va H§$gm_Üò Omo _OHy$a {Xcocm AgVmo Vr a§Jg§{hVm qH$dm a§JgyMZm hmo`. "VydoS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mV (WmoS>mgm ~wQ>H$m nU A§JmZo EImÚm ~¡cmgmaIm Agcocm åhmVmamBOmßnm Hw§$^ma, nmcÏ`m KmJar dmië`m H$m ho nmhVmo Amho.) Ago {c{hco Amho. `mg


a§J{MÝhm§Mr g§{hVm Ago åhUVmV. `m g§{hVoÛmao ZmQ>H$mMm coIH$ ZmQ>H$mMo {X½Xe©Z H$arVAgVmo. ZmQ>çà`moJ åhUOo ZmQ>çg§{hVoMo Ñí` lmì` ApñVËdê$n hmo`. ZmQ>H$, ZQ>, a§J_§Mgm_J«r, àH$me`moOZm, g§JrV àojH$ BË`mXr A§Jo {_iyZ ZmQ>H$mMm à`moJ gmH$ma hmoVmo.

ZmQ>çg§{hVoMo dmMZ Ooìhm a{gH$ H$aV AgVmo, Voìhm Ë`mMr ^y{_H$m "dmMH$mMr' AgVo.ZmQ>çà`moJmMm AmñdmX KoVmZm Vmo àojH$ AgVmo. Á`mà_mUo ZmQ>H$H$mamcm ZmQ>H$ {c{hVmZmË`m ZmQ>H$mMm à`moJ hmoUma Amho `mMo ^mZ R>odmdo cmJVo, Ë`mà_mUo ZmQ>çg§{hVoMo dmMZH$aVmZm Ë`mV A{^Z` XS>cocm Amho, `mMo ^mZ dmMH$mcm R>odmdo cmJVo. ZmQ>çà`moJmVñWmnË`, gm{hË`, {MÌ, A{^Z`, g§JrV, Z¥Ë` AmXr H$cm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. EH§$XarVZmQ>çg§{hVm Am{U ZmQ>çà`moJ hr XmoÝhr A§Jo _hÎdmMr Am{U nañnanyaH$ AmhoV. 'Vy doS>mHw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mÀ`m ZmQ>çg§{hVoMm Aä`mg Amnë`mcm H$amd`mMm Amho. `m ZmQ>H$mMoH$mhr à`moJ gwà{gÕ {X½Xe©H$ àm. ^mc~m Ho$iH$a `m§Zr àmoJ«o{gìh S´>°_°{Q>H$Agmo{gEeZ_m\©$V 1960 _Ü`o Ho$co d ZmQ>ç g§{hVoMo (nwñVH$mMo) àH$meZ 1961 gmcrPmco.

22.4 ZmQ>H$H$ma ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ZmQ>çcoIZ

"ZmQ>H$' `m dmL>²_`àH$mamMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoVë`mZ§Va ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`mZmQ>çcoIZm{df`r OmUyZ KoD$ `m.

Amnë`m àXrK© coIZàdmgmV ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Zr {d{dY gm{hË` àH$mam§V coIZHo$co. ZdH$WoÀ`m Mma {~ZrÀ`m {ecoXmam§n¡H$s EH$ Vo _mZco OmVmV, ho gd©kmVM Amho. Ë`m§Zràm_w»`mZo H$Wm Am{U H$mX§~arcoIZ Ho$co. VgoM c{cV coIZ, àdmgdU©Z, ì`pŠV{MÌo,AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ Agohr coIZ Ho$co. AZoH$ _amR>r {MÌnQ>m§Mo nQ>H$Wm-coIZ, g§dmXcoIZË`m§Zr Ho$co. amZmdZmV {\$aÊ`mMm, {ZgJ©, àmUr, njr `m§Mo {ZarjU H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zm N>§XhmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m coIZmV àmUrnjrg¥îQ>rMo {dcmo^Zr` Xe©Z KS>Vo.

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Zr EHy$U AmR> ZmQ>Ho$ {c{hcr. 1) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' (_yi Zmd "OmUmaHw$R>§?') 2) "{~H$Q> dmQ> d{hdmQ>' 3) "gVr', 4) "n{V Joco J H$mR>odmS>r' 5) "Zm_mgmVnwVo' 6) "Jm¡amB©' 7) "XodmÀ`m H$mR>rcm AmdmO Zmhr' 8) "XodmOrZo H$éUm Ho$cr' ,"{~Z{~`mMo PmS>" d "Hw$UmMm Hw$Umcm _oi Zmhr' hr XmoZ dJZmQ>çohr Ë`m§Zr {c{hcr."àmXo{eH$ qH$dm Añgc Xoer dmUmMo coIZ H$aUmao åhUyZ ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§MrIm{g`V Amho. "gVr' `m Ë`m§À`m ZmQ>H$mMm n{hcm à`moJ 8 Zmoìh|~a 1967 cm {X„r `oWoPmcm hmoVm. {VWcm Am{U Z§Va nwUo dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr Pmcoco à`moJ cjdoYr R>aco. 1981gmcr X{jU H$mo[a`mVhr `m ZmQ>H$mMm à`moJ "Am§VaamîQ´>r` ZmQ>ç_hmoËgdm'V Pmcm. "n{VJoco J§ H$mR>odmS>r' ho 1968 gmcr a§J_§Mmda Amco. EH$m cmoH$H$WoÀ`m AmYmao Am{UH$mR>odmS>À`m nmíd©^y_rdarc `m ZmQ>H$mZo _mS>JyiH$am§À`m {eanoMmV _mZmMm cjdoYr VwamImoMcm. "cmoH$H$Wm§Mm dmna àm_w»`mZo dJZmQ>çmgmR>r AZoH$m§Zr Ho$cm, na§Vw _moR>çm


ZmQ>çcoIZmgmR>r _`m©{XV ñdê$nmVM Pmcm. Ë`mn¡H$s ho ZmQ>H$ gd©loîR> _mZVm òB©c.cmoH$H$WoMo H$WmnU A~m{YV amIyZ {VÀ`mVrc Ame` dV©_mZmer {^S>dUo ho ZmQ>çmÀ`m_mÜ`_mV AmìhmZmË_H$ AgVo. _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Vo g_W©nUo Ho$co.' Ago Jm¡admoX²Jma {d. ^m.Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr H$mT>co AmhoV. ("ZmQ>H$ Am{U EH$m§{H$H$m' g_m{dîQ> "_amR>r dmL>²_`mMmB{Vhmg : I§S> 7 - ^mJ Xwgam, n¥. 325)

Ë`m§Zr> Ogo ñdV§ÌnUo ZmQ>çcoIZ Ho$co, VgoM H$mhr AmYm[aV ZmQ>H$m§Mo coIZhr Ë`m§ZrHo$co. à{gÕ A_o[aH$Z ZmQ>H$H$ma Q>oZogr {dë`åg `mÀ`m "amoP Q>°Qy>' `m ZmQ>H$mMo Ë`m§Zr"Jm¡amB©' `m ZmdmZo _amR>rV ê$nm§Va Ho$co. "{\$S>ca Am°Z X ê$\$' `m OJ{d»`mV ZmQ>H$-{MÌnQ>mMr g§H$ënZm KoD$Z "{~H$Q> dmQ> d{hdmQ>' ZmdmMo ZmQ>çcoIZ Ho$co.""_mS>JyiH$am§À`m ZmQ>çcoIZm_wio J«m_rU OrdZmVrc dmñVdmMo {MÌU a§J_§Mmda Amco.''({d. ^m. Xoenm§S>o, "ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ZmQ>çcoIZ,' g_m{dîQ> "ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a: _mUXoer _mUyg Am{U H$cmd§V, g§nmXH$, _. X. hmVH$U§JcoH$a, n¥. 177)

nwT>rc nmR>mV AmnU Ë`m§À`m "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMr nmíd©^y_r, H$WmZH$ B. MmAä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

22.5 g_mamon

`m nmR>mV AmnU "ZmQ>H$' `m gm{hË`àH$mamMo ñdê$n, Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço, BVa gm{hË`àH$mam§nojm `m àH$mamMr Agcocr {^ÞVm, ZmQ>çg§{hVm Am{U ZmQ>çà`moJ `m§À`m{df`rOmUyZ KoVco. ZmQ>H$ hm {_l H$cmàH$ma Agë`mMo d `m H$cmàH$mamMo {Û{dY ApñVËd `mMr_m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVcr. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m ZmQ>çcoIZmÀ`m H$maH$sXuMr Am{UË`m§À`m èñdr ZmQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr KoVcr. J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmMo {MÌU Am{U cmoH$H$Wm§MmZmQ>çcoIZmgmR>r Ho$cocm dmna, `m _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ZmQ>çcoIZmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§~Ôc OmUyZKoVco. nwT>rc nmR>mV AmnU "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMr nmíd©^y_r, H$WmZH$ Am{UZmQ>H$mMr aMZm§VJ©V {d^mJUr B. Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.



1) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMo à`moJ H$moUË`m g§ñWoZo Ho$co?

2) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Zr EHy$U {H$Vr ZmQ>Ho$ {c{hco?

3) [aH$må`m OmJm âm

A) ZmQ>H$mÀ`m nwñVH$ê$nmg ............................ åhUVmV.

~) ZmQ>H$ hm EH$ ............................ H$cmàH$ma Amho.

H$) dg§V H$mZoQ>H$am§À`m _Vo "............................ ' hmo`.

22.6 gmam§e

ZmQ>H$ hm EH$ ÑH$-lmì` H$cmàH$ma Amho. BVa gm{hË`àH$mam§à_mUo `mVhr _mZdrOrdZXe©Z hmoV Agco Var Vo BVa gm{hË`àH$mam§nojm {^Þ Amho. ZmQ>H$mcm {df`mMo dH$mimMo ~§YZ AgVo, H$Wm-H$mX§~argmaIo ZmQ>H$H$mamcm dU©Z qH$dm {ZdoXZ H$aVm `oVZmhr. Va g§dmXm§_YyZM H$WmZH$ nwT>o Ý`mdo cmJVo Am{U ì`pŠV{MÌUhr gmYmdo cmJVo.ZmQ>H$mV gVV H$mhr Var KS>mdo cmJVo. OoWo g§Kfm©Mr OmUrd ZmQ>H$H$mamcm hmoVo, VoWoZmQ>H$mMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. g§Kfm©VyZM ZmQ>H$mVrc àg§JmV ZmQ>ç {Z_m©U hmoVo. ZmQ>H$mV H$éU,hmñ`, e¥§Jma, am¡Ð, ^rfU BË`mXr agm§Mm Am{dîH$ma hmoVmo. ZmQ>çg§{hVm d ZmQ>çà`moJ `mV\$aH$ AgVmo. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Zr XmoZ dJZmQ>ço {_iyZ EHy$U Xhm ZmQ>H$m§Mo coIZ Ho$co.


22.4

1) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMo à`moJ "àmoJ«o{gìh S´>°_°{Q>H$ Agmo{gEeZ' `m g§ñWoZo Ho$co.

2) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Zr XmoZ dJZmQ>ço {_iyZ EHy$U Xhm ZmQ>Ho$ {c{hcr.

3) [aH$må`m OmJm ^am

A) ZmQ>çg§{hVm ~) ÑH$-lmì` 3) ZmQ>H$ åhUOo Û§Û

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 23

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' : nmíd©^y_r Am{U H$WmZH$

23.0 C{Ôï>o

H$moUË`mhr dmñVdVmnyU© gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm {d{eîQ> àXoemMr, ^yVH$mcrZ KQ>Zm§Mr,g_mOmVrc pñWË`§VamMr nmíd©^y_r AgVo. _yi ZmQ>H$mMo dmMZ H$ê$Z `m nmR>mMm Aä`mgHo$ë`mZ§Va -

l "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMr nmíd©^y_r gm§JVm òB©c.

l ZmQ>H$mMm ñWyc n[aM`-H$WmZH$ `mda {dñV¥VnUo {c{hVm òB©c.

l ZmQ>H$mMr aMZm§VJ©V {d^mJUr `mda Q>rn {c{hVm òB©c.

l coIH$mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ Am{U `m ZmQ>H$mÀ`m erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm `m {df`r Q>rn {c{hVm òB©c.

23.1 "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mMr nmíd©^y_r

ZmQ>H$H$ma ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ~mcnU _mUXoemV Joco. chmZ JmdmVrc

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' : nmíd©^y_r Am{U H$WmZH$ / 267

23.0 C{Ôï>o23.1 "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mMr nmíd©^y_r$23.2 "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mMm ñWyc n[aM`-H$WmZH$23.3 "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mMr aMZm§VJ©V {d^mJUr

23.3.1 coIH$mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ23.3.2 erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm



OZOrdZ Ë`m§Zr ~mcnUmnmgyZ AZw^dco. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mVrc AZw^d{dœmVchmZ JmdmVrc {d{dY ñVam§Vrc, {d{dY Om{Vì`dgm`mVrc _mUgo òVmV. "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma'ho ZmQ>H$ "am§OUdmS>r' `m N>moQ>çm IoS>çmV hmoV OmUmè`m pñWË`§Vamda d EH$m Hw§$^mamÀ`mHw$Qw>§~mda Ë`m pñWË`§VamÀ`m hmoUmè`m n[aUm_mda AmYm[aV Amho. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVg_mOOrdZmV hmoD$ cmJcoë`m ~XcmMr nmíd©^y_r `m ZmQ>H$mcm Amho. ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$am§À`m "gpìh©g _moQ>ma' `m H$WoMo ho ZmQ>ç ê$nm§Va Amho. gd©gmYmaUnUo d¥Õ_mUgo H$moUË`mhr ~Xcmcm \$maer AZwHy$c ZgVmV. EH$m ê$T> MmH$moarVyZ OrdZ H§$R>UoË`m§Zm lo`ñH$a dmQ>V AgVo, Va VéUm§Mm H$c MmH$moar~ÕVm d nma§n[aH$Vm `mVyZ ~mhoanSy>Z Zdo H$mhr H$aÊ`mMm AgVmo. ^m¡{VH$ gwIgmo`rÀ`m gmYZm§À`m {dnwcVo_wio OwÝ`m ê$T>r,na§nam, _yëò `m§Zm YŠH$m ~gVmo. "OwZo VoM gmoZo' _mZUmam EH$ dJ© Am{U "Zdo Vo hdo'_mZUmam Xwgam dJ©, `m XmoZ dJmªÀ`m àd¥Îmt_Yrc g§Kfm©VyZ `m ZmQ>H$mMo H$WmZH$ Cô amhVo.

23.2 "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mMm ñWyc n[aM` - H$WmZH$

BOmßnm hm am§OUdmS>r `m chmZem IoS>çmV amhUmam EH$ Hw§$^ma AgVmo. _S>H$sKS>dÊ`mM§ Amnc§ H$m_ Vmo àm_m{UH$nUo H$aV AgVmo. Ë`mMo d` gmR>À`m Amgnmg AgVo.BOmßnm \$ma C§Mnwam Zgcm Var _O~yV d XUH$Q> eara`îQ>rMm AgVmo. Ë`mcm ^moOmam_hm EH$ _wcJm AgVmo. Vmo AJXr {H$aH$moi A§JH$mR>rMm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m ~m`H$moMo Zmd d§MmAgVo.

`m ZmQ>H$mVrc KQ>Zm§Mm H$mi nÞmg-n§MmdÞ dfmªnyduMm Amho. Voìhm Jmdm§_Üò {deofgwYmaUm Pmcoë`m ZìhË`m. "Jmd {VWo Eg. Q>r.' Amcocr ZìhVr. n¡go XoD$Z Amdí`H$ Ë`mdñVy {dH$V AmUm`À`m hm gam©gnUo MmcUmam ì`dhma Voìhm ZìhVm; Va JmdmV ~cwVoXmarnÕV hmoVr.

BOmßnm hm H$îQ>miy d gainUo MmcUmam _mUyg hmoVm. ^moOm hm EHw$cVm EH$ _wcJmAgë`mZo BOmßnmZo Ë`mcm cmS>mH$moS>mV dmT>dco AgVo. ^moOm Amier AgVmo d {nT>rOmXMmcV Amcocm Hw§$^mamMm Y§Xm Ë`mcm H$am`Mm ZgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m c¾mcm Mma-nmM df} hmoD$ZJocr AgVmV. AOyZ Ë`mcm _yc~mi ZgVo. ^moOmcm Amnë`m d{S>cm§À`m H$îQ>mMr OmUrdZgVo; nU d§Mmcm _mÌ AgVo. am§OUdmS>rnmgyZ VmcwŠ`mÀ`m Jmdmn`ªV OmUmar EH$m ImgJr_moQ>magodm gwê$ hmoVo, Voìhm ^moOm Ë`m _moQ>marMm EO§Q> ~ZVmo. JmdmV hr _moQ>ma Amë`m_wioJmdmVë`m Am{U BOmßnmÀ`m em§V OrdZmV hiyhiy CcWmnmcW hmoD$ cmJVo.

gImam_ `m _moQ>ma S´>m`ìhaer ^moOmMr _¡Ìr hmoVo. _moR>çm ehamV Omdo cmJUmè`mJmdH$è`m§Mr `m _moQ>mar_wio Mm§Jcr gmo` hmoVo. _mÌ ehamVyZ òUmè`m `m _moQ>mar_wio ehamVrcH$mhr A{ZîQ> àd¥Îmrhr JmdmV àdoe H$aVmV. S´>m`ìha ^moOmcm Kamg_moa hm°Q>oc Q>mH$m`Mmg„m XoVmo. gImam_ S´>m`ìha hm EH$ ~oaH$s _mUyg AgVmo. ^moOmMm ^moigQ> ñd^md VmoAmoiIVmo. ^moOmcm Ë`mMm hm g„m nQ>Vmo. KamVc§ _mVr, _S>H$s `m§M§ AmoP§ dmhUma§


YS>YmH$Q> JmT>d Vmo {dHy$Z Q>mHy$Z Amcoë`m n¡emVyZ hm°Q>ocgmR>r cmJUma§ gm_mZ AmUVmo.hm°Q>oc gwê$ Pmë`mda S´>m`ìha amoO Mhm ß`m`cm {VWo òD$ cmJVmo. d§Mmda Ë`mMr dmB©Q>ZOa AgVo. _moQ>margmR>r grQ> {_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m EO§Q>mÀ`m H$m_mMo Vmo ^moOmcm AJXr WmoS>on¡go XoVmo. ^moOmZo Amnc§ Hw§$^mamM§ _S>H$s KS>dÊ`mM§ H$m_ gmoSy>Z ho H$amd§ ho BOmßnmcm nQ>VZmhr. hm°Q>oc_Üò òUmè`m cmoH$m§gmR>r Mhm ~ZdUmar d§Mm hiyhiy `m H$m_mcm gamdVo. naŠ`mnwéfm§g_moa ~mhoa Z òUmar d§Mm hm°Q>oc_Üò gJir H$m_§ H$ê$ cmJVo. AmYr BOmßnmMr ~mOyKoUmar d§Mm Z§Va Ë`mcm Xmof XoVo.

^moOmM§ hm°Q>oc C^§ amhVmZm KamÀ`m A§JUmVc§ XoD$i, H$Sy>qc~mM§ PmS> XmoÝhrO_rZXmoñV hmoVmV. hm°Q>oc ZrQ> MmcV Zmhr. JmdmVco Q>Jo, Jw§S>{Jar H$aUmao cmoH$ n¡go Z XoVmImD$Z {nD$Z OmVmV. ^moOm H$O©~mOmar hmoVmo. Hw§$^mamM§ H$m_ gmoS>ë`mZo ~cwË`mM§ YmÝ`{_iU§ H$_r hmoV§. n¡go _mJUmè`m ^moOmcm Jw§S> _mahmU H$aVmV. {H$aH$moi A§JmMm ^moOmË`m§Mm à{VH$ma H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. d§Mmcm Xma cmdyZ KamV ~gmdo cmJVo. Zdam H$V¥©ËddmZZmhr, Vmo Amnc§ d ñdV:M§hr ajU H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr hr JmoîQ> {Vcm Iwny cmJVo. VrgImam_er hgV-IoiV ~mocVo. Vmo Ë`mMm ñdV:cm hdm Vgm AW© H$mT>Vmo. g§Ü`mH$miÀ`mdoir Vr KamV EH$Q>rM Amho Ago nmhÿZ {VÀ`mer cJQ> H$aVmo. VodT>çmV `mMr WmoS>r\$maH$ënZm Amcocm BOmßnm Hw$èhmS> KoD$Z òVmo. Vmo AmV OmD$Z gImam_da amJmamJmZoHw$èhmS>rZo Kmd KmcVmo. Vmo _aVmo. nmocrg BOmßnmcm nH$Sy>Z ZoVmV.

Xhm dfmªZr Vwé§JmVyZ gwQy>Z Amcocm BOmßnm Kar òVmo; Voìhm Ë`mcm JmdmV d KamV Iyn~Xc Pmcoco {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio Amnco Jmd Am{U Ka hadco Ago Ë`mcm dmQ>Vo. KamÀ`mAmoT>rZoM Vmo Amcocm AgVmo. A§JUmV IoiUmè`m ZmVdmcm nmhÿZ Ë`mcm AmZ§X hmoVmo. nUXwgè`m N>moQ>çm ZmVdmcm KamV PmondyZ d§Mm gmIa H$maImÝ`mV H$m_mcm Jococr nmhÿZ Ë`mMmOrd H$idiVmo. Vmo {VWyZ {ZKyZ OmVmoo. _wcJm aS>V AgVmo. hiyhiy nS>Xm nS>Vmo.

gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aem AZoH$ nmViçm§daMm g§Kf© `mZmQ>H$mV Amho.



1) BOmßnmÀ`m gwZoM§ Zmd H$m` AgV§?

2) ^moOmM§ H$moUV§ H$m_ BOmßnmcm nQ>V Zmhr?

3) gImam_ ^moOmcm H$moUVm g„m XoVmo?

4) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ~mcnU H$moUË`m àXoemV Joco?

23.3 "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mMr aMZm§VJ©V {d^mJUr

àËòH$ gm{hË`àH$mamMr aMZm doJir AgVo. H${dVoMr aMZm, ê$n, H$WoMr aMZm{d{eîQ> àH$maMr AgVo. ZmQ>H$mcm àm`mo{JH$ A§J AgVo. Ë`m_wio nmÌm§Mm a§J_§Mmdarc àdoe,g§dmXmMo ñWmZ BË`mXr JmoîQ>r _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. H$WmZH$mg AZwgê$Z ZmQ>H$mVrc àg§J,nmÌo, g§dmX `m§Mr aMZm Ho$cocr AgVo. Ë`mcm ZmQ>H$mMo A§H$ åhUVmV. ho nmM, VrZ, XmoZ,EH$ Ago AgVmV. H$WmZH$mÀ`m JaOoZwgma `m A§H$mV XmoZ, VrZ Ago àdoe AgVmV. "VydoS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mV Mma A§H$ AmhoV. Ë`mV doJio àdoe _mÌ ZmhrV.

A§H$ n{hcm

(ñWi : am§OUdmS>r `m chmZem IoS>çmVrc BOmßnmMo Ka. Kamg_moa H$Sy>qZ~mMo PmS>Amho. Ë`mcm AmoQ>m Amho. Kamg_moê$Z dmQ> Jococr Amho. `m dmQ>ocm cmJyZ chmZgo _méVrMoXoD$i Amho. Kamg_moa Hw§$^mamMo MmH$ Am{U AmoQ>çmcm cmJyZ H$mhr _mVrÀ`m KmJar, _S>H$snmcWr KmVcocr AmhoV. gH$mir ZD$-gmS>oZD$Mm gw_ma Amho. WmoS>m ~wQ>H$m nU XUH$Q>eara`îQ>rMm BOmßnm KmJar dmië`m H$m Vo nmhVmo Amho. AmoR>mda âKmog {_em AgcocmåhmVmam gmR>rÀ`m Odinmg Amcocm Amho. Ë`mMm nmoaJm ^moOm d nmoVr KoVcocr _mUgoòVmV.)

^moOmMm àdoe a§J_§Mmda hmoVmo. Vmo {H$aH$moi A§JH$mR>r Agcocm Amho. Vmo BOmßnmgmaImH$îQ>miy d àm_m{UH$ ZgVmo. _S>H$s KS>dÊ`mÀ`m Hw§$^mamÀ`m H$m_m~Ôc Ë`mcm {VQ>H$mamAmho. Ë`mnojm JmdmV ZdrZM Amcoë`m _moQ>margmR>r EO§Q>M§ H$m_ H$aU§ Ë`mcm à{VîR>oM§dmQ>V§. JmdmVrc cmoH$m§g_moa Vmo Vmoam XmIdVmo. gm_mZmMo, nmoË`mMo n¡go OmñV nS>Vrc Agogm§JVmo. EH$m CVmê$À`m C{eam òUmè`m _wcr~Ôc {Vcm "CÚmMr n{hcr JmS>r Kmdc' Ag§åhUVmo. BOmßnmMm {_Ì ZmZm Ë`mcm `m~Ôc \$Q>H$maVmo Am{U BOmßnmcm nmoamcm Amdam`cmgm§JVmo. BOmßnm ^moOmcm EH$mH$S>o KmJa nmoMdyZ òÊ`mM§ H$m_ gm§JVmo. nU ^moOm CS>dmCS>drH$aVmo.

ZmZm d BOmßnmÀ`m g§dmXmVyZ BOmßnmMm `m _moQ>marcm Agcocm {damoY OmUdVmo._moQ>mar_wio "ÝhmB© Vo ZmX cmJVrc Amnë`mcm' (n¥. 3) Ag§ Ë`mcm dmQ>V AgV§. ZmZmË`mMr g_OyV KmcVmo.

_moQ>marVyZ XmoZ CVmê$ òVmV. EH$ MmoirMo IU {dH$Umam Am{U EH$ \w$Jodmcm AgVmo.JmdmV òD$Z Ë`m§Zr dñVy {dH$Ê`m~Ôc BOmßnm ZmamOr ì`ŠV H$aVmo. gImam_ S´>m`ìhaer^moOmMr _¡Ìr Pmcocr AgVo. Vmo ^moOmH$S>o MhmMr \$_m©B©e H$aVmo. ^moOm d§Mmcm MhmH$am`cm gm§JVmo. ^moOmÀ`m ~m`H$moda-d§Mmda dmB©Q> ZOa Agcocm gImam_ {VÀ`mH$S>onmhV ^moOmer gyMH$nUo ~mocVmo. ^moOmcm Ë`mMm AW© H$iV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m A§Jrì`dhmaMmVw`© Zmhr. Ë`mcm _mUg§ AmoiIVm òV ZmhrV. gImam_ Ë`mcm Kamg_moa hm°Q>ocQ>mH$m`Mm g„m XoVmo. gImam_Mm Ë`m_mJo H$mhr hoVy Agy eHo$c ho ^moOmÀ`m _ZmV òV Zmhr.d§Mmcm Vmo ~mhoa Mhm KoD$Z `m`cm gm§JVmo, nU BOmßnm ñdV: Mhm KoD$Z òVmo d


gImam_er Oa~oZo ~mocVmo. Ë`mÀ`m AZw^dr ZOaocm gImam_M§ dmJU§ H$iV§ Am{U IQ>H$V§.

Vo XmoK§ {ZKyZ Joë`mda d§Mm d BOmßnmÀ`m g§dmXmVyZ {VMm BOmßnm~ÔcMm AmXa,{Oìhmim H$iVmo, Va ^moOm~ÔcMr ZmamOr {XgVo. BOmßnmM§ ho har har H$aV Amam_ H$am`M§d` AgVmZm ^moOmÀ`m dmJÊ`m_wio Ë`mcm AOyZhr H$îQ> H$amdo cmJVmV, ho {Vcm IQ>H$V§.Mma AmUo IwiIwidV Amcoë`m ^moOmcm d§Mm Q>mHy$Z ~mocVo. Ë`mZo Amnc§ Hw§$^mamM§ H$m_H$amd§, åhmVmanUr d{S>cm§Zm gwI Úmd§, _moQ>marM§ H$m_ H$ê$ Zò Ag§ gm§JVo. Vo ^moOmcmnQ>V Zmhr.

g§Ü`mH$mi hmoVo. \w$Jodmcm d MmoiIUdmcm òVmV. {H$_Vrdê$Z Ë`m§Mr d JmdmVë`m~m`H$m§Mr ~mMm~mMr hmoVo. BOmßnmÀ`m Kamg_moaM ho Pmë`mZo Vmo amJmdVmo d gJiçm§ZmKmcdyZ XoVmo. Vo ^moOmcm AmdS>V Zmhr. ~mB©Zo naV {Xcocm IU gImam_ IUdmë`mH$Sy>ZKoVmo Am{U d§MmgmR>r ^moOmcm XoVmo. IU nmhyZ d§Mm AmYr Iwe hmoVo, nU Vmo S´>m`ìhaZo {XcmAmho ho H$ië`mda IU \o$Hy$Z XoVo d S´>m`ìhacm {eì`m XoVo. IU BOmßnmÀ`m A§Jmda nS>Vmo.gImam_À`m _ZmVrc H$miçm~oè`mMr BOmßnmcm H$ënZm Agë`mZo Vmo ^moOmda {MS>Vmo.Ë`mcm Amnc§ ~a§-dmB©Q> H$iy Zò `mMm BOmßnmcm g§Vmn òVmo. ^moOm Amnc§ EoH$Uma Zmhrho cjmV òD$Z Vmo hV~c hmoD$Z nmamda OmD$Z ~gVmo.

BWo n{hcm A§H$ g_má hmoVmo.

A§H$ Xwgam

BOmßnmÀ`m A§JUmV _moQ>marÀ`m MmH$mMr XwéñVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r gImam_ d EH$ chmZ_wcJm òVmo. Hw§$^mamMo MmH$ ~mOycm H$ê$Z {VWo _moQ>marMo MmH$ Q>mH$co OmVo. n§T>anyacmOmÊ`mgmR>r h[aZmZm JmR>moS>o KoD$Z àdoe H$aVmV. gImam_ {IemVyZ XmoZ nwS>çm H$mTy>Zd§Mmcm Vmo àgmX Agë`mM§ gm§JVmo. àgmX KoVmZm hmVmcm hmV cmJoc åhUyZ d§Mm Mwi~yiH$aVo. gImam_ C§~è`mda nwS>çm R>odyZ MmH$mer IQ>nQ> H$aV ~gVmo. n§T>anyaMm àgmXAgë`mZo `mZo h_Img JwU òVmo : _yc~mi Zgcoë`m ~mB©cm _yc hmoV§, Ag§ gImam_gm§JVmo. BOmßnmMr hmH$ EoHy$ Amë`mZo d§Mm KmB©Zo nwS>çm CMcyZ KamV ZoVo, nU BOmßnmÀ`mZOaoVyZ Vo gwQ>V Zmhr. Vmo {Vcm Ë`m~Ôc {dMmaVmo d gImam_Zo AmUcocm àgmX ZKoÊ`m~Ôc {Vcm gm§JVmo. nU {Vcm Vo nQ>V Zmhr. ""Amåhr H$m` ~moiçmZo XyY noVmo` H$m`?''Ag§ Vr åhUVo. BOmßnm AmYr {MS>Vmo d _J hVme hmoVmo. d§Mmhr AmVm Amnc§ EoH$Uma Zmhrho Ë`mÀ`m cjmV òV§. JmR>moS>§ CMcÊ`mgmR>r Amcocm h[aZmZm Ë`mMr g_OyV KmcVmo.BOmßnmcm n§T>anyacm òÊ`m{df`r {dMmaVmo, nU Ë`mMm nm` {ZKV Zmhr.

VodT>çmV JmT>d {XgV Zgë`mM§ gm§JV d§Mm òVo. Vr H$miOrV AgVo, Va BOmßnmhrJmT>dmÀ`mM emoYmV AgVmo. Ë`mZo JmdmV, amZmV gJirH$S>o H$gyZ emoY KoVcm AgVmo. H$mhrVar KmV Pmcm Ag§ _ZmV òD$Z Vmo qMVm H$ê$ cmJVmo. d§Mmcmhr JmT>d Mmoarcm Joc§Agë`mMr e§H$m òVo. Ádmar _mJm`cm Amcoë`m _hmamg Vmo JmT>dm~Ôc {dMmaVmo. Vmo doJirMe§H$m ~mocyZ XmIdVmo. OdiM Bñcm_nyacm _moR>r gH©$g Amcocr Amho. Ë`mVrc dmK, qgh


B. OZmdam§Zm ImÊ`mgmR>r JmT>d§ Mmoê$Z ZoVmV; Aer _m{hVr Vmo XoVmo.

Mm§Jc§ YS>YmH$Q> JmT>d Mmoarcm Joë`mZo BOmßnm AñdñW hmoVmo. Cacocr XmoZ JmT>d§_aVwH$S>r AgVmV. _mVr AmUm`cm Ë`m§Mm H$mhr Cn`moJ ZgVmo. "Mm§Jc§ JwUmM§, H$m_mM§,H$m_mM§ OZmda Joc§ ao ~mdam.' Aer hihi Vmo ~mocyZ XmIdVmo. ~mdam Ë`mcm g_OmdVmo -""_mZgmgmaI§ _mZyg OmV§` _mcH$. Va_iyZ ^mJV§ H$m?'' d§Mm Ë`mcm VmË`m ~m_UmH$S>oOmD$Z n§MmJm§V ~KyZ JmT>dm~Ôc H$mhr H$iV§ H$m Vo ~Km`cm gm§JVo. BOmßnm Vohr H$ê$ZAmcocm AgVmo. JmT>dmMr _m{hVr gm§JÊ`mgmR>r ~m_UmZo T>ã~y n¡gm _m{JVcm AgVmo, VohrBOmßnmÀ`m _Zmcm cmJyZ am{hc§ AgV§. `mAmYr JmdmV H$moUr n¡go _mJV Zgo. AmVm gJioMì`mnmar Pmco, Ag§ Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV òVo Am{U JmT>dmMm R>md{R>H$mUm H$icocmM ZgVmo.Jmdm^modVmcMr gJir amZ§ nmcWr KmcyZ Pmcr AgVmV. CÝhmVmÝhmV {\$aë`mZo Ë`mcmAmVm M¸$a Amë`m gmaI§ hmoV AgV§.

eodQ>r JmT>dmMm nÎmm cmJVmo. Vo ^moOmZoM ZoD$Z {dH$coc§ AgV§ Am{U Amcoë`m n¡em§VyZhm°Q>ocgmR>r cmJUmar ^m§S>r, MhmgmIa BË`mXr gm_mZ AmUc§ AgV§. BOmßnmcm Amnc§ hoH¥$Ë` AmdS>c§ Zmhr `mMr ^moOmcm H$ënZm AgVo. nU hm°Q>oc Mm§Jc§ Mmcy cmJc§, Amnë`mcmIyn n¡gm {_imcm H$s, AmnU Kamda _mS>r ~m§Yy. _J BOmßnmMm amJ OmB©c Ag§ ñdßZ VmonmhVmo. d§Mmcmhr Zdè`mM§ H$m¡VwH$ dmQ>V§. nU {VMm AmZ§X \$ma H$mi {Q>H$V Zmhr. A§JUmVrcXoD$i Am{U {Z§~mM§ PmS> nmS>m`Mm {ZU©` ^moOm KoVmo, Voìhm Vr {damoY H$aVo. ^moOmÀ`mAmB©Zo cmdcoco PmS> VmoSy> Zò Am{U Ë`mÀ`m AmOmo~mZo ~m§Ycoco XoD$i nmSy> Zò Ag§BOmßnm Ë`mcm gm§JVmo. d§Mm Hw$Xi H$mTy>Z ¿`m`Mm à`ËZ H$aVo. BOmßnm {Vcm ~mOycm H$aVmo.R>ooM cmJë`m{edm` _mUyg ehmUm hmoV Zmhr Ag§ gm§JyZ Vmo ^moOmcm Ë`mÀ`m _Zmà_mUo dmJyXoVmo. ^moOm IamoIarM Xodimda Hw$èhmS> MmcdVmo. XodimMm EH$ {Mam CIS>Vmo.

BWo Xwgam A§H$ g§nVmo.

XmoZ {nT>çm§_Yrc g§Kf©, VgoM gËàd¥Îmr d Xwîàd¥Îmr `m§À`mVrc g§Kf© `m A§H$mVà^mdrnUo {M{ÌV Pmcm Amho.



1) gImam_ d§Mmcm Hw$R>cm àgmX XoVmo?

2) d§Mm ^moOmZo {Xcocm IU H$m \o$Hy$Z XoVo?

3) BOmßnm amhV Agcoë`m JmdmMo Zmd H$m` AgVo?

4) MmoiIUdmcm d \w$Jodmcm Amcoco H$moUmcm AmdS>V Zmhr?

A§H$ {Vgam

(ñWi - BOmßnmÀ`m N>namnwT>o hm°Q>ocMo Xwgao N>ßna Cô Amho. hm°Q>ocda nmQ>r cmdcrAmho. gmYmaUV: n§Mdrg-Vrg dfmªnydu JmdmV Oem àH$maMr hm°Q>oëg hmoVr, VemM àH$maMoho hm°Q>oc Amho. H$monè`mV Q>o~c-IwÀ`m©, EH$m ~mOycm eod-^Á`mÀ`m namVr R>odcoco H$nmQ>.H$nmQ>mÀ`m ~mOycm nmÊ`mMo nrn Amho. Ë`mÀ`m PmH$Umda A°ë`w{_{Z`_Mo noco AmhoV.gJirH$S>o MhmÀ`m H$n~em ngacoë`m AmhoV. Jëë`mÀ`m Q>o~cmOdi Agcoë`mJ«m_mo\$moZda cmdUrMr aoH$m°S>© dmOVo Amho. gH$mir ZD$-gmS>o ZD$Mr doi Amho. Jëë`mÀ`mIwMuV ~gcoë`m gImam_cm d§Mm OmñV XyY KmcyZ Mhm XoVo. Vmo {Vcm AYm© Mhm KoÊ`mMmAmJ«h H$aVmo. {VÀ`m A§JMQ>rcm òVmo, Voìhm Vr S>moio dQ>maVo. Ë`m§À`mVrc ImUm-IwUm, {VMocmOUo, _waS>Uo `m§VyZ Ë`m§À`mVrc g§~§YmMr H$ënZm òVo.

gImam_ {VÀ`mer amÌr òÊ`m~Ôc ~mocVmo. S>moio {_MH$mdVmo. Voìhm d§Mm Ë`mÀ`mdaS>m\$aVo. ""òUmao OmUmao cmoH$ ~KVrc,'' Ag§ gm§JVo. ""À`m À`m nmÝ`mdmZr A~«y~r BH$m`cmÝhmB© R>odcr Am_r hm°Q>ocmV, {JÞr Q>mHy$Z KmoQ>KmoQ> ¿`mcm.'' (n¥. 46). gImam_er VrgyMH$nUo ~mocVo Am{U pñ_V H$aVo. Vmo {ZKyZ OmVmo. eoOmaMr èmoXm d§MmH$S>o nmUrâÊ`mgmR>r òVo. XmoKr EH$_oH$s¨À`m Zdè`m~Ôc Jßnm H$aVmV. èmoXm Amncm ZdamAmnë`mcm _maV Agë`mM§ gm§JVo. VgoM Vmo Amnë`mda n«o_ H$aV Agë`mM§, Amnco cmS>H$aV Agë`mM§hr gm§JVo. {Vcm {Xdg Jococo AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m ~mocÊ`mVyZ d§MmMr ì`WmCKS> hmoVo. _mPm Zdam _cm H$Yr _maV Zmhr Am{U H$Yr cmS>hr H$aV Zmhr. ào_mZo dmJVZmhr Ag§ èmoXmcm gm§JVmZm d§Mm H$îQ>r hmoVo. _yc~mi Zgë`mM§ Xw:Ihr {Vcm AgV§.

WmoS>çm doimZo Jw§S>m§gmaIo {XgUmao VrZ-Mma cmoH$ òVmV. Ym|S>ram_ d§Mmer N>ÙrnUmZo~mocVmo. VrnU Oa~oZo ~mocVo. Ë`m§Mo ~mocUo {Vcm AmdS>V Zmhr. Vo MhmMr d eod{MdS>çmMrAm°S>©a XoVmV. d§MmH$S>o nmhÿZ Vo S>moio {_MH$mdV gyMH$ eoao _maVmV. Vr gJiçm§Zm Mhm XoVo.VoìhmM Ìmgcocm ^moOm àdoe H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _mJmo_mJ VmcwŠ`mÀ`m eoQ>OrMm EH$ JS>rCYmarMo n¡go _mJÊ`mgmR>r òVmo. ^moOmH$S>o n¡go ZgVmV. Vmo ZmoH$a gmaIm VJmXm cmdVmo,Ë`m_wio ^moOm {MS>Vmo. Ë`mMdoir Mhm-ImU§ AmQ>nyZ OmUmao Mm¡K§OU n¡go _m§Sy>Z R>odm`cmgm§JVmV. Ë`mVcm EH$ JmdmMm nmQ>rc AgVmo. ^moOmcm amJ òVmo d Vmo nmQ>cmcm S>moŠ`mMm\o$Q>m H$mTy>Z R>odm`cm gm§JVmo. nmQ>cmV Am{U ^moOmV ~mMm~mMr hmoVo. Jw§S> hm°Q>ocMr Zmg-Yyg H$aVmV. ^moOmcmhr _maVmV. Xw~©i ^moOm H$mhr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. d§Mmcmhr Xma cmdyZAmV ~gmdo cmJVo. Vo {ZKyZ Joë`mda ^moOm CR>Vmo. Vmo g§VmnmZo d ^rVrZo WaWa H$mnVAgVmo. g§VmnyZ Vmo ~S>~S>Vmo. nmo{cgm§Zm ~mocmdyZ Ë`m§Zm Vwé§JmV Q>mH$m`Mr ^mfm H$aVmo deoQ>OrÀ`m ZmoH$am~amo~a {ZKyZ OmVmo.

d§Mm ^rV^rV ~mhoa òVo. hm°Q>oc_Yc§ gm_mZ, IwÀ`m© Q>o~c§, ~mH$S>o ZrQ> R>odVo. VodT>çmVBOmßnm WHy$Z ^mJyZ òVmo. Ë`mMr VãòV nydunojm T>mgicr Amho. Vmo amoS> Pmcm Amho.S>moŠ`mdaMo AmoPo Imcr Q>mHy$Z Vmo nydu Á`m nmamda ~gV Ago, {VWoM ~gVmo. d§Mmcm Vmogm§JVmo H$s, gH$minmgyZ qhSy>Z \$ŠV XmoZ nm`ë`m Ádmar {_imcr. hm°Q>ocMm Y§Xm gwê$


Ho$ë`mda ~cwV§ H$moU XoUma? _wcmZo gJim Y§Xm _moS>ë`mMr ZmamOr Vmo ì`ŠV H$aVmo. d§MmcmVo AmdS>V Zmhr. ~Xccocr d§Mm Ë`mÀ`mer dmX KmcVo. BOmßnmMm AmXa H$aUmar, Mmaq^VtÀ`m AmV amhUmar d§Mm hm°Q>oc gwê$ Pmë`mZ§VaÀ`m AZw^dm§_wio d¡VmJcocr AgVo.ZwH$Ë`mM KS>coë`m àg§JmMm VmU {VÀ`m _Zmda AgVmo. BOmßnmZo ^moOmcm Ë`mÀ`m_ZmgmaI§ dmJy {Xc§. Ë`mcm AS>dc§ Zmhr åhUyZ Vr BOmßnmcm Xmof XoVo. Mma Xm§S>½`mJw§S>m§nmgyZ ^moOm Amnco ajU H$ê$ eH$cm Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr XmoZ Y¸o$ _maVmM hm nS>cm ho VrBOmßnmcm gm§JVo. Ë`mcm `m gJiçmMm YŠH$m ~gVmo, Var Vmo d§Mmcm gm§JVmo H$s, ""_r Vwcm~wSy> XoUma Zmhr. "Vwcm R>md§ hm`, VwÁ`m Zdè`mcm R>md§ hm`. \$ma ~iH$Q> hmòV _mO§ hmV.''(n¥. 56) _mÌ Ooìhm d§Mm åhUVo H$s, ""~wSy> Xo _cm. Agë`m Zdè`m~amo~a g§gmaH$aÝ`mnarg ~wS>më`mc§ ~a§.'' (n¥. 56) BOmßnmcm ho EoHy$Z _moR>m ^`§H$a YŠH$m ~gVmo.^moOmcm Ë`mÀ`m _Zmà_mUo dmJy {Xë`mMm hm n[aUm_ nmhÿZ Vmohr ñdV:cm Xmof XoD$ cmJVmo.""`m hmVm§Zr _r H$mhr Ho$c§ Zmhr.'' (n¥. 58) åhUV hmVmH$S>o nmhmV {ZKyZ OmVmo.

d§Mm gwÞ hmoD$Z ~gVo. hiyhiy A§Yma nSy> cmJVmo. Xwê$Z Jwam§À`m K§Q>m§Mm d h§~aÊ`mMmAmdmO òD$Z cmJVmo. d§Mm J«m_mo\$moZda cmdUrMr aoH$m°S>© cmdVo. gImam_Mm JinÅ>m(_\$ca) {Vcm {XgVmo. Vmo CMcyZ Vr Jiçmcm cmdyZ nmhVo. nwÝhm cJoM H$mTy>Z Q>o~cmdaR>odVo. {VMr hr H¥$Vr {VM§ gImam_~ÔcM§ AmH$f©U gy{MV H$aVo. A§Yma JS>X hmoV OmVmo.d§Mm H§$Xrc noQ>dyZ N>namcm Q>m§JVo. H$gcm Var AmdmO Amë`mgmaIr Vr Mmhÿc KoD$ cmJVo._moQ>ma òÊ`mMr doi Pmcocr AgVo. Vr Mhm H$am`cm AmV OmVo. BOmßnm ñdV:À`m hmVmH$S>o~KV òVmo. doS>çmgmaIm BH$S>o {VH$S>o nmhmV, H$monè`mV nS>cocr Hw$Xi CMcyZ Vmo {ZKyZOmVmo. gImam_Mr dmQ> nmhmV Agcocr d§Mm AmV-~mhoa H$aV AgVo. gImam_ Amë`mdaVr Ë`mMr H$mhr dñVy am{hcr Amho H$m Vo {dMmaVo. d§Mm Ë`mcm JinÅ>çm~Ôc gm§JV AgVo.gImam_ Ë`mMm doJimM AW© KoVmo. Vr Mhm H$am`cm AmV Jocr AgVm {VÀ`m_mJo AmVOmVmo. {VÀ`mer cJQ> H$aVmo. {VÀ`m AmoaS>Ê`mMm AmdmO ~mhoa òVmo. "AJ AmB© J§ @ gmoS>m,gmoS>m _cm, ~m§JS>r {nMcr H$s...' (n¥. 61)

BOmßnm Hw$èhmS> KoD$Z doJmZo AmV OmVmo. gImam_ AmV Jococm AgVmZmM Vmo òD$ZnmR>_moam C^m AgVmo. AmV OmD$Z Vmo gImam_da Hw$èhmS>rZo dma H$aV gwQ>Vmo. Ë`mMr(gImam_) qH$H$mir EoHy$ òVo. d§Mm {dcjU Km~ê$Z ~mhoa òVo. AmV gImam_ AmoaS>VAgVmo. cmoH$ O_m hmoVmV, Ë`mV h[aZmZmhr AgVmo. aŠVmZo A§J _mIcocm BOmßnmS´>m`ìhacm EImÚm Hw$Í`mgmaIm AmoT>V ~mhoa AmUVmo. Ë`mMr H$mhrM hmcMmc ZgVo. Vmo_ococm AgVmo. h[aZmZm Ë`mcm åhUVmo H$s, ""ho H$m` Ho$c§g? _mZyg {Odm{Zer _macmg?''(n¥. 61) BOmßnmcm _mÌ Oo Pmc§ Ë`mMr I§V dmQ>V Zmhr. Vmo gm§JVmo H$s, Ë`mcm Oo Pmc§Ë`mMr I§V dmQ>V Zmhr. Vmo gm§JVmo H$s, Ë`mcm S´>m`ìhaMm Ord ¿`m`Mm ZìhVm. nU Ë`mcmAS>dm`M§ hmoV§. ""Ë`mZ§ _mÁ`m J§Jm ^m{JaWrcm JQ>ma H$aÝ`mnÎmwa _Oc _macr. Ë`mZ§ _mÁ`mgmV {nT>çm ZH$mªV cmoQ>m`Mm d»V AmUcm. _r H$gm Jßn amhÿ?'' (n¥. 62) d§Mmcm VmoåhUVmo H$s, Vy _cm Xmof XoV hmoVrg H$s _r Jßn am{hcmo. ^moOmcm AS>dc§ H$m Zmhr? Ë`m_wio`mcm _mê$Z JV}V OmUma§ _mP§ Ka _r dmMdc§. gJiçm§Zm am_am_ H$ê$Z Vmo OmD$ cmJVmo.


Ë`mMdoir ^moOm nmo{cgm§Zm KoD$Z àdoe H$aVmo. BOmßnm nmo{cgmcm ñdV:cm AQ>H$ H$am`cmgm§JVmooo. nmocrg Ë`mcm KoD$Z OmVmV. d§Mm AmH«$moe H$aVo. ^moOm {Vcm _mJo IoMVmo. Xw:ImZod g§VmnmZo ^moOm H$nmimda hmV _mê$Z KoVmo. Ë`mcm gmao Agø hmoVo. "Xodm, nm§Sw>a§Jm! _mPrgmdcr Vy H$mTy>Z KoVcrg! _r CKS>m nS>cmo!' (n¥.63) _mZ Imcr KmcyZ ~gVmo.

nS>Xm nS>Vmo. {Vgam A§H$ g§nVmo.

ZmQ>H$mÀ`m n{hë`m A§H$mnmgyZ dmT>V OmUmam VmU, g§Kf© `m A§H$mV g§nVmo.

A§H$ Mm¡Wm

(Pmcoë`m KQ>Zocm Odi Odi Xhm df} cmoQ>cr AmhoV. am§OUdmS>r JmdmV Iyn ~XcPmco AmhoV. JmdmV AmVm gmIaoMm H$maImZm gwê$ Pmcm AgyZ, JmdmVrc gd© cmoH$ {VWoH$m_mcm OmD$ cmJco AmhoV. Im§Úmda EH$ JmR>mS>o KoVcocm Am{U Iyn WHy$Z Jococm BOmßnmòVmo. Ë`mMo Kahr AmVm ~Xcco Amho. N>namEodOr _§Jcmoar H$m¡co, XodimÀ`m OmJr nmoñQ>mMrnoQ>r Amcocr Amho. qZ~mÀ`m PmS>mÀ`m OmJr VmaoMm Im§~ Amcm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m Kamg_moa ghmdfmªMm EH$ chmZ _wcJm cmH$S>r _moQ>marer IoiV AgVmo. Vmo BOmßnmMm ZmVy AgVmo.gmYmaU XwnmaMr MmaMr doi Pmcocr AgVo.)

JmdmV Pmcocm ~Xc BOmßnmcm _mZdV Zmhr. JmdmV òVmZm Ë`mcm {enm`mZo AS>dcoAgVo. Ë`mcm ß`m`cm nmUrhr {_imco ZgVo. Ë`mcm Hw$R>o {dhra {XgV Zmhr. EH$m _mUgmcmË`mZo nmUr _m{JVco AgVo Va Ë`mZo ZimH$S>o ~moQ> XmIdco AgVo. ""Ë`mo Zi hm` VV§nmZr.'' nU Zi ghm dmOVm Amë`mdaM nmUr {_iUma AgV§. BOmßnm òD$Z Ë`m _wcmer~mocVmo. JmdmM§ Zmd {dMmaVmo. _wcJm JmdmM§ Zmd gmIadmS>r gm§JVmo d BOmßnmcm Vw_M§ JmdHw$R>§`? åhUyZ {dMmaVmo. BOmßnm {dfÊU hgyZ Ë`mcm åhUVmo, ""_cm Jmd hþV§ ~mim. ËòMhþS>H$Vmo`!'' (n¥. 65) Vmo _wcJm Amnc§ Zmd gm§JVmo Ë`mdê$Z Vmo Amncm ZmVy Agë`mM§H$ië`mda _mÌ BOmßnmcm Iyn AmZ§X hmoVmo. Ë`mM§ _Z ^ê$Z òV§. Ë`m _wcmM§ Zmd Amgmam_^moOmam_ Hw§$^ma AgV§.

_wcmer ~mocVmZm JmdmV Pmcoco BVa ~Xchr BOmßnmcm H$iVmV. JmdmV aoeZdaM\$ŠV YmÝ` {_iV§ Am{U Ë`mgmR>r aoeZH$mS>© cmJV§, ho EoH$ë`mda BOmßnm {IÞ hmoVmo._mUgmcm Z AmoiIUma§, _mUwgH$scm nmaI§ Pmcoc§ ho Jmd Amnc§ Zmhr; Aer ^mdZmË`mÀ`m _ZmV XmQy>Z òVo. ^moOm d Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo XmoK§hr gH$mirM gmIa H$maImÝ`mVH$m_mcm OmV Agë`mM§ _wcJm gm§JVmo. Kamcm Hw$cyn AgV§. AmV ^moOmMm chmZ _wcJmPmoncm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m aS>Ê`mÀ`m AmdmOmZo BOmßnm H$idiVmo. CKS>çm {IS>H$sVyZË`mÀ`mer ~mocVmo. ~mhoa Agcoë`m _moR>çm ZmVdmcm Im§Úmda KoD$Z Ë`mcm {IS>H$sVyZnmhm`cm gm§JVmo. _wcJm aS>m`Mm Wm§~Vmo.

BOmßnmcm dmQ>V§- _moQ>ma, aoëdo, drO, Zi, nmoñQ> `m BVŠ`m gmo`r Pmë`m nU Ë`mÀ`m~Xë`mV Oo J_mdc§ Vo \$ma _moR>§ hmoV§. A~«y, {dídmg, AmZ§X J_mdcm, _mUwgH$s J_mdcr,_mUgmnojm H$maImZm _moR>m Pmcm. N>moQ>çm ZmVdmcm - Amgmam_cm Vmo AZoH$ àý {dMmaVmo.


""~mim, H$maImZm _moR> Pmcm åhUyZ _mZyg chmZ ìhmdm H$m? Am?" "ho gJi§ AmVmHw$Q>§nÎmwa OmZma hm`? `m JmdmM§ åhmoa§ H$m` hþUma hm`?'' (n¥. 69) nU Ë`m chmZ _wcmcmË`mMr CÎma§ _mhrV ZgVmV.

BOmßnmcm hm gJim ~Xc nMdU§ H$R>rU AgV§. Vmo {dcjU WHy$Z OmD$Z Imcr~gVmo. ""_mPr Xw{Z`m I„mg Pmcr! OwÝ`m _moS>Š`m hË`mamdmZr _r AmVm gm§XrImonS>çmcmnS>rZ.'' (n¥. 70) Amnc§ OJ Amnë`mcm naH§$ Pmc§ Ag§ Ë`mcm dmQ>V§. Vmo OmD$ cmJVmo._wcJm aS>docm hmoD$Z Ë`mcm OmD$ ZH$m åhUVmo. Wm§~dm`Mm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Ë`mM doirH$maImÝ`mMm ^m|Jm hmoVmo. Ë`mV _wcmMo eãX {dê$Z OmVmV. BOmßnm hiyhiy {ZKyZ OmVmo._wcJm aS>V AgVmo.

gmdH$me nS>Xm nS>Vmo. MdWm A§H$ d ZmQ>H$ g§nVo.

23.3.1 coIH$mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ

H$moUVrhr gm{hË`H¥$Vr AmH$mamcm òVmZm, Vr òÊ`m_mJo coIH$mMm {d{eîQ> ÑpîQ>H$moZAgVmo. "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ho ZmQ>H$ J«m_rU dmñVdmMo {MÌU H$aUmao ZmQ>H$ _Z {dfÊUH$aUmam AZw^d XoVo. am§OUdmS>r JmdmV _moQ>ma gpìh©g gwê$ hmoUo hr ZmQ>H$mVrc _Ü`dVuKQ>Zm Amho. JmdmV _moQ>ma gwê$ hmoUo ho Iao Va àJVrMo cjU g_Oco OmVo. ~¡cJmS>rZo qH$dmnm`r n«dmg H$amdm cmJUmè`m J«m_ñWm§Mr `m _moQ>mar_wio gmo` hmoVo. nU `m _moQ>marÀ`mAmJ_ZmZ§Va KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§_wio BOmßnm Hw§$^mamÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mMr hmoUmar AdZVr ho `mZmQ>H$mMo Ame`gyÌ Amho. Ë`m AZwf§JmZo ~XcVr n[apñWVr, ~XcVr gm_m{OH$ _yëò,_mUgm§À`m ^md^mdZm§Mm hmoUmam H$m|S>_mam, Ë`m§Zm dmQ> H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r {ZdS>coco _mJ© `mgdmª_wio BOmßnmÀ`m d EH§$XarVM Jmdm§Vrc cmoH$m§À`m OrdZmV hmoUmar CcWmnmcW `m gd©JmoîQ>tMo g_W©nUo Xe©Z KS>dUo hm ZmQ>H$H$mamMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ Amho.

IoS>çmV hmoUmè`m ZmJar g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {eaH$mì`m_wio hmoUmè`m pñWË`§VamH$S>o EImXmJ«m_dmgr H$gm nmhVmo ho `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ {M{ÌV Pmco Amho.



1) d§Mmer N>ÙrnUo ~mocUmè`m Jw§S>mMo Zmd H$m`?

2) Vo Jw§S> ^moOmcm _mahmU H$m H$aVmV?

3) gImam_Mr H$moUVr dñVy d§Mmcm gmnS>Vo?

4) BOmßnm Vwé§JmVyZ gwQy>Z Amë`mda Kamg_moa IoiVmZm {XgUmam _wcJm H$moU AgVmo?

5) am§OUdmS>r JmdmMo Zmd ~XcyZ H$moUVo hmoVo?

23.3.2 "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mMo erf©H$

EH$m Hw§$^mamÀ`m OrdZmMo {MÌU H$aUmè`m `m ZmQ>H$mMo erf©H$ A{Ve` g_n©H$ Amho.EH$m à{gÕ JrVmVrc Xodmcm CÔoeyZ åhQ>coë`m "{dÇ>cm, Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m AmoirVyZ Ho$cocr`m erf©H$mMr {ZdS> Am¡{MË`nyU© Amho. JmdmV d KamV, KamVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m d¥ÎmrV, {dMmamVhmoUmao ~Xc ghZ Z H$ê$ eH$Umam Am{U Z¡{VH$ _yë`èhmgmÀ`m H$mimV _yë`m§À`mOnUwH$sMo OVZ H$aUmam BOmßnm `mcm CÔoeyZ ho erf©H$ `mV Amcoco Amho. ZmQ>H$mÀ`mAme`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç `m erf©H$mV gm_mdcoco Amho. Ë`m_wio erf©H$mnmgyZM dmMH$mÀ`mqMVZmMm àdmg gwê$ hmoVmo.

ZmQ>H$mMo H$WmZH$, A§H$m§Mr aMZm, coIH$mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ `m§À`m Aä`mgmZ§Va nwT>rcnmR>mV nmÌn[aM` H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV.

23.4 g_mamon

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mcm Agcocr J«m_rU dmñVdmMr nmœ©^y_r AmnU OmUyZKoVcr. am§OUdmS>r `m JmdmV gwê$ hmoUmè`m gpìh©g _moQ>mar_wio BOmßnmÀ`m OrdZmV hmoUmè`mCcWmnmcWrMo Xe©Z `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ hmoVo. BOmßnm Hw§$^ma Ë`mMm _wcJm ^moOm d gyZ `m§Mrñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çohr BOmßnmÀ`m OrdZmV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§Zm H$maUr^yV AgVmV ho `mZmQ>H$mÀ`m H$WmZH$mVyZ OmUdVo. {dñV¥V à_mUmda hmoUmè`m ~Xcm§Zm EH$Q>mXwH$Q>m _mUygWm§~dy eH$V Zmhr. ZmJarg§ñH¥$Vr, `§Ìg§ñH¥$Vr `m§À`m_wio hmoUmè`m H$mhr \$m`Úm§~amo~aAn[ahm`©nUo H$mhr VmoQ>ohr ñdrH$mamdo cmJVmV, ho `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ AYmoao{IV hmoVo. nwT>rcnmR>mV AmnU ZmQ>H$mVrc nmÌm§Mr ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>ço OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

23.5 gmam§e

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m erf©H$mVyZ `m ZmQ>H$mÀ`m H$WmZH$mMr WmoS>r H$ënZm òVo. ZmQ>H$EH$m N>moQ>çm JmdmVrc Hw§$^mamÀ`m OrdZmV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§da AmYm[aV Amho. JmdmV"gpìh©g _moQ>ma' gwê$ hmoUo hr KQ>Zm `m ZmQ>H$mÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. Ë`mVyZ nwT>o 1) BOmßnmHw§$^mamÀ`m _wcmZo _moQ>ma EO§Q> ~ZUo 2) hm°Q>oc gwê$ H$aUo 3) Ë`mÀ`m Aì`dhmar d^moigQ>nUm_wio Vmo H$O©~mOmar hmoUo 4) H$mdo~mO S´>m`ìhaÀ`m A§VñW hoVyMr H$ënZm^moOmcm Z òUo 5) ^moOmMr ~m`H$mo d§Mm d S´>m`ìhaMr dmT>Vr gcJr nmhÿZ BOmßnmÀ`m hmVyZVmo S´>m`ìha _macm OmUo `m KQ>Zm KS>VmV. àËòH$ A§H$mV ZmQ>H$mVrc VmU dmT>V OmVmo,Vmo S´>m`ìhaÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va g_má hmoVmo. Vwé§JmVyZ Xhm dfmªZr naV JmdmV Amcoë`m BOmßnmcm~Xccoco Jmd d Ka nmhÿZ doXZm hmoVmV d Vmo {ZKyZ OmVmo. H$îQ>miy, àm_m{UH$ d Z¡{VH$_yë`m§Mr OnUyH$ H$aUmè`m BOmßnmcm CÔoeyZ `moOcoco ZmQ>H$mMo erf©H$ ZmQ>H$mÀ`mH$WmZH$mer gwg§JV Amho.



23.2

1) BOmßnmÀ`m gwZoM§ Zmd d§Mm AgV§.

2) ^moOmM§ _moQ>ma EO§Q>M§ H$m_ BOmßnmcm nQ>V Zmhr.

3) gImam_ ^moOmcm Kamg_moa hm°Q>oc H$mT>Ê`mMm g„m XoVmo.

4) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ~mcnU _mUXoemV Joco.

23.3

1) gImam_ d§Mmcm n§T>anyaMm àgmX XoVmo.

2) d§Mm ^moOmZo {Xcocm IU \o$Hy$Z XoVo, H$maU Vmo gImam_Zo ^moOmcm [Xcocm AgVmo.

3) BOmßnm amhmV Agcoë`m JmdmMo Zmd am§OUdmS>r AgVo.

4) MmoiIUdmcm d \w$Jodmcm Amcoco BOmßnmcm AmdS>V Zmhr.

23.3

1) d§Mmer N>ÙrnUo ~mocUmè`m Jw§S>mMo Zmd Ym|S>ram_ AgVo.

2) ^moOm Ë`m§Zm ImÊ`m{nÊ`mMo n¡go _mJVmo d EH$mÀ`m \o$Q>çmcm hmV cmdVmo, Ë`m_wioJw§S> ^moOmcm _mahmU H$aVmV.

3) d§Mmcm gImam_Mm JinÅ>m {XgVmo.

4) BOmßnm Vwé§JmVyZ gwQy>Z Amë`mda Ë`mcm Kamg_moa IoiVmZm {XgUmam _wcJm Ë`mMm ZmVy Amgmam_ AgVmo.

5) am§OUdmS>rMo Zmd ~XcyZ gmIadmS>r hmoVo.

ñdmÜ`m` - ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mr "gpìh©g _moQ>ma' hr H$Wm dmMm.



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 24

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' nmÌn[aM`

24.0 C{Ôï>o

`m nmR>mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Vwåhmbm ZmQ>H$mVrb nmÌm§Mm n[aM` hmoB©b. na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r_yi ZmQ>H$mMo dmMZ AË`mdí`H$ Amho. nmÌm§À`m d¡{eîQ>çm§~Ôb Vwåhr {bhÿ eH$mb. nmÌm§À`mnañnag§~§Ym~Ôb {ddoMZ H$aVm `oB©b.

24.1 àmñVm{dH$ - nmÌ g§H$ënZm

ZmQ>çmË_ gm{hË`H¥$VrVrb ì`º$r åhUOo nmÌ. ZmQ>H$mVrb nmÌ ho ZmQ>çg§{hVoMm EH$KQ>H$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVo. Amnë`m g^modVr Or _mUgo OJVmV, Ë`m§À`m d¥Îmr-àd¥Îmr,^mdZm, {dMma, H¥$Vr-Cº$s, OJÊ`mMr nÕVr `m gmè`mVyZ _mUgmMr EH$ à{V_m {Z_m©UH$aVmo. Ë`m à{V_obm nmÌ åhQ>bo OmVo. ho nmÌ B{VhmgmVrb, dmñVdmVrb AWdm

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' : nmÌ n[aM` / 281

24.0 C{Ôï>o24.1 àmñVm{dH$24.2 nmÌn[aM`

24.2.1 BOmßnm24.2.2 ^moOmam_24.2.3 d§Mm24.2.4 gImam_

24.3 Jm¡U qH$dm Xwæ`_ nmÌo24.3.1 h[aZmZm24.3.2 ~mdam _hma

24.4 nmÌm§{df`r {ddoMZ24.5 g_mamon24.6 gmam§e


ZmQ>H$H$mamÀ`m H$ënZoVrbXoIrb Agy eH$Vo. H$ënZoZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobo nmÌ Am{U _mUgmMon«Ë`j OJUo `m Xaå`mZ ZmVo AgVo. nwñVH$mVrb nmÌ a§J_§Mmda "ZQ>' åhUyZ g§~moYboOmVo. nmÌm§À`m H¥$Vr, Cº$sVyZ Ë`m§Mo ñd^md{deof g_OVmV. ZmQ>çà`moJmVrb ZQ> hma§J^y_rdarb EH$ A{d^mÁ` d Amdí`H$ Agm KQ>H$ AgyZ, gd© ì`dhma Ë`mÀ`m^modVrH|${ÐV Pmbobm AgVmo. ZQ>m{edm` ZmQ>çà`moJ C^m amhÿ eH$V Zmhr.

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mVrb nmÌm§Mm n[aM` AmVm AmnU H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV.

24.2 nmÌn[aM`

ZmQ>H$mV à_wI d Jm¡U Aer XmoZ àH$maMr nmÌo AgVmV.

ZmQ>H$mÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AgUmar nmÌo åhUOo à_wI nmÌo. Ë`m§À`m H¥$Vr d Cº$s¨_wioMZmQ>H$mVrb KQ>Zm, àg§J KS>V AgVmV. Jm¡U nmÌo ZmQ>H$mÀ`m Ame`mda AàË`jnUon[aUm_ KS>dyZ AmUVmV. Va H$mhr ZJÊ` ñdê$nmMr nmÌohr ZmQ>H$mV AgVmV. VrH$WmZH$mbm n[anyU© ~ZdVmV.

24.2.1 BOmßnm

am§OUdmS>r `m N>moQ>çmem JmdmV BOmßnm Hw§$^ma amhmV AgVmo. {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm§nmgyZ MmbVAmbobm Hw§$^mamMm Y§Xm Vmo H$arV AgVmo. gmR>rÀ`m Odinmg Agbobm BOmßnm ~wQ>H$m nUXUH$Q> eara`ï>rMm AgVmo. AmIyS> YmoVa, S>moŠ`mbm _w§S>mgo Am{U Jù`mV _mi Agm Ë`mMmdoe AgVmo. ~mhoa OmVmZm Vmo A§JmV n¡aU KmbVmo. Ë`mÀ`m AmoR>mda âKmog {_em AgVmV.

BOmßnmbm ^moOmam_ hm EHw$bVm EH$ _wbJm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`mda BOmßnmMm A{Ve` OrdAgVmo. ^moOmÀ`m bhmZnUr KS>boë`m EH$m KQ>ZoV Ë`mZo ^moOmbm _maë`mda ^moOm ~oewÕPmbobm AgVmo. Ë`mdoir ^moOmÀ`m AmB©bm {Xboë`m eãXmà_mUo BOmßnmZo ^moOmÀ`m A§JmbmH$Yr Mma ~moQ>ohr bmdbobr ZgVmV. Ë`mMr gyZ d§Mm Ooìhm ^moOmbm XmoZ Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>rgm§JÊ`m~Ôb BOmßnmbm {dZ§Vr H$aVo Voìhm Vmo åhUVmo - ""H$gm ~moby Ëòbm? H$gm XwIdy?ËòÀ`m {eì`m Amoì`m _mZë`m nm{hOoV ~mB©. Zdgmgm`mgmMm EHw$bVm EH$ nmoaJm ømo,Ë`mÀ`mdaZ§ _ê$Z OmD$Z {\$ê$Z OÝ_mbm B©Z _r....'' (n¥.10) BOmßnmÀ`m ào_iñd^mdmMm `mVyZ àË`` òVmo.

Vmo OwÝ`m _Vm§Mm, ê$T>r na§nam nmiUmam Amho. VgoM àm_m{UH$ d Z¡{VH$ _yëò _mZUmamAmho. Ë`mM§ d` Pmb§ Agb§ Var Amnb§ _S>H$s, KmJar KS>dÊ`mM§ H$m_ Vmo àm_m{UH$nUoH$aV AgVmo. JmdmVë`m ^mogboH$Sy>Z KmJargmR>r {Zamon Amë`mda Vmo KmJa ~ZdyZ ^moOmbmVr ^mogboH$S>o nmoMdm`bm gm§JVmo. ^moOm Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmo, Voìhm BOmßnmbm dmQ>V§ H$s,Ë`m§À`m {Odmda Amnb§ OJU§ Amho. Ë`m§Mm eãX AmnU _mZbm nm{hOo. Amnë`m H$m_mdaË`mMr {Zð>m AgVo. amoO H$mhr H$m_ Ho$ë`m{edm` ImU§ Ë`mbm `mo½` dmQ>V Zmhr.CnmernmoQ>rM KmJa ZoD$Z Úm`bm OmUmè`m BOmßnmbm d§Mm Ý`mhmar H$ê$Z OmÊ`m~Ôb


gm§JVo Voìhm Vmo åhUVmo - ""h§, H$mB© H$m_ ÝhmB© Ho$b§ Xrg CJdë`mnmgZ§ AmZ² Ý`mhmarMH$ê$ ìh` ~oga_ _mZgmdmZr!'' (n¥.11)

AZw^dr BOmßnmbm _mUgm§Mr Mm§Jbr nmaI AgVo. JmdmV Amboë`m _moQ>marÀ`m gImam_S´>m`ìhabm Vmo AmoiIyZ AgVmo. Amnë`m gwZoda d§Mmda gImam_Mr dmB©Q> ZOa Agë`mM§Ë`mbm H$iV§. ^moOm {Vbm gImam_gmR>r Mhm H$ê$Z AmUm`bm gm§JVmo, Voìhm BOmßnm ñdV:Mhm KoD$Z ~mhoa òVmo d gImam_bm YmaXma AmdmOmV åhUVmo - ""AmV H$g§ ~mobdmd§Vwåhmbm? ^mòa ~a§ hm` hdoera'' (n¥.8) gImam_ {Vbm n§T>anyahÿZ AmUbobm àgmX XoVmoVoìhm d§Mmbm Vmo àgmX KoÊ`mg Vmo {damoY H$aVmo.

JmdmVyZ VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmdmbm Om`Mr _moQ>mar_wio Mm§Jbr gmo` Pmbr, Ag§ gJù`m§ZmdmQ>V AgV§. ^moOm Va Ë`m _moQ>marMm EO§Q> hmoVmo. BOmßnmbm _mÌ hr _moQ>ma åhUOo AdXgmdmQ>Vo. ^moOmbm Vmo gm§JVmo H$s Vr Amnë`m XmamV C^r H$ê$ ZH$mo. Vr H$mhr Amnb§ H$ë`mUH$am`bm Ambobr Zmhr. _moQ>mar_wio JmdmVb§ XyYVyn, YmÝ`YwÝ` VmbwŠ`mÀ`m ~mOmambmMmbb§. JmdmVë`m AS>ë`mZS>boë`mbm H$mhr {_iV Zmhr. {nH§$ V`ma hmoÊ`mÀ`m, gwJrÀ`m{XdgmV JmdmV _mH$S>dmbm, Z§Xr~¡b, H$moëhmQ>r òVmV, Ioi H$aVmV Am{U eoa-nm`brYmÝ` KoD$Z OmVmV. VgmM hm _moQ>madmbm Ë`mbm dmQ>Vmo. _moQ>marVyZ Amboë`m \w$Jodmë`mbm,MmoirMo IU {dH$Umè`mbm Vmo hQ>H$Vmo. Vo Ë`mbm "Kmar-{JYmS>mgmaIo' dmQ>VmV. Ë`m§Zm VmoåhUVmo, ""Aa§, H$m Am_M§ bMH§$ VmoS>Vm`? amhÿ Úm H$s Am_mbm gwImZ§. \w$½`m{edmÌoiË`mV Am_Mr nmoa§....'' (n¥.5)

^moOm Hw§$^mamM§ H$m_ gmoSy>Z hm°Q>ob Q>mH$Vmo, Vo Ë`mbm AmdS>V Zmhr. gJirH$S>o bjAgUmè`m BOmßnmbm gImam_Z§ d§MmgmR>r MmoirMm IU {Xë`mM§ H$ië`mda Iyn amJ òVmo.^moOmbm H$mhr gm§Jmd§ Ag§ dmQ>V§. nU ~a§-dmB©Q> H$iÊ`mM§ Ë`mM§ AmVm d` Pmb§ Amho hoOmUdyZ Vmo Jßn ~gVmo. hm°Q>ob Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r ^moOmZo Ë`mbm Z {dMmaVmM KamVb§ JmT>dZoD$Z {dH$ë`mM§ H$ië`mda Ë`mbm amJ Ambm Var Vmo Jßn ~gVmo. ""Ka~r ËòM§ AmZ_m§S>d~r ËòMmM hm`.'' (n¥.37) Ag§ åhUV em§V amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. ""ho gJi§H$ê$Z-gdê$Z Vy Amnbm hoH$m gmoS>Zma Zgerb Va VwO§ Zer~ VwÁ`m~é~a.'' (n¥.24)Ag§ Ë`mZo åhQ>b§ Agb§ Var ^moOmÀ`m AmB©Zo XmamV bmdbob§ H$Sy>{Z§~mM§ PmS> Am{UAmnë`m d{S>bm§Zr ~m§Ybob§ _méVrM§ XoD$i ^moOmZo nmSy> Zò Ag§ Vmo ^moOmbm gm§JVmo. nUË`mMm H$idim ^moOmbm H$iV Zmhr.

hm°Q>ob gwê$ Pmë`mda KaMr bú_r Agboë`m d§MmZo bmoH$m§Zm Mhm Úmdm, ~mam JmdÀ`mbmoH$m§Mr Cï>r Imna§ {dgimdr ho Ë`mÀ`m _Zmbm nQ>V Zmhr. {Vbm Vmo åhUVmo -""^ë`mgH$mir CR>yZ øm OmJr ~mB© Vy gS>m Kmbm`Mrg, am§Jmoir H$mT>m`Mrg. {VW§ AmO bmoH$nmZmÀ`m {nMH$mè`m Ww§H$Ë`mV, {dS>çm§Mr WmoQ>H§$ Q>mH$VmV. Vr Vy amoO gmdS>Vrg.'' (n¥. 57)Amnbr OwZr g§ñH¥$Vr {à` AgUmè`m BOmßnmbm `m Jmoï>tM§ Xw:I hmoV§. _mÌ Ooìhm d§MmhrË`mbm Xmof XoVo, Ë`mZo ^moOmbm H$m AS>db§ Zmhr Ag§ {dMmaVo, Voìhm Vmo ì`{WV hmoVmo.{dMmamV nS>Vmo. "_moQ>ma Xmamer Ambr-S´>m`ìhadmbm nma Mwbrnmer `m`bm


~KVmo`.''(n¥.56). ho Ë`mbm Agø hmoV§. d§Mmer bJQ> H$aUmè`m gImam_da Vmo Hw$èhmS>KoD$Z h„m H$aVmo d amJmÀ`m âmV gImam_ Ë`mÀ`m hmVyZ _mabm OmVmo. Voìhm VmogJù`m§Zm am_am_ H$ê$Z {Z_yQ>nUo nmo{bgm§~amo~a OmVmo.

Xhm dfmªÀ`m H$mimZ§Va, Vwé§JmVyZ Amë`mda, Amnbo Jmd, Amnbo Ka Am_ybmJ«~Xbbobo nmhÿZ Ë`mbm Y¸$m ~gVmo. Am`wî`mVrb eodQ>À`m Mma KQ>H$m Amnë`m JmdmVKmbdmì`m, Amnë`m _wbm_mUgm§V amhmdo Aem BÀN>oZo Amboë`m BOmßnmMm _Zmo^§J hmoVmo.Amnë`m ZmVdmbm ôQy>Z _mÌ Ë`mbm Iyn AmZ§X hmoVmo d Ë`mbm J{hdê$Z òV§. ~§X KamVaS>Umam N>moQ>m ZmVy ~KyZ Ë`mMm Ord H$idiVmo. JmdmV Iyn gwYmaUm Pmë`mV, nU Ë`mÀ`m~Xë`mV Iyn H$mhr __m©M§ Ag§ J_mdb§, _mUwgH$s J_mdbr Ag§ Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV òV§ Am{UnaŠ`m dmQ>Umè`m JmdmVyZ Vmo {ZKyZ OmVmo.

EH§$XarV H$ï>miy, àm_m{UH$, gmo{eH$ d ào_i, Zr{V_yëò _mZUma§ Ag§ hoì`{º$_Îd Amho. XrK©H$mi Vo _mZV ao§JmiV amhmV§.

24.2.2 ^moOmam_

^moOmam_ hm BOmßnmMm _wbJm AgVmo nU ê$nmZ§ Am{U JwUm§Zrhr Vmo BOmßnmÀ`mAJXr {déÕ AgVmo. {H$aH$moi A§JH$mR>r Agboë`m ^moOmbm, JmS>Jr-_S>H$s KS>dÊ`mÀ`mHw§$^mamÀ`m H$m_mV ag ZgVmo. Vmo Amier AgVmo Am{U ZwgV§ {Q>dë`m~mdë`m H$aÊ`mV doiKmbdV AgVmo. JmdmV ImgJr _moQ>ma g{d©g gwê$ Pmë`mda, _moQ>marÀ`m EO§Q>M§ H$m_H$aÊ`mV Ë`mbm ^yfU dmQ>V AgV§.

Vmo H$V©¥ËddmZ ZgVmo. _mÌ é~m~, Vmoam XmIdm`bm AmdS>V AgV§. _moQ>ma Ë`mÀ`mKamg_moa C^r amhVo. _moQ>marZo OmUmè`m CVmê§$da Vmo S>m\$aVmo. Ë`m§À`m gm_mZmMr Mm¡H$erH$aVmo. AmnUM OUy _moQ>marMo _mbH$ AmhmoV Agm Vmo dmJVmo. _moQ>ma S´>m`ìha gImam_Ë`mbm "_mbH$' åhUyZ CJrM MT>dyZ R>odVmo.

Vmo WmoS>m ^moigQ> ñd^mdmMm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m A§Jr ì`dhmaMmVw`© ZgV§. ñdV:À`m MhmÀ`mgmo`rgmR>r Am{U Ë`mÀ`m KamV {eaH$md ìhmdm åhUyZ gImam_ Ë`mbm Kamg_moaM hm°Q>obQ>mH$m`bm gm§JVmo Am{U Ë`mMm hm°Q>obMm Y§Xm Mm§Jbm Mmbob Ag§hr Ë`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mV âdVmo.Voìhm ^moOmbm Vo gma§ Ia§M dmQ>V§. gmamgma {dMma Z H$aVm Vmo hm°Q>ob H$mT>m`Mo R>adVmo.gImam_Mr d§Mmda Agbobr dmB©Q> ZOa Ë`mbm H$iV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r Vmo d§Mmbm MhmH$am`bm gm§JVmo d ~mhoa Mhm AmUm`bm gm§JVmo. EH$m ~mB©Zo naV Ho$bobm MmoirMm IUgImam_ d§MmgmR>r ^moOmOdi XoVmo. Voìhm Ë`mbm H$mhr H$mio~oao Agmdo, Aer e§H$m òVZmhr. _mUg§ AmoiIÊ`mM§ H$g~ Ë`mÀ`mV ZgV§. ZH$mo Ë`mÀ`mda {dœmg R>odyZ Amnë`md{S>bm§Mo AZw^dmMo ~mob Vmo H$mZmAmS> H$aVmo. Ë`m§À`m gm§JÊ`mH$S>o bj XoV Zmhr.

JmdmV _moQ>ma Amë`m {XdgmnmgyZ Ë`m _moQ>ma~Ôb Mm§Jb§ Z ~mobUmao Amnbo dS>rb Ë`mbm"CbQ>çm ImonS>rMm' dmQ>VmV. BOmßnmÀ`m ^mdZm§Mr H$Xa Ë`mbm ZgVo. Ë`mZo V`ma H$ê$ZR>odbobr KmJa nmoMdm`M§ H$m_hr Vmo H$aV Zmhr. ^moOm hm ñdmWu AgVmo. Amnë`mbm hd§ Vo


H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m§Jmdm H$ê$Z, Ka gmoSy>Z Om`Mr ImoQ>r Y_H$s XoD$Z, BOmßnmH$Sy>Z VoH$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr [_idU§ Ë`mbm Mm§Jb§ O_V AgV§. EHw$bVm EH$ _wbJm Agë`mZoBOmßnmZo Ë`mbm bmS>mV dmT>db§ AgV§. ^moOmda Ë`mMm Iyn Ord AgVmo. Vmo ñdV: H$ï>H$aV AgVmo. ^moOmbm JmdmVë`m Xhm OUm§Zr Mm§Jb§ åhUmd§, Ë`mZo Mm§Jb§ Zmd H$_dmd§EdT>rM Ë`mMr Anojm AgVo. nU ^moOm Ë`m nyU© H$aV Zmhr. d§Mmerhr Ë`mM§ dmJU§ OodT>çmgVodT>§M AgV§. JmdmVë`m BVa nwéfm§gmaIm Vmo {Vbm _mahmU H$aV ZgVmo. nU {VÀ`merIyn ào_mZohr dmJV ZgVmo. Vr Ë`mbm H$mhr gm§Jm`bm Jobr Va Vmo Vo EoH$V Zmhr. ""ò, ~gH$a AmVm. ~mobyZ ~mobyZ _mO§ Om^mS> bmJbm` XwH$m`bm. ^wH$m bmJë`mV. Oodm`bm ìhmS>.H$m` Ho$b§`g H$moaS>çmg?'' (n¥. 14) Ag§ åhUyZ {Vbm Jßn ~gdVmo.

BOmßnm d d§Mm hr XmoK§hr Ë`mÀ`mda ào_ H$aVmV, Ë`mM§ ^b§ ìhmd§ Ag§ XmoKm§Zmhr dmQ>VAgV§. nU ^moOmbm Vo g_OyZ KoVm òV Zmhr. åhmVmam BOmßnm CÝhmVmÝhmV CnmernmoQ>r^mogboH$S>o KmJa nmoMdm`bm Joë`mM§ H$iyZhr, ñdV:bm ^yH$ bmJë`mda Vmo OodyZ KoVmo.g§Ü`mH$mi Pmbr Var Vmo Kar Ambm Zmhr åhUyZ d§Mmbm Ë`mMr H$miOr dmQ>Vo, nU ^moOmbmdmQ>V§ H$s, Vmo Oodbm Agob ^mogë`mÀ`m dñVrda. ""Vw_r Cnmer èhm`bm åhUyZ Am_À`m~mnmM§ H$m` OmV§`?'' (n¥.15) Aer ~ondm©B© Vmo XmIdVmo.

gImam_ S´>m`ìha~Ôb _mÌ Ë`mbm {Oìhmim dmQ>V AgVmo. hm°Q>ob gwê$ Ho$ë`mda AmnUVw_À`mH$Sy>Z n¡go KoUma Zmhr, Ag§ Vmo Ë`mbm gm§JVmo. ^moOmbm ì`dhmakmZ Zgë`mM§ `mVyZàË``mbm òV§. _mÌ hm°Q>ob gwê$ Pmb§ H$s, Amnë`mbm Iyn n¡go {_iVrb, _J AmnU Kamda_mS>r ~m§Yy, dmÊ`mgmaI§ Jëë`mda ~gy Aer ñdßZ§ Vmo a§JdV AgVmo. Amnë`mbm _yIm©VH$mT>Umam BOmßnm AmnU _mS>r ~m§Yë`mda Iye hmoB©b. ""~mim, _mO§ MwH$V ìhV§. Ama§ OwZråhmVmar _mUg§, Am_mbm ho åhmoaM§ ~JÝ`mBVH$s ZXa ÝhmB©. ~a§ Ho$b§g, H$ë`mZ Ho$b§g.''(n¥. 38) Ag§ åhUob, Aem _ZmoamÁ`mV Vmo X§J hmoVmo.

_mÌ ì`dhmakmZmMm A^md Am{U AZw^dr BOmßnmÀ`m gm§JÊ`mH$S>o Xwb©j H$aÊ`mMmñd^md `m§_wio Ë`mM§ hm°Q>ob MmbV Zmhr. bmoH$ ImD$Z{nD$Z OmVmV Am{U n¡go XoV ZmhrV.{^S>ñVnUm_wio ^moOm n¡go _mJV Zmhr. hm°Q>obgmR>r bmJUma§ gm_mZ Vmohr CYmarda AmUybmJVmo. VmbwŠ`mMm eoQ>Or ZmoH$a nmR>dyZ n¡em§gmR>r bH$S>m bmdVmo. Ë`mMdoir, Ë`mÀ`mVJmÚmZo H$mVmdbobm ^moOm, CYmarV ImD$Z{nD$Z OmUmè`m JmdÀ`m nmQ>bmer d Ë`mÀ`mJw§S>m§er ~mMm~mMr H$aVmo d _ma ImVmo. Jw§S>m§er bT>Ê`mMr VmH$X Ë`mÀ`m A§JmV ZgVo. nUA{dMmar d CVmdim ñd^md Agboë`m ^moOmbm Vo H$iV Zmhr. ñdajUmgmR>r d§Mmbm XmabmdyZ KamV ~gmd§ bmJV§. Ë`mÀ`m ZoîQ> dmJÊ`mZo ~Xbbobr d§Mm gImam_ S´>m`ìhaerhgVIoiV ~moby bmJVo. Vohr Ë`mÀ`m bjmV òV Zmhr. eodQ>r BOmßnm S´>m`ìhabm _maVmo,Voìhm Ë`mbm Y¸$m ~gVmo. nU Voìhmhr Amnë`m ~mnmbm dmMdmd§ Ag§ Ë`mbm dmQ>V Zmhr.CbQ> ""ømbm Yam. ømZ§ IyZ Ho$bm`.'' (n¥.62) Aer Ë`mMr ^rVrMr à{V{H«$`m AgVo.Ë`mbm Odi KoD$ nmhUmè`m BOmßnmnmgyZ Vmo Xya gaH$Vmo. nmo{bgm§Zr Ë`mbm Zoë`mda _mÌ^moOmbm ào_mMm d _mòMm C_mim òVmo. H$éUnUo d Xw:ImZo Vmo AmoaS>Vmo, ""Xodm nm§Sw>a§Jm!_mPr gmdbr Vy H$mTy>Z KoVbrg! _r CKS>m nS>bmo!'' (n¥.63) AmnU AmVm nmoaHo$ Pmbmo


øm ^mdZoZo Vmo hVme hmoVmo.

CWi, A{ddoH$s, A{dMmar, "da{b`m a§Jmgr' ^wbUma§ Ag§ ho ì`{º$_Îd Amho.

24.2.3 d§Mm

d§Mm hr BOmßnmMr gyZ AgVo. Vr {Xgm`bm Mm§Jbr XoIUr AgVo. VgoM {VMo dmJUohrì`dpñWV AgVo. ^moOm {VÀ`m~Ôb gImam_bm gm§JVmo. ""Ver Oam nÕVrMr hm` ~m`Hy$Am_Mr.'' (n¥. 8) Vr H$ï>miy, H$m_gy Am{U ào_i AgVo. VgoM {VÀ`m A§Jr CnOVehmUnU AgVo.

Amnbm gmgam BOmßnm `mÀ`m H$ï>m§Mr {Vbm OmUrd AgVo. VgoM ^moOmam_MmAmiernUmhr {Vbm IQ>H$V AgVmo. BOmßnmZo Ë`mbm CnXoemMo Mma Mm§Jbo eãX gm§JmdoVAg§ {Vbm dmQ>V§. Vr BOmßnmbm Vg§ åhUVo -""Vw_r dmB©M XmQy>Z ~mobV ~r ÝhmB©.'' (n¥. 9)Vr ñdV:hr ^moOmbm H$m_ H$am`bm, KmJar _S>H$s KS>dm`bm, Ë`m nmoMdm`bm gm§JVo.åhmVmè`m gmgè`mMo H$ï> Ë`mZo H$_r H$am`bm nm{hOo, Ag§hr ^moOmbm gm§JVo. ""_m_§Org§~miyZ hmòV Jmdmbm åhUyZ XmoZ doim {nVirV Qw>H$S>m {XgVmo`. CÚm ËòM§ hmVnm`MmbZmg§ Pmb§ åhUOo H$i§b J§_V.'' (n¥.12)

JmdmV _moQ>ma Ambr, ho {Vbm AmdS>bob§ ZgV§. "BimM§ Bi nmamda CJ§M ~gUmam' (n¥.3)Zgb§ Hw$Zr ~mobm`bm åh§Oo _maVrÀ`m XodimV OmD$Z PmonUmam ^moOm _moQ>marÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZ§gH$mig§Ü`mH$mi Kamnmer Var Wm§~Vmo, `mV Vr g_mYmZ _mZVo. ^moOmZo BVa _wbm§gmaI§Amnë`m d{S>bm§Zm gwI Úmd§ Ag§ {Vbm dmQ>V§. ""H$mMoMr h§S>r Onmdr, Ver OnË`mV bmoH$Xwgao Amnë`m ~mnmñZr, AmZ² VwåhmñZr AOyZ {MIb VwS>dm`m bmJVmo`. {Xgâ JwamdmZram~md§ bmJV§`.'' (n¥.11) `mMr {Vbm I§V dmQ>V AgVo.

BOmßnm {Vbm ""Vy JwZmMr hmòg, emZr hmòg'' åhUyZ {VMr g_OyV KmbV AgVmo. VrgËerb d _`m©XoZo dmJUmar AgVo. ^moOm {Vbm gImam_gmR>r Mhm H$am`bm gm§JVmo, VoìhmVr Mhm H$aVo, nU gImam_gma»`m naŠ`m nwéfmg_moa ~mhoa òV Zmhr. ^moOm {Vbm IUXoVmo, Voìhm {Vbm AmZ§X hmoVmo. Ë`mZo Mm§Jbm IU KoVbm, _m_mOrZo IU ¿`m`bm hmo åhQ>boH$m? Vwåhmbm Mm§Jbr nmaI H$aVm Ambr Ago åhUV Vr {H$_VrMr Mm¡H$er H$aVo. IUgImam_ S´>m`ìhaZo {Xbm` åhQ>ë`mda {VMm Moham ~XbVmo d Vr Ë`mbm IU naV Úm`bm



1) BOmßnm ^moOmam_bm H$m amJdV Zmhr?

2) gImam_ ^moOmbm H$moUVm g„m XoVmo?

3) hm°Q>obgmR>r bmJUmè`m ^m§S>dbmÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r ^moOm H$m` H$aVmo?

4) A§JUmVrb _méVrMo XoD$i nmS>Ê`mg BOmßnm {damoY H$m H$aVmo.

gm§JVo. naŠ`m nwéfmH$Sy>Z IU KoU§ {Vbm `mo½` dmQ>V Zmhr. ^moOm {Vbm naV IU XoD$bmJVmo Voìhm Vr amJmZo Vmo \o$Hy$Z XoVo. ""_bm ZJ§-Q>mH$m {VH$S>§.'' (n¥.24) Am{U KamVOmD$Z ~S>~S>Vo - ""H$moZ Hw$R>bm S>m`dadmbm AmZ² ËòZ§ {Xbobm IZ _bm ¿`mbmgm§JË`mV. _T>§ ~{edb§ Ë`m S>m`daM§!'' (n¥.24)

d§Mm lÕmiy _ZmMr AgVo. b¾mbm nmM-ghm dfª hmoD$Z Jobr Var Amnë`mbm nmoa~miZmhr, `mM§ Xw:I {VÀ`m _ZmV AgV§. JmdmV Amnë`mbm dm§PmoQ>r åhUVmV Vo Vr ^moOmbmgm§JVo. ^moOm åhmVmè`mbm gwI XoV Zmhr. "ËòMm gamn' KoVmo åhUyZ Amnë`mbm _yb hmoVZmhr, Ag§ {Vbm dmQ>V§. gImam_ n§T>anyaMm àgmX {Vbm XoD$ bmJVmo, Voìhm Vr ~mdaVo.àgmX KoVmZm hmVmbm hmV bmJob åhUy$Z Mwi~yi H$aVo. gImam_Zo Ë`m nwS>çm C§~è`mdaR>odë`mda Vr Ë`m CMbyZ KoVo. hm àgmX Imëë`mZo _yb Zgboë`m ~mB©bm _yb hmoV§, Ag§gImam_ {Vbm EoHy$ OmB©b Aem àH$mao ~mobbobm AgVmo. BOmßnm {Vbm S´>m`ìhaZo AmUbobmàgmX ¿`m`bm {damoY H$aVmo. Voìhm Vr Ë`mÀ`mer dmX KmbVo. ""ËòMm AZ² Amnbm Xod òJimhm` H$m`? Agbm Var nagmX ¿`m`bm H$m` ä`m hm`?'' (n¥.31) H$Xm{MV àgmXmZoH$mhr JwU òB©b Ag§ {Vbm dmQ>V§. {VMm lÕmiynUm `mVyZ {XgyZ òVmo.

^moOm Ooìhm hm°Q>ob H$mT>m`M§ R>adVmo Voìhm {Vbm AmZ§X hmoVmo. Amnë`m Zdè`mZo H$mhrVar H$V©¥Ëd JmOdmdo Ago {Vbm dmQ>V AgVo. `m~Ôb ÌmJm H$aUmè`m BOmßnmbm Vr åhUVo- ""H$mB©M H$aV ZìhV§ Vo H$ê$ bmJë`mV Va H$ê§$ Úm H$s.'' (n¥. 37) ^moOmbmhr VrH$m¡VwH$mZo {dMmaVo, ""À`mM§ XwH$mZ Ia§M Q>mH$m`M§ åhZVm?'' (n¥. 38) nU ^moOmZo JmT>d{dH$VmZm BOmßnmMm {dMma ¿`m`bm hdm hmoVm, Ag§hr Vr ^moOmbm åhUVo. nU _moQ>ma_mJÀ`m ~mOyZo AmUmdr bmJVo åhUyZ ^moOm A§JUmVbo XoD$i Am{U qb~mMo PmS> nmS>m`bmgm§JVmo Vo _mÌ {Vbm nQ>V Zmhr. ""Xodmi nmS>m`M§? ËòZ§ H$m` Ho$b§` d§ Vw_M§?'' (n¥.40)Ag§ Vr ^moOmbm {dMmaVo. _m_mOrMm {dMma KoD$Z H$m` Vo H$am, Ag§hr Vr gwMdVo. {VMmlÕmiy ñd^md d gmgè`m~ÔbMm AmXa `mVyZ àË``mg òVmo. ^moOm Hw$UmMohr Z EoH$VmXoD$i nmS>m`bm {ZKVmo. Voìhm Vr _Üò nS>Vo, ^moOmer Pm|~mPm|~r H$aVo. ""R>odm Vr Hw$Xi.R>odm. _r ÝhmB© Xodmi nmSy> ÚmMr. _r ÝhmB© PmS> VmoSy> ÚmMr.'' Ag§ åhUV Vr Ë`mÀ`mhmVmVbr Hw$Xi H$mTy>Z KoVo. nU ^moOm Baobm noQ>bobm AgVmo.

hm°Q>ob gwê$ Pmë`mda Vr Mhm H$aU§, Mhm XoU§, hm°Q>obMr gm\$g\$mB© BË`mXr gd© H$m_oH$aVo. Zdè`mÀ`m H$m_mV _XV H$aVm H$aVm hiyhiy {VMr ^rS> MonV OmVo d {VÀ`merbKinUo ~mobUmè`m gImam_bm Vr à{VgmX XoD$ bmJVo. Ë`mÀ`mer gyMH$nUo ~mobVo.hm°Q>ob_Üò ImD$Z{nD$Z n¡go Z XoUmè`m Jw§S>m§er ^moOmer ~mMm~mMr hmoVo, Voìhm Vo ^moOmbm_mahmU H$aVmV. d§Mm AmaS>mAmoaS>em H$aVo, nU Vo {Vbmhr Y_H$s XoVmV, Voìhm Xma bmdyZKamV ~gVo. `m KQ>ZoZo {VÀ`m d¥ÎmrV ~Xb hmoVmo. BOmßnmMm AmXa H$aUmar d _`m©XerbdmJUmar d§Mm Ë`mbm Q>mHy$Z ~mobVo. ""gXmZ²H$Xm Vw_Mm Am¾r Yw_gV AgVmo. H$m` JwÝhmHo$bm d§ _r?'' (n¥.55) ^moOmgma»`m Zdè`mgmo~V g§gma H$aÊ`mnojm ~wS>bob§ ~a§; _r OoH$aVo Amho Vo IwerZoM H$aVo Ag§hr Vr BOmßnmbm åhUVo. Ë`mZo ~wS>Umè`m, IS²>S>çmVOmUmè`m Kambm gmdab§ Zmhr, ^moOmMo bmS> Ho$bo, åhUyZ Ag§ gJi§ Pmb§ åhUV Ë`mbm


Xmof XoVo. Ë`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mda gJù`mM§ Imna \$moS>Vo. gImam_ Amë`mda Ë`mÀ`mer gbJrZ§dmJVo; Ë`mÀ`mer hgyZ ~mobVo. gImam_ KamV òD$Z {VÀ`mer bJQ> H$aVmo, Voìhmg§Vmnbobm BOmßnm Ë`mÀ`mda Hw$èhmS>rMo Kmd KmbyZ Ë`mbm _maVmo. nmobrg Ë`mbm KoD$ZOmD$ bmJVmV, Voìhm _mÌ Vr ^mZmda òVo. {Vbm Amnbr MyH$ H$iVo. ""ZH$m, ZH$m d§ ÝhoD$,_bm Ý`m. å`mM gJi§ Ho$b§`.'' (n¥. 63) Ag§ åhUV Ë`mÀ`m _mJ§ YmdVo.

gËerb d gmbg, H$ï>miy, ào_i, AX~era Agbobr d§Mm n[apñWVr_wio d Zdè`mÀ`mZmH$V}nUm_wio ~XbVo. dmQ> MwH$boë`m, dmH$S>§ nmD$b nS>boë`m d§MmM§ ì`{º$_Îd ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$am§Zr R>iH$nUo C^§ Ho$b§ Amho.

24.2.4 gImam_

am§OUdmS>r JmdmV gwê$ Pmboë`m g{d©g _moQ>marMm gImam_ S´>m`ìha AgVmo. ~mam JmdmM§nmUr ß`m`bobm gImam_ YyV© d ~oaH$s AgVmo. _mUg§ AmoiIÊ`mV Vmo hþema AgVmo.^moOmMm ^moigQ> ñd^md, Ë`mMr é~m~ XmIdm`Mr hm¡g Ë`mÀ`m bjmV òVo. åhUyZ ^moOmbmVmo "_mbH$' åhUVmo d Ë`mbm ha~è`mÀ`m PmS>mda MT>dVmo. åhmVmè`m BOmßnmbm _mÌ VmoWmoS>m dMHy$Z AgVmo.

ñdmWu d H$mdo~mO Agboë`m gImam_bm Mhm d {~S>rM§ ì`gZ AgV§. ^moOmbm _moQ>marMmEO§Q> H$ê$Z, Vmo ^moOmer JmoS>JmoS> ~mobyZ Ë`mÀ`m Kar òD$Z Mhm nrV AgVmo. d§Mmbmnm{hë`mda Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV {VÀ`m{df`r A{^bmfm CËnÞ hmoVo. Hw§$^mamÀ`m H$m_m~Ôb Ë`mÀ`m_ZmV Agcocr ZmdS> Ë`mÀ`m cjmV òVo. ^moOmcm Vmo Vo H$m_ gmoSy>Z hm°Q>ob gwê$ H$am`Mmg„m XoVmo. KamÀ`m A§JUmVM _m§S>d KmbyZ {VWoM hm°Q>ob gwê$ H$am`bm gm§JVmo. A§JUmVrbqb~mÀ`m gmdbrV ~gyZ BOmßnm Amnb§ H$m_ H$arV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Vo PmS> VmoS>U§ ^moOmbmAdKS> dmQ>V§. nU gImam_ MmVw`m©Zo ~mobV ^moOmÀ`m _ZmVë`m e§H$m Xya H$aVmo d hm°Q>obQ>mH$m`Mr AdmñVd H$ënZm Ë`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mV âdVmo. ~mobVm ~mobVm Vmo ^moOmbm g§gma,_wb§~mi§ `m§À`m~Ôbhr {dMmaVmo; ^moOmbm _yb~mi Zgë`mM§ Ë`mbm H$iV§. ^moOmÀ`mA§JUmV Agboë`m Xodim_wio Xmamg_moa _moQ>ma AmUVm òV Zmhr, Ag§hr Vmo gm§JVmo.EH§$XarV BOmßnm d ^moOm `m§À`m KamVrb na§nam§Zm Vmo hiyhiy Y¸o$ XoV AgVmo.

b§nQ> d Zr{V_yë`m§Mr MmS> Zgboë`m gImam_bm d§Mmer gbJr dmT>dm`Mr AgVo.JmdmVë`m ~mB©Zo naV Ho$bobm IU Vmo ""d`ZrñZr hmoB©b.'' (n¥.22) åhUV ^moOmbm XoVmo.^moOm _moQ>marMm EO§Q> Agë`mZo, H$mhr Zm H$mhr H$maUmZo Vmo ^moOmH$S>o òV amhVmo. _moQ>marMon§ŠMa Pmbobo MmH$ XwéñV H$am`bm Ë`mÀ`m A§JUmV òD$Z ~gVmo; d d§Mmer H$mhrVar~mobÊ`mMr g§Yr emoYV amhVmo. n§T>anyaÀ`m noT>çm§Mm àgmX d hiXHw§$Hy$ Vmo _wÔm_ d§Mmbm XoVmod ømÀ`m JwUmZo _yb~mi hmoB©b, Ag§ {Vbm AàË`jnUo EoH$dVmo. _mUgm§Mr nmaI Zgboë`m^moOmbm Ë`mÀ`m _ZmVbo H$mio~oao H$iV Zmhr. gImam_Mo KamV òUoOmUo dmT>Vo.

hm°Q>ob gwê$ Pmë`mda gImam_ hm°Q>obÀ`m Jëë`mda _mbH$mÀ`m WmQ>mV ~gy bmJVmo Am{U^moOm CYmar dgwbr H$aÊ`mgmR>r JmdmV {\$ê$ bmJVmo. {ddm{hV Agboë`m d§Mmer AZ¡{VH$


g§~§Y R>odÊ`mMr BÀN>m YaÊ`mV Ë`mbm H$mhrM J¡a dmQ>V Zmhr. ^moOm d BOmßnm `m§À`mAZwnpñWVrV Vmo d§Mmer gyMH$nUo ~mobV {VÀ`m _ZmMm A§XmO KoVmo. {VMr, {VÀ`mnmVimMr ñVwVr H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`mda {dœmg R>odUmè`m, Ë`mbm ^mdmà_mUo _mZUmè`m ^moOmMmHo$gmZo Jim H$mnÊ`mMo H¥$Ë` Vmo H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m XwîH¥$Ë`m§M§ \$i eodQ>r eodQ>r Ë`mbm {_iV§.Amnë`m KamVrb J§Jm^mJraWrbm JQ>mamMr H$im AmUÊ`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m à`ËZm§_wio BOmßnmË`mbm R>ma _maVmo.

H$nQ>r, YyV©, b§nQ> Aem gImam_M§ ì`{º$_Îd, Ë`mÀ`m~Ôb MrS> CËnÞ hmoB©b AemàH$mao a§Jdbob§ Amho.

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMo ñdê$n g_yhZmQ>çmMo Amho. am§OUdmS>r `m JmdmV `oUmè`m_moQ>marÀ`m g§X^m©V `mV AZoH$ KQ>Zm-àg§J KS>VmV. Ë`m_wio _moQ>marZo `o-Om H$aUmar nmÌod Ë`m§À`mer g§~§{YV Aer AZoH$ ZJÊ` nmÌo `m ZmQ>H$mV AmhoV.

24.3 Jm¡U qH$dm Xwæ`_ nmÌo

24.3.1 h[aZmZm

ho BOmßnmÀ`m d`mMo, BOmßnmMo {_Ì AgVmV. H$m_m{Z{_ÎmmZo Vo amoO VmbwŠ`mÀ`m JmdmbmOmV AgVmV. VgoM Xa n§Yam {Xdgm§Zr n§T>anyaMr dmar H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm Zo_ AgVmo.am§OUdmS>rV _moQ>ma gwê$ Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr Mm§Jbr gmo` Pmbobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio JmdmV_moQ>ma Ambr ho Mm§Jb§ Pmb§ Ag§ Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V§.

d`mod¥Õ ZmZm ñdV:Mm Am~ amIyZ AgVmV. AmJmD$nUo ~mobUmè`m ^moOmM§ ~mobU§ VoEoHy$Z KoV ZmhrV. ""JS>çm ^moOm, ho AmJmD$ Pmb§ hm ~mobZ§. Zmhr, _r åhUVmo, VwP§ H$m_H$m`, Vy H$moZ _moQ>marMm? nmQ>bmM§ KmoS>§ AmZ² Vamimbm ^yfmZ!'' (n¥.2) JmdmV _moQ>ma gwê$Pmbr, Ë`m~Ôb ZmamOr ì`º$ H$aUmè`m BOmßnmbm Vo g_OmdVmV. ""ho ~J, OwZ§ Om`mM§AmZ² Zd§ `mM§M _moQ>ma aoëdo `mMrM.'' (n¥.4) Vy H$ï>r Z hmoVm Xwê$Z J§_V ~K, Ag§ Vo



1) d§Mm BOmßnmMr ......................... AgVo.

2) JmdmV ......................... Ambr, ho d§Mmbm AmdS>V Zmhr.

3) d§Mm ......................... d ......................... dmJUmar AgVo.

4) gImam_ noemZo ......................... AgVmo.

5) gImam_cm d§Mm~Ôc ......................... AgVmo

6) gImam_bm ......................... R>ma _maVmo.

gm§JVmV. àn§MmVyZ _Z H$mTy>Z n§T>anyabm MbÊ`mMm AmJ«h H$aVmV.

BOmßnm~Ôb Ë`m§Zm ghmZw^yVr d {Oìhmim AgVmo. ^moOmZo BOmßnmÀ`m H$m_mV Ë`mbm _XVH$amdr, Ag§ Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V AgV§. JmdmV BVa ~Xb Pmbo Agbo Var na§naoZo MmbV Ambob§H$m_ AmnU H$amd§ Ag§ Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V§. S´>m`ìhaZo AmUboë`m àgmXm~Ôb - Vmo KoD$ ZH$moAg§ gm§JUmè`m BOmßnmM§ d§Mm EoH$V Zmhr, Voìhm Vmo d¡VmJVmo. Hw$UrM§ Amnb§ EoH$V Zmhr,Ag§ Ë`mbm dmQ>V§, Voìhm ZmZm Ë`mMr g_OyV KmbVmV. ""Aa§, H$m` hmoV ÝhmB©. CJ§M H$mVa_iVmog Vy?'' ""Aa§ d` Pmb§ åh§Oo naVoH$mbm Ag§ dmQy> bmJV§. Am_M§ dS>rb OmVmZmAg§M åhUV Job§.'' "n`b§ ÝhmB©, n`b§ gJi§ Job§.'-h§ Mmbm`M§M.'' (n¥.32) Xa n§Yam{Xdgm§Zr n§T>anyaÀ`m dmarbm Joë`mda S>moŠ`mda M§Ð^mJoM§ nmUr KoVmo W§S>Jma-Ag§ VoBOmßnmbm gm§JVmV.

eodQ>r BOmßnm Ooìhm gImam_bm Hw$èhmS>rZo _maV AgVmo, Voìhmhr Vo BOmßnmbm hmVAmdam`cm gm§JVmV. gImam_ _ococm nmhÿZ BOmßnmcm åhUVmV - ""H$m` Ho$b§g ho? _mZyg{Odm{Zer _mabmg?'' BOmßnmbm AmVm [ejm hmoUma, Vmo Vwé§JmV OmUma `m~Ôb Ë`m§Zmhihi dmQ>Vo.

d`mod¥Õ, g_§Og, g§`_r d AZw^dr Ag§ ho ì`{º$_Îd Amho.

24.3.2 ~mdam _hma

hm am§OUdmS>rVrb EH$ _hma AgVmo. Vmohr Hw§$^mamà_mUoM YmÝ`, Ádmar KoD$Z H$m_ H$aVAgVmo. ^moOmZo Ë`mbm A§JUmVrb _méVrMo XoD$i nmS>m`bm VgoM PmS> VmoS>m`bm ~mobmdb§AgV§. Vmo am§OUdmS>rV, VgoM AmOy~mOyÀ`m Jmdm§_Üò {\$aUmam AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbmgJù`m {~Îm§~mVå`m AgVmV. BOmßnmM§ JmT>d gmnS>V ZgV§, Voìhm Vmo H$miOrV Agboë`mBOmßnmbm AZoH$ e§H$m ~mobyZ XmIdVmo. Bñ_mbnyabm gH©$g Ambr Amho d Ë`mVë`mOZmdam§Zm ImÊ`mgmR>r Oo _m§g_QU bmJV§, Ë`mgmR>r JmdmVbr d ~mOyÀ`m MmonS>r JmdmVbrJmT>d§ Mmoarbm OmV Agë`mMr A\$dm CR>ë`mM§ Vmo gm§JVmo. Z§Va Q>oH$S>rÀ`m nbrH$S>o{XgUmar {JYmS>§, åhUOo {VWo H$moUVm Var àmUr _ê$Z nS>bm Agmdm, VagmZo JmT>d ZoD$ZWmoS>§ ImD$Z Q>mH$b§ Agob, Aer e§H$m Vmo ~mobyZ XmIdVmo.

~mobVmZm gmYr jw„H$ Jmoï> gm§JVmZm Iyn nmëhmi bmdm`Mr Ë`mbm gd` AgVo. BOmßnmË`mbm åhUVmo, ""VwO§ åh§Oo boH$m, EH$ _mgm AZ² h§S>mâ añgm Ag§ hm` ~J. XmUm `moH$AmZ² ^b§ ^wñH$mQ>M d‚m§â.'' (n¥. 34) VgoM CnXoena ~mobUo hohr Ë`mM§ EH$ d¡{eîQ>çAmho. JmT>dmgmR>r hihiUmè`m BOmßnmbm Vmo åhUVmo, ""Ad§, _mZgmgmaH§$ _mZyg OmV§`_mbH$. Va_iyZ ^mJV§ H$m? Job§ åhZm`M§ gmoSy>Z ÚmM§.'' (n¥. 34) ^moOm Ë`mbm XoD$inmS>m`bm gm§JVmo, Ë`mbm Vmo ZH$ma XoVmo. Ë`mbm Vo AdKS> dmQ>V§. Xodimbm AmnU H$g§{edmd§? Agm {dMma Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV òVmo. ^moOm Ë`mbm PmS>hr VmoS>m`bm gm§JVmo, Ë`mÀ`m~wÕrbm Vo nQ>V Zmhr. ^moOmbm Vmo gm§JVmo - ""Admo, åhZ hm`, _mZgmZ§ OÝ_mcm òD$ZEH$ PmS> cmdmd§, `moH$ nmoaJm H$amdm AZ² >EH$ ~wH$ {bhmd§ - _J Iwemb _amd§.'' (n¥.41)


XoD$i nmS>m`Mr AZ² PmS> VmoS>m`Mr BOmßnmMr BÀN>m ZgVo. Vo bjmV Amë`mda n¡go{_iUma AgyZhr Ë`m H$m_mbm ZH$ma XoVmo. ""ZH§$ Vw_Mm amoOJma _bm _mbH$. åhmVmè`mMmViVimQ> _r ÝhmB© {K`mMm. XodmMm gamn _r ÝhmB© {K`mMm.'' (n¥.42)

Jar~ AgyZhr, n¡em§Mr ZS> AgyZhr XoD$i d PmS> Zï> H$aÊ`mbm ZH$ma XoUmè`m ~mdamMonmÌ AënH$mimgmR>r Ambobo AgyZhr Ë`mZo XmIdbobr _yë`Ñï>r Am{U g§doXZerbVm `m_wioXrK©H$mi ñ_aUmV amhUmao Pmbo Amho.

`m Jm¡U nmÌm§IoarO `m ZmQ>H$mV gJy, \w$Jodmbm, MmoiIUdmbm, ~maŠ`m, Jm|Xm, èmoXm,gmgy, Ym|S>ram_ d Ë`mMo VrZ gmo~Vr \w$Jm KoUmar d IU KoUmar ~mB©, {VMm Zdam Aer AZoH$nmÌo AmhoV, Á`m§À`m ~mobÊ`mVyZ JmdmVbo dmVmdaU {Od§VnUo Cô amhVo.

24.4 nmÌm§{df`r {ddoMZ

`m ZmQ>H$mVrb BOmßnm, ^moOmam_ Am{U d§Mm hr à_wI nmÌo EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb Agbr VarË`m§Mo ñd^md d Ë`m§Mr joÌo {^Þ AmhoV. àËòH$mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ doJim Amho. ^moOm d BOmßnmho ~mnboH$ EH$_oH$m§er OwidyZ KoV ZmhrV. ^moOmbm d{S>bm§~Ôb AmXa, ào_ Zmhr. BOmßnmMrgyZ d§Mm _ZmVyZ Ag_mYmZr Amho. {Vbm BOmßnm~Ôb AmXa Agbm Var Z§Va {VÀ`mV~Xb hmoVmo. ^moOmMo ~m`H$moer dmJUohr \$mago AmnwbH$sMo ZgVo. Amnbo Z EoH$Umam ~mnåhUOo Amnbm XmdoXma Amho, Ago ^moOmbm dmQ>Vo, Va H$iVm-gdaVm Pmboë`m _wbmbmH$m` ~mobm`Mo d ~mobyZ H$mhr Cn`moJ hmoUma Zmhr, `m {dMmamZo BOmßnm Ë`mbm hdo Vgo dmJyXoVmo. Va d§Mm BOmßnmÀ`m Jßn amhÊ`m~Ôb Ë`mbm Xmof XoVo.

Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`º$s¨_Üò nañnam§darb {dœmg d ào_ Zmhrgo hmoVo d BOmßnmMo Hw$Qw>§~CX²ÜdñV hmoVo.

ZmQ>H$mVrb nmÌm§Mm n[aM` AmnU H$ê$Z KoVbm. nwT>rb nmR>mV ZmQ>H$mÀ`m BVa KQ>H$m§MmAä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

24.5 g_mamon

`m nmR>mV AmnU à_wI d Xwæ`_ nmÌm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoVbr. {d{dY àH$maMrñd^mdd¡{eîQ>ço Agbobr _mUgo `m ZmQ>H$mV a§Jdbobr AmhoV. gX²JwU d XwJw©U `m§Mo {_lUAgbobr, H«$moY, ñdmW©, Ah§H$ma `m {dH$mam§Zm ~ir nS>Umar, Va n[apñWVr_wio hV~bhmoUmar _mUgo `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ AZw^dmg òVmV. _mUwgH$s, VÎd{Zð>m, àm_m{UH$nUm `m§MmË`mJ Z H$aVm dmQ>çmbm òUmar Xw:I§ Vr ghZ H$aVmV. ZmQ>H$mVrb à_wI nmÌm§~amo~aAgUmar Jm¡U nmÌo H$WmZH$mbm Ame`nyU© ~ZdVmV, Va ZJÊ` nmÌm§_wio H$WmZH$mgârdnUm òVmo. nmÌm§À`m n[aM`mZ§Va nwT>rb nmR>mV ZmQ>H$mÀ`m BVa KQ>H$m§{df`r OmUyZKoUma AmhmoV.


24.6 gmam§e

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mVrb à_wI ì`{º$aoIm§n¡H$s VrZ ì`{º$aoIm `m EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mVrbAgyZhr {^Þ {dMmam§À`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>ço R>iH$nUo OmUdVmV. 1) BOmßnmH$ï>miy, àm_m{UH$nUo, ê$T>rna§nam _mZUmam, _mUwgH$s OnUmam Am{U ào_i Amho. 2) ^moOmhm Ë`mMm _wbJm Aì`dhmar, ^moigQ> Amho. Ë`mbm _mUgm§Mr nmaI Zmhr. 3) d§Mm hr ào_i,H$ï>miy d JwUr, lÕmiy, nma§n[aH$ {dMma H$aUmar Amho. _mÌ n[apñWVr_wio {VÀ`mV ~XbhmoVmo. 4) gImam_ ~oaH$s, H$nQ>r, YyV© Am{U b§nQ> Amho. Jm¡U nmÌm§n¡H$s h[aZmZm hog§gmamVrb _Z H$mTy>Z KoVbobo, Zì`mMm ñdrH$ma H$aUmao AmhoV. Va 5) ~mdam lÕmiy,nmn^rê$, na§nam _mZUmam d nmëhm{iH$ ~mobUmam Amho. {d{dY ñd^mdmÀ`m nmÌm§À`m{MÌUmVyZ ZmQ>çmW© KS>bm Amho.


24.2.2

1) ^moOmam_ BOmßnmMm EHw$bVm EH$ _wbJm Agë`m_wio BOmßnm Ë`mbm amJmdV Zmhr.

2) gImam_ ^moOmbm hm°Q>ob gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm g„m XoVmo.

3) hm°Q>obgmR>r bmJUmè`m ^m§S>dbmÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r ^moOm KamVbo JmT>d {dH$Vmo.

4) A§JUmVrb _méVrMo XoD$i nmS>Ê`mg BOmßnm {damoY H$aVmo, H$maU Vo BOmßnmÀ`m d{S>bm§Zr ~m§Ybobo AgVo.

24.2.4

1) gyZ 2) _moQ>a 3) gËerb, _`m©XoZo

4) S´>m`ìha 5) A{^bmfm 6) BOmßnm

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 25

Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma - dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço

25.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{_Ìm§Zmo, "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ho ZmQ>H$ dmMyZ _J `m nmR>mMm Aä`mg H$am. `m nmR>mMmAä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm -

l ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mr ^mfme¡cr d g§dmXm~Ôc gm§JVm òB©c.

l "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mVrc KQ>Zm d àg§Jm§Mo ñdê$n gm§JVm òB©c.

l ZmQ>H$mVrc ZonÏ`gyMZo{df`r {c{hVm òB©c.

l ZmQ>H$mÀ`m _yë`_mnZmVyZ ZmQ>H$mMo AmH$cZ A{YH$ Mm§Jco hmoB©c.

25.1 ^mfme¡cr

^mfm hr g_mOOrdZmMo A{d^mÁ` A§J Amho. _mZdr ì`dhma nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r ^mfmho _mÜ`_ _hÎdmMo Amho. ^mfm hm g§ñH¥$VrMmhr _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. ^m{fH$ Am{dîH$mamVyZEImXr ì`ŠVr H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$ ñVamVrc Amho ho H$iVo; VgoM _mZdr _Z, ^md^mdZm,d¥Îmr, AmH$m§jm BË`mXr JmoîQ>r ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mÛmao ì`ŠV hmoVVm. Amnë`m OrdZmZw^dmVyZgm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aUmam coIH$ ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZM gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aUmam coIH$

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' : dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço> / 295

25.0 C{ÔîQ>o25.1 ^mfme¡cr25.2 KQ>Zm d àg§J25.3 ZonÏ` gyMZm25.4 _yë`_mnZ25.5 g_mamon25.6 gmam§e


^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZM gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. amÁ`, àXoe, ñWi `m§Zwgma ^m{fH$ {^ÞVmAmT>iyZ òVo.

ZmQ>H$ `m gm{hË`àH$mamVrc H$WmZH$mMm Am{dîH$ma g§dmXm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoVAgVmo. VgoM ZmQ>H$mVrc nmÌohr g§dmXm§VyZM C^r amhVmV. Ë`m_wio ZmQ>H$mVrc g§dmXH$_rV H$_r eãXm§V OmñVrV OmñV Ame` ì`ŠV H$aUmao Agmdo cmJVmV. ì`dhma^mfoVhmoUmè`m Jßnm§nojm `m g§dmXm§Mo ñdê$n doJio AgVo. g§dmXm§_YyZ ZmQ>H$mMo H$WmZH$ Ogo nwT>oOmVo, VgoM nmÌm§Mo ì`pŠV_Îdhr g§dmXm§À`m _XVrZo gmH$ma hmoVo. H$Wm-H$mX§~ar `m H$WmË_gm{hË`mà_mUo dU©Z-{ZdoXZ `m§Mm AmYma ì`pŠVXe©ZmgmR>r ZmQ>H$H$mamg KoVm òV Zmhr.VgoM EImÚm KQ>ZoMo gyMZhr g§dmXm§_YyZM H$amdo cmJVo. Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$ `m§Zr ZmQ>H$mÀ`mg§dmXm§~Ôc åhQ>co Amho. "ZmQ>H$m§Vë`m g§dmXm§V EH$ àH$maMr JVr Agmdr. `mMm AW©Agm, H$s g§{dYmZH$ nwT>o T>H$cUo qH$dm ì`pŠVXe©Z H$aUo. `m§n¡H$s gmYë`mg XmoÝhr,Zmhr Va {ZXmZ EH$ Var ZmQ>H$mVë`m H$moUË`mhr g§dmXmH$Sy>Z Pmco nm{hOo.'(à{V^m-gmYZ, n¥.192). VgoM g§dmXmÀ`m ^mfo~Ôc Vo åhUVmV- "Vr \$maer H$mì`_`Va Zgmdr Am{U CcQ> AJXr amoOÀ`m ~mocÊ`mVcr {Xgoc Aerhr Zgmdr. H¥${Ì_Vm dàË`j `m§Mo MVwa {_lU {VÀ`mV Agmdo. {VMm ZmX amoOÀ`m ^mfoÀ`m ZmXmgmaIm dmQ>mdm,nU {VMm {XImD$ S>m¡c _mÌ H$mì`mcm emoôcgm Agmdm.' (à{V^m-gmYZ, n¥. 192)

dmñVdmMm Am^mg àVrV ìhmdm åhUyZ Ë`m Ë`m nmÌmMo ~mocUo ho Ë`m§Mo dmQ>Uo Amdí`H$Amho. coIH$mcm AZoH$ nmÌm§À`m _wImVyZ Ë`m Ë`m nmÌmgmaIo ~mocUo/ g§dmX {Z_m©U H$amdocmJVmV. nmÌm§À`m Aem ~mocÊ`mVyZ {d{eîQ> ^mdpñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo.

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMo H$WmZH$ am§OUdmS>r `m EH$m N>moQ>çm JmdmV KS>coco Amho.Ë`m_wio `m nyU© ZmQ>H$mVrc g§dmXm§gmR>r coIH$mZo J«m_rU ~mocr^mfoMm dmna Ho$cm Amho. `mZmQ>H$mV H$mhr nwéfnmÌo d H$mhr ñÌr nmÌo AgyZ, Vr {d{dY d`moJQ>m§Vrc AmhoV. `m nmÌm§À`mVm|S>r Agcoë`m g§dmXm§À`m `moOZodê$Z ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mr e¡cr {_Vmjar Agë`mMocjmV òVo. N>moQ>r N>moQ>r dmŠò hr nmÌo ~mocVmV. H$mhr CXmhaUm§dê$Z Ë`m§Mr ^mfme¡cr Am{Ug§dmXm§_YyZ coIH$mZo ì`pŠVXe©Z H$go KS>dco Amho, Vo {XgyZ òB©c.

BÁOmßnm -(hmVmV _mVrMr KmJa KoD$Z òVmo) ^moOm, hr KmJa òdT>r òXy ^mogë`mÀ`m dñVrda nmoMrd. H$mcÀ`mYaZ§ Mma {Zê$n Amc§ ËòM§. KmJa \w$Q>cr`, Imoi§~mhm` åhZ§.

^moOm - Agy Xo, R>rd. _cm ÝhmB© gdS>. AmÎmm _moQ>ma B©c. {eQ>m ~gdm`À`m hmòV _cm.

BOmßnm - Aa§, ~edrc Ë`mo S>m`dadmcm. ho Anmc§ H$m_ AJmoXa ~J. ~`Ë`mÀ`m {OdmdaOJZ§ Amnc§. ËòÀ`m Vm|S>Mm e~wX Poccm nm{hOo. Om, Ko hr KmJa.

^moOm - R>rd. H$m` nmZr nmZr H$ê$Z _aV ÝhmB© ^mogë`m. nrc d§OirZ§. (n¥. 2)

`m g§dmXm§dê$Z BOmßnm d ^moOm `m§À`m d¥ÎmrVrc \$aH$ R>iH$nUo {XgyZ òVmo.BOmßnmMr Amnë`m H$m_m~ÔcMr H$iH$i d ^moOmMr H$m_m~ÔcMr, VgoM BOmßnm~ÔcMr


~ondm©B© AYmoao{IV hmoVo.

ZmZm - Ýhd§, Vwcm H$m_Y§ÚmV _XV H$ê$ cmJVmo, H$m _moQ>mar_mJ§M niVmo` amoO?

BOmßnm - gVa§Xm gm§{JVc§- ÝhmB© na Ë`mcm nQ>V ~a§ PH$mg Jmd hm` ZmZm Amnc§.Amnë`mcm _moQ>ma ZH$mo Zm aoidr ZH$mo. eoaJmdMr ~¡Xm ZH$mo Vr Amnë`mcm. Vo gwImM§ ÝhmB©.ÝhmB© Vo ZmX cmJVrc Amnë`mcm. hm` `mMm BgH$moQ> hmoB©c. (n¥. 3)

BWo ^moOmMo dmJUo ZmZm d BOmßnmÀ`m ~mocÊ`mVyZ Xe©{dco Amho. VgoM BOmßnmÀ`mÑpîQ>H$moZmdahr àH$me Q>mH$cm Amho.

gImam_ - `m JmS>½`m-_S>Š`m§da H$m` H$_mB© ìhm`Mr ^moOmam_ Vwåhmcm? {H$Vr {Xdg {MIc VwS>drV ~gUma Ag§?

^moOm - H$m` H$aVm ! {nT>rOmX Y§Xm Amho, Ho$cm nm{hOo. Ë`mÀ`mda nmoQ> hm` Amnc§.Xwga§ H$m` H$aZma AmnwZ?

gImam_ - Ahmo, H$am`M§ åhQ>ë`mda _ñV H$am`cm òV§. (^moOmcm {dS>r XoD$Z H$mS>rAmoT>Vmo) À`mM§ XwH$mZ CR>dm {hW§ PH$mg.

^moOm - À`mM§ XwH$mZ?

gImam_ - _r ~moccmo hmoVmo _mJ§M VwÂ`mnmer ho. \$gH$cmg _m§S>d Kmcm`Mm {hV§. ~mH$S>r, IwÀ`m©, \$moZy. hm H$m` emo^m {Xg§c !

^moOm - {hV§ _m§S>d Kmcm`Mm? AmZ² hr gmdcr hmo? _mÁ`m AmB©Z§ cmdc§` ho PmS>.åhmVmam `m gmdcrcm ~gyZ H$m_ H$aVmo.

gImam_ - hmQ>oc Pmë`mda åhmVmè`mcm H$m_M H$am`cm ZH§$ ^moOm^mD$. Iwemc ~gyZ ImD$ Úm. H$gcr gmdcr KoD$Z ~gcm` amd, hmQ>oc PmoH$mV hmoB©c{hV§. (n¥. 6)

òWo ^moOmcm {nT>rOmV Y§Xm gmoS>Ê`mMm gImam_Mm AmJ«h ñnîQ>nUo àË``mg òVmo,VgoM nma§n[aH$ JmoîQ>t~ÔcMr AZmñWmhr {XgVo.

d§Mm - (aS>docr hmoD$Z) AmVm å`m Var H$m` H$amd§ ? KS>rKS>r ~mocVo. _cm gm§Jm`M§VodT>§ gm§JVo.... na g_X§ nmcWm KmJarda nmZr.

BOmßnm - ìh` _mÂ`m ~ò, Vy JwZmMr hmòg, emZr hmòg. S>moi§ nyg. KaÀ`m cú_rZ§,aSy> ZH§$g. hþB©c, gJi§ ZrQ> hþB©c. AJ§, _mZgmMm Mm§JwcnZm \w$H$Q> ÝhmB©OmV. AmO Zm CÚm _mPm coH$ Zmd {_id§c. ZmH$iVm hmò AOyZ. cmoH$ H$m`, AmO ho ~mocVrc CÚm Vo ~mocVrc. OZcmoH$ åh§Oo XwVm|S>r Jm§Sy>i. Jßn. Omdm cmJm CÚmoJmcm. ^wH$m cmJë`m Am_mcm, MwcrH$S>o ~Jm. _r EdT>rKmJa nmoMVr H$ê$Z òVmo. n¡aZ AmZVm _mOr?


d§Mm - (n¡aU AmUyZ XoV) Ýømar Var H$ê$Z ¿`mMr hþVr. ^mogë`mMm _im H$m` ZOrH$hm` ? òi hþB©c _mJmar `mcm. (n¥. 11)

BOmßnm d d§Mm `m§À`mVrc {Oìhmim, EH$_oH$m§~ÔcMr H$miOr, BOmßnmMm AmemdmX `mg§dmXm§_YyZ àH$Q> hmoVmo.

gImam_ - _J amÌr òVmo _mKmar. \$ŠH$S> À`m nmÒo XwYmVcm.

d§Mm - {_i§c, na {JÞr ~g§c H$nmcm.

gImam_ - ~gy Úm. nS>§c Vr qH$_V XoD§$ Am_r. (S>moio {_MH$mdVmo)

d§Mm - (hcŠ`m AmdmOmV nU S>m\$ê$Z) hm Ag§ H$aV OmD§$ ZH$m hmo S>m`dadmco. VmH$sX XoVo Vw_mñZr. òZma-`mZma _mZyg ~JV§`. H$m` åhZVrc ~a§ cmoH$ ? À`mÀ`m nmÝ`mdmZr A~«y~r BH$m`cm ÝhmB© R>odcr Am_r hm°Q>ocmV, {JÞr Q>mHy$Z KmoQ>KmoQ> ¿`mcm.

gImam_ - (Jm|YiyZ) Vw_M§ Ia§-ImoQ>§ H$mhrM H$iV Zmhr. (n¥. 46)

d§Mm d gImam_ `m§À`mVrc gcJr `m g§dmXm§VyZ {XgVo. nmÌm§Mm ÑpîQ>H$moZ, Ë`m§À`mVrcnañnag§~§Y BË`mXr ~m~tdahr ho g§dmX àH$me Q>mH$VmV.

ZmQ>H$mVrc EImÚm KQ>ZoMo gyMZhr g§dmXm§_YyZ hmoVo.

d§Mm - (H$miOrZ§) nm§T>a§ JmS>d JmoR>çmV {XgV ÝhmB© _m_mOr. Vw_r ~{KVc§ H$m ? amVrgwQy>Z Joc§ H$m H$m` H$imd VmoSy>Z?

BOmßnm - gH$miYaZ§ Ë`mM Mm¡H$erV hm` _r. ËòM BMmam`cm AmcmodVmo Vwcm... _YrM nagmX {ZKmcm-! Vr Mm¡H$er Ho$cr å`m, H$imd VmoSy>Z Joc§ AgV§ Va VwQ>H§$ Xmd§ ZgV§ H$m am{hc§ IwQ>çmcm ? (n¥. 32, 33)

(~§X KamV _yc aS>Vo)

BOmßnm - (~mdê$Z) AmV H$moU aS>V§` ?

_wcJm - _mPm YmH$Q>m ^mD$.

BOmßnm - Am§? Hw$Q>m` Ë`mo ?

_wcJm - AmV Amho. nmiÊ`mV Pmoncm`.

BOmßnm - EH$cmM?... AJmB©, Ë`mcm ^wH$m cmJë`m AgVrc H$s a§ ! H$gm Jßn èhmB©cË`mo AmVm?

_wcJm - aS>§c aS>§c Am{U nwÝhm Pmon§c. XmoZ dmOVm òD$Z AmB© Ë`mcm XyY nmOyZ Jocr`.


BOmßnm - (Km~am hmoD$Z H$idiyZ) Aa§ _mÁ`m coH$am, CJr a§ ~mim. CJr... ~m~m,~m~m _mÁ`m...

ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfm H¥${Ì_ d Amc§H$m[aH$ Zmhr. nmÌm§À`m ñd^mdmer,OJÊ`mer Vr EH$ê$n Pmcocr Amho. `m ZmQ>H$mVrc g§dmXm§_YyZ ZmQ>H$mMm Ame` ì`ŠVPmcocm Amho. amoOÀ`m ì`dhmamVrc ^mfoMm dmna H$aVmZm H$mhr åhUr `mV ghOM Amcoë`mAmhoV.

1. "nmQ>cmM§ KmoS>§ AmZ² Vamimcm ^yfmZ!' (n¥. 2)>

2. EH$ _mgm AZ² hm§S>mâ añgm. (n¥. 34)>

3. {O{_ZrM§ ~mocZ§ Am^mimcm Q>oH$dm`M§ ! (n¥. 35)

4. amOmcm amoOM {Xdir. (n¥. 36)

5. T>~ cQ>H$s AmZ²> {Mcr_ \w$Q>H$s. (n¥. 52)

6. CJmM AmdiçmMm ^monim H$aVm Vw_r. (n¥. 31)

~¡Xm, BgH$moQ>, nmoamQ>H$s, _gZdmQ> ho ~mocr^mfoVco eãX _amR>r ^mfoV â KmcUmaoAmhoV. H$mhr B§J«Or eãXm§Mr ^«îQ> ê$nohr `m ZmQ>H$mV AmT>iyZ òVmV. CXm. S´>m`ìha -S>m`dadmcm, aoëdo-aoidr, hm°Q>oc-hmQ>oc B.

25.2 KQ>Zm Am{U àg§J

KQ>Zm Am{U àg§J `m KQ>H$m§Zr ZmQ>H$mcm J{V_mZVm àmá hmoVo. A§VJ©V "KQ>Zm' Am{U~mø KQ>Zm ZmQ>H$mÀ`m Ame`mda n[aUm_ H$arV AgVmV. am§OUdmS>r `m JmdmV _moQ>ma gwê$hmoUo hr `m ZmQ>H$mVrc gdmªV _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm Amho. `m EH$m KQ>ZoVyZ nwT>rc KQ>Zm dBOmßnm Hw§$^mamÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm èhmg hmoVmo. `m KQ>ZoMm CëcoI AZoH$ nmÌm§À`m Vm|S>r òVmo. `mKQ>Zoda ZmQ>H$mVrc BVa KQ>Zm d àg§J AmYmacoco AmhoV. _moQ>mar_wio gImam_ S´>m`ìhaer^moOmMr AmoiI d _¡Ìr, ^moOmMo EO§Q> ~ZUo, JmdmV MmoiIUdmcm d \w$Jodmcm `m§Mo



1. ^mfm hr g_mOOrdZmMo ........................ A§J Amho.

2. "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mV coIH$mZo ................... .................. Mm dmna Ho$cm Amho.

3. ì`§H$eoQ> _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mr e¡cr ........................ Amho.

4. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfm ................... ñd^mdmer, OJÊ`mer EH$ê$n Pmcr Amho.

AmJ_Z, JmdmVrc XyYXw^Vo, ^mOrnmcm B. dñVy _moQ>mar_wio {dH«$sgmR>r ehamV OmUo, ^moOmZohm°Q>oc gwê$ H$aUo Am{U nwT>o Ë`mVyZM d§Mm d S´>m`ìhaMo g§~§Y dmTy>Z BOmßnmÀ`m hmVyZgImam_ S´>m`ìha _macm OmUo, Aem AZoH$ KQ>Zm KS>VmV.

ZmQ>H$mV _moOHo$ àg§J AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ ehamVyZ òUmao {dH«o$Vo d JmdmVrc OrdZmdaË`mMm hmoUmam n[aUm_, JmdH$è`m§Mm ÑpîQ>H$moZ, Ago AZoH$ n¡cy àË``mg òVmV. gImam_Zo{Xcocm IU d§MmZo \o$Hy$Z XoUo d {VMo Ë`m doiMo ~mocUo BOmßnmZo EoH$Uo d Ë`mMm g§VmnhmoUo, XoD$i nmS>Uo d PmS> VmoS>Uo hm àg§J, gImam_ d d§Mm `m§À`mVrc gcJr gy{MVH$aUmam àg§J, d§Mm d BOmßnm `m§À`mVrc dmXmMm àg§J, hm°Q>oc_Yco Jw§S>m§Mo n¡go Z XoVmImUo-{nUo, ^moOmMo amJmdUo d J§wS>m§H$Sy>Z _ma ImUo, BË`mXr àg§Jm§_Üò g§Kf© d ZmQ>çâcoco Amho.

25.3 ZonÏ` gyMZm

ZmQ>çg§{hVm {VÀ`mVrc gd© ~maH$mì`m§{Zer àojH$m§n`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mÀ`m àdmgmVrcEH$ _hÎdmMm Xwdm åhUOo ZonÏ`. ZmQ>H$mcm gmøH$mar R>aUmar a§J^y_rdarc dñVy§Mr _m§S>Ur"ZonÏ`m'V A{^àoV AgVo. ZmQ>çme` CR>mdXma H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË`j a§J_§Mmda Á`mgmYZgm_J«rMr aMZm H$mhr EH$m nÕVrZo Ho$cocr AgVo, Ë`m gdmªMm åhUOo a§Jdcoco nS>Xo,XoIdo, doJdoJiçm dñVy, H¥${Ì_ MT>md-CVma BË`mXtMm g_mdoe ZonÏ`mV hmoVmo.

a§J^y_rdarc nS>Xm ~mOycm gaH$cm, H$s àojH$m§À`m ÑîQ>rg àW_ nS>Vo Vo ZonÏ`.nmÌm§Mm àdoe hmoB©n`ªV ZmQ>H$mÀ`m ZonÏ`mdê$ZM àojH$ ZmQ>ç{df`mMm, ZmQ>H$mVrc nmÌm§À`mAm{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmMm, amhUr_mZmMm A§XmO H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio ZonÏ` ZmQ>H$mÀ`mAme`mer gwg§JV Agmdo cmJVo. ZmQ>H$H$ma ZmQ>H$ {c{hVmZm ZmQ>H$mÀ`m a§J_§Mr`à`moJmH$[aVm H$mhr gyMZm H$arV AgVmo. `m gyMZm, nmÌm§À`m H¥$Vr-hmd^md, AmdmOmVrcMT>-CVma `m§g§~§Yr AgVmV. VemM {OWo ZmQ>ç KS>Vo, Ë`m ñWim{df`r d Ë`m {R>H$mUrAgcoë`m dñVy§{df`r H$mhr gyMZm Amcoë`m AgVmV. `m ZonÏ`gyMZm AgVmV.

a§J_§Mmda Agcocr àËòH$ dñVy hr ZmQ>çmcm Cn`wŠV R>aUmar AgVo. CXm. "VwPo AmhoVwOnmer' `m ZmQ>H$mV q^Vrdarc ~§XyH$, ~w{Õ~i, ao{S>Amo `m gJiçm dñVy ZmQ>H$mVrcH$mH$mOr `m nmÌmer g§~§{YV AmhoV. "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMo H$WmZH$ gwédmVrnmgyZeodQ>n`ªV EH$mM {R>H$mUr åhUOo BOmßnmÀ`m Kamg_moarc A§JUmV KS>Vo. n{hë`m A§H$mÀ`mgwédmVrcm ZmQ>H$mVrc ñWimg§~§Yr gyMZm AmhoV. Kamg_moarc H$Sy>qc~mMo PmS>, Ë`mcmAgcocm AmoQ>m, Kamg_moê$Z Jococr dmQ>, Kamg_moarc XoD$i, Kamg_moa Agcoco Hw§$^mamMoMmH$ Am{U AmoQ>çmcm cmJyZ R>odcoë`m _mVrÀ`m KmJar, _S>H$s BË`mXtMo dU©Z Amho.Ë`m~amo~aM BOmßnmÀ`m Am{U ^moOmÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMohr dU©Z Amho. ZmQ>H$mV nwT>o KS>Umè`mKQ>Zm§À`m g§X^m©V ho ZonÏ` Cô Ho$co Amho.

Xwgè`m A§H$mÀ`m ZonÏ` gyMZoV Hw§$^mamÀ`m MmH$mÀ`m OmJr _moQ>marMo MmH$ òVo d


JmS>Jr-_S>H$s KS>{dÊ`mEodOr VoWo _moQ>marÀ`m MmH$mMo n§ŠMa H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m_ gwê$ AgVo.Ë`mcm cmJUmao - nmZm, n§n-giB© ho gm{hË` {XgVo. Hw§$^mamMo na§namJV H$m_ gmoSy>Z^moOmZo _moQ>marÀ`m EO§Q>Mo H$m_ KoVë`mMo `mVyZ gy{MV hmoVo. {Vgè`m A§H$mÀ`m àma§^rKamnwT>o Cä`m Agcoë`m hm°Q>ocg§~§YrÀ`m gyMZm AmhoV. Odi Odi nmZâ Agcoë`mZonÏ`gyMZm§VyZ n§Mdrg-Vrg dfmªnyduÀ`m IoS>çmVrc hm°Q>ocMo Ñí` Cô amhVo; Va Mm¡Ï`mA§H$mVrc KQ>Zm KS>VmV, Voìhm Xhm dfmªMm AdYr CcQy>Z Jococm AgVmo. BOmßnmÀ`m KamVAm{U Kamg_moarc A§JUmV Pmcocm Am_ycmJ« ~Xc BOmßnmcm Ogm {XgVmo, Vgm àojH$m§Zmhr{XgVmo. Ë`mV qc~mÀ`m PmS>mÀ`m OmJr VmaoMm Im§~, XodimÀ`m OmJr nmoñQ>Mr Jmoc noQ>r Amho.Am{U ^moOmMm _wcJm cmH$S>r _moQ>marer IoiVmZm XmIdcocm Amho. _moQ>ma ho AmVm JmdmVcoA{d^mÁ` A§J d gmYZ Pmë`mMo gy{MV H$aUmao ho ZonÏ` Amho.

EH§$XarV àËòH$ A§H$mV a§J_§Mmda {XgUmè`m dñVy§Mm {dMma Ho$cm, Va Ë`m ZmQ>H$mÀ`mAme`mer nyaH$ AmhoV. ZmQ>çmV Ë`m§À`m_wio {Od§VnUm Amcocm Amho.

25.4 _yë`_mnZ

"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mÛmao ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Zr J«m_rU dmñVdmMo Xe©ZKS>dco Amho. "gpìh©g _moQ>ma' `m H$WoMo ZmQ>çê$nm§Va `mnydu "OmUma Hw$R>o?' `m ZmdmZo{c{hco hmoVo Am{U à`moJê$nmZo Vo gmXahr Pmco hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va `mM ZmQ>çê$nmMo H$mhrgog§nmXZ, nwZc}IZ H$ê$Z _mS>JyiH$am§Zr "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmdmZo ZmQ>çcoIZ Ho$co.' AgmCëcoI ZmQ>çg_rjH$ {d. ^m. Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr "ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ZmQ>çcoIZ' `mcoImV Ho$cm Amho. (g_m{dîQ>-"ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a : _mUXoer _mUyg Am{U H$cmd§V,'g§nm. _. X. hmVH$U§JcoH$a)

Mmirg-nÞmg dfmªnydu N>moQ>çm Jmdm§Zm OmÊ`mgmR>r ImgJr _moQ>ma gpìh©g AgV.am§OUdmS>r `m JmdmV Aer _moQ>ma gpìh©g gwê$ Pmc`m_wio JmdmV Am{U Ë`m JmdmVrcBOmßnm Hw§$^mamÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mV hmoUmao pñWË`§Va "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mVn[aUm_H$maH$arË`m àH$Q>co Amho. JmdmV _moQ>ma òÊ`mMr KQ>Zm `m ZmQ>H$mV H|$ÐñWmZr Amho.Ë`m~amo~aM ehamVrc doJdoJio {dOoVo, JmdmVrc cmoH$m§Zm ^wai nmS>Umè`m AZoH$ dñVyKoD$Z òVmV. n¡gm {_i{dUo hoM JmdH$è`m§gmR>r _hÎdmMo hmoD$Z ~gVo. Ë`m~amo~aMZr{V_yë`m§À`m hmoUmè`m èhmgmda _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Zo_Ho$ ~moQ> R>odco Amho.

`m ZmQ>H$mV AZoH$ nmViçm§darc g§Kf© AZw^dmg òVmo. ZmQ>H$ `m gm{hË`àH$mamVg§Kf© Amdí`H$ _mZcm OmVmo. XmoZ {nT>çm§_Yrc g§Kf©, J«m_rU d ehar g§ñH¥$Vt_Yrcg§Kf©, gXmMaUr dmJUyH$ d ^«îQ>mMma `m§Vrc g§Kf© Am{U AZ¡{VH$Vm d Zr{V_yëò`m§À`mVrc g§Kf© `m§Mo ZmQ>ç à^mdrnUo gmXa Pmco Amho. ZmQ>H$mMr aMZm ~m§Yrd AgyZ,ZmQ>H$mVrc g§Kf© àËòH$ A§H$mV dmT>V Jocm Amho. àËòH$ A§H$mÀ`m eodQ>r "nwT>o H$m` hmoUma'`mMr CËgwH$Vm dmQ>V amhVo.


g§dmXm§gmR>r J«m_rU ~mocr^mfoMm dmna Ho$ë`mZo, IoS>çmVrc dmVmdaU hþ~ohy~ Cô am{hcoAmho. VgoM ì`pŠVaoIm hr {Od§VnUo gmH$ma Pmë`m AmhoV. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo~mcnU ho _mS>Jyi `m chmZem JmdmV Jococo Agë`mZo d AR>amnJS> Om{VY_mªÀ`m_mUgm§er g§~§Y Amë`mZo, Ë`m§À`m `m ZmQ>H$mVrc nmÌm§Zm AñgcnUm cm^cm Amho.ZmQ>H$mV AZoH$ nmÌm§Mm dmda AgyZ, `mVrc AJXr ZJÊ` dmQ>Umè`m nmÌm§Mmhr ZmQ>çmW©ârd H$aÊ`mV dmQ>m Amho. \w$Jo KoUmè`m ~mB©Mo CXmhaU d {VMr à{V{H«$`m ~mocH$s Amho. "Aa§~m~m, na XmoZ n¡g§ {Xc§ hmoV§ H$s. {Xdgâ Var èhmD$ Zo V`mo? XmoZ n¡emMm _odm nmoamnwT>§Q>mH$cm AgVm, Va {Xdgâ òMV ~gc§ AgV§ H$s ! nmoQ>mV Var Jocm AgVm _odm Ë`mÀ`m.Agcm H$gcm VwOm \w$Jm? Xo Am_M§ n¡g§ _mKmar.' (n¥. 16) EH$m VmgmV \w$Qy>Z OmUmè`m\w$½`mMm JmdmVë`m cmoH$m§Zm Cn`moJ ZgVmo, ho `m ~mB©À`m ~mocÊ`mVyZ AYmoao{IV hmoVo.

1960 _Üò à`moJ Pmcoco ho ZmQ>H$ g§{hVmê$nmZo 1961 _Üò àH$m{eV Pmco.Ë`mZ§Va AmVm AY©eVH$mMm H$mi CcQ>cm Amho. Á`m pñWË`§VamMo {MÌU `m ZmQ>H$mV Amho,Vo hmoD$Z AmVm ~amM AdYr cmoQ>cm Amho. Mmirg-nÞmg dfmªnyduMo IoS>o AmVm am{hcocoZmhr. ZmQ>H$mÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m A§H$mV BOmßnmZo H$idiyZ {dMmacoco àíZ AmOÀ`m H$mimer ZmVogm§JUmao AmhoV. "~mim, H$m` a§ {_idc§ Vw_r ? _moQ>ma Amcr, aocdo Amcr, B©O Amcr, ZiAmcm, Mmdr Amcr. AmZ²> ËòÀ`m ~Xcr H$m` {Xc§ ?' "H$maImZm _moR>m ZìhVm, _mUyg _moR>mhmoVm. Jmd _moR>§ hmoV§. ~mim, H$maImZm _moR>m Pmcm åhUyZ _mZyg chmZ ìhmdm H$m ? Am§ ?'(n¥. 69) ^m¡{VH$ gwIgmo`tMr, gmYZm§Mr aocMoc AgyZhr, _mUgmÀ`m _ZmVco g_mYmZhadco Agë`mMo gÜ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV {XgyZ òVo. g§dmXmMr gmYZo dmT>cr AgyZhr,_mUgm _mUgm§Vcm g§dmX H$_r hmoV Mmcë`mMm AZw^d gÜ`m òVmo Amho. `mdê$Z ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$am§Mm X«îQ>onUm àË``mg òVmo.

_hmamîQ´> gm{hË` n{ÌHo$À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1961 À`m A§H$mV H$d{`Ìr g[aVm nXH$s `m§Zr"OmUma Hw$R>o' `m ZmQ>H$mMo Ho$coco narjU à{gÕ Pmco Amho. Ë`m§Zm ho ZmQ>H$ n[aUm_H$maH$dmQ>V Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo BOmßnmMm OrdKoUm AmH$m§V H$miOmcm {^Sy> eH$V Zmhr. "AZoH$AZmdí`H$ nmÌm§Mr Am{U àg§JmMr âVr Ho$ë`m_wiohr ho ZmQ>H$ H$go \w$Q>ë`mgmaIo hmoVo.'(n¥. 45, 46, "OmUma Hw$R>o' `m ZmQ>H$mMo narjU). Ë`m§Mo ho _V gw{à`m AÌo `m§Zr Amnë`mà~§YmV ImoS>co Amho. (gw{à`m AÌo : ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a - EH$ {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg,AàH$m{eV à~§Y, Zmoìh|~a 1983)

"OmUma Hw$R>o' `m ZmQ>H$mMr g§{hVm gÜ`m Amnë`mg_moa Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m~m~V {dYmZH$aUo `mo½` Zmhr. Varhr `m ZmQ>H$mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm ZmH$maÊ`mMo _V J«mø hmoÊ`mgmaIoZmhr. ZmQ>çg_rjH$ {d. ^m. Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr "OmUma Hw$R>o' `m ZmQ>H$m~Ôc Zm|Xdcocm A{^àm`òWo CX²Y¥V H$aUo Cn`wŠV hmoB©c. "H$mhr à_mUmV H$cmË_H$ Am{U ~aoMgo ì`mdhm[aH$è Oar "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma'cm {_imco, Var "OmUma Hw$R>o' `m ZmQ>çcoIZmMr àVdmardoJir hmoVr, Añgc hmoVr, AmVyZ Amcocr hmoVr Am{U Z§VaMr KS>rd ñdê$nmMrhmoVr, `mV e§H$m Zmhr.' (ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§Mo ZmQ>çcoIZ' g_m{dîQ> - "ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$a : _mUXoer _mUyg Am{U H$cmd§V' g§nm. _. X. hmVH$U§JcoH$a, n¥. 169)


ZmQ>H$-a§J^y_r `m _mÜ`_mMr naml`Vm Am{U ì`mdhm[aH$Vm `m§_wio Vo `m joÌmV \$magoa_co ZmhrV. "_amR>r dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg, gmVdm I§S> - ^mJ Xwgam' `m J«§WmV ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$am§À`m ZmQ>çcoIZmMr XIc KoVcocr Amho (n¥. 324).

25.5 g_mamon

`m nmR>mV ^mfme¡cr d BVa KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg AmnU Ho$cm. ^mfme¡crMr d¡{eîQ>ço,g§dmXm§Mr ^mfm `m{df`r AmnU OmUyZ KoVco. ZmQ>H$mVrc KQ>Zm-àg§Jm§À`m `mo½` Jw§\$UrVyZZmQ>H$mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm dmT>cr Amho. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Zr J«m_rU dmñVdVoMm, J«m_rUì`ŠVr d g_yh `m§À`m nañnag§~§Ym§Mm doY `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ cjdoYrnUo KoVcm. Ë`m§MoÐîQ>onUhr `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ OmUdVo.

gd© nmR>mÀ`m AÜ``ZmVyZ ZmQ>H$mMo `Wm`mo½` AmH$cZ Ho$coco Amho.

25.6 gmam§e

ZmQ>H$mÀ`m à`moJmgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$m§Mo kmZ "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mÀ`mZmQ>çg§{hVoVyZ H$ê$Z {Xco Amho. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfme¡cr WmoS>çm eãXm§_YyZ _moR>mAme` ì`ŠV H$aUmar Amho. {VMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço - 1) Vr Aënmjar Amho. 2) g§dmXm§ZmJVr AgyZ, KQ>Zm§Mo gyMZ d 3) ì`pŠV{MÌU Ë`mVyZ gmYco Amho. _moOŠ`màg§J{Z{_©Vr_YyZ g§Kfm©Mr à{MVr `oVo Am{U ZonÏ`gyMZm§_YyZ ZmQ>H$mÀ`m Ame`mgnyaH$Vm àmßV hmoVo, ho AmnU nm{hco. EHy$U gd© KQ>H$m§À`m `mo½` _oimVyZ ZmQ>H$ _ZmMrnH$S> KoUmao d dmñVdXeu Pmco Amho. ho ZmQ>H$ nydu "OmUma Hw$R>o ?' `m ZmdmZo àH$m{eVPmë`mMm d Ë`mMo à`moJhr Pmë`mMm {ZX}e _yë`_mnZmV Ho$cocm Amho.



1. ZmQ>H$mcm H$moUË`m KQ>H$m§Zr J{V_mZVm àmßV hmoVo ?

2. "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mVrc gdmªV _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm H$moUVr ?

3. a§J^y_rdarc nS>Xm ~mOycm gaH$cm, H$s gdmªV àW_ ÑîQ>rcm H$m` nS>Vo ?

4. "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mMo gd© H$WmZH$ Hw$R>o KS>Vo ?

5. `m ZmQ>H$mÛmao _mS>JyiH$am§Zr H$emMo Xe©Z KS>dco Amho ?


25.1

1. A{d^mÁ` 2. J«m_rU ~mocr^mfoMm 3. [_Vmjar 4. nmÌm§À`m.

25.4

1. KQ>mZ d àg§J 2. _moQ>ma gwê$ hmoVo

3. ZonÏ` 4. BOmßnmÀ`m Kamg_moarc A§JUmV

5. J«m_rU dmñVdmMo.

ñdmÜ`m` :

1) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMo A{^dmMZ H$am.

2) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "gVr' Am{U "n{V Joco J§ H$mR>odmS>r' `m ZmQ>H$m§Mo dmMZH$am.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 26

àdmgdU©Z : EH$ dmL²>_`àH$ma

26.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu, {_Ìm§Zmo, ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m gm{hË`{Z{_©Vrer AmnU gJio n[a{MV

AmhmoV. AmVm `m AmYw{ZH$ boIH$mÀ`m gm{hË`H¥$Vtn¡H$s "àdmgdU©Z' `m gm{hË`H¥$VrMmAä`mg _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. `m nmR>mV AmnUmbm àdmgdU©Z EH$ dmL²>_`àH$ma åhUyZ Ë`mVg_m{dï> AgUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm òB©b. (_mS>JyiH$am§Mo b{bVboIZhr {dnwbà_mUmV Amho.) àdmgdU©Z AmO EH$ doJim Am{U ñdV§Ì gm{hË`àH$ma åhUyZ Zmdmê$nmbmAmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. `m nmR>mÀ`m AÜ``ZmZ§Va Vwåhmbm

l àdmgdU©Z `m dmL²>_`àH$mamMr _m{hVr gm§JVm òB©b

l àdmgdU©ZmMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço {b{hVm òVrb.

l àdmgdU©ZmMo ñdê$n {b{hVm òB©b.

l àdmgdU©ZmÀ`m àH$mam§Mr _m{hVr gm§JVm òB©b.

àdmg dU©Z : EH$ dmL>²_` àH$ma> / 307

26.0 C{Ôï>o26.1 àmñVm{dH$26.2 àdmgdU©Z ñdê$n26.3 àdmgdU©Z àH$ma

26.3.1 Ym{_©H$ àdmgdU©Z26.3.2 ì`mdgm{`H$ àdmgdU©Z26.3.3 N>m§{Xï> àdmgdU©Z/AmdS> åhUyZ Ho$bobo àdmgdU©Z26.3.4 n`©Q>Z àdmgdU©Z26.3.5 Xoem~mhoarb àdmgdU©Zo

26.4 àdmgdU©ZmMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço26.5 g_mamon26.6 gmam§e


26.1 àmñVm{dH$

nydu àdmg hm AdKS>, `mVm`mVrMm {df` Agë`mZo àdmg hm Amdí`H$Vm dJaOoZwgma d Ho$di An[ahm`©VoVyZ hmoV Ago. H$merg Omdo {ZË` dXmdo, Aer àdmgmMrYmaUm hmoVr. H$maU àdmg_mJ©, gmYZo d gwb^Vm `m§Mm {dñVma Pmbobm ZìhVm. Ë`m_wioàdmg hm Vgm {deof AmdS>rMm {df` ZìhVm. Joë`m nÞmg dfmªV _mÌ {dH$mgmÀ`mdmQ>Mmbr_wio VgoM dmhZ, gmYZ d _mJ© CnbãYVo_wio àdmgmH$S>o nmhÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVAm_ybmJ« ~Xb Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. AmOH$mb àdmg hr ghOgwb^ d ghOgmÜ` ~m~ PmbrAmho. Ë`m_wio ghO hmoUmam hm àdmg bmoH$m§Zm AmoiIrMm ìhmdm Am{U Vo àdmgdU©Z dmMyZBVam§Zm {VWo OmÊ`mMm _moh, {VWë`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Jmoï>r, Amhma, ì`dgm`, amhÊ`mÀ`m-dmJÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr B. Jmoï>tMm n[aM` àdmgdU©Zm§_YyZ {Xgy bmJbm.

`m nmR>mV AmnU àdmgdU©ZmMo ñdê$n-d¡{eîQ>ço nmhUma AmhmoV. àdmgdU©ZmMo àH$maAgVmV H$m? Am{U Vo H$moUVo `mMr _m{hVr Ë`mM~amo~a àdmgdU©Z dmL²>_`mÀ`m joÌmerH$gm OmoS>bm Jobm Amho `mMr _m{hVr AmnU `m nmR>mV KoUma AmhmoV.

26.2 àdmgdU©ZmMo ñdê$n

b{bV JÚ `m dmL²>_`àH$mamVM "àdmgdU©Z' `m àH$mamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. _amR>rV hmgm{hË`àH$ma àm_w»`mZo B§J«Or gm{hË`mVyZ Ambobm Amho. àdmgdU©ZmV Ho$di ñWiàXoemMr dñVw{Zð> dU©Zo, Ë`m§Mm B{Vhmg A{^àoV ZgVmo. ñWi-àXoemMo ì`{º$Ëd Am{U VonmhUmam, AZw^dUmam boIH$, nÌH$ma, gm_mÝ` ì`º$s `m§Mo ì`{º$_Îd `m§À`mVrb EH$ê$nVmgmYUmar AZw^d{d{eï>Vm ho àdmgdU©ZmMo _w»` d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

àdmgdU©ZmMo nyduMo ê$n Ho$di ñWidU©Zmbm _hÎd XoUmao Agë`mZo Ë`mbm"àdmgd¥Îmm§V' åhUVm òB©b. Xoe, H$mb, n[apñWVr `m§Mo dU©Z, àdmgmVrb {d{dY AZw^dm§ModñVw{Zð>nUo H$WZ Ago "àdmgd¥Îmm§VmMo' ñdê$n Ago. Ago àdmgd¥Îmm§V Ë`m-Ë`m H$miÀ`mn[apñWVrda àH$me Q>mH$VmV. åhUyZ Vo Aä`mgmMr gmYZo hmoD$ eH$VmV. _mÌ Ë`mVbm{bË` ZgVo. àmMrZ H$mir Xoemo-XoerÀ`m àdmem§Zr Ago àdmgd¥Îmm§V {bhÿZ R>odbo AmhooV.CXm. \${h`mZ, øyEZËg§J, _mH$m}-nmobmo `m§Zr Ago "àdmgd¥Îmm§V' {b{hbobo AmhoV.

gÜ`m _amR>rV àdmgdU©Z, àdmgboIZ, àdmgmVrb AZw^dm§Mo "b{bV' {ZìdiàdmgmZw^d Ago {d{dY ê$nmZo àH$Q> hmoUmao gm{hË` {b{hbo OmV Amho. d¥ÎmnÌ, _m{gHo$`m§VyZ òUmao ñ\y$Q> àdmgboI. Ë`mM~amo~a AZoH$ àdmgdU©Zo _moR>çm à_mUmV à{gÕ hmoVAmhoV. AmOda Á`m b[bV JÚmMm EH$ CnKQ>H$ åhUyZ àdmgdU©Zm§H$S>o g§emoYH$m§Zrnm{hbo, Vmo "àdmgdU©Z' EH$ ñdV§Ì dmL²>_`àH$ma åhUyZ ApñVËdmV `mdm `mÀ`m AZoH$IwUm àdmgdU©ZmV AmT>iV AmhoV. {Zìdi ñWbdU©Z H$aUmam hm dmL²>_`àH$ma AZ§VH$mUoH$a, J§JmYa JmS>Jri, am. {^. Omoer, à^mH$a nmÜò, nw. b. Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr g§nÞ, g_¥ÕHo$bm. Ë`mM~amo~a "àdmgdU©ZmMo' ê$n Ë`mbm {_imbo. ê$T> _m§S>Urbm N>oX XoV `m


dmL²>_`àH$mambm bd{MH$ ~Z{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ boIH$m§Zr Ho$bm Vgm Vmo bo{IH$m§Zrhr Ho$bobm{XgyZ òVmo.

àdmgdU©Z hm dmL²>_`àH$ma "AmË_{Zð>' Amho, VgmM dñVw{Zð>hr Amho. Ë`mV boIH$gm{hpË`H$, nÌH$ma, n`©Q>H$ Am{U Ë`mZo KoVbobm àdmgmZw^d `m XmoÝhrhr KQ>H$m§Zm _hÎdAmho. àdmgdU©ZH$ma "àdmgdU©Z' {b{hVmZm H$ënZoZo nwÝhm gJim àdmg AZw^dV AgVmo.àdmgmVrb AZw^dm§Mm Vmo nwZem}Y KoVmo Am{U _J Ë`m§Mr bm{bË`nyU© _m§S>Ur H$aVmo. `m gd©à{H«$òV àdmgdU©ZH$mamÀ`m ì`{º$Ëdmbm An[ahm`© _hÎd AgVo. `m_wio EH$mM {d{eï>ñWimMm, {Za{Zamù`m àdmgdU©ZH$mam§Mm AZw^d EH$gmaIm ZgyZ doJdoJim Agy eH$Vmo.àËòH$ gm{hpË`H$mMr, n`©Q>H$mMr, nÌH$mamMr AZw^d KoÊ`mMr j_Vm {Zamir, g§doXZm doJirAgë`m_wio ñWi VoM Agbo Var àËòH$ àdmgdU©ZmMo ñdê$n doJio AgVo.

àdmgdU©ZmV ñWimbmhr _hÎd AgVo. àdmgdU©Z H$aUmè`m boIH$mbm, nÌH$mambm,n`©Q>H$m§Zm Ogo ñdV:Mo ì`{º$_Îd AgVo. VgoM ñWimbmhr EH$ ì`{º$Ëd AgVo. ñWimMr^y-aMZmË_H$ d¡{eîQ>ço, B{Vhmg, g§ñH¥$Vr, na§nam `m_wio ñWimbm ì`{º$Ëd àmá hmoVo.ñWim§Mo ì`{º$Ëd Am{U boIH$mMo, n`©Q>H$mMo, nÌH$mamMo ì`{º$_Îd `m_Üò EH$ AÑí`g§dmX {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmo. `m g§dmXmMo _yV© Ñí` ê$n åhUOo "àdmgdU©Z' hmo`.

àdmgdU©ZmV d¡{dÜ` Am{U bm{bË` Ogo àdmgdU©ZH$ma d Ë`mZo nm{hbobo ñWi `mdaAdb§~yZ AgVo, VgoM Vo {ZdoXZmgmR>r dmnaboë`m ê$n~§Ymdahr Adb§~yZ AgVo.àdmgdU©Z àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZmV Agë`mZo nÌo, X¡Z§{XZr, ~mV_rnÌo Aem ê$nm§Mm dmnaàdmgdU©ZH$ma H$ê$ eH$Vmo. CXm. n§{S>Vm a_m~mB©Mo "B§½b§S>Mm àdmg' (1883) hoàdmgdU©Z nÌmË_H$ Amho. VgoM JmoS>go ^Q>Or `m§Mo "_mPm àdmg' (1887) ho _amR>rVrbn{hbo bm[bË`nyU© d Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm _mobmMo àdmgdU©Z R>aVo. _Ü`àXoe d CÎmaàXoemVàdmg H$aVmZm 1857 À`m ~§S>mMm àË`j AZw^d JmoS>go ^Q>OtZr KoVm Ambm. Ë`m~ÔbË`m§Zr Amnë`m àdmgdU©ZmV {b{hbo Amho, Va AZ§V H$mUoH$am§Mo "YwŠ`mVyZ bmbVmè`mH$S>o'(1940) ho àdmgdU©Z X¡Z§{XZrÀ`m ñdê$nmMo Amho. "JmoH$U© _hm~ioœa,`mÌoàH$aUr d¥Îmm§V' (1863) ho OJÞmW {dR>mo~m jo{Ì` `m§Zr {b{hbobo àdmgdU©Zg§^mfUmMr YmQ>Ur ñdrH$mê$Z {b{hbo Jobo Amho.

1940 Z§Va _amR>rVrb àdmgm§Mo ê$n ~XbV Jobo. àdmgmV ôQ>bobr _mUgo, ñWio`m§À`m ì`{º$ËdmMo bm{bË`nyU© dU©Z boIH$ H$ê$ bmJbo. AZ§V H$mUoH$am§Mo "YwŠ`mVyZ bmbVmè`mH$S>o' ho àdmgdU©Z A{^Zd R>abo. VoWyZ àdmgdU©Zm§Mr EH$ Mm§Jbr na§nam {Z_m©UPmbr. ÛmaH$mZmW Jwáo `m§Mo "_mPm `wamon-A_o[aHo$Mm àdmg' (1957), ho boIZ C„oIZrÀmho. am. {^. Omoer, à^mH$a nmÜò, AmMm`© AÌo, {X. ~m. _moH$mer, J§JmYa JmS>Jri `m§Mo"Zm`JmamMo ZmX~«÷' (1994) Am{U nw. b. Xoenm§S>o `m§Mo "EH$ ~onÎmm Xoe' hm "OmdoË`m§À`m Xoem' `m àdmgdU©ZmVrb boI nmhÊ`mOmoJm Amho. `m§Zr `m na§naobm AmH$ma {Xbm.AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV A{Zb AdMQ> `m§Mo "A_o[aH$m' (1992), gw^mf ^|S>o `m§Mo "JS>çmAmnwbm Jmd ~am!' (1985) VgoM nX²_Om \$mQ>H$, _rZm à^y, _hmdra Om|Yio B.


{b{hboë`m àdmgdU©Zm§Zr `m dmL²>_`àH$mamMo {j{VO é§Xmdbo. Ë`mVhr {Xbrn {MÌo"{e~mamUrÀ`m emoYmV', ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a "ZmJ{Pam', nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo'(1990) `m§Zr Amnbo ñdV§Ì ñWmZ {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho. Zm. J. Jmoao, èd§Vamd MìhmU,_mYd JS>H$ar Aer amOH$maU d d¥ÎmnÌ joÌmVrb _§S>irhr "àdmgdU©Z' {bhÿ bmJë`mZo `mdmL²>_`àH$mambm J§^ra qMVZmË_H$ ñdê$n {XgVo.

26.3 àdmgdU©ZmMo àH$ma

26.3.1 Ym{_©H$ àdmgdU©Z

nyduÀ`m H$mir Ym{_©H$ ñWim§Zm ôQ>r {Xë`m OmV AgV. Xodm{XH$m§À`m OÌm, gU,CËgd `mgmR>r bmoH$ Jmdm§Zm OmV AgV. VoWo KS>boë`m KQ>Zm, àg§Jm§Mo {MÌU Ym{_©H$àdmgdU©ZmV Ho$bo OmV Ago. _amR>rVrb àma§^rMr àdmgdU©Zo d¥Îmm§VmgmaIr hmoVr. Ë`mVàm_w»`mZo VrW©`mÌm§Mr dU©Zo AgV. CXm. : "JmoH$U©, _hm~ioœa, `mÌoàH$aUrd¥Îmm§V'(1863) - OJÞmW {dR>mo~m jo{Ì`.

26.3.2 ì`mdgm{`H$ àdmgdU©Z

ì`dgm` qH$dm H$m_H$mOmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo KS>Umam àdmg hm ì`mdgm{`H$ àdmgdU©Zm_ÜòòVmo. CXm. nÌH$ma hm {d{dY joÌm§er {ZJ{S>V Agë`m_wio Ë`mbm AZoH$ {R>H$mUr àdmgH$amdm bmJVmo. nÌH$mambm AZoH$ H$m`©H«$_, nÌH$ma n[afXm `m§Zm ôQ> XoD$Z Ë`mV gh^mJrìhmdo bmJVo. `m_Üò Ë`mbm Ambobo AZw^d Vmo eãXm§V ì`º$ H$aVmo. H$mhr ì`dgm`CÚmoJmVrb {d{eï> {d^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Zm _m{hVrgmR>r, g_ñ`m {ZdmaUmW© à{ejUmgmR>r,ì`mdgm{`H$ g§~§YmgmR>r, {dH«$s nümV godogmR>r àdmg H$amdm bmJVmo. `m_Üò CËnmXZ,Om{hamV, OZg§nH©$, {dnUZ (emóÑîQ>çm nmhUr), CÚmoJ{dñVma, Am¡Úmo{JH$ d dm{UÁ`B. {d{dY joÌm§Vrb bmoH$ àdmg H$aV AgVmZm Amboë`m AZw^dm§Mo dU©Z H$aVmV.

26.3.2 N>m§{Xï> àdmgdU©Z/AmdS> åhUyZ Ho$bobo àdmgdU©Z

àËòH$ ì`º$sbm Hw$R>bm Zm Hw$R>bm Var N>§X AgVmo. VgoM AmdS> åhUyZ O§Jb g\$ar,g_wÐg\$ar, {J`m©amohU, JS>{H$„o nmhUo, {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV Amnbm N>§X OmonmgV



Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

1) àdmgdU©Z `m dmL²>_`àH$mamMm g_mdoe H$emV Ho$bm OmVmo?

2) àdmgd¥Îmm§V {b{hboë`m boIH$m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.

3) 1940 Z§VaÀ`m àdmgdU©Zm§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

AgVmZm Ambobo H$Sy>-JmoS> AZw^d dU©Z ho N>m§{Xï> àdmgdU©ZmV ì`º$ H$aVmV. CXm."A_o[aHo$g nmhmdo OmD$Z' (1959) - AaqdX JmoIbo.

26.3.4 n`©Q>Z àdmgdU©Z

ghbrÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo, ^«_§VrÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo AZoH$ ñWim§Zm n`©Q>H$ ôQ>r XoV AgVmo.Ë`m_Üò Eo{Vhm{gH$, Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$, amï´>r`, {ZgJ©aå`, ZdbmB©, {dlm§VrñWio B. Aem^«_UmVyZ n`©Q>H$ Pmboë`m àdmgmMo {MÌU n`©Q>Z àdmgdU©ZmV H$aVmo. CXm. "Zm`JmamMoZmX~«÷' (1994) - J§JmYa JmS>Jri.

26.3.5 Xoem~mhoarb àdmgdU©Zo

AZoH$ joÌm§Vrb ì`º$s Amnë`m d¡`{º$H$ H$m_mgmR>r, gm_y{hH$ H$m`©H«$_m{Z{_Îm,doJdoJù`m g§KQ>Zm, gm{hË` g§_obZo Aem {d{dY H$maUm§gmR>r Xoem~mhoa àdmg H$aVAgVmV. Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s ~aoMOU Amnbo AZw^d Xoem~mhoarb àdmgdU©ZmV ì`º$ H$aVmV.CXm. 2009 _Yrb "_amR>r {dœ gm{hË` g§_obZ' ho A_o[aH$m òWo â{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.

Aem àH$mao àdmgdU©Z hm dmL²>_`àH$ma AbrH$S>o {d{dY ê$nm§V {dH${gV hmoV MmbbmAmho.

26.4 àdmgdU©ZmMr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço

1) àdmgmgmR>r {ZdS>boë`m ñWimÀ`m gm¢X`m©V, Ë`mÀ`m ghdmgmV boIH$mZo KoVbobmàdmgmMm AZw^d Vmo ì`º$ H$aV AgVmo.

2) àdmgdU©ZmV H$mì`mË_Vm Am{U H$WmZmË_Vm åhUOoM doiàg§Jr H$mì`m§À`m Am{UJmoï>tÀ`m $AmYmao àdmgdU©Z ghO, gmono Ho$bo OmVo.

3) àdmg H$aVmZm nm{hboë`m Jmoï>tMo àdmgdU©ZmV gË`H$WZ H$aUo.

4) {MÎmmH$f©H$Vm, a_Ur`Vm d B{VhmgH$WZmMm åhUOo _Zmbm _mo{hV H$aUmao, Á`mbmB{Vhmg Amho Ë`m gd© Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe `mV Ho$bm OmVmo.

5) g§ñ_aUr` ì`º$s¨Mo aoImQ>Z H$aUo.

6) àdmg H$aV AgVmZm àdmgmMm KQ>H$ ~Zboë`m {ZgJm©Mo dU©Z H$aUo.

7) AZmoiIr àXoe nmhÊ`mMr Am§V[aH$ AmoT> Am{U _mUgm§~Ôb AgUmao Hw$Vyhb _hÎdmMoR>aVo.

8) àdmg H$aVmZm Ambobo AZw^d ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo àH$Q>rH$aU, gmXarH$aUH$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZdoXZ nÕVrMm dmna Amdí`H$ R>aVmo.

9) boIH$mÀ`m/bo{IHo$À`m ì`{º$_ÎdmVrb {dX½YVm åhUOoM boIH$mÀ`m ì`{º$_ÎdmVAgUmar MVwaVm, gw§XaVm àdmgdU©ZmMr _m§S>Ur AmH$f©H$ H$aVo.


10) eãXm§À`m _m§S>UrÛmam Ë`mMà_mUo e¡brVrb {d{dY à`moJm§_YyZ àdmgdU©ZmMr JwUdÎmmdmT>{dVm òVo.

11) àdmg H$aVmZm boIH$mZo nm{hboë`m ñWim§Mo, ì`º$s¨Mo AZw^d gm§JVmZm àg§JmZwê$n{dZmoXmMm dmna Ho$cocm {XgVmo.

12) ^mfoÛmao qH$dm _moH$ù`mnUmZo, qMVZmZo ghO Am{U CËñ\y$V©nUo àdmgdU©ZmV Adb§~Ho$bm OmVmo.

13) ñWimÀ`m gm_m{OH$ MmbrarVr, ê$T>r-na§nam B. Mm. Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mMm doY,_m{hVr àdmgdU©ZmV ñnï> H$aUo.

14) àdmgdU©ZmMr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r gm§ñH¥${VH$ d ì`{º$JV Ah§^md ~mOybm R>odUo.

26.5 g_mamon

`m nmR>m_Üò AmnU "àdmgdU©Z' hm EH$ dmL²>_`àH$ma Amho `mMr g{dñVa _m{hVrnm{hbr. Ë`m_wio "àdmgdU©Z' hm dmL²>_`mer g§b¾ Amho `mMm àË`` Ambm Amho. nwT>rbnmR>m_Üò AmnU "Am°ñQ´>o{b`mVrb _mZdr OrdZ nÕVr' Mr gdmªJrU Am{U Aä`mgnyU©{M{H$Ëgm H$aUma AmhmoV.

26.6 gmam§e

àdmgdU©Z Ho$di EH$ AmZ§XmgmR>r, Amam_mgmR>r åhUyZ Z amhVm àdmgdU©Z hodmL²>_`mer {ZJ{S>V Amho. àdmg ghO eŠ` hmoV Agë`m_wio Mm§Jë`m gmo`r CnbãYAgë`m_wio àdmg hm A{dñ_aUr` hmoVmo. H$maU àdmg g§nbm Var àdmgdU©Z {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.EH$mM doir Vo ì`{º$àYmZ, AmË_M[aÌmË_H$, H$mX§~argÑe, ZmQ>çmË_, H$WmË_ Ago JÚAgVo.



Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

1) àdmgdU©ZmÀ`m àH$mam§Mr Zmdo ñnï> H$am.

2) 2009 _Yrb "_amR>r {dœ gm{hË` g§_obZ' H$moR>o Pmbo?

3) AZw^d àH$Q>rH$aUmgmR>r H$emMm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo?


26.2

1) b{bV JÚ `m dmL²>_`àH$mamVM "àdmgdU©Z' `m àH$mamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

2) \${h`mZ, øyEZËg§J, _mH$m} nmobmo `m§Zr àdmgd¥Îmm§V {b{hbobo {XgyZ `oVmV.

3) "YwŠ`mVyZ bmb Vmè`mH$S>o' (1940), "A_o[aH$m' (1992), "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadrHw$aUo' (Xw. Am. 1990), "JS>çm Amnwbm Jmd ~am!' (1985) B.

26.4

1) Ym{_©H$ àdmgdU©Z, ì`mdgm{`H$ àdmgdU©Z, N>m§{Xï> àdmgdU©Z, n`©Q>Z àdmgdU©Z,Xoem~mhoarb àdmgdU©Zo.

2) 2009 _Yrb "_amR>r {dœ gm{hË` g§_obZ' A_o[aH$m `oWo Pmbo.

3) AZw^dàH$Q>rH$aUmgmR>r {ZdoXZnÕVrMm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo.

*>**



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 27

"nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' :

Am°ñQ>´>o{c`mVrc _mZdr OrdZnÕVr

27.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, _mJrc nmR>m_Üò "àdmgdU©Z' `mcm dmL>²_` àH$mamV {H$Vr _hÎdmMoñWmZ Amho, `mMm àË`` Amcm Amho. `m nmR>mV AmnU àdmgdU©Z åhUyZ Zo_coë`mgm{hË`H¥$VrMm Aä`mg, {M{H$Ëgm H$aUma AmhmoV. "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' hoAm°ñQ´>o{c`mMo àdmgdU©Z Amho.

_yi àdmgdU©Z, VgoM hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmcm -

l Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§À`m nohamdmMr/ nmoemImMr _m{hVr {c{hVm òB©c.

l Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§À`m ImÊ`m-{nÊ`mÀ`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>r gm§JVm òVrc.

l Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§À`m OJÊ`mMr nÕV {c{hVm òB©c.

27.1 àmñVm{dH$

àdmgdU©Z> EH$ dmL>²_`àH$ma> `mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va `m nmR>mV {ZdS>coë`m ì`§H$Q>oe_mS>JyiH$am§À`m "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' (1990) `m àdmgdU©ZmMm gdmªJrU D$hmnmoh

"nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo" : Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc... / 315

27.0 C{Ôï>o27.1 àmñVm{dH$27.2 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mm nmoemI27.3 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc$cmoH$m§Mm Amhma27.4 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mr OrdZe¡cr27.5> g_mamon 27.6 gmam§e


AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV. EImXo ñWi {OVHo$ _hÎdmMo AgVo, {VVHo$M _hÎd AgVo {VWoamhUmè`m _mUgm§Zm. {VWcr _mUgo H$er AmhoV, Ë`m§Mm nmoemI, Ë`m§Mm Amhma, Ë`m§MrOrdZ OJÊ`mMr nÕV Aem JmoîQ>tZr AmnU AmH${f©V hmoV AgVmo. `mM gd© JmoîQ>tMr_m{hVr AmnU `m nmR>mV KoUma AmhmoV.

27.2 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mm nmoemI

àdmgmgmR>r {ZdS>coë`m ñWim~amo~aM {VWo amhUmar _mUgo. hr _mUgo AmoiIcr OmVmVVr Ë`m§À`m nmoemImdê$Z, Ago åhQ>co OmVo; nU AmO gd©Ì AmnU Amnë`mcm hdm Vgmnohamd H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Var nU H$mhr {R>H$mUr AmOhr nmoemImdê$Z Ë`m ì`ŠVrMm Xoe, JmdAmoiIcm OmVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mm nmoemI AmnU nmhUma AmhmoV.

coIH$ _oc~moZ©cm nmohmoMë`m nmohmoMë`m coIH$mcm VoWrc {d_mZVimda {Ziçm n±Q>r dQ>monUm§À`m {Iem§Mo eQ>© H$ñQ>_ A{YH$mè`m§Mm hm nohamd AmH$f©H$ dmQ>cm. Amnë`mH$S>oS´>m`ìhaMo H$nS>o R>acoco AgVmV Vo åhUOo ImH$s qH$dm nm§T>ao H$nS>o; nU Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrcS´>m`ìhaZoXoIrc cmoH$arMm Mm§Jë`m àVrMm gyQ> KmVcocm {XgVmo, Va _oc~moZ©cm h§Jo[a`Z_m`coH$s¨Zr Mmcdcoë`m "EŠñàogmo' hm°Q>oc_Üò Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z _mUgm§nojm doJir {XgUmargJir VéU _wco-_wcr A§JmV cmoH$ar n±Q> Am{U _moR>_moR>r {MÌ{d{MÌ a§Jm§Mr cmoH$ar S>JcrKmVcocr {XgVmV. OÌogmR>r S>moŠ`mV a§JrV H$mJXr Q>moß`m, ñnmoQ>©g²> H$moQ>, gyQ> Am{U V§JnmoemI Ho$coë`m Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z nmoar _mS>JyiH$am§Zr nm{hë`m.

cmoH$arMo CËnmXZ \$ma Agë`m_wio ho cmoH$ cmoH$arMo H$nS>o \$ma dmnaV AgVrc AgodmQ>Vo; nU gmYo gwVr eQ>© Am{U MVH$moa MÈ>çm Vo OmñV dmnaVmV. WmoS>mgm CH$mS>m AmcmVa Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z _wcr~mir {ZVH$moa MÈ>çm KmcyZ M¸$ añË`mZo qhS>VmV. A§JmV AmIyS>X§S>Ho$ åhUOo ~mhr H$_r Agcoë`m qH$dm ~mhr Zgcoë`m ~§S>çm, eQ>© KmcVmV Am{U H$_aocmMVH$moa MÈ>çm AS>H$dcocr VaUrVmR>r _wco, AmIyS> ~møm§Mm ãcmD$O Am{U {ZVH$moa MÈ>çmKmVcoë`m _wcr gam©g {\$aVmZm {XgVmV.

^S>H$ Am{U a§JrV OrdZ OJm`cm AmdS>Umao cmoH$ Amnë`mcm n~, ZmB©Q> Šc~_Üò{XgVmV. Ë`mV Šc~_Üò H$m_mcm AgUmè`m _wctMm nmoemI, {VWo òUmè`m cmoH$m§ZmAmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m A§Jmda AmIyS> \«$m°H$ {XgVmV. cmoH$m§Zr n~, Šc~_Üò`mdo Am{U _Om _mamdr, `mH$[aVm òWrc ~m`H$m doiàg§Jr earamMr Zw_mB©f H$aVmZm{XgVmV. åhUOoM earamda H$nS>o H$_r Am{U eara CKS>o hm Ë`m§Mm Zoh_rMm R>acocmnmoemI. {gS>ZrVco ho qH$½OH«$m°g `m AemM ^S>H$ nmoemImZo JO~Ococo {XgVo.{Xdgm hm qH$½OH«$m°gMm ZQ>dm ^mJ ZmZm Xoem§Vë`m ZmZm nmoemIm§Zr âcocm Ago.

cm±JarMcm CÝhmim OmñV Agë`m_wio {VWo amhUmao cmoH$ AmIyS> gwVr H$nS>çm§V{XgVmV. {eH$margmR>r cmJUmam nmoemI åhUOo A§JmV X§S>Ho$ (H$monamnmgyZÀ`m daÀ`m^mJmgmR>r H$nS>m {edÊ`mMm EH$ àH$ma), Imcr AYu MÈ>r qH$dm hm\$ n±Q> Am{U H$_aocm


[aìhm°ëìha Ago. nmohÊ`mgmR>r Img nmoemI AgVmo. Vmo KoD$ZM nmohVm òVo Am{U `mnmohÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr cmoH$m§Zm dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r "cmB©\$-goìhg©' {R>H${R>H$mUr AgVmV.Ë`m§ZmXoIrc doJim nmoemI AgVmo.

Aem àH$mao Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV amhUmao BQ>m{c`Z, h§Jo[a`Z, ñH±${S>Zo{ìh`Z, O_©Z,A_o[aH$Z, Aem ZmZm Xoem§Vco cmoH$ ZmZm nmoemIm§_Üò dmdaVmZm {XgVmV.

27.3 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mm Amhma

AmnU Amnë`m amhË`m {R>H$mUmMm Xoe, Jmd gmoSy>Z Hw$R>o Xwgè`m Jmdr qH$dm Xoemcm Jocmo,Va n{hë`m àW_ àý CnpñWV hmoVmo Vmo åhUOo {VWco OodU, ImÚnXmW© Amnë`mcmAmdS>Vrc H$m, AgmM H$mhrgm àý coIH$mcm nS>cocm {XgyZ òVmo. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrccmoH$m§À`m ImÚnXmWmªÀ`m AmdS>r{ZdS>tMm n[aM`, Ë`m§À`m OodUmV AgUmao nXmW©coIH$mcm H$go dmQ>co, `mMm àË`` Amnë`mcm ¿`md`mMm Amho.

_oc~moZ©_Yrc "EŠñàogmo' hm°Q>ocnmgyZ coIH$mcm Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mr ImÊ`mMrng§Vr H$iy cmJcr. ñQ>oH$, J«rc, {_Šg J«rc B. ~mocm`cm OS> dmQ>Umao eãX åhUOo VoWrcOodUmMr Zmdo hmoVr. eodQ>r "Jwcm~' Zmd Agcocm nXmW© coIH$mZo, Ë`m§À`m~amo~a H$m`w_m§Jr`m XmoKm§Zr _mJ{dcm. PUPUrV {VIQ>-_rR> Agcoco ho N>mZ H$moaS>çmg hmoVo. H$moaS>çmgåhUOo _Q>U qH$dm {MH$Z hmo`. Amnë`mH$S>o EH$m {d{eîQ> doiocm ImÊ`m-{nÊ`mMr,H$nS>çm§Mr, ~mOmanoR>oMr XwH$mZo ~§X hmoVmZm {XgVmV; nU Am°ñQ>o{c`mV EŠñàogmo H°$\o$,\$im§Mr, Vicoco _mgo Am{U ~Q>mQ>çmMo H$mn {dH$Umar XwH$mZo ~hþYm CKS>rM AgV.

_oc~moZ©cm n~ (Xmê$, {~Aa ß`md`mMo {R>H$mU) ghmcm ~§X hmoV. Ë`m_wio g§Ü`mH$mirH$m_mdê$Z gwQ>coco cmoH$ n~_Üò òD$Z AÜ`m© VmgmV âmâ {nD$Z KoVmV. ho H$m_ OcXhmoÊ`mgmR>r ~maadmë`m§Zr noQ´>moc n§nmà_mUo ßc°pñQ>H$À`m Ziçm {\$adm`Mr gmo` Ho$cocr{XgVo. ~ma_Üò `§ÌmÀ`m Vm|S>mV ZmUo Q>mHy$Z Imao e|JXmUohr KoVm òVmV. ~m`H$mgwÕm~ma_Üò òD$Z {~Aa {nVmZm {XgVmV. à{VpîR>V ~m`H$m {~Aa JmS>©Z_Üò OmD$Z {nVmV.Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc gJioM cmoH$ {~Aa {nV ZmhrV, Va H$mhrOU gmodiohr nmiVmV.

qH$½OH«$m°ggma»`m {R>H$mUr Oa ZmB©Q Šc~_Üò Jocmo, Va {VWo ZwgVo ~gVm òV Zmhr.Va OodU KoVco Zmhr Var MmcVo; nU qS´>Šg ¿`mdoM cmJVo Am{U Vo ~mhoaÀ`mnojm XwßnQ>_hmJ AgVo. qH$½OH«$m°g_Üò "g~ Hw$N> {_coJm' Aem ZmdmMr XwH$mZo ~Km`cm {_iVmV.N>moQ>r H°$\o$O, \$im-\w$cm§Mr XwH$mZo, pñÌ`m§À`m àgmYZm§Mr XwH$mZo, gam\$s XwH$mZo, AerAZoH$ àH$maMr XwH$mZo ~Km`cm {_iVmV. \$im§À`m XwH$mZmV Q>mñ_m{Z`mVrc Vm§~S>r-cmcg\$aM§X, ŠdrÝgc±S>_Yrc {ndir Y_H$ Ho$ir, {haì`m e|S>rMo e|Xar AZZg, Jmoc JaJarVnmonm|Zr Am{U Ë`m~amo~aM a§Jr~oa§Jr {JèhmBH$m§Zr hr ImÚnXmWmªMr XwH$mZo JO~Ococr{XgVmV. Iyn {Xdg `mM AmhmamMo godZ Ho$ë`m_wio coIH$mÀ`m {_ÌmZo- A~y~H$aZo-"VmO_hmc' ZmdmÀ`m ^maVr` hm°Q>ocMm emoY cmdcm hmoVm. {VWo namoR>m, {VIQ> B§{S>`Z H$ar,


nmnS>-cmoUMo {_iVo, hr ~mV_r EoHy$Z cmc {_aÀ`m§Mr MQ>Ur, nwè`m, ^mV Am{U {VIQ>H$mcdU Ago OodU Oodë`mda coIH$mMm AmË_m V¥á Pmcm. ~mhoaÀ`m XoemV Joë`mZ§VaAmnë`mcm Amnë`mH$S>rc nXmWmªMr, AmhmamMr _Om H$iVo. `mMm AZw^d coIH$mcmAmcocm {XgyZ òVmo. Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$ emH©$ _mgo MdrZo ImVmZm gam©g {XgVmV. AmnUAmÎmmn`ªV g_OV hmoVmo, H$s emH©$ _mgo _mUgm§Zm ImVmV. Vicoco emH©$ Am{U ~Q>mQ>çmÀ`m\$moS>r Am{U ~amo~arcm nmÊ`mEodOr {~Aa hm Ë`m§Mm Amhma {deof doJim dmQ>Umam hmoVm.

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Zm Xhr, VmH$ Am{U Vyn ho X¡dr nXmW© _mhrV ZmhrV. gmYmaU gJioAm°ñQ´>o{c`Ýg gH$mir A§S>r, JwamMo _m§g Am{U _mgo, gm°go{Og Agcr Ý`mhar H$aVmV.CR>ë`mgwQ>ë`m Vicocr A§S>r, Vì`mda naVcoco Jwam§Mo _m§g, Vicoco _mgo, ~Q>mQ>çmMoVicoco H$mn, ~«oS>-cmoUr, XyY-nmoho, Ira, \$im§Mm ag, \$io, H$m°\$s B. nXmW© ImÊ`mVË`m§Mm A{YH$ H$c {XgyZ òVmo. Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$ O¡Zm§à_mUo gy`© _mdiÊ`mnydu OodVmV.Ho$Ýg_Yrc ~m°~Zr coIH$mcm XyY Am{U Q>moñQ>Mm Amhma {_idyZ {Xcm. Ho$Ýg_Üò XyY,AZZg Am{U {~AaMr c`cyQ> Ago.

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cm±JarMÀ`m {R>H$mUr coIH$mZo n{hë`m§Xm OodUmÀ`m Q>o~cmda nmÊ`mMo ^m§S>oR>odcoco nm{hco; nU OodUmV H$mhr \$aH$ Zmhr. VihmVmEdT>o _moR>_moR>o _mgo Vim`Mo Am{U~amo~a {~Aa, ho {OWo {VWo {XgUmao nXmW© AgV. ~«oS>À`m _moR>_moR>çm VwH$S>çm§_Üò ho _mgoR>odm`Mo Am{U {~Aa~amo~a Im`Mo, `mcm Vo ~ma~mŠ`y åhUVmV. cm±JarMÀ`m H$mhr ^mJm§VOoìhm XwîH$mi nS>Vmo, Ë`m doir {VWco cmoH$ _mVrV cnyZ ~gcoco ~oSy>H$ nH$S>VmV Am{UXwîH$mi nS>m`À`m AmYr ~oS>H$m§Zr nmoQ>mV nmUr ^ê$Z R>odcoco AgVo, Ë`mMm Cn`moJ ho cmoH$ñdV:Mr VhmZ ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. BVHo$M Zmhr Va _Y gmR>dUmè`m _w§½`m AgVmV.Ë`m§Mr dméio `m cmoH$m§Zm _mhrV AgVmV. dmid§Q>mV ^Q>H$VmZm ^yH$ cmJcr, H$s `m _w§½`mEH$ EH$ H$ê$Z Vm|S>mV Q>mH$m`À`m Am{U _Y Im`Mm.

Aem àH$maMm AmnU H$Yr Z nm{hcocm Am{U Z EoH$cocm Amhma Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$ KoVmZm{XgVmV. AmnU nmÊ`m{edm` OJy eH$Uma Zmhr; nU ho cmoH$ {~Aa{edm` OJy eH$UmaZmhrV, ho Amnë`mcm H$iVo.



1) qH$½OH«$m°g ho eha Hw$R>ë`m XoemV Amho?

2) cm±JarMcm cmoH$ AmIyS> Am{U gwVr H$nS>çm§V H$m {XgVmV?3) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV H$moUVr XwH$mZo ~hþYm CKS>r AgV?4) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Zm H$moUVo X¡dr nXmW© _mhrV ZmhrV?5) Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$ H$moUË`m nXmWmªMr Ý`mhar H$aVmV?6) Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$ Ho$ìhm OodU H$aVmV?7) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV Agcoë`m ^maVr` hm°Q>ocMo Zmd H$m`?

27.4 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mr OrdZe¡cr

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc _mUgm§Mm ñd^md, Ë`m§À`m dmJÊ`mMr nÕV, Ë`m§Mo amhUr_mZ `mMmAZw^d coIH$mcm _oc~moZ©À`m {d_mZVimdaM Amcm. H$ñQ>_gmho~m§Zm nmhVmM coIH$mcmdmQ>co, H$s AmVm ho A{YH$mar Amnco J~mio VnmgUma, CMH$mCMH$s H$aUma, ZmZm àý{dMmaUma. Ë`m_wio coIH$ Km~amKw~am hmoD$Z BH$S>o-{VH$S>o ~Ky cmJcm; nU M¸$ J§^raMohè`mÀ`m Ë`m H$ñQ>_gmho~mZo AmdmO MT>{dcm Zmhr, Va coIH$mcm em§V Am{U Z_«nUo àýHo$cm, "Amnë`mnmer H$mhr ImÚnXmW© AmhoV H$m?' (n¥. 12) `m Ë`mÀ`m _mUgm§er em§VVoZoAm{U AmnwcH$sZo dmJÊ`mÀ`m ì`dhmamZo coIH$ àgÞ Pmcm. coIH$mcm dmQ>co-Amnë`mH$S>rc H$ñQ>_ ImË`mVrc cmoH$ O~aXñV R>UŠ`m AgVmV. Ë`m_mZmZo òWrc cmoH$em_iy, A§Jmda AmoaS>Uo Zmhr, XaS>mdUo Zmhr, IoH$gUo Zmhr, Imoi§~yZ R>odUo Zmhr. `m_wiocoIH$mcm ^cVmM AmË_{dídmg òVmo.

{ejU ImË`mÀ`m dVrZo Am°ñQ>rZgmho~m§Zr coIH$mMo ñdmJV Ho$co. coIH$mà_mUo ~aoMcmoH$ H$m°_ZdoëW amîQ´>m§VyZ òUma hmoVo; nU coIH$mZo àW_ H«$_m§H$ nQ>H${dcm hmoVm._oc~moZ©À`m "EŠgßcZmS>' hm°Q>oc_Üò `m gdmªÀ`m amhÊ`mMr gmo` Ho$cr hmoVr. añË`m§dê$ZHo$di _moQ>mar OmVmZm {XgV; nU _moQ>marMo hm°Ýg© ZmhrV. J«m_mo\$moZ ao{S>Amo ZmhrV; ~mocUmar_mUgo ZmhrV. Aem `m AmJiçmdoJiçm dmQ>Umè`m Xw{ZòV coIH$mMo AmJ_Z Pmco hmoVo.{\$crnmBÝg_Ycm H$m`w_m§Jr AmoJMmÝH$mo, _cm`mVcm A~y~H$a, {_g gmo§~V, {_gog{epL²>S>N>m` (g_m{MÎm {g{ÕO`), naVw§J gm`nÝQ>, {gcmoZMo no{Q´>H$ cm`Z O`Vw§Jo dA{êoIam Am{U coIH$ B. gd© OU `m {ejU ImË`mÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§À`m nmhUrgmR>r AmcohmoVo. àËòH$m_Üò H$mhrVar {d{eîQ> JwU hmoVo. H$moUr CÎm_ dŠVì` H$am`Mm, H$moUr CËH¥$îQ>coIZ H$am`Mm, H$moUr ^mfU Mm§Jco H$aV Ago; Va H$moUr hþema, ~w{Õ_mZ. Agm àËòH$mÀ`mA§JmV JwUm§Mm cn§S>md hmoVm. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV amÌr C{eamn`ªV qhS>Uo{\$aUo ho H$mhr ZdrZ Zmhr._oc~moZ©_Yrc ImÊ`mMr XwH$mZo ~hþYm CKS>r AgV; nU ñQ>oeZar _mcmMr, Xmê$Mr,H$nS>çm§Mr Am{U Ho${_ñQ>Mr XwH$mZo ~§X AgV. nU emo-ê$_À`m H$mMm§_YyZ XwH$mZmVë`mgJiçm JmoîQ>r {XgV. nU {deof åhUOo H$mMm \$moSy>Z H$moUr Mmoar H$aV Zmhr, `mMocoIH$mcm AmíM`© dmQ>Vo.

Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z _mUgm§nojm doJir {XgUmar _mUgo Img "EŠñàogmo' H°$\o$_Üò òV._moR>_moR>çmZo ~mocUo-hgUo, `§ÌmV ZmUr Q>mHy$Z aoH$m°S>© cmdUo, ZmMUo Am{U VéU _wcm-_wcter cJQ> H$aUo, Aem gd© JmoîQ>r BWo hmoVmZm {XgyZ òVmV. AmcremZ dmQ>Umè`mhm°Q>oëg_Üò AmfwH$-_mfwH$m§À`m OmoS>çm òV. nmQ>çm©, X§Jm, ZmM-JmUr, Jm|Yi KmVcm OmB©.ZmZm VèhoÀ`m ~m`H$m-~mno òWo òV AgV. OUy ho hm°Q>oc coIH$mcm ahñ`_` nwñVH$mà_mUodmQ>o. cmoH$m§Mr OrdZ OJÊ`mMr hr nÕV _mÌ coIH$mcm {Zamir dmQ>V hmoVr.

coIH$ Am{U BVa _§S>itÀ`m H$mog©Mr gwédmV Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z ~«m°S>H$mpñQ>¨JV\}$Mmc{dÊ`mV òUmè`m Q´>oqZJ ñHy$cÀ`m B_maVrV Pmcr. gdmªgmR>r EH$m ImocrV EH$mQ>o~cmda Zmd Am{U Xoe {c{hcoë`m nmQ>çm cmdcoë`m hmoË`m. àËòH$OU Amnmnë`m OmJr


OmD$Z ~gco. Q´>oqZJ Am°{\$gaXoIrc `m§À`mM d`mMo hmoVo. àËòH$mer hgV_wI, em§VnUo~mocUo ho OUy Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z _mUgmÀ`m ñd^mdmVM éOcoco! J«m_rU H$m`©H«$_m§Mo à_wIA{YH$mar "Om°Z S>½cg' ho A{Ve` C_Xo {ejH$ hmoVo. Vo ñdV: eoVH$ar hmoVo. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVJ«m_rU ao{S>Amo H$m`©H«$_mMr C^maUr hr Om°Z S>½cg `m§ZrM Ho$cr hmoVr.

gmMo~Õ nÕVrZo H$m`©H«$_m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aUo, {eñV{à`, gwQ>gwQ>rV H$m`©H«$_, `m gJiçmH$m_mÀ`m nÕVr_wio AmO Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$ AJ«oga Agë`mMr ImÌr nQ>Vo.> _mS>JyiH$acoIH$ Agë`mMr _m{hVr {S>H$ ~mBªZrM cm°S>© Ho$gr `m§Zm {Xcr hmoVr. àËòH$ Am_§{ÌVm§Mr_m{hVr O_dUo, ho Img H$m_ {S>H$ ~mBªda hmoVo. ~mhoê$Z Amcoë`m nmhþÊ`m§Mo AmXam{VÏ`,ñdmJV H$aUo, Ë`mcm OodyImD$ KmcUo, _mUgm§da ào_ H$aUo, `m gd© JmoîQ>tZr _mÌ coIH$gwImdcm hmoVm. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc _mUgm§Mr OJÊmMr nÕV WmoS>r {ZamirM. _moH$ionUm hmË`m§À`m dmVmdaUmV gm_mdcocm. Ë`m_wio H$moUmcmM H$emMo ~§YZ Zmhr. nmoa§-nmoar, VéU dJ©hm ZoqH$Jda ^mJ{dcm OmVmo. åhUOoM Ago åhUVmV H$s, {Zå_r A_o[aH$Z àOm hr _moQ>marVOÝ_Vo.

H°$Z~amV coIH$ Am{U ^m|J `m§Zr doi Kmc{dÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:Mm amîQ´>r` nmoemI H$aÊ`mMoR>adyZ Vo ~mhoa nS>co. OoUoH$ê$Z H$moUrVar ^maVr` AJa {\$cr{nZmo ôQ>oc Am{U VmoAmnë`mcm Ë`mÀ`m Kar ZoB©c Am{U VgoM hmoVo. EH$ {\$cr{nZmo {_{cQ>ar AQ>°MrMm _wcJmôQ>Vmo Am{U Amnë`m XoemMm _mUyg ôQ>ë`mMm AmZ§X Ë`mcm Z hmoUo åhUOo ZdcM! Ë`m_wcmZo H$gcmhr _mJMm-nwT>Mm {dMma Z H$aVm cJoM XmoKm§Zm JmS>rV ~gdco Am{U H°$Z~am,J«m_a ñHy$c, amD§$S> {hc Aer {R>H$mUo _ZmnmgyZ XmI{dcr.

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Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$g§»`m Ë`m doir gmYmaU Xhm H$moQ>r EH$ cmI AH$am hOma$ AerAgë`mMo dU©Z coIH$mZo àdmgdU©ZmV Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$m§Mo VrZàH$mam§V dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mV òVo. 1) AmoëS> Am°ñQ´>o{c`Ýg - åhUOo Ë`m XoemVco _yiMocmoH$. ho cmoH$ a§JmZo H$mio AgVmV. AmVm ho cmoH$ Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV {XgV ZmhrV. AgoåhUVmV, H$s Jmoè`m cmoH$m§Zr `m H$miçm cmoH$m§Zm Jmoiçm KmcyZ, {df KmcyZ _mê$Z Q>mH$co.2) Am°{S>©Zar Am°ñQ´>o{c`Ýg - åhUOo Amnë`m XoemV nydu hmoVo Vo Jmoao. B§½c§S>_YyZ OhmOo^ê$Z ho cmoH$ dgmhVrgmR>r Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV Amco hmoVo. 3) Ý`y Am°ñQ´>o{c`Ýg - åhUOo daC„oI Ho$coë`m cmoH$m§{edm` Am°ñQ´>o{c`m_Üò Amcoco, òV Agcoco cmoH$. `m§V BQ>m{c`Ýg,h§Jo[a`Ýg, A_o[aH$Z, {MZr, J«rŠg B. cmoH$ òVmV.

Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$m§Mr _mUgm§er dmJÊ`mMr nÕV Amnë`mcm cmOdoc AerM Amho. AX~rZo~mocyZ, Amnë`mer {_ÌËdmZo-AJË`mZo dmJVmV. _XV H$aÊ`mg Vo gVV VËna AgVmV.`mMm AZw^d coIH$mcm H$gm Amcm, ho nwT>rc CVmè`mVyZ {XgyZ òVo. "nmoñQ>mV JocmV Va


nmoñQ>mVcm _mUyg Vw_Mo nmH$sQ> dOZ H$ê$Z, Ë`mcm {V{H$Q>o {H$Vr cmdm`Mr ho Z IoH$gVmgm§JocM; nU Vw_À`mnmer \$ma nm{H$Q>§ AgVrc, Va Vwåhmcm {V{H$Q>o cmdm`cmhr _XVH$aoc. (_cm dmQ>Vo H$mhr doim Vmo nÌ {chm`cmhr _XV H$arV Agmdm.) ~±Ho$V JocmV Va~±Ho$Vcm _mUyg Vwåhmcm n¡go H$mT>m`Mr pñcn âm`cm gm§JUma Zmhr. Vmo Vr ñdV: ^ê$ZVw_Mr \$ŠV ghr KoB©c Am{U Ëd[aV Vwåhmcm n¡go XoB©c. ñdV: KoUma Zmhr. ho gd© VmoAmnë`mgmR>r H$ê$Z da W±Š`y åhUoc. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV ßcrO Am{U W±Š`y eãX gmaIo åhUVamhmdo cmJVmV.' (n¥. 51).

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc _mUgm§Mo dU©Z coIH$ nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVmZm {XgVmo. "Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrcgd© cmoH$ C§Mnwao, {YßnmS> Am{U Jmoao AgVrc Ago Amnë`mcm dmQ>Vo; nU Vgo _wirM Zmhr.H$mQ>Hw$io, Vm§~S>o, {JÈ>o cmoH$hr AgVmV. cmoH$arMo CËnÞ \$ma Agë`m_wio ho cmoH$ Vr \$madmnaV AgVrc Ago dmQ>Vo; nU gmYo gwVr eQ>© Am{U MVH$moa MÈ>çm Vo OmñV dmnaVmV.WmoS>mgm CH$mS>m Amcm, Va Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z _wcr~mir {ZVH$moa MÈ>çm KmcyZ M¸$ añË`mZoqhS>VmV. A§JmV AmIyS> X§S>Ho$ Am{U H$_aocm MVH$moa MÈ>çm AS>H$dcocr VaUrVmR>r _wcoAmIyS> ~møm§Mm V§J ãcmD$O Am{U {ZVH$moa MÈ>çm KmVcoë`m _wctÀ`m H$_ao^modVr hmVQ>mHy$Z OmVmZm {Xgcr, åhUOo AJXr {IOë`mgmaIo hmoVo.' (n¥. 52).

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Lap `m Zmdmcm \$ma _mZco OmVo. ho KmoS>-X¡dV Ý`yPrc§S>_YyZ Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV Amco.

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc nwîH$ier d¥ÎmnÌo KmoS>çmg§~§Yr, aogg§~§Yr, Om°H$sg§~§Yr B. _m{hVrdaAmncm M[aVmW© MmcdVmV. òWrc Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z coIH$mZo VoWrc dJ©ì`dñWoMo dU©Z Ho$coAmho. Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur nwT>rcà_mUo-

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV _wcJr AgyZ _wcmgmaIr dmJVo, {Vcm hmo_mo åhQ>co OmVo. coIH$mcmdmQ>co- _ZJQ> hcdrV qhS>Umar _§S>ir Ho$di Amnë`mM XoemV AmhoV. BWo ~m`H$m ~ma_Üò


Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z dJ©ì`dñWm

A°[añQ>moH«$gr Cƒ _Ü`_dJ© _Ü`_dJ© dJ©hrZdJ©

1) Om°H$sO 1) ~m°Šgg© 1) Z^modmUr H$cmd§V 1) g§JrVH$ma2) Q´>oZg© 2) \w$Q>~m°c IoimSy> 2) eoVH$ar 2) coIH$/{ejH$3) KmoS>m_mcH$ 3) Q>o{Zg IoimSy> 3) ì`mnmar 3) emñÌk4) H${_eZ EO§Q> B. 4) {H«$Ho$Q>nQy> B. 4) {MÌH$ma

5) H$dr B.

òD$Z {~Aa {nVmZm {XgVmV. Amnë`mH$S>o AmnU Ë`mcm dmB©Q> gd` åhUVmo. {~Aa,{gJmaoQ>, V§~mIyMo ì`gZ OS>coco {XgVo.

qH$½OH«$m°gMm ^mJ AmH$f©H$ Am{U ^S>H$, ZQ>dm åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. amÌr-AnamÌrH«$m°g_Yrc ~arM XwH$mZo CKS>r {XgV. Am{U añË`mdê$Z VaUr~m§S> BQ>m{c`Z, h§Jo[a`Z nmoaogmdO hþS>H$sV qhS>V AgV. `m nmoar {eH$mè`mda S>moio R>odyZ \w$Q>nmWda a|JmiVmZm{XgVmV. AmH$f©H$ Ho$eaMZm, Vm|S>mcm Ho$cocr OmXm a§Ja§JmoQ>r Am{U N>Mmoa nmoemI, `m§_wiogmdO AmoiIy òVo. amÌr C{eam Ago añË`mda Amco H$s, Agë`m H$mhr Zm H$mhr ^mZJS>rZOaog òVmV.

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV cmoH$ àm_m{UH$ AmhoV. Mmoè`m_mè`m H$aUo Ë`m§Zm R>mD$H$ Zmhr. _moR>_moR>çmXwH$mZm§_YyZ hì`m AgUmè`m dñVy ¿`m`À`m, H$mD§$Q>ada `m`Mo Am{U {dH«o$Ë`mnwT>o Ë`mR>odm`À`m. n¡go Úm`Mo Am{U dñVy ¿`m`À`m. cm±JarM_Yrc hm°Q>oc_Yrc ê$ågZm Hw$cyncmdÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. Amnë`m dñVy OemÀ`m Vem Amnë`mcm {_iVmV. cm±JarM_YrccmoH$ a{ddmar ~ma~mŠ`y åhUOo O§Jcr cmoH$m§gmaIo ImU§-{nU§, H$aVmV. Jmdm~mhoa ZXrH$mR>rOmVmV Am{U {VWo AÞ {eOdyZ ImVmV, _Om H$aVmV.

_wcm§Zm ~§YZ_wŠV OrdZ OJÊ`mMr gd` Agë`m_wio, gam©g amÌr-AnamÌr _wco Amnë`mAmdS>Ë`m ì`ŠVr~amo~a {\$aVmZm {XgVmV. O§JcmV qhS>VmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio AmnUmcm`m gJiçm dmVmdaUmV IOrc Pmë`mgmaIo hmoVo. OodUmZ§Va ^mfU H$aUo hr H§$Q>midmUrnÕV EH$ {Xdg coIH$mda òD$Z R>onVo. Ë`mda coIH$ hr H§$Q>midmUr nÕV JmoîQ>rVyZì`ŠV H$aVmo.

Aem àH$mao coIH$mcm Amcoco _mUgm§Mo AZw^d, Ë`m§Mo Hw$Vyhc, _mUgm§Mr dmJÊ`mMrnÕV, Ë`m§Mo amhUr_mZ B. JmoîQ>tMr _m{hVr `m àdmgdU©ZmVyZ {XgyZ òVo.



Imcrc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) _oc~moZ©À`m H$moUË`m hm°Q>oc_Üò gdmªÀ`m amhÊ`mMr gmo` Ho$cr hmoVr?

2) H$mog©Mr gwédmV H$moR>o Pmcr?

3) J«m_rU ao{S>Amo H$m`©H«$_mMr C^maUr H$moUr Ho$cr?

4) Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$m§Mo dJuH$aU H$moUË`m VrZ àH$mam§V H$aÊ`mV òVo?

5) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc amOH$s` nj H$moUVo?

6) ~ma~mŠ`y åhUOo H$m`?

27.5 g_mamon

`m nmR>m_Üò AmnU Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mm nmoemI, Amhma Am{U Ë`m§Mr OrdZe¡crnm{hcr Amho. `m_wio Xwgè`m XoemVë`m cmoH$m§Mr OdiyZ _m{hVr hmoVo. ZdZdrV JmoîQ>r{eH$m`cm {_iVmV. nwT>rc nmR>m_Üò AmnU Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc AmH$medmUrdarc eoVr{df`H$H$m`©H«$_, Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {d{dY {R>H$mUo, Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>tMm Aä`mgH$aUma AmhmoV.

27.6 gmam§e

Am°ñQ´>o{c`m hm _moR>m Am{U ì`dgm`àYmZ Xoe Amho. VoWrc _mUgm§Mo OrdZ ho ZQ>doAm{U ^S>H$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. gVV {~Aa Am{U {gJmaoQ> ho cmoH$m§Zm OS>coco ì`gZ.gVV Jwam§Mo _m§g Am{U _mgo, A§S>r AgmM Amhma H$aUmao cmoH$ Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV ~Km`cm{_iVmV.

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao 27.3

1) qH$½OH«$m°g ho _oc~moZ©_Üò Amho.2) cm±JarMcm CÝhmim OmñV Agë`m_wio {VWo amhUmao cmoH$ AmIyS> gwVr H$nS>çm§V

{XgVmV.3) EŠñàogmo H°$\o$, \$im§Mr, ~Q>mQ>çmMo H$mn, Vicoco _mgo {dH$Umar XwH$mZo ~hþYm

CKS>r AgVmV.4) Xhr, VmH$ Am{U Vyn ho X¡dr nXmW© _mhrV ZmhrV.5) A§S>r, Jwam§Mo _m§g, _mgo Am{U gm°go{Og nXmWmªMr Ý`mhar H$aVmV.6) Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$ O¡Zm§à_mUo gy`© _mdiÊ`mnydu OodVmV.7) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV Agcoë`m ^maVr` hm°Q>ocMo Zmd "VmO_hmc' Amho.

27.51) _oc~moZ©À`m "EŠgßcZmS>' hm°Q>oc_Üò `m gdmªÀ`m amhÊ`mMr gmo` Ho$cr hmoVr.2) H$mog©Mr gwédmV Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z ~«m°S>H$mpñQ>¨JV\}$ Mmc{dÊ`mV òUmè`m Q´>oqZJ

ñHy$cÀ`m B_maVrV Pmcr.3) J«m_rU ao{S>Amo H$m`©H«$_mMr C^maUr Om°Z S>½cg `m§Zr Ho$cr.4) Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z cmoH$m§Mo dJuH$aU - 1) AmoëS> Am°ñQ´>o{c`Ýg

2) Am{S>©Zar Am°ñQ´>o{c`Ýg 3) Ý`y Am°ñQ´>o{c`Ýg 5) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc amOH$s` nj - 1) co~a nmQ>u 2) {c~ac nmQ>u 3) H§$Q´>r nmQ>u.6) ~ma~mŠ`y åhUOo O§Jcr cmoH$m§gmaIo ImUo-{nUo H$aUo.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 28

"nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' :

Am°ñQ>´>o{c`mVrc d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>r

28.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, Amnë`mcm Zo_coë`m "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' `m àdmgdU©ZmVyZAmnU Am°ñQ´>o{c`mÀ`m àdmgmg gwédmV Ho$cr Amho. _mJrc nmR>mV AmnU Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc_mUyg, Ë`m§Mo OrdZ, dmJÊ`mMr nÕV, Amhma, Ë`m§Mm nmoemI `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm gyú_nUodoY KoVcm Amho. AmVm Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$coco AmH$medmUrdarc H$m`©H«$_,{R>H$mUo, VoWrc d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>tMm doY KoUma AmhmoV. _yi àdmgdU©Z d hm nmR> `m§À`mAä`mgmZo Vwåhmcm -

l Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$ AmH$medmUrda H$m`©H«$_ H$emàH$mao H$aVmV `mMr _m{hVr

{c{hVm `oB©c.

l Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {d{dY {R>H$mUm§Mr _m{hVr hmoB©c.

l Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>r gm§JVm `oVrc.


28.0 C{Ôï>o28.1 àmñVm{dH$28.2 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc AmH$medmUrdarc H$m`©H«$_28.3 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc${d{dY {R>H$mUo28.4 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>r28.5> Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mm ì`dgm`28.6 g_mamon 28.7 gmam§e


28.1 àmñVm{dH$

"nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' `m àdmgdU©ZmV coIH$mZo VoWrc H$m`©H«$_ åhUOoMAm°ñQ´>o{c`mV hmoUmao J«m_rU, eoVr{df`H$ H$m`©H«$_m§Mo dU©Z, {VWë`m H$m_mÀ`m nÕVrgm§{JVë`m AmhoV. Ë`m~amo~a Am°ñQ´>o{c`m_Üò hmoUmar gd© àH$maMr {nHo$ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r hmoUmaoAmH$medmUrdarc H$m`©H«$_ `mMr _m{hVr AmnU `m nmR>mV nmhUma AmhmoV. VgoM Á`m XoemMoàdmgdU©Z AmnU Aä`mgV AmhmoV Ë`m XoemVrc {d{dY _hÎdnyU© {R>H$mUo H$moUVr AmhoVAm{U VoWrc d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>r H$moUË`m AmhoV `mMr _m{hVr nmhUma AmhmoV.

28.2 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc AmH$medmUrdarc H$m`©H«$_$

coIH$ Am{U coIH$m~amo~aM Amcocr gd© doJdoJiçm Xoem§Vrc _§S>ir Img Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVMmcUmao J«m_rU ao{S>Amodarc H$m`©H«$_ H$go H$aVmV ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r Amco hmoVo. OoUoH$ê$ZAmnë`m XoemV ao{S>Amoda `m H$m`©H«$_m§Mm Cn`moJ H$aVm òB©c. ZdZdrZ JmoîQ>r OmUyZ Ë`mMm\$m`Xm cmoH$m§Zm H$ê$Z XoVm òB©c `mgmR>r hr gd© _§S>ir O_cr hmoVr.

`m H$mog©Mr gwédmV Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc _oc~moZ©nmgyZ Pmcocr {XgyZ òVo. _oc~moZ©cm âUmam"am°`c A°{J«H$ëMac emo' hm emo J«m_rU {d^mJmgmR>r ao{S>Amo H$m`©H«$_ H$aUmè`m gd©cmoH$m§Zr nmhUo JaOoMo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Am°ñQ´>o{c`mÀ`m eoVrMo CÎm_ Xe©Z hmoUma hmoVo. gdmªVAmYr ho Agco eoVr àXe©Z nmhÊ`mMr coIH$mMr _wirM BÀN>m ZìhVr; nU àXe©Z nmhyZcoIH$ W¸$ Pmcm.

`m "am°`c A°{J«H$ëMac emo'_Üò àM§S> _moR>r OÌm hmoVr. cmoH$ a§JrV Q>moß`m KmcyZ {nnmÊ`m\w§$H$V qhS>V hmoVr. doJdoJiçm ì`mnmar H§$nÝ`m§Mo ñQ>m°ëg hmoVo, XwH$mZo hmoVr, \$Z\o$Aa hmoVr,eoVH$m_mMo KmoS>o Ow§ncoë`m JmS>çm hmoË`m. nQ>m§JUmV OZmdam§Mr naoS> Mmccocr hmoVr. H$m`åhUyZ ZìhVo `m Am°ñQ´>o{c`mÀ`m àXe©ZmV! Hw$R>§ nm§T>è`mew^« eoiçm, Va Hw$R>§ H$mgoMm S>oamhc{dV MmcUmè`m JmB©, _m§gmgmR>r nmogcocr Vm§~S>r Jwa§, Va Hw$R>§ H$mir Jwa§! Hw$R>o KmoS>o,JcocÇ> _arZmo _|T>o, aoS>H$mgmaIr nm§T>ar VwH$VwH$sV Sw>H$ao! Amnë`mH$S>o OÌm§_YyZ Á`mà_mUoJméS>çm§Mo Ioi hmoVmV Vgo ho àXe©Z Mmcco hmoVo. àXe©ZmV Jwam§Zm, OZmdam§Zm R>odÊ`mgmR>rgwaoI JmoR>o hmoVo. EH$sH$S>o àXe©Z Va XwgarH$S>o "ern A±S> S>m°J emo', "dyS>Mm°qnJ' VaHw$R>o "hm°g©~qH$J' Aem ñnYm© Mmcy hmoË`m.

J«mC§S>da E. ~r. gr. (Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z ~«m°S>H$mpñQ>¨J H${_eZ) Zo Amncm EH$ ñQw>{S>Amo ~m§YcmhmoVm. Ë`m_Üò H$m`©H«$_ Mmcco hmoVo. emo nmhÊ`mgmR>r Amcoë`m cmoH$m§À`m _wcmIVr, Jwa§VnmgUmè`m VÁkm§er ~mV{MV Aer ao{S>AmoMr `§ÌUm cmoH$ H$mMocm ZmH$ cmdyZ ~KV hmoVo.H$m`©H«$_ H$gm hmoVmo, AmnU amoO Á`m§Mo AmdmO EoH$Vmo Vo àË`j H$go {XgVmV, ho cmoH$m§Zm~Km`cm {_iV hmoV§. H$m`©H«$_ ~KUmè`m g_{MQ>²> {e{È>> N>m_ Am{U coIH$mMr AMmZH$J«°h°_ ìhmBQ> `m§Zr _wcmIV KoVcr.


Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV hmoUmè`m `m PQ>nQ> H$m_m{df`r coIH$ àgÞ Pmcm. Amnë`mH$S>rcH$m`©H«$_ Am{U Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc H$m`©H«$_ `m§Mr VwcZm H$aV Am°ñQ´>o{c`mÀ`m H$m_mMr nÕV{H$Vr ghO, gmonr Amho `mMo dU©Z coIH$ nwT>rc CVmè`mVyZ H$aVmZm {XgVmo,""Am_À`mH$S>§ ao{S>Amodmë`m§Zm EdT>r _wcmIV ~«m°S>H$mñQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$dT>o ì`mn H$amdocmJVmV. AmYr ànmoOc H$amd`mM§, gmho~m§Mr ghr ¿`md`mMr. _J H$m±Q´>°ŠQ> Q>mB©n H$amd`mM§.nwÝhm gmho~m§Mr ghr ¿`m`Mr. Vo H$m±Q´>°ŠQ> _wcmIV XoUmè`mnwT>§ R>odm`M§ Am{U Ë`mMr hmoH$mamMrghr. _J Ë`mZ§ _wcmIVrM§ pñH«$ßQ> V`ma H$am`M§ EH$ EH$ H$m°nr Am_À`m aoH$m°S>©cm Úm`Mr.Vo pñH«$ßQ> àmoJ«°_ àmoS>çygaZ§ Vnmgm`M§. _J Vmcr_ d _J H$m`©H«$_! J«°h°_ ìhmB©Q> `m^mZJS>rV nS>cm Zmhr. Ë`mZ§ YmS>H$Z H$m`©H«$_ Ho$cm. H$Xm{MV AmD$Q> gmB©S> ~«m°S>H$mñQ>Agë`m_wio Ë`mcm ho H$amd§ cmJc§ Zgoc. Am_À`m ao{S>Amo H$m`©H«$_mV EdT>m gmononUm H$Yr~a§ òB©c?'' (n¥. 36) Agm hm emo nmM {Xdg Mmccm hmoVm Am{U coIH$ d BVa _§S>iramoO OmD$Z ZdZdrZ JmoîQ>r {eHy$Z Ë`mMm H$em àH$mao Amnë`m XoemV Cn`moJ H$aVm òB©cho OmUyZ KoV hmoVo.

àdmg H$aV AgVmZm àËòH$ Jmdr Joc§ H$s, {VWco eoVH$s H$m°coO, AmXe© eoVH$è`m§MreoVr Am{U Ë`m JmdMo ao{S>Amo ñQ>oeZ `m§Zm ôQ>r XoUo. H$maU AmOy~mOyMr eoVr Oer AgocVgm a§J Ë`m JmdÀ`m J«m_rU ao{S>Amo H$m`©H«$_m§Zm AgVmo.

Q>°_dW© òWo coIH$mcm Q>°_dW©Mm éac Am°{\$ga {H$W \«±$H${cZ ôQ>Vmo. Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mMoñdê$n coIH$mcm {deof dmQ>Vo. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc ao{S>Amoda Amnë`mgmaIo B§{O{ZAg©,_oH°${ZŠg ZmhrV. nmoñQ>ImË`mVco cmoH$ VodT>çmnwaVo òD$Z ho H$m_ H$aVmV. ao{S>Amodê$Zhdm_mZ gm§JUo, hdm_mZmMo A§XmO gm§JUo, aoëdoJmS>çm§À`m doim gm§JUo, Hw$R>cr JmS>r Ho$ìhmnmohmoMUma `mÀ`m doim gm§JUo, eoVH$è`m§Mr g^m H$moR>o hmoUma, Ë`mMr doi, OmJm, _m{hVrgm§JUo, H$mc ~mOmamV _|T>a§ {H$Vr Amcr hmoVr, Ë`m§Mo ^md H$m` hmoVo, g\$aM§XmMm ^md H$m`hmoVm B. JmoîQ>r gm§JUo. "Hw$aUmMr gwYmaUm' `m {df`mda qhŠgZ ZmdmÀ`m eoVH$è`mMr {H$WZ§KoVcocr _wcmIVMr aoH$m°S>© cmdcr H$s Ë`mMo n§Yam {_{ZQ>m§Mo H§$Q´>r ~«oH$\$mñQ> ñQ>oeZ g§nVo.Amnë`mH$S>rc H$m_mMr ÌmgXm`H$ nÕV Am{U Ë`m§À`mH$S>rc H$m_mMr gai, gwQ>gwQ>rV,ghO hmoUmar nÕV nmhÿZ coIH$mcm AmíM`© dmQ>Vo. OmJmoOmJr _oimdo âdyZMeoVH$è`m§À`m, eoVH$sVÁkm§À`m _wcmIVr Jmoim H$ê$Z Ë`m ao{S>AmoÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mV XoU§ hoéac Am°{\$gaM§ _hÎdmM§ H$m_ AgV§.

{nH$mZwgma Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc ao{S>Amo ñQ>oeZÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§Mm a§J ~XcVmo. Amnë`mH$S>o^mfm {d^mJmZwgma ao{S>Amo ñQ>oeÝg AmhoV. Ver Am°ñQ´>o{c`mcm {nH$mZwgma AmhoV. åhUOoMCgmgmR>r Ho$ÝgMm àm§V, Va JìhmMr cmJdS> Q>°_dW©cm Am{U _|T>am§gmR>r cm±JarMcmOmdo cmJVo.

Aem àH$mao àËòH$ {R>H$mUr OmD$Z J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mr, Ë`m§À`m eoVH$s{df`H$ H$m_mMr_m{hVr {_idyZ hr _m{hVr ao{S>Amo_m\©$V cmoH$m§Zm nmohmoM{dUo ho H$m_ MmcV Ago. cmoH$ `m_m{hVrÀ`m _XVrZo Amnë`m eoVrV hì`m Vem gwYmaUm H$ê$Z CËnmXZ KoV AgVmV.


28.3 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {d{dY {R>H$mUo$

àdmgmgmR>r AmnU Á`m {R>H$mUr, Á`m Jmdr OmVmo {VWo AgUmè`m {d{dY {R>H$mUm§Mr _m{hVr{_idyZ AmnU Ë`m§Zm ôQ>r XoV AgVmo. AemM ôQ>r XoD$Z AmnU Ë`m XoemVco _hÎdnyU©{R>H$mU AmdOy©Z nmhVmo. AerM H$mhr {R>H$mUm§Mr _m{hVr AmnU AmVm KoUma AmhmoV.

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc BVa ~hþVoH$ ehao g¡{ZH$m§Zr qH$dm Icmem§Zr dg{dcr. nU _oc~moZ© hoeoVH$è`m§Zr dg{dcoco eha Amho. H°$Z~am_Yrc Sw>H$sMo eoVH$s H$m°coO, dm°Jm dm°Jm JmdmVrcAmXe© eoVH$è`m§Mr eoVr, Va Am°c~arVrc "hm°{cS>o hmo_' hm°Q>oc Va H°$Z~am hr Am°ñQ´>o{c`mMr{X„r Amho! hr "{X„r' dgdÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ dmñVwemñÌkm§Mo _|Xy {eUco AmhoV. amOYmZrMrhr OmJm Z¸$s Pmë`mda Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z gaH$maZo EH$ Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñnYm© Omhra H$ê$ZamOYmZrMo ZH$meo _mJdco. hr JmoîQ> 1911 gmcmVcr! H°$ZS>m, {~«Q>Z, \«$mÝg, O_©Zr,A_o[aH$m Xoem§Zr `m ñnY}V ^mJ KoVcm. 137 cmoH$m§Zr ZH$meo nmR>dco. Ë`mn¡H$s{eH$mJmo_Yë`m J«r{\$Z ZmdmÀ`m gmho~mMm ZH$mem, nmg Pmcm Am{U Ë`mcm 1850 nm¢S>m§Mo~jrg {_imco. AmOMr H°$Z~am amOYmZr hr `m ZH$memV \o$a\$ma H$ê$Z C^macocr Amho ho{XgyZ òVo.

{gpìhH$ g|Q>a åhUOo H°$Z~amM§ "H°$Zm°Q> gH©$c' ~mOmanoR> hmo`. H°$Z~amVrc amD§$S> {hV,J«m_a ñHy$c, nmc©_|Q> A{Ve` _hÎdnyU© Am{U AmH$f©H$ {R>H$mUo AmhoV. {gS>Zr ehamVcoAJXr à{gÕ {R>H$mU åhUOo B{cPm~oW ñQ´>rQ>darc {nJm°c! {gS>ZrVco qH$½OH«$m°g ho hm°Q>ocÍ{VWco ZmB©Q> Šc~, a§Jr~oa§Jr XwH$mZo, ~m|S>m` ~rM `m {R>H$mUm§da Joë`mda coIH$mcm hadyZJoë`mgmaIo Pmco.

Ho$Ýg_Yrc hm~©a ~moS>©À`m _mcH$sÀ`m Wongable ZmdmÀ`m cm±M_Yrc "J«rZ Am`c§S>'VoWrc A§S>adm°Q>a Am°ãPd}Q>ar ~oQ> A{Ve` gw§Xa Amho. X{jU _hmgmJamÀ`m {H$Zmè`mcmAgcoë`m am°H$h°åQ>ZnmgyZ Am°ñQ´>o{c`mÀ`m nmoQ>mV {eaUmam {d_mZ_mJ© Yê$Z ghmeo-gmVeo_¡c AmV VrZ-gmS>oVrZ hOma dñVrM§ cm±JarM ho chmZg§ Jmd Amho. cm±JarMcm ^`mUO§Jc Amho.



Imcrc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm?

1) _oc~moZ©cm âcoë`m emoMo Zmd H$m`?

2) àXe©ZmV H$moUH$moUË`m ñnYm© Mmcy hmoË`m?

3) Ho$Ýg, Q>°_dW©, cm±JarM H$emgmR>r à{gÕ AmhoV?

coIH$mÀ`m `m VrZ _{hÝ`m§À`m àdmgmV Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc _oc~moZ©, {gS>Zr, H°$Z~am,{~«g~oZ, Ho$Ýg, cm±J[aM, Q>°_dW©, dm±Jm, Am°c~ar B. gd© Jmdr OmD$Z coIH$mZo VoWrcd¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>r nm{hë`m.

28.4 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>r$

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>r AmVm AmnU ~KUma AmhmoV.

1) OJmVrc gJir {nH§$ Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV hmoVmV. `m XoemVcm _mUyg hdm Vmo CÚmoJ H$ê$eH$Vmo. g_wÐmV CS>r _mê$Z _moVr H$mT>m, hOmamo Jwao nmiyZ Ë`m§M§ _m§g naXoer nmR>dm,hOmamo _|T>çm nmiyZ cmoH$arM§ CËnmXZ H$am, OJmVco chmZ _moR>o "g~Hw$N> {_coJm'XwH$mZ Mmcdm.

2) eoVH$ar hmoD$Z eoH$S>mo EH$a AZZg, Jhÿ, D$g {nH$dm qH$dm ^m§S>dc KmcyZ AmonocIS>çm§Mr ImU Mmcdm. H$mhrhr H$am`cm `m XoemV g§Yr Amho.

3) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV {\$ë_ V`ma hmoV ZmhrV. H$maU òWo ñQw>{S>aAmoO ZmhrV. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mH$S>oZQ> ZmhrV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm naXoemVyZ ZQ> AmUyZ {\$ë_ H$aU§ nadS>V Zmhr.

4) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV âcoë`m àXe©ZmV Hw$R>ohr Ywamoim, KmU, Jm|Yi Zmhr. àËòH$ H$m_AmIrd-aoIrd _m§S>UrÛmao Ho$co OmVo.

5) àXe©ZmVcm g§nyU© XoImdm hm Q>o{cpìhOZdê$Z gd© pìhŠQ>mo[a`m àm§VmV XmIdcm OmVmo.àËòH$mcm g§nyU© J«mD§$S>da {\$aÊ`mnojm J«mD§$S>da EImÚm {R>H$mUr ~gyZ gd© H$m`©H«$_Q>o{cpìhOZda ~KÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVr.

6) _oc~moZ© ho c§S>Znojm _moR>o Amho Am{U c§S>Znojm {H$VrVar gw§Xa Amho! _oc~moZ©cm{XgVmV VodT>r gw§Xa Ka§ Am{U ~mJm Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV BVaÌ H$moR>ohr ~Km`cm {_iV ZmhrVAm{U _oc~moZ©gmaIm Ka§XmOnUm H$moR>o {XgV Zmhr.

7) H°$Z~amMo S>moiçmV âUmao d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo ho ~mJemhr eha Amho! AZoH$ df} g§emoYZH$ê$Z VÁkm§Zr `m OmJr ~haVrc, \w$cVrc Aer PmS>§ emoYcr Am{U ZmZm Xoem§VrcZmZm PwSw>nm§Zr eha ^ê$Z Q>mH$c§. (_moOXmX Ho$cr Va n§Yam cj âVrc BVH$s PmS>oH°$Z~amV AmhoV!) G$VwnaËdo hr ~mJemhr \w$cV amhVo. g_a JX© {hadm AgVmo; Am°Q>_gmoZgir cmcga Am{U Om§îm AgVmo ; Va pñn¨«J ZmZm a§Jm§Mr CYiU H$aVmo.

8) nmc©_|Q>Mo àËòH$ goeZ ho ~«m°S>H$mñQ> hmoVo åhUOoM nmc©_|Q>_Üò hmoUmè`m gd© JmoîQ>rcmoH$m§g_moa XmI{dë`m OmVmV. Am°ñQ´>o{c`m Am{U Ý`yPrc§S> hr XmoZM amîQ´>o hm CnX²ì`mnH$aVmZm {XgVmV.

9) Am°ñQ´>o{c`m_Üò {^H$mar ZmhrV. "Am§Yiçmcm n¡gm Xo ̂ JdmZ' Ag§ AmoaS>V OmUmao cmoH$ZmhrV. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV OmVrnmVr ZmhrV.


10) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc Xa VrZ _mUgm§Z§Va EH$ _moQ>ma Ago à_mU Amho. nwéfm§Zm d`mÀ`mnmgîQ> dfm©Z§Va Am{U ~m`H$m§Zm gmR>Z§Va "EO noÝeZ' {_iV§. {dYdm ~mB©cmhrnÞmerZ§Va noÝeZ {_iV§. gmoim dfm©À`m AmVë`m _wcm§Zm ZrQ> dmT>{dVm `md§ åhUyZAmB©-~mnm§Zm IM© {Xcm OmVmo. _wcm§Zm ghm dfm©nmgyZ Mm¡Xm dfm©n`ªVM§ emco` {ejU\w$H$Q> Amho. Ago {VWë`m gaH$maMo YmoaU Amho.

11) naXoemV "AmâQ>a {S>Za ñnrM' hm Amnë`mcm VmnXm`H$ d Ë`m§Zm hdm-hdmgmdmQ>Umam àH$ma Amho. OodU Pmë`mZ§Va OodUmÀ`m Q>o~cmnmer C^§ amhÿZ dŠVm ~mocVmo.{VW§ ho Ag§ ~mocmd§M cmJV§.

12) ~wÕr, MmVw`©Vm hr Ë`m§À`m OUy aŠVmV {^Zcr Amho. H$moUVohr H$m_ CËH¥$îQ>arË`m,gm_§Oñ`mZo H$aUo, gdmªZm _XV H$aUo, AmXam{VÏ` H$aUo, `m JmoîQ>t_Üò Ë`m§Mm ag{XgVmo. `m_wio EH$ g_¥Õ Xoe åhUyZ Am°ñQ´>o{c`m AmoiIcm OmVmo.

28.5 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§Mm ì`dgm`$

coIH$ Img Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc AmH$medmUrda hmoUmao J«m_rU, eoVr{df`H$ H$m`©H«$_~KÊ`mgmR>r Joco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr Á`m cmoH$m§er ôQ> Pmcr Ë`m§Mm CXa{Zdm©h H$emdaMmcVmo ho nmhUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Am°ñQ´>o{c`m hm g_¥Õ Xoe Agë`m_wio {VWo ì`dgm`mÀ`mg§Yr H$em Am{U H$moUË`m AmhoV ho nmhÿ`mV.

Am°ñQ´>o{c`m XoemVrc _mUyg hdm Vmo CÚmoJ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. _oc~moZ© ho eoVH$è`m§Zr dgdcocoeha Amho. _ohZVrZo V`ma Ho$coë`m Hw$aUm§Zm ~m§Y ZìhVm. OZmdam§Zr {Xdg amÌ amZmVMamhm`Mo. amZmMm _mcH$ åhUOo nmM-nmM EH$am§Mm YZr. n§Yam-drg hOma _|T>çm, AmR>-Xhm hOma Jwa§ BVH$m Ë`mMm Hw$U~mdm. (Hw$U~r cmoH$m§V gdmB©) Ë`mZ§ amZmVyZ M¸$a _mam`mMr_moQ>marZ§. Šcmoìha JdVmM§ ~r noam`M§ Vo {d_mZmZ§. amZ BVH§$ {dnwc H$s, EH$m EH$amV \$maVa XmoZ qH$dm VrZ _|T>am§Zr Mamd§. hr _|T>a§ cmoH$arZ§ Aer \w$ccocr H$s EH$ _|T>ê$ H$mVac§H$s Voam nm¢S> cmoH$a {_imdr. hm Ë`m§Mm ì`dgm` Ago.

Q>°_dW© ho Jmd nmoëQ´>r~Ôc à{gÕ hmoVo. AZoH$ ImgJr nmoëQ´>r \$m_© `m JmdmV hmoVo.H$m|~S>çm§M§ ImU§, VmaoMo qnOao V`ma H$aÊ`mMo chmZ-_moR>o H$maImZo `m JmdmV hmoVo.e§âm_mJ§ AÇ>mdrg _mUg§ BW§ CÚmoJY§ÚmV AmhoV. \$ŠV gmoim eoVr H$aVmV. AmR>dS>çmMmH$_rV H$_r amoOJma AmR> nm¢S> BVH$m Amho. AmR>dS>çmV Mmirg Vmg§M H$m_ H$amd§ cmJV§.gVV H$mhrVar H$aV amhÊ`mMr V`mar, H$m`_ {Q>Hy$Z amhUmam CËgmh `m_wio hr cmoH§$ H$m`_AJ«oga Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.

OJmV {_iUmè`m V§~mIyn¡H$s ~mam Q>¸o$ V§~mIy Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV {nH$Vo. V§~mIyMm _mcH$Amnë`m amZmdê$Z {d_mZmZ§ CS>V hmoVm. H$m§Xo, ~Q>mQ>o Am{U _H$m {nH$dUmao eoVH$arXoIrcòWo AmhoV. Ho$Ýñ_Üò D$g, Va Q>°_dW©cm Jhÿ {nH$Vmo. cm±JarMcm Img H$ê$Z _|T>çmdaMo


CËnmXZ hmoVo.

{d{dY àH$maMr XwH$mZo, _m°ëg, ao{S>Amodarc H$m`©H«$_, eoVr, CÚmoJY§Xo Aem doJdoJiçmH$m_m§gmR>r Am°ñQ´>o{c`m nwT>o Amho. hOmamo Jwao nmiyZ Ë`m§M§ _m§g naXoer nmR>dm, hOmamo _|T>çmnmiyZ cmoH$arM§ CËnmXZ H$am, OJmVco chmZ-_moR>o "g~Hw$N> {_coJm' Aer XwH$mZo Mmcdm.eoVH$ar hmoD$Z eoH$S>mo EH$a O{_ZrV AZZg, Jhÿ, D$g, {nH$dm qH$dm ^m§S>dc KmcyZAmonoc IS>çm§Mr ImU Mmcdm. Aem {H$Vr Var àH$maÀ`m JmoîQ>r H$am`cm `m XoemV g§YrAmho.

28.6 g_mamon$

`m nmR>m_Ü`o AmnU Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc AmH$medmUrdarc H$m`©H«$_m§Mr _m{hVr ~{KVcr.Ë`mM~amo~a Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {d{dY {R>H$mUo, d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>r Am{U Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrccmoH$m§À`m ì`dgm`mMr _m{hVr KoVcr. nwT>rc nmR>mV AmnU Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {d{dYehmam§_Yrc {ZgJ© gm¢X`© AZw^dUma AmhmoV.

28.7 gmam§e$

Am°ñQ´>o{c`m hm J«m_rU cmoH$m§Zm nwT>o KoD$Z OmUmam Xoe åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo.AmH$medmUrdarc {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m§_wio cmoH$m§Zm {d{dY CnH«$_m§Mr, eoVrMr _m{hVr, AmXe©eoVH$è`m§À`m _wcmIVr EoH$m`cm {_iVmV. Ë`m_wio ì`dgm`mV Ë`m§Zm `m _m{hVrMr _XVhmoVo. _hÎdnyU© Am{U d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JmoîQ>tZr ZQ>cocm Am°ñQ´>o{c`m Xoe Amho.



1) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mMr amOYmZr H$moUVr?

2) {gS>ZrVrc à{gÕ {R>H$mU H$moUVo?

3) _oc~moZ© H$emnojm _moR>o Amho?

4) H°$Z~amMo S>moiçm§V ^aUmao d¡{eîQ>ç H$moUVo?

5) naXoemVrc H$moUVr JmoîQ> coIH$mcm VmnXm`H$ dmQ>cr?

6) Q>°_dW© ho Jmd H$emgmR>r à{gÕ Amho?


28.2

1. _oc~moZ©cm "am°`c A°{J«H$ëMac emo' ^adcm hmoVm.

2) àXe©ZmV "ern A±S> S>m°J emo', "dyS>Mm°qnJ', "hm°g©~qH$J' B. ñnYm© Mmcy hmoË`m.

3) Ho$Ýg CgmgmR>r, Q>°_dW©cm Jhÿ Am{U _|T>am§gmR>r cm±JarM n«{gÕ Amho.

28.5

1. H°$Z~am hr Am°ñQ´>o{c`mMr amOYmZr Amho.

2. {gS>Zr ehamVc§ à{gÕ {R>H$mU åhUOo "B{cPm~oW ñQ´>rQ>darc {nJm°c' hmo`.

3. _oc~moZ© ho c§S>Znojm _moR>o Amho.

4. H°$Z~amMo S>moiçmV ^aUmao d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo ho ~mJemhr eha Amho.

5. naXoemVrc "AmâQ>a {S>Za ñnrM' hr JmoîQ> coIH$mcm VmnXm`H$ dmQ>cr.

6. Q>°_dW© ho Jmd nmoëQ´>r~Ôc à{gÕ Amho.

***



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nmR> : 29

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {ZgJ© dU©Z

29.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, àdmg åhQ>cm H$s n{hë`m§Xm S>moiçm§g_moa òVmo Vmo {ZgJ© ! AmnU{ZgJm©er g_ag hmoD$Z OmVmo. Amnë`m amoOÀ`m OrdZmV AmnU Oam H§$Q>mim Amcm H$scm§~ Hw$R>oVar {\$ê$Z òVmo. {VWë`m Ë`m dmVmdaUmZo AmnU nwÝhm H$m_mcm V`ma, CËgmhr~ZVmo. AemM {ZgJm©er AmnU AmVm EH$ê$n hmoUma AmhmoV. `m nmR>mÀ`m AÜ``ZmZ§VaVwåhr dmMcoë`m `m àdmgdU©ZmVrc {ZgJ©dU©ZmMm AmñdmX KoD$Z Vwåhmcm -

l Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {d{dY {R>H$mUm§Vrc {ZgJ© dU©ZmMr _m{hVr {c{hVm òB©c.

l Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc Kam§Mr ~m§YUr H$er Amho, `mMr _m{hVr gm§JVm òB©c.

l Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {ZgJm©Mo dU©Z coIH$mZo H$em àH$mao {MÌñneu Ho$co Amho, ho {c{hVmòB©c.

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {ZgJ© dU©Z / 335

29.0 C{Ôï>o

29.1 àmñVm{dH$

29.2 _oc~moZ©À`m AmR>dUrVrc {ZgJ©

29.3 H°$Z~amMm _Zmoha XoImdm

29.4 Ho$ÝgMm {ZgJ© ghdmg

29.5 cm±JarMMm AmogmS> ^mJ

29.6 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc Kam§Mo dU©Z

29.7 g_mamon

29.8 gmam§e


29.1 àmñVm{dH$

_amR>r gm{hË`mV {dnwc `moJXmZ XoUmao coIH$ åhUyZ ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Zm AmnUAmoiIVmo. Amnë`mcm Amcoë`m AZw^dm§Mo gai gmoß`m nÕVrZo {MÌU H$aUo hm {deof JwUcoIH$mÀ`m A§Jr {XgyZ òVmo. ñdV: coIH$ {ZgJm©V a__mU hmoVmZm {XgVmo. {ZgJ© Ë`m§Zm\$ma OdiMm dmQ>Vmo. Ë`m_wio Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {ZgJm©Mo dU©Z _mS>JyiH$a Á`m àH$maoH$aVmV, Ë`m_wio {ZgJ© Amnë`mg_moa C^m Amho, AmnU {VWo ñdV: ~KV AmhmoV, AgmàË`` òVmo.

29.2 _oc~moZ©À`m AmR>dUrVrc {ZgJ©

_oc~moZ©Mo cm§~M cm§~ añVo, AmcremZ B_maVr, gw§Xa {hadir, a§JrV ~mJm, AJmYem§VVm Am{U ehamÀ`m Ka§XmOnUm_wio coIH$mÀ`m _Zmda _oc~moZ©Mr N>mn nS>cocr {XgyZòVo. nydu IoS>o dgm`cm Mm§Jcr OmJm åhUyZ _oc~moZ©Mo dU©Z Ho$co OmV Ago; nU AmVm hoIoS>o Iyn dmT>coco {XgVo. dmT> hmoD$Zhr ~H$mcnUm Zmhr, Ka§XmOnUmcm _wirM Y¸$m Zmhr.e§â-gìdmeo dfmªnydu ~¡cJmS>çm IS>IS>V dñVrcm Amë`m Am{U AmO ^ì`, gw§Xa ehaC^§ am{hcoco {XgVo.

Kam§À`m AmOy~mOycm Q>oH$S>çm, JX© PmS>o-PwS>no, Imcr OmUmao ZmJ_moS>r añVo,Zmë`mdaMo chmZ cmH$S>r nyc, Aem `m {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV coIH$ _mohÿZ Jocm hmoVm._oc~moZ©À`m `m AmR>dUtV coIH$ ñdV:cm àdmhmV dmhV EH$_oH$m§Odi òD$Z nwÝhm XyahmoUmè`m cmH$S>mÀ`m Am|S>Š`mà_mUo g_OVmo.

29.3 H°$Z~amMm _Zmoha XoImdm

_oc~moZ© gmoS>ë`mda coIH$ H°$Z~aÀ` {XeoZo OmV AgVm añË`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zm"{hado {hado Jma JmcrMo, h[aV V¥Um§À`m _I_mcrMo' Agm gw§Xa _Zmoha XoImdm hmoVm. hdoV~oVmMm JmaR>m hmoVm. `m gw§Xa àdmgmV AZw^dcoë`m {ZgJm©Mo dU©Z coIH$ AË`§V g_aghmoD$Z H$aVmZm {XgVmo Vo nwT>rcà_mUo, '"{haì`mJma Hw$aUmVyZ Jw~Jw~rV _[aZmo _|T>ao CS>çm_marV hmoVr. {dcmo d¥jm§À`m Imcr Vm§~S>r Jwao ad§W H$arV hmoVr. VrZ-VrZeo \y$Q> C§M dmT>UmaoJ_ d¥j _mWr C§M H$ê$Z Am^mimcm {edy nmhV hmoVo. a§Jr~oa§Jr amKy§Mo Wdo âmaV hmoVo._ÜòM PwiPwiVo AmoT>o cmJV, Q>oH$S>çm cmJV, ZmZm a§Jm§Mr nmIao {XgV. _moQ>maJmS>r C^rH$ê$Z Aem OmJr a_mdo, Ago dmQ>o; nU _mÂ`m{edm` BVa H$moUmcm PmS>m§V, nmIam§V agZìhVm.'" (n¥. 41).

H°$Z~am ho ~mJemhr eha Agë`m_wio haVèhoMr PmS>o, \w$co BWo ~Km`cm {_iVmV.coIH$mcm ho gm¢X`© ~KyZ Ho$di `mM OmJr ñVãY ìhmdo Ago dmQ>Vo, `mV H$mhr Zdc Zmhr.H°$Z~amÀ`m gS>Ho$À`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zm gnmQ> Aer {hadrJma Hw$aUo, ZrQ> XmoarV Hw§$nUo KmcyZ


Mma-Mma, nmM-nmM EH$am§Mo VwH$S>o nmS>coë`m `m Hw$aUm§_YyZ H$Yr Jw~Jw~rV nm§T>ar ew^«_|T>ao MaVmZm {XgVmV, Va H$Yr Vm§~S>r Jwao qhS>VmZm {XgVmV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr XoIÊ`mKmoS>çm§Mo H$inhr {XgVmV; nU hr OZmdao gm§^miUmar _mUgo {XgV ZmhrV. da {Zio {ZioAmH$me, Imcr {hadrJma Hw$aUo Am{U Ë`m Hw$aUm§_YyZ IS>r H$mT>ë`mgmaIr {XgUmar nwîQ>C_Xr OZmdao nm{hë`mda AmnU dmgê$ hmoD$Z {haì`m JdVmda CS>çm _mamì`mV, AgodmQ>Uo ñdm^m{dH$ Amho.

29.4 Ho$ÝgMm {ZgJ© ghdmg$

Ho$ÝgÀ`m {ZgJ© gm¢X`m©V â nS>cr Vr åhUOo nmdgmMr! Ho$Ýgcm OmÊ`mgmR>r coIH${d_mZmV ~gcm AgVm {d_mZmVyZ {XgUmar {ZgJm©Mr {H$_`m Vmo nwT>rc CVmè`mVyZ ñnîQ>H$aVmo. ""Ho$Ýgcm OmUmè`m CVmê§$gmR>r nwH$mam Pmcm. nmdgmVyZ {ÔV _r {d_mZmV MT>cmoAm{U OmJr OmD$Z ~gcmo. ~mhoa nmD$g nS>VM hmoVm. Jmoc {IS>H$sÀ`m H$mModa nmÊ`mMoW|~ {MH$Qy>Z am{hco hmoVo. {d_mZmZo doJ KoVë`mda H$mModaMo W|~ _mgo hmoD$Z gwiH$Z Xwgè`mQ>moH$mer Joco. H$mio T>J Q>mHy$Z cdH$aM {d_mZ ñdÀN> hdoV Amco. N>mZ H$modio D$Z nS>cohmoVo. Imcr Amcoë`m nm§T>è`m\o$H$ T>Jm§À`m {T>Jmè`mdê$Z Amåhr Ho$ÝgÀ`m {XeoZo MmccmohmoVmo. hdmB© nè`m§Zr _ÚmMo noco {\$adco, Voìhm Imcr gmJamMo {Zio nmUr hmoVo. ZmZm gm|JoKoD$Z T>J Cô hmoVo. g§Ü`mH$mi hmoV hmoVr. H$mMocm ZmH$ cmdyZ _r _mdiVrMo a§J nmhVhmoVmo. _J H$go \w$cyZ Amco hmoVo. H$go àgÞ dmQ>V hmoVo. hm àdmg H$YrM g§ny Zò Am{U hoa§J H$YrM Zmhrgo hmoD$ ZòV. Ago dmQ>V hmoVo.'' (n¥. 98).

{ZgJm©er gcmo»`mMo ZmVo AgUmè`m coIH$mcm Ho$ÝgMr nhmQ> _Z àgÞ H$aUmardmQ>Vo. `mMo dU©ZXoIrc coIH$mZo gwaoI Ho$co Amho. ""nhmQ>o cdH$a OmJm Pmcmo, VoìhmnhmQ>oÀ`m Jma {haì`m COoS>mZo Imocr ^ê$Z Jocr hmoVr. _cm AZmoiIr Aer nmIao ~mhoa^ynmiçm åhUV hmoVr. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV Amë`mnmgyZ Aer gwaoI OmJ _cm H$YrM AmcrZìhVr. Aer em§V nhmQ> Am{U Aer gwaoI JmUmar nmIao _cm H$Yr ôQ>crM ZìhVr.~mhoaÀ`m J°carV òD$Z C^m am{hcmo. ImcyZ AmS>dm añVm Jococm hmoVm Am{U Ë`mncrH$S>oAmoirZo {hadrJma PmS>o C^r hmoVr. Ë`mncrH$S>o g_wÐmMo {Zio {Zio nmUr hmoVo Am{UË`mncrH$S>o Xyada YwŠ`mV Jwa\$Q>coë`m Q>oH$S>çm hmoË`m. {Xem COiV hmoË`m. nmIao JmVhmoVr. {Zio nmUr cham _marV hmoVo. àdmgr cmoH$m§Mr "_ŠH$m' g_Oë`m OmUmè`m Ho$Ýg_Yrc_mPr n{hcr gH$mi {H$Vr gw§Xa hmoVr!'' (n¥. 99)

Ho$ÝgÀ`m Amgnmg CgmMr {hadrJma Am{U _moR>r amZo hmoVr. gwgar AgUmè`m ZÚmhmoË`m. S>m|Jam§À`m am§Jm hmoË`m. nR>mamda H$miçm-Vm§~S>çm a§Jm§Mr {nH$mD$ O_rZ hmoVr,_moR>_moR>çm PmS>m§Zr H$mimoI {Z_m©U Ho$coco O§Jc hmoVo.

Ho$ÝgnmgyZ gmoim _¡c Agcoë`m "J«rZ Am`c§S>' `m ~oQ>mdarc "A§S>adm°Q>aAm°ãPd}Q>ar'Mo dU©Z coIH$mZo AË`§V CËH¥$îQ>arË`m Ho$co Amho. nmÊ`mImcr Agcoco Vo


nmÊ`mVco AX²>^wV ahñ`_` OrdZ OUy AmnUM ~KV AmhmoV, AZw^dV AmhmoV, AgodmQ>ë`m{edm` JË`§VaM Zmhr. `m {ZgJm©Mm AZw^d coIH$mZo nwT>rc CVmè`mVyZ ñnîQ> Ho$cmAmho. ""nmÊ`mImcMo OJ nmhÊ`mgmR>r Jocmo. ~oQ>mnmgyZ Am°ãPd}Q>arn`ªV Amcocm N>moQ>mgmcmH$S>r nyc nma H$ê$Z Joë`mda, nmÊ`mZo PmH$cocr chmZer cmH$S>r Imocr hmoVr. `mImocrV {eê$Z Amåhr VrgEH$ nm`è`m CVê$Z gmoim \y$Q> nmÊ`mImcr Jocmo. Imcr gÎmaQ>Z dOZmMr nmocmXr M|~a hmoVr Am{U {Vcm XmoÝhr A§Jm§Zm {_iyZ ~mdrg Jmoc {IS>Š`mhmoË`m. {IS>H$sÀ`m OmS> H$mMocm ZmH$ cmdyZ nm{hco H$s, nmÊ`mVco AX²^wV OrdZ {XgVhmoVo. àdmimÀ`m ~mJm, ZmZm a§JmMo, ZmZm OmVrMo _mgo, g_wÐ\w$co, chmZem _wcmcm AmV~gdyZ ÝhmD$ KmcVm òB©c, EdT>çm n«M§S> qenm!

{Ziçm nmÊ`mV docm§Mr CYiU hmoVr. a§Jr~oa§Jr àH$maMo Poco S>mocV hmoVo. àM§S>qenë`m§Mr Vm|S>o hcV hmoVr. gmaS>rZgma»`m _mem§À`m Pw§S>rÀ`m Pw§S>r òV hmoË`m Am{U OmVhmoË`m. A§Jmda cmc nÅ>o Agcoco {dXyfH$ Ogo àdmimVyZ gmdH$me qhS>V hmoVo! {H$Vr a§Jm§Mo,{H$Vr AmH$mam§Mo, {H$Vr OmVtMo àdmi (g_wÐmVrc gyú_ OrdmUy) hmoVo !

nwîH$iem {IS>Š`m§VyZ Vmè`m§À`m AmH$mamMo CORAL POLYPS {XgV hmoVo.nmÊ`mÀ`m PwiH$m§~amo~a Vo YwJYwJV hmoVo. Amnë`m S>moiçm§Zm {XgUmao AÞ Jmoim H$arV hmoVo.`m chmZ Ordm§ZrM åhUo g~§Y ŠdrÝgc±S>À`m gmJa {H$Zmè`mda ~mameo _¡c cm§~rMmàdmiIS>H$ {Z_m©U Ho$cm. J«oQ> ~°[aAa ar\$.

nmd Q>Z dOZmMo Am{U Mma-ghm \y$Q> cm§~rMo qenco Vm|S> CKS>V hmoVo. {_Q>V hmoVo.EdT>o _hmH$m` qenco OJmV BVaÌ Hw$R>ë`mhr gmJamV gmnS>V ZmhrV. g_wÐVimer OmUmè`m_mUgmcm ho qenco nH$S>VmV, {JiyZ Q>mH$VmV Agm àdmX Amho; nU Vgo àË`j KS>ë`mMoCXmhaU Zmhr. ~mdrg {IS>Š`m§_YyZ gmJamMo Vo d¡^d nm{hco Am{U W¸$ hmoD$Z da Amcmo.''(n¥. 108-109).

29.5 cm±JarMMm AmogmS> ^mJ

coIH$mÀ`m àdmgmVcm eodQ>Mm àXoe åhUOo cm±JarM hmo`. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mMm eodQ> åhUOocm±JarM. VrZ-gmS>oVrZ hOma dñVrMo cm±JarM ho chmZgo Jmd Amho. df©âmV gmYmaUn§Yam B§Mm§nojm OmñVr nmD$g nS>V Zgë`m_wio, Hw$R>cohr nrH$ òWo hmoV Zmhr. \$ŠV_m§gm§gmR>r Jwao Am{U cmoH$argmR>r _|T>ao BWo dmT>{dcr OmVmV.

cm±JarMcm Joë`mda gJio H$m_ CaH$m`Mo Am{U Cacoë`m doir Im§Úmda ~§XyH$ Q>mHy$ZO§JcmV ^Q>H$m`Mo. PmS>m§À`m gmdcrV Pmonm`Mo, AmoT>çmMo nmUr Am|OirZo ß`m`Mo, Hw$H$~amnmIam§Mo hgUo EoH$m`Mo, Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc n§Ma§Jr nmonQ> ~Km`Mo Am{U nmM ^|S>moion`ªV amZVwS>dm`Mo, Ago coIH$mZo _Zmer R>adco hmoVo.

coIH$ cm±JarMcm nmohmoMV AgVmZmM Ë`mcm cm±JarMMm AmogmS>, CXmg ^mJ {Xgy


cmJcm. OUy AmÎmmn`ªV nm{hcoë`m {ZgJm©VyZ EH$X_ XwîH$mir ^mJm§V Amë`mgmaIocoIH$mcm dmQy> cmJco. Vo H$m, Vo nwT>rc CVmè`mVyZ {XgyZ òVo. "a»I CKS>o~moS>Ho$ _miamZ{Xgy cmJco. ^w§S>o S>m|Ja, H$mdoÀ`m XaS>r, ~moamQ>r, ZonmVrgmaIr IwaQ>r PwS>no {Xgy cmJcr._ÜòM Hw$R>oVar O{_ZrÀ`m {dQ>H$ar a§JmMm AmIrd VwH$S>m {Xgo. H$m¡cmê$ N>nam§Mr dñVr {Xgo.dñVrdê$Z {ZKyZ cm§~da Agcoë`m nmÊ`mÀ`m Mm¡ag Q>mŠ`m§Zm {_iUmar dmQ> {Xgo.IS>H$mV ImoXyZ Vr Q>mH$s Ho$cocr AgmdrV. _mUygdñVr Šd{MVM. Eadr _¡cmoJUVr H$moaS>mR>UR>UrV _mi. nmÊ`mMo gwH$coco AmoKi. aoVmS> {ndiQ> amZ. Hw$R>o Hw$R>o MaUmè`m Jwam§Mo,_|T>am§Mo {R>nHo$ {XgV. gwnmV _yR>â XmUo {dIamdo Vgo.'' (n¥. 114).

{eH$marcm åhUyZ Jocoë`m coIH$mcm cm±JarMÀ`m ^H$mgnUmMo Oo Xe©Z KS>Vo, Ë`mModU©Z Vo nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVmV, "AmOy~mOycm gJio AmogmS> amZ hmoVo. dR>cocr, _moS>cocr PmS>ohmoVr. doS>çmdmH$S>çm AmH$mam§Mo Am{U H$miçmHw$Å> a§Jm§Mo PmS>m§Mo Iw§Q> OmJmoOmJr {XgV hmoVo.IwaQ>r PwS>no, amR> JdV hmoVo. ^y_rdê$Z qhS>VmZm _cm gmaIo dmQ>V hmoVo, H$s AmnU OwZmQ>Aem AkmV àXoemVyZ qhS>V AmhmoV. PmS>o-PwS>no, _mVr, _mUgm§À`m n[aM`mMr ZmhrV. hrZm§XVr ^y_r Zmhr, dgmU Amho. Jmd CR>ë`mda nS>PS> Pmcoë`m dmñVy {XgVmV. BWcm{ZgJ© dRy>Z Jocm Amho Am{U nS>PS> _mJo am{hcr Amho.'' (n¥. 116-117).

cm±JarMÀ`m `m CXmg ehamV coIH$mcm Ë`mÀ`m AmdS>rMr JmoîQ> åhUOo {eH$mahrH$aVm Amcr Zmhr. {eH$margmR>r CËgwH$ AgyZhr, _mUgo Am{U doi MwH$ë`m_wio `mcm±JarMÀ`m ^`mU O§JcmVyZ Ë`m§Zm [aH$må`m hmVr naVmdo cmJVo. Ë`m_wio cm±JarMcmAmë`mda BWë`m dmVmdaUm_wio coIH$mcm CXmgdmUo Am{U {IÞ dmQ>co.

29.6 Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc Kam§Mo dU©Z

Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {ZgJ© nm{hë`mZ§Va VoWrc Kam§Mr ~m§YUr H$em àH$maMr Amho, hoAmnU nmhUma AmhmoV. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$ AË`§V hwema Am{U _ohZVr Agë`m_wioË`m§À`m Kam§_YyZXoIrc Vmo ñdÀN> Am{U ZrQ>ZoQ>Ho$nUm ~Km`cm {_iVmo. Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrccmoH$m§Mr CÎm_ amhUr Agcoë`m gYZ cmoH$m§Mr Kao {VVH$sM Mm§Jcr hmoVr. n¡em{df`r~o{\$H$sa amhÿZ, H$mhr Var AMmQ> H$aV ~gÊ`mV Vo ag KoV ZmhrV.

_oc~moZ©cm _moR>_moR>çm Am{U AmcremZ B_maVr AmhoV, Va Q>°_dW©cm Joë`mdanm{hcoë`m {H$WÀ`m KamMo dU©Z coIZ nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVmo, ""{H$WMo Ka Amo~S>Ymo~S>~m§YUrMo, nU Iyn _moR>o hmoVo. gJiçm Kamcm IoSy>V H$im hmoVr. a§Ja§JmoQ>r, nS>Xo, MH$_H$\${Z©Ma Agm BVa Kam§VyZ {XgUmam ehar WmQ>_mQ> _wirM ZìhVm. _mJrc Xmar XmoÝhr~mOy§Zm _moR>o Amdma hmoVo. gJir {_iyZ drg EH$amda O_rZ Agmdr. N>mVr-H$_aoBVH$sPwS>no, JdV, VU gJirH$S>o _mOcoco hmoVo. _Zwî`dñVrnmgyZ Xya Aem S>mH$ ~§Jë`mV amhmdoVgm {H$W amhmV hmoVm.'' (n¥. 86).

Ho$Ýg ho {Q´>{ZQ>r CngmJamÀ`m {H$Zmè`mcJV dgcoco Jmd. `m JmdmVrc Kam§Mr aMZm


nwT>rcà_mUo hmoVr. ""`m JmdmVrc _Ü`dVu dñVr gmoS>cr, Va ~mhoaMr Kao O{_Zrda ZìhVr,_miçmda hmoVr. eoVamIUrMm _mim \$ma C§M AgVmo. hr Kao EdT>r C§M ZìhVr. cmH$S>mMoàM§S> Am|S>Ho$ O{_ZrV Cô nwê$Z, Mma-nmM \y$Q> C§Mrda Ho$coë`m cmH$S>r _miçmda hrcmH$S>r Kaoo C^r hmoVr. da nÍ`mMr N>nao hmoVr. hr gw§Xa AmH$mamMr N>nao gw§Xa a§J{dcr hmoVr.cmc, {hadr, {ndir, Om§îr. cmH$S>r {eS>rÀ`m nm`è`m MTy>Z da Om`Mo. _J C§~am.añË`mVyZ OmVmZm _mZ da H$ê$Z ~{KVco, H$s Xmamer hdm ImV ~gcoë`m ~m`H$m{Xgm`À`m.'' (n¥. 100).

Aem `m AX²^wV àdmgmV coIH$mZo Iyn ZdZdrZ JmoîQ>tMm AZw^d KoVcm. {ZgJm©À`mgm{ÞÜ`mV a__mU Pmcm. Iyn IaoXr Ho$cr. `m gJiçm àdmgmMr _m§S>Ur Ë`m§Zr "nm§T>ar_|T>ao, {hadr Hw$aUo' `m§VyZ Ho$ë`m_wi AmnUM OUy Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV AmhmoV, `mMm ^mg hmoVmo.

29.7 g_mamon$

`m nmR>m_Üò AmnU Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {ZgJm©er g_ag Pmcmo Am{U VoWrc {ZgJm©À`mgm¢X`m©Mm Am{dîH$ma AZw^dcm Amho. nwT>rc nmR>m_Üò AmnU "nm§T>ar _|T>ao, {hadr Hw$aUo' `màdmgdU©ZmMo aMZm{deof åhUOoM {ZdoXZnÕVr, ^mfme¡cr B. KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmaAmhmoV.

29.8 gmam§e$

{ZgJm©cm eãXm§V ~m§YVm òUo IaM {H$Vr AdKS> AgVo; nU _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Vo BVHo$ gmonoHo$co, H$s OUy AmnUM ho gd© ~KV Agë`mMm ^mg Amnë`mcm hmoV Agë`mMo OmUdVo.AmOy~mOyÀ`m dmVmdaUm_wio AmnU ñdV:cm {dgê$Z OmVmo. Amncr Xw:Io AmnU _mJoQ>mH$Vmo. hr gJir {H$_`m AgVo {ZgJm©Mr ! Ë`m_wioM OJÊ`mcm à~i eŠVr {_iVo{ZgJm©_wioM.



Imcrc àým§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm

1) àdmi åhUOo H$m`?

2) cm±JarMcm gmYmaU {H$Vr nmD$g hmoVmo?

3) coIH$mcm H$moR>o CXmg Am{U {IÞ dmQ>co?

4) Ho$Ýg ho H$moR>o dgco Amho?


29.6

1. àdmi åhUOo g_wÐmVrc gyú_ OrdmUy hmo`.

2. cm±JarMcm df©^amV gmYmaU n§Yam B§Mm§nojm OmñV nmD$g nS>V Zmhr.

3. cm±JarMcm Amë`mda coIH$mcm CXmg Am{U {IÞ dmQ>co.

4. Ho$Ýg ho {Q´>{ZQ>r CngmJamÀ`m {H$Zmè`mcJV dgcoco EH$ Jmd Amho.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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nmR> : 30

"nm§T>ar _o§T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' - aMZm {deof

30.0 C{Ôï>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AmÎmmn`ªV AmnU Am°ñQ´>o{b`mVrb _mUyg, Ë`m§Mo OrdZOJÊ`mMr nÕV, Am°ñQo´>{b`mVrb {d{dY {R>H$mUo, d¡[eîQ>çnyU© Jmoï>r, {ZgJ©, ì`dgm`,Amhma, nmoemI, eoVr {df`H$ H$m`©H«$_ `m gd© Jmoï>tMm gyú_ nÕVrZo Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho.`m nmR>mV AmnU àdmgdU©Z H$aVmZm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmaAmhmoV.

l gm{hË`H¥$VrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr {b{hVm `oB©b.

l "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' `m àdmgdU©ZmMo _yë`_mnZ H$aVm `oB©b.

30.1 àmñVm{dH$

gm{hË`H¥$VrMo boIZ H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mbm OmoS> Úmdr bmJVo Vr åhUOo {ZdoXZmMr,^mfoMr, dmVmdaUmMr. `m KQ>H$m§_wio Ë`m gm{hË`mMm, Ë`m boIZmMm XOm© R>a{dbm OmVAgVmo. boIH$ `m KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao boIZmbm EH$ ñWmZ àmá H$ê$Z XoV AgVmo.{ZdoXZmÀ`m AmYmao Vmo Amnbo AZw^d _m§S>V AgVmo. ^mfoÛmao EH$ g§dmX gmYV AgVmo. `mgJù`m Jmoï>tMm {dMma AmnU `m nmR>mV H$aUma AmhmoV.

"nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo" : aMZm {deof / 343

30.0 C{Ôï>o30.1 àmñVm{dH$30.2 {ZdoXZnÕVr30.3 ^mfme¡br30.4 dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr30.5 g_mamon30.6 gmam§e


30.2 {ZdoXZnÕVr

àdmgdU©ZmVrb d¡{dÜ` Am{U bm{bË` Ogo àdmgdU©ZH$ma d Ë`mZo nm{hboboñWi `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo, VgoM Vo dmnaboë`m {ZdoXZnÕVrdahr Adb§~yZ AgVo.àdmgdU©ZH$ma hr A{YH$mar ì`º$s AgVo. H$maU {VZo ñdV: àdmg Ho$bobm AgVmo, VrñWio nm{hbobr AgVmV, Vmo n[aga nm{hbobm AgVmo. AZw^dmÀ`m Ë`m gmè`m Jmoï>tZm VmoboIH$ gmjr AgVmo.

"nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' ho àdmgdU©Z àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZmV gmH$mabo Amho.àdmgdU©ZmV g_moa òUmè`m ì`º$s, dmVmdaU, {ZgJ© B. Jmoï>tMr nÕVera _m§S>UrH$aÊ`mgmR>r àdmgdU©ZH$mamOdi {ZdoXZ ho _hÎdmMo gmYZ AgVo. _mS>JyiH$am§À`m{ZdoXZnÕVrV doJionUm {XgyZ òVmo. Ë`m§Zr Or {ZdoXZnÕVr ñdrH$mabr Amho, VrAmË_{ZdoXZmÀ`m ñdê$nmMr Amho.

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m {ZdoXZe¡brMo doJionU åhUOo H$moUVrhr {Zamir ^y{_H$m ZKoVm Og Ogm àdmg KS>V OmVmo Vg Vgo Vo {b{hV OmVmV. `m gmYonUm_wioM `m àdmgmVdmMH$hr Ë`m§À`m~amo~a OmVmo. àdmgmV òUmam {ZgJ© hm ì`{º$_ÎdmMm ^mJ ~ZyZ OmVmo.{ZdoXZm_wio àdmg g§nbm Var àdmgdU©Z {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. S>moù`m§Zr nm{hbobo, H$mZm§Zr EoH$boboAm{U ñnem©Zo Oo AZw^dbobo AgVo Vo dmMH$m§n`ªV nmoM{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ boIH$ H$arVAgVmo.

Zd Zdo nmhÊ`mMr-AZw^dÊ`mMr {Okmgm, Ë`mVrb doJionUmMm emoY KoÊ`mMrAmoT> `mMm àË`` _mS>JyiH$am§À`m àdmgdU©ZmV òVo. Z nm{hbobm ^y-àXoe, Z nm{hbobm{ZgJ©, Z nm{hbobr _mUgo, Z AZw^dbobo OZOrdZ, Z nm{hbobr g§ñH¥$Vr, Zdr g¥ï>r hràdmgmV gm_moar òV AgVo Am{U {VMr _m§S>Ur {ZdoXZmVyZ gmH$mam`Mr AgVo. àËòH$àdmgdU©Z ho eodQ>r Á`mMo Ë`mMo AgVo. {b{hUmè`mÀ`m AmH$bZeº$sZwgma Am{UAm{dîH$manÕVrZwgma Ë`m àdmgdU©Zmbm ñWmZ àmá hmoV AgVo.

30.3 ^mfme¡br

_mS>JyiH$a boIZmgmR>r Or ^mfm dmnaVmV Vr gmYr, gmonr, AgyZ bmoH$m§À`mamoOÀ`m ^mfoV Vo {b{hVmV. åhUyZM Ë`m§Mo boIZ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo. {VÀ`mV H¥${Ì_VmZmhr. _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ^mfo_wio boIZ ho {MÌXeu hmoVo. OUy gJim àdmg AmnUM H$aVAmhmoV Ago dmMH$mbm dmQy> bmJVo. _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfm hr g§doXZerb Amho. {ZgJm©Mo^`mU, éj, CËgmhr, ^ì` {MÌhr {VVŠ`mM ghOnUo Vo aoImQ>VmV. `m_wioM Ë`m§MrboIZe¡br _Zmbm AmH${f©V H$aUmar Am{U doJir dmQ>Vo. _mS>JyiH$am§Mr boIZe¡brd¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho d Vr dmMH$m§À`m _ZmMm doY KoUmar Amho.

_mS>JyiH$am§À`m boIZmV eãX, dmŠ` d {dMma ghO òVmZm {XgVmV.


OmUyZ~wOyZ _m§S>Ur Ë`m§Zm O_V Zmhr. CXm. "Hw$Í`m§À`m Am{U _|T>am§À`m Ioimbm boIH$mZoAS>mUrnUm Am{U hþemarMm gm_Zm åhQ>bo Amho.'

EŠgàogmo H°$\o$bm {Xbobr Cn_m Ë`m§À`m doJionUmMr gmj XoD$Z OmVo. ""hoN>moQ>g§ H°$\o$ _bm H$Yr bmoÌoH$À`m n|[Q>§JgmaI§ dmQ>o, Va H$Yr gw§Xa nU AW©~moY Z hmoUmè`mH${dVogmaI§, H$Yr _monm±gmÀ`m H$WogmaI§, Va H$Yr EŠgàogmo H°$\o$gmaI§.'' (n¥.21)

nmÊ`mÀ`m W|~mbm "W|~ _mgo' åhUyZ {Xbobr Cn_m Ë`m§À`m H$ënZmeº$sMo Xe©ZKS>dVo. PmS>m§Zm d{S>bH$sMm XOm© Ho$di _mS>JyiH$aM XoD$ eH$VmV.

eãXm§À`m AmdmŠ`mV AZw^d AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$_mbrMr à{V^m bmJVo;H$ënZmeº$s bmJVo. Ë`m àXoemMo dmñVd eãXmV ì`º$ H$aUo hr AdKS> à{H«$`m Amho Am{Uhr à{H«$`m _mS>JyiH$a AË`§V CËH¥$ï>arË`m gmH$maVmZm {XgVmV. àdmgdU©ZH$ma dmMH$m§ZmAmnë`m~amo~a KoD$Z {\$aV AgVmo. Ë`mZo Oo nm{hbobo AgVo Vo Vmo dmMH$m§Zm eãXm§À`mgmhmæ`mZo XmIdV AgVmo.

dmŠàMZm ghO g_Oob Aer Ho$ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm Vmo àdmg, Vo {R>H$mUn[aM`mMo dmQy> bmJVo. CXm. "J«rZ Am`b§S>' ~oQ>mbm "nmÊ`mVbm J«h' åhQ>bo Amho. Aemgmoß`m, gai ^mfme¡br_wio àdmgdU©Z A{YH$ doYH$ Am{U {MÌ_` Pmbo Amho.


gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m aMZoV BVa KQ>H$m§à_mUoM "dmVmdaU' hm KQ>H$hr _hÎdmMmAmho. àdmgdU©ZH$mamÀ`m H$ënZmeº$sZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m dmVmdaUmV AmnU g_ag hmoVAgVmo. AmnU Á`m OJmV dmdaV AgVmo, Vo {d{dY dñVy§Zr âbobo OJ AgVo. Ë`mbmMAmnU dmVmdaU qH$dm "A°Q>_m°g{\$Aa' åhUVmoo. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[aga, ñWi, Ë`mVdmdaUmar _mUgm§Mr Kao, añVo, B. gd© Jmoï>r dmVmdaUmMm ^mJ g_Oë`m OmVmV.

_mS>JyiH$a ñdV: gm¢X`©dmXmH$S>o PwH$Umao Agë`mZo {ZgJm©er Ë`m§Mo _¡ÌrMo ZmVohmoVo. g¥ï>rÀ`m {d{dY a§Jm§_Üò Vo a_yZ OmVmV. `mMmM Cn`moJ Vo dmVmdaU{Z{_©VrgmR>rH$aVmZm {XgVmV. _Zwî`mÀ`m ^mdpñWVrbm AZwHy$b R>aUmao {ZgJ©dU©Z Vo AZoH$Xm H$aVmZm{XgVmV. Ë`mVyZM Mm§Jbr dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr gmYVo. CXm. ""_J H$mob§~mo Ambo. {Zim g_wÐ,{haì`mJma _mS>m§Mr JXu, Kam§Mr Vm§~S>r N>nao, `m§À`mda PonmdyZ ~mJoV nmadm CVamdm AgoAm_Mo {d_mZ CVabo.'' (n¥. 11)

_ob~moZ©bm Amë`mda VoWrb em§VVm nmhÿZ boIH$ Oam hm°Q>ob~mhoa M¸$a_maÊ`mgmR>r ~mhoa nS>bm AgVm AmOy~mOyÀ`m dmVmdaUmMm doY boIH$ nwT>rb CVmè`mVyZKoVmZm {XgVmo. CXm. ""{Xdg _mdië`mda hm°Q>obÀ`m nm`è`m CVê$Z goÝQ>{H$ëS>m añË`mdaAmbmo H$s añË`mH$S>oMo {Xdo COibobo {XgV. nU ~è`mn¡H$s A§Ymahr Amho. dmVmdaU YygaAgo. H$S>H$ W§S>r nS>bobr Ago. añË`mdê$Z AYyZ_YyZ _moQ>mar YmdV. é§X \y$Q>nmWdê$Z


_mUg§ KmB©KmB©Z§ MmbVmZm {XgV. ~hþVoH$ bmoH$m§Zr ^bo _moR>o bmoH$ar H$moQ> A§Jmda MT>dboboAgV Am[U W§S>r_wio dmHy$Z Vo âmâ MmbV.'' (n¥. 19)

H$mog©gmR>r Amboë`m doJdoJù`m XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mo ñdmJV, Ë`mM~amo~aàËòH$OU Amnë`m XoemMm nmoemI H$ê$Z Amë`m_wio naXoemV Amnë`m XoemÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMoXe©Z `m gd© Jmoï>r dmVmdaUmV â KmbVmZm {XgVmV. eoVr àXe©ZmM§ dmVmdaU boIH$nwT>rb CVmè`mVyZ ñnï> H$aVmo.

""àM§S> _moR>r OÌm hmoVr; nU Ywamoim, KmU, Jm|Yi ZìhVm. gma§ H$g§ AmIrd daoIrd hmoV§. a§JrV H$mJXr Q>moß`m KmbyZ {nnmÊ`m \w§$H$sV nmoa§~mi§ qhS>V hmoVr. doJdoJù`mì`mnmar H§$nÝ`m§Mo ñQ>m°ëg hmoVo. XwH$mZo hmoVr, \$Z\o$Aa hmoVr, ñnmoQ>©g H$moQ> KmVboë`mbmoH$m§Mr {På_S> hmoVr. eoVH$m_mMo àM§S> KmoS>o Ow§nboë`m JmS>çm òV-OmV hmoË`m.'' (n¥.31)

`m Aem gw§Xa H$ënZmeº$s_wio àdmgdU©Zmbm doJio ê$n àmá Pmbo Amho.

Am°ñQ´>o{b`mÀ`m `m XoemV gd©Ì {hadr Hw$aUo XmQ>bobr hmoVr Am{U Ë`mda ñdÀN>Aer nm§T>ar _|T>ao MaVmZm {XgV. `m XoImì`m_wio _Zmbm g_mYmZ Am{U em§VVm bmÛoñdm^m{dH$ Amho. åhUyZM `m àdmgdU©Zmbm "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' ho erf©H$ `mo½` dmQ>Vo.

30.5 g_mamon

"nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' ho àdmgdU©Z Á`m KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo Ë`mKQ>H$m§Mm nam_e© `m àñVwV nmR>mV KoVbm Amho.

30.6 gmam§e

{ZdoXZnÕVr, ^mfme¡br Am{U dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr_wio gm{hË`H¥$Vr Cƒm§H$ JmR>VAgVo. `m KQ>H$m§{edm` gm{hË`H¥$Vr nyU© hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. {ZdoXZmVyZ AZw^dm§MoàH$Q>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. ^mfo_wio g§doXZm nmohM{dë`m OmVmV. eãXm§À`m _m§S>UrVyZ Ë`m^mdZm gmH$maë`m OmVmV, Va Ë`m n[agamMm AZw^d dmVmdaUmVyZ Xe©{dbm OmVmo.



Imcrc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm

1) "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' ho H$moUË`m {ZdoXZnÕVrV gmH$mabo Amho?

2) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ^mfme¡brMr H$moUVrhr XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

3) dmVmdaUmbm B§J«Or_Üò H$m` åhUVmV?


30.4

1) "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' ho àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZ nÕVrV gmH$mabo Amho.

2) ^mfme¡brMr d¡{eîQ>ço -

1) _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^mfm hr g§doXZerb Amho.

2) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ^mfoV H¥${Ì_Vm Zmhr, eãXm§À`m AmdmŠ`mV AZw^d _m§S>Ê`mMr H$ënZmeº$s Ë`m§À`m boIZmV Amho.

3) dmVmdaUmbm B§J«Or_Ü`o "A°Q>_m°g{\$Aa' åhQ>bo OmVo.

***



A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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àýnoT>r

KQ>H$ H«$. 1

1) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m cm¡{H$H$ M[aÌmMm d Ë`m§À`m gm{hË` g§nXoMm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

2) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m gm{hË`mMo g_mcmoMZ H$am.

3) "àdmg EH$m coIH$mMm' `m coIZmg AmË_M[aÌ åhUVm òB©c H$m, Vo gm§JyZ Ë`mMrH$maUo gm§Jm.

4) "àdmg EH$m coIH$mMm' `m gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m AmYmao AmË_M[aÌ d AmË_M[aÌna coIZ `m§Vrc gmå`-ôX ñnîQ> H$am.

5) "àdmg EH$m coIH$mMm' _YyZ òUmao {d{dY H$cm§Mo g§X^© g{dñVa {deX H$am.

6) "àdmg EH$m coIH$mMm' _YyZ _mS>JyiH$am§Mo ~hþAm`m_r ì`pŠV_Îd g_moa òVo -`m {dYmZmMr MMm© H$am.

KQ>H$ H«$. 2

7) EH$ AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar `m ÑîQ>rZo "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m H$mX§~arMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

8) "H$éUmîQ>H$'Mo H$WmZH$ WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm.

9) "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc à_wI nmÌm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

10) "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc Jm¡U nmÌm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

11) "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm ñnîQ> H$am.

12) "H$éUmîQ>H$'_YyZ KS>Umao g_mOXe©Z g{dñVa {deX H$am.

13) "H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~arMr dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

KQ>H$ H«$. 3

14) "_mUXoer _mUg§' `m gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm ì`pŠV{MÌ åhUmdo H$s H$Wm - Vw_Mo _VñnîQ> H$ê$Z gm§Jm.

15) "_mUXoer _mUg§'_Yrc H$moUË`mhr XmoZ ì`pŠVaoIm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

16) "_mUXoer _mUg§'Mr dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço gmoXmhaU {chm.

àýnoT>r/ 349

17) "_mUXoer _mUg§'_YyZ VËH$mcrZ J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmMo àË``H$mar Xe©Z KS>Vo- `m {dYmZmMr gmYH$~mYH$ MMm© H$am.>>

18) "_mUXoer _mUg§'_Yrc nmÌ{MÌUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço gmYma {chm.

19) "_mUXoer _mUg§'_YyZ àH$Q>Umao ì`pŠVaoIm§Mo d¡{dÜ` gmoXmhaU {deX H$am.

20) "_mUXoer _mUg§' À`m ^mfme¡crMr d¡{eîQ>ço {chm.

KQ>H$ H«$. 4

21) "Xodm gIm _hma' d "dmar' `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ WmoS>Š`mV {chm.

22) "Am{S>Q>' Am{U "AIoa AmH$Ê`m Kar Amcm' `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ WmoS>Š`mV {chm.

23) "dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV' d "nS>H§$ ImonQ>§' `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ WmoS>Š`mV {chm.

24) "JmoS>o nmUr' d "nmaYr' `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ WmoS>Š`mV {chm.

25) "JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar' d "AmoP§' `m H$Wm§Mr H$WmZHo$ WmoS>Š`mV {chm.

26) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m coIZmVyZ àH$Q>Umao J«m_rU d X{cV OrdZmMo {deof "AmoP§'À`mAmYmao ñnîQ> H$am.

27) "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ J«m_rU OrdZmMo Xe©Z H$go KS>Vo, Vo gmoXmhaU {chm.

28) "AmoP§' `m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ X{cVm§À`m OrdZmMo Xe©Z H$go KS>Vo, Vo {chm.

29) "JmoS>o nmUr' `m H$WoVrc g_ñ`m ñnîQ> H$am.

30) "Am{S>Q>' H$WoVrc g§Kf© {deX H$am.

31) _mS>JyiH$am§À`m {ZdoXZe¡crMr d¡{eîQ>ço "AmoP§'_Yrc H$Wm§À`m AmYmao {chm.

32) "AmoP§'Mr dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço gmoXmhaU {chm.

33) "EH$ J«m_rU coIH$' åhUyZ _mS>JyiH$am§À`m coIZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço "AmoP§'À`m AmYmao {chm.

KQ>H$ H«$. 5

34) "gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ {chm.

35) >"gÎmm§Va' _Yrc à_wI nmÌm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

36) "gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arVrc nmÌm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

37) "gÎmm§Va' _Yrc g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n {deX H$am.

38) "gÎmm§Va' _Yrc gÎmm§VamMo ZmQ>ç Vw_À`m ^mfoV dU©Z H$am.


39) "gÎmm§Va' `m erf©H$mMr g_n©H$Vm {deX H$am.

40) "gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arMr dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

41) "gÎmm§Va' H$mX§~arVrc dmVmdaUmMo dU©Z H$am.

KQ>H$ H«$. 6

42) "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ {chm.

43) >"~ZJadmS>r' : EH$ àmXo{eH$ H$mX§~ar Amho - `m {dYmZmMr gmYH$~mYH$ MMm© H$am.

44) "~ZJadmS>r'Vrc YZJam§À`m OrdZmMo {MÌU coIH$mZo H$go Ho$co Amho?

45) "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arVrc à_wI nmÌm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

46) "~ZJadmS>r' Vrc Jm¡U nmÌm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

47) "~ZJadmS>r'À`m Zm`H$mMo dU©Z H$am.

48) dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr hm "~ZJadmS>r' H$mX§~arMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho - `m {dYmZmMm nam_e© ¿`m.

49) "~ZJadmS>r'Mr dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

KQ>H$ H«$. 7

50) "ZmQ>H$' `m dmL>²_`àH$mamMo ñdê$n gm§JyZ _mS>JyiH$am§À`m ZmQ>çcoIZmMm nam_e© ¿`m.

51) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mMr nmíd©^y_r {deX H$am.

52) >>"Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' `m ZmQ>H$mÀ`m H$WmZH$mMm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

53) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mVrc à_wI nmÌm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

54) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mVrc nmÌm§Mm WomS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

55) ^moOmam_À`m ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çm§Mo dU©Z H$ê$Z BOmßnm d ^moOmam_ `m§À`mVrc g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n gm§Jm.

56) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mVrc {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm nam_e© ¿`m.

57) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma' ZmQ>H$mMr dmL>²_`rZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

58) ZmQ>H$mVrc g§dmXmMo _hÎd d H$m`© `m§{df`r "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma'À`m AmYmao {ddoMZH$am.

KQ>H$ H«$. 8

àýnoT>r/ 351

59) "n«dmgdU©Z' `m dmL>²_` àH$mamMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

60) "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' `m àdmgdU©ZmÀ`m AmYmao Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc _mZdr OrdZnÕVrMo dU©Z H$am.

61) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc cmoH$m§À`m OrdZe¡crMo dU©Z H$am.

62) _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Am°ñQ´>o{c`mV Ho$coë`m AmH$medmUrdarc H$m`©H«$_m§Mo dU©Z H$am.

63) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {ZgJm©Mo dU©Z coIH$mZo H$go Ho$co Amho?

64) "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' `m àdmgdU©ZmMo aMZm{deof gm§Jm.

65) "nm§T>ar _|T>ao {hadr Hw$aUo' ho àdmgdU©Z A{Ve` doYH$ d {MÌ_` Pmco Amho-ho {dYmZ Vwåhmcm nQ>Vo H$m, H$m?>>

{Q>nm {chm (àË`oH$s 10 JwU)

1) _mS>JyiH$am§Mo ~mcnU

2) AmË_M[aÌna coIZmMo ñdê$n

3) {MÌH$ma _mS>JyiH$a

4) eoVH$ar _mS>JyiH$a

5) H${damO

6) "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc AmB©

7) "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc XmXm

8) "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Yrc ~mB©AmOr

9) ~Ý`m~mny

10) Vm§~moiçmMr Imcm

11) am_m _¡cHw$cr

12) H$m|{S>~m Jm`H$dmS>

13) _mS>JyiH$am§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r

14) "AmoP§' H$WoVrc cmS>m~mB©

15) cú_r (dS>madmS>rÀ`m dñVrV)

16) "dmar' H$WoVrc AOw©Zm

17) JmoqdXm H$mVH$ar


18) "~moWar'Mm _¥Ë`y

19) cmc~wS>çmMm _¥Ë`y

20) "gÎmm§Va'_Yrc nmÌ{MÌU H$m¡eë`

21) "gÎmm§Va'Mr ^mfme¡cr

22) AmZ§Xm am_moer (~ZJadmS>r)

23) Am`~y _wcmUr (~ZJadmS>r)

24) "~ZJadmS>r'Mo {ZdoXZ V§Ì

25) gImam_ (Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma)

26) h[aZmZm (Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma)

27) "Vy doS>m Hw§$^ma'_Yrc ZonÏ`gyMZm

28) àdmgdU©Zm§Mo àH$ma

29) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc {d{dY {R>H$mUo

30) Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc Kao

***

àýnoT>r/ 353

ì`§h$q>oe ms>jyih$a `m§mm n[am`marathi)/visheshgranthk... · gdmªzmm Ë`m§mo boiz...

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