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TH—Social Sciences–CCE Edition–7ii

TH—Social Sciences–CCE Edition–7 1

1. When, Where and How A. Choose the correct option. 1. a. 2. c. 3. b. 4. a. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Padshahnama 2. Inde 3. Epigraphy 4. Mughal 5. Chandel C. True or False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False D. Match the Columns. 1. Francoi Bernier – Travel in the Mughal Empire 2. Thomas Roe – A Voyage to east India 3. Alberuni – Tahrik-al-Hind 4. Nicalo Manucci – Storio dor Mogor 5. Ibn Batuta – Rehla E. One word answers. 1. MarcoPolo 2. Kalhana 3. Uttaramerur 4. Aryavarta 5. Bhakti Movement F. Short answer questions. 1. Medieval history refers to the period between 8th and 18th

century CE. It is further subdivided into early medieval age stretching from 8th to 13th century CE and later Medieval Age stretching from 13th-18th century CE.

2. Many major changes took place during this period. Many Rajput kingdoms came up. Theywere in constant conflict with eachother. India saw foreign invasions which led to the foundation of MuslimempireinIndia.TherewasinfluenceofIslamicculturein every walk of life. There was new religion, ideas, ways of thinking, art, architecture, new administrative reforms, customs and traditions.

ThemedievalperiodalsosawthespreadofthesufiandBhaktiMovements. Towards the later part of this period the Europeans came to India as traders but later established a strong foot hold here.

3. India is called Hindustan. It is a Persian term meaning ‘land of the Hindus’. Indians of the earlier times used the name Sindhu for Indus river. The Persians pronounced it as Hindu

Answer Key

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TH—Social Sciences–CCE Edition–72

and after Islamic invasion the region came to be known as Hindustan.

4. India’s long coastline has been a great advantage. There were many ports which led to increase in trade and commerce. Since ancient times, India had trade relations with Mesopotamia and many south-east Asian countries. Also, it was through the sea routethattheEuropeanscametoIndiaandfinallyestablishedanempire in India.

5. Monuments are important sources of History. Many monuments were constructed especially during the medieval period. They tell us about the artistic and architectural skills of that time. The materials used give us an idea about the craftsmanship and mining. Also, they tell us about the engineering skills and religious beliefs of the people.

G. Long answer questions. 1. Refer to pg. 1-2 of text 2. Refer to pg. 4 for Inscriptions pg. 5 for coins 3. Refer to pg. 5 for literary sources

2. New Kings and Kingdoms A. Choose the correct option. 1. a. 2. a. 3. c. 4. a. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Temples 2. Nataraja 3. Rashtrakutas 4. Gurjara Pratiharas C. True or False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False D. Short answer questions. 1. There are numerous theories that tell us about the origin of

the Rajputs. According to one theory, some families in certain areas owned large lands. They fought to get more lands and made others accept them as kings. They claimed their ancestors had been kings. They called themselves ‘Rajput’ from the word ‘Rajputra’ meaning son of kings. Some called themselves ‘Suryavanshi’ meaning descendants of Sun God. Some were ‘Chandravanshi’ or descendants of Moon God. Some believed themselvestobe‘Agnikulas’orbornoutofthefirepit.


2. Kanauj was a coveted region. It was situated in the fertile Gangetic plains. The three dynasties – Gurjara Pratiharas, Palas and the Rashtrakuta’s were eager to take over Kanauj. There wasconstantconflictamongstthethree.ThiswasknownastheTripartite struggle.

3. MahmudofGhazniattackedIndiabecauseheknewIndiahadtremendous wealth. He wanted to plunder India and accumulate wealth with which he wanted to lay the foundation of a great empire.He looted immensewealth from India and beautifiedGhazni. He built libraries, palaces, mosques, gardens, a university andamuseuminGhazni.Thiscitybecamethecentreoffineartsand culture.

4. Mahmud’s invasion had tremendous impacts. Punjab became a territory of the Muslims for the next 150 years. Also many temples and works of art were destroyed and the economy was devastated. Lastly, his invasions paved the way for further invasions that changed India’s history forever.

5. ThesecondBattleofTarainwasaturningpointinthehistoryofIndia. He paved the path for many other conquerors into India. AfterthisbattleMuslimrulewasestablishedinIndia.

6. Muhammad of Ghor was unable to defeat the Rajput army in the FirstbattleofTarainbecauseKingPrithvirajwassupportedbyother kings and the Rajputs fought valiantly.

E. Long answer questions. 1. The Cholas were patrons of art and architecture. This became

evidentofthemagnificenttemplestheybuilt.Artandarchitecturereached its peak during the Chola rule. The temples portray, the evolution of Chola art and architecture. The kings donated generously to the construction and maintenance of the temples. One of the outstanding temples is the Brihadisvara Temple at Tanjore.

Also many stone and metal sculptures were made during this period. The walls, pillars and roofs of the temples were decorated with intricate sculptures. Metal statues were also sculpted during this period. The bronze idol of Nataraja is famous. The art of paintingalsoflourished.Thewallsofthetempleswereadornedwith paintings. Portraits were also made.

2. Temples were very important during the Chola period. They were not only places of worship, they were the centres of social life and economic activities as well. They collected revenues and got free land grants. The temples also leased out lands to tenants. Rich merchants donated money and livestock and even


valuable ornaments to the temples. Festivals were celeberated in the temples with great pomp and splendour. People met there to discuss social problems and solve issues. The temples also engaged in government activities. They became centres of political power. Schools and hospitals were attached to thesetemple complexes. Each temple complex was a self-sufficientcommunity with priests, craftsmen, dancers, musicians, tailors, barbers, accountants, cooks and many others.

3. Refer to pg 16 of text till the end of pages Write short notes on 1. Muhammad of Ghor refer to pg 12 2. Rajaraja Chola refer to pg 13.

3. The Delhi Sultanate A. Choose the correct option. 1. d. 2. a. 3. b. 4. a. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Qutub-ud-din Mubarik Shah 2. Qutub-ud-din Aibak 3. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq 4. Ghiyas-ud-din Tuglaq C. True or False 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True D. Short answer questions. 1. ThefirstdynastyoftheSultanatewascalledtheSlaveDynasty.

Qutub-ud-din Aibak, who was originally a slave of Mohammad Ghori became the founder of this dynasty. The successor of Qutub-ud-din Aibak, lltutmish, was his slave. Later, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban was the emperor, who was also initially a slave bought by Iltutmish.

2. Iltutmish was a wise and efficient ruler. He defeated rebels,Rajput kings and the ruler of Bengal. He also reorganised the administration. He built dams, canal and worked towards improving the living conditions of the people. He introduced Arabic coinage and completed the construction of the Qutub Minar. He also constructed a mosque at Ajmer. He extended his empire and received the title of sultan from the Khalifa of Baghdad.

3. Alauddin introduced many innovative administrative and revenuereforms.Hecontrolledtaxationandfixedpricesofall


goods. He curbed the powers of the nobles. He banned alcohol and partiesandintroducedanefficientspysystem.Hereorganisedthe army and appointed soldiers himself; salaries were given in cash.Horseswerebrandedtohelpintheiridentification.

4. The biggest mistake made by Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was the introduction of token currency. There was a shortage of silver, so he issued brass and copper coins which had the same value as gold and silver. However, he did not undertake any measures toguardagainstforgeryandtheempirewasfloodedwithfakecopper coins. He had to withdraw all the coins from the market and had to give gold and silver coins in exchange. This caused immense losses to the royal treasury.

5. Firuz Tughlag was intolerant to the Hindus. This is evident from the fact that the Hindus had to pay the jiziya tax during his reign. He encouraged conversion to Islam and gave special privileges to the qazis. Firuz also earned the title of ‘idol breaker’ by destroying temples like Jwalamukhi temple and the temple at Puri.

6. Refer to pg 28. E. Long answer questions. 1. The administrative measures taken by Alauddin Khilji were

very different from those taken by Muhammad bin Tughlaq.Firstly, Alauddin was intolerant towards the Hindus. He made the Hindus pay more taxes as compared to the Muslims. On the other hand, Muhammad bin was very open minded and had a uniform system of revenue.

Also, Alauddin reorganised his army and had an excellent spy system. This was not done by Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Muhammad introduced reforms like introduction of token currency, change of capital and increase of taxes in the Doab region. All these measures were failures.

2. Muhammad bin Tughlaq implemented many policies but unfortunately they were failures. They were innovative measure but not practical. He increased taxes in the Doab region and unfortunately there was famine that year. The poor farmers revolted under the burden of increased taxation.

Similarly when he decided to shift his capital of Daulatabad in the Deccan, the people were forced to move to the new capital. The journey to Daulatabad was torturous and when the capital was again shifted to Delhi, the people were very unhappy. This shifting of capital caused much discontentment and the Sultan became extremely unpopular.


The introduction of token currency and later its withdrawal caused great loss to the royal treasure.

Each of the failures taxed the resources of the empire and brought unhappiness to the people. All this ruined his reputation.

3. The region of Firuz Shah Tughlaq was largely different fromother sultans.

Firstly, all the earlier sultans concentrated on expanding their empires. Firuz, on the other hand did not focus on expanding his empire. He focussed on bringing about prosperity in the sultanate.

He reduced the taxation on the people. Reduced taxes led to less prices of commodities. He also provided irrigation facilities to increase crop productivity. He built canals and dams.

Other sultans had tried to curtail the power of the nobles. Firuz, instead, tried to please the nobles and win their loyalty. Unlike his predecessors, he based his administration according to Islamic laws. The earlier sultans were not as intolerant to Hindus but Firuz was given the title of idol breaker because he broke so many Hindu temples. Firuz did not maintain a standing army. Other sultans had maintained huge armies. He instead spent money on the welfare of his people and built colleges, libraries, hospitals and madrasahs. He founded many towns and gave employment to people. There was no rebellions during his reign. He succeeded in restoring the glory and prosperity of the sultanate.

F. Write short notes. 1. Revenue System: The revenue system varied with the reign of

the sultans. The main source of tax was the tax on land. Other taxes were house tax, water tax and trade tax. Tax could be paid in kind or cash. During the reign of some sultans, the tax went up by 50%.

2. Trade: Both internal and external trade were carried on. Trade was facilitated by a good network of paved roads. There were rest houses and shops for travellers. Trade was carried on with Iraq, Khurasan, East Africa, Sumatra, Malaysia and China. Arabian horses, gold, and silver were the main imports. Exports consisted of spices, sandalwood, rice, herbs and precious stones.

4. The Mughal Empire A. Choose the correct option. 1. b. 2. a. 3. b. 4. a.


B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Abdul Hamid Lahauri 2. Ibrahim Lodi 3. Delhi or Shahjanabad 4. 1739 C. Rewrite the false statement correctly 1. True 2. False; correct is: Aurangzeb built the Badshahi mosque in

Lahore 3. False; Correct is: Sher Shah introduced the branding of horses in

the army. 4. True 5. True D. Short answer questions. 1. Babur was invited to India by Daulat Khan the governor of

Punjab and Rana Sangha of Mewar to depose Ibrahim Lodi who was extremely unpopular. They wanted Babur to put an end to the Lodi dynasty.

2. The first Battle of Panipat heralded the arrival ofMughals inIndia.BaburdefeatedIbrahimLodiinthisbattle.

The second battle of Panipat was fought betweenAkbar andHemu who was the prime minister of the Sultan of Bengal. Akbar attackedandascendedthethroneofDelhi.AkbarwasvictoriousandHemuwaskilled.Afterthisvictory,theAfghanswerefinallycrushedandMughalrulewasfirmlyestablished.

3. Akbar wanted to befriend the Rajputs because he realised that it was important to win them over if he wanted to establish an empire in India. He was overwhelmed by their bravery, faithfulness and loyalty. He also, at the same time, wanted them to accept his suzerainty. To achieve this, he married Rajput princesses. The Rajput kings who entered into matrimonial alliances with Akbar became a part of the Mughal family and Akbar appreciated their services. They were given high ranks, titles, properties and royal favour.

Also, Akbar did not force his Rajput wives to accept Islam. Rajputs were given respectable positions in the court and Rajput customs and practices were also observed in Akbar’s court.

4. Refer to pg 43 of text under the Heading Military. 5. The dahsala system of revenue collection was introduced by Raja

TodarMal,Akbar’sfinanceminister.Accordingtothissystemtherevenuewasfixedontheaverageyieldoflandassessedforthepast ten years. One-third of the average yield was the emperor’s share.


E. Long answer questions. 1. Sher Shah was an administrative genius. In his short reign of

5 years he undertook some innovative administrative reforms and improved the existing system. He made all important decisions himself and the officials had to execute them.He reorganisedthe revenue system. The main source of revenue was land. The peasant had to pay one-third of the produce in cash. The tax could be paid in installments. The peasants prospered under the rule of Sher Shah and the income of the state increased. His revenue system has been regarded as the best in the medieval times.

2. Refer to pg 37 of text 3. Refer to pg 43 of text

5. Architecture as Power: Forts and Scared Places A. Choose the correct options. 1. d. 2. a. 3. c. 4. b. 5. a. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Khajuraho group of temples 2. Brihadeshwara Temple 3. Nizamuddin Auliya 4. Havelis 5. Taj Mahal C. True or False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True D. Give one word answers 1. Diwan-i-Aam 2. Shah Jahan 3. Tomb of Balban 4. Maharana Kumbha 5. Gandhak ki Baoli E. Short answer questions. 1. Monuments are important sources of information about the

medieval period. They tell us about the religious beliefs of the people. They give information on the type of materials used and techniques followed. The lavish gardens bear witness to the extravagant lifestyles of the rulers. They also reveal the state of the economy. The fort exhibits the intelligence and defense tactics of the rulers. The inscriptions and the calligraphy on the monuments tell us about the builder and his reign, sometimes even important events.

2. Imperial style of architecture was one of the two styles of architecture of the medieval period. This style developed under the patronage of the Sultans of Delhi.

3. The kings built temples because temple buildings were regarded


as a sacred duty. Building temples was an extremely pious act bringing great religious merit. So, they sponsored the building of temples.

4. Refer to pg 53 of text 5. Refer to pg 52 6. The Khajuraho temples have escaped the ravages of Muslim

invaders probably because they were built in comparatively remote places not accessible to the invaders.

F. Long answer questions. 1. The Islamic rulers constructed many buildings and introduced

newstylesinarchitecture.Nohumananimalfigureswereusedin their buildings since it was against Islamic belief. Instead, they usedscrollsofflowersandversesfromtheQuran.Geometricorfloraldesignswereinterspersedwithpanelsofinscriptionsinavery artistic manner. They also freely borrowed Hindu motifs like the bell, lotus and swastika. They added colour to their buildings by using red sandstone. They introduced two new architectural ideas—the dome and the pointed arch. The Turks also introduced the minarets used in mosques.

2. The dome and arch had many advantages. The dome provided a pleasing skyline. It was also a symbolic representation of the vault of heaven. Besides the dome and the arch dispensed with the need for a large number of pillars to support the roof and thus enabled the construction of large halls with a clear view.

3. Many monuments were built during the medieval period. There were many reasons for this immense building activity. Monuments were constructed by kings to display their authority and power. Temples were built because this was considered the sacred duty of the king. Building of temples was considered a pious act. The invaders built several mosques to show their riches and power. Some emperors also built monuments to show how rich and powerful they were. Some monuments were built by emperors to showoff their victories.TheMughals showedoff theirwealthby lavisharchitecture.Thebuildingsmadebythe Mughal emperor’s impart a sense of the patrons power. Also, intheconstantstruggleforpowerfortsandfortifiedsettlementswas a potent symbol of authority. Thus, forts were a measure of the monarch’s strength.

The lavish buildings made also displayed the wealth and status of the emperor. They instilled a feeling of fear in the people. Tombs were built because the emperors wanted to be remembered. Forts were made to protect themselves from invasions.


4. Shah Jahan’s reign was indeed the Golden Age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan perfected Mughal architecture. He spent lavishly on construction and produced many masterpieces. He constructed many mosques and palaces, and renovated the Agra Fort. The Diwan-i-Aam was renovated and inlay work was donewithfinefloralmotifsonmarblepanels.HealsomadetheNagina Mosque and the Meena Bazaar. Shah Jahan redecorated the Diwan-e-Khas. He made the Mina Masjid and Moti Masjid. The Macchi Bhavan and Sheesh Mahal were other important structures made by him.

One of Shah Jahan’s biggest projects was the construction of the city of Shahjahandbad. Today, it is known as the Red Fort and it became the heart of the Mughal Empire. Built of red sandstone, it was surrounded by a moat. This fort had the emperor’s palace, mosques, gardens, markets residences of nobles and broad avenues with water channels. Also, there was a military garrison treasury and manufacturing units. Some of the important buildings are: Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas. Mumtaz Mahal, Nahr-i-Bihisht. The Jama Masjid in Delhi was another, famous building made during Shah Jahan’s reign.

But the crowning glory of all the buildings was the grand Taj Mahal which he made as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan also planned and built many gardens. The Shalimar Gardens at Lahore were constructed by him.

Thus Shah Jahan’s reign was the Golden Age of Mughal architecture.

G. Write short notes: (a) Khajuraho temples: These are a groups of temples in Central

India and are well known expressions of Indian architecture. unlike other temple complexes in the country there is no enclosure wall surrounding these temples and each of them is on a high platform. Though, they are not very large, they are elegantly proportioned and are adorned with sculptures on their exterior and interior. The Kandriya Mahadeva Temple is the best example. He has 900 statues and it has 6 interior compartments. Theceilingsare themostattractive featureswith theirdelicatecarvings. The temples of Khajuraho are made of sandstone withouttheuseofmortar.Thestonesaresoplacedthattheyfitexactly into one another.

(b) Jagannath Puri: The temple of Jagannath Puri is one of the temples which constitute the ‘Golden Triangle’ of Orissa. It is a master piece of architecture. The monument stands on a high


platform. The enormous temple complex occupies a huge area andissurroundedbyafortifiedwall.Thecomplexcontainsabout120 temples and shrines and the ‘shikhara’ of the temple soars to a height of 192 ft. Structurally, the temple consists of 4 chambers. The outermost is the bhogmandir where the worshippers present their offerings; thenext isnatamandir a pillared hall for music and dance; then follows the jagamohana or the mandapa where devoteesgatherforworshipandthefinalchamberisthesanctumthat preserves the deities.

(c) Taj Mahal : Refer to pg 54 last paragraph

6. Towns, Traders and Craftsmen A. Choose the correct option. 1. a. 2. d. 3. a. 4. d. 5. a. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. East Bengal 2. Akbar 3. Qutub Shahi Kings 4. Surat C. Match the columns 1. Horses – Arabia 2. Satin – West Asia 3. Glassware – Europe 4. Raw silk – China 5. Dry fruits – Middle East D. Short answer questions. 1. Urbanisatiojn of India increased further under Mughal rule

because the Mughal rulers encouraged crafts and trade. They also established a sound system of administration and introduced innovative market reforms. Domestic as well as foreign trade increased. Markets developed not only in towns but also villages.

2. In the north the important towns that developed were Delhi, Agra and Allahabad. In the west the important towns were Lahore and Somnath.

3. Ajmer became an important pilgrimage town when Khwaja MoinuddinChistisettledthere.

4. Theitemsofexportweresilk,pottery,ivory,sandalwood,indigo,spices, diamonds, precious stones and sugar.

The items imported were horses, dry fruits, raw silk, glassware, satin, wine, corals, perfumes, velvets and scented oils.

5. Machilipatnam was famous for its carpet weaving industry and its kalamkari textiles.


E. Long answer questions. 1. Refer the pg 58 of text 2. Capital towns were the places where the rulers lived. The town

was also the centre of administrative machinery. These towns were ruled in such a way that they became symbols of power and influence of their emperors. Palaces andmansions dominatedthe landscape. The cultural life revolved around the emperors and their families. Delhi, Agra and Lahore prospered.

Varioustownswerefoundedbytheirrulersfordifferentseasons.For examples, the city of Fatehpur Chisti was founded by the Mughal Emperor as a mark of respect to Salim Chisti.

3. The Mughals contributed greatly to Indian crafts. They patronisedcraftsandcraftsmen.Craftsmenflourishedintheartofweaving,wood carving,metalwork,pottery and jewellery.New techniques like inlay work, glass engraving, carpet weaving brocades, enamelling etc. were introduced. The famous peacock thronemadeduringthereignofShahJahan,isafineexampleofgem inlay work and metal craft.

The Mughals promoted a host of craft traditions like the creation of enamelled jewellery. Bidriwase and minakari also developed. Many techniques were introduced for colouring ornaments and objects made of gold, silver, copper, brass etc. Enamelling work on gold was also done.

The reign of Akbar, the great Mughal emperor is considered as the golden era in the history of medieval Indian craft.

4. During the medieval period both domestic and foreign trade flourished. Delhi was a major trading centre. Products fromdistant places were sold here. Good network of roads facilitated trade. Limbodar in Gujarat and Dabhol in Maharashtra were major trade centres which linked the northern and southern halves of the country. Trade was facilitated by organised system set up by the government. Thus, internal as well as external trade flourished.TradewiththeSouth-eastandChinawascarriedinDhaka. Vijaynagara enjoyed the most volumnious trade with countries like Persia, Arabia, Africa, Malay, Burma and China. This city was a thriving centre for trade. Thus, India enjoyed a favourable balance in her trade relations with other countries during the medieval period.

5. Hampi, in Karnataka is a 700 years old city built in 1336 CE. Under Krishnadeva Raja of the Tuluva Dynasty, the Vijayanagara


empire saw its most prosperous days, foreign merchants traded spicesandglitteringstones.Artandculturealsoprospered.

F. Give reasons for the following: 1. Akbar founded Fatehpur Sikri as a mark of respect to Salim Chisti.

Also he founded this city to mark his victory over Gujarat. 2. Surat is known as Manchester of the East because it is famous for

its textile industry. 3. Hampi is an open museum because numerous palaces, temples

and artefacts have been discovered. There are more than 500 monuments. Each monument is a masterpiece and hides more than what it reveals. All monuments are charismatic even in the ruined state.

Quiz Time 1. Dhaka 2. Golconda 3. Kerala 4. Deccan 5. Pulicat

7. Tribal Communities in India A. Choose the correct option. 1. d. 2. b. 3. c. 4. b. 5. d. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Gonds 2. Buranjis 3. Ghotul 4. Swarga Narayan C. Give one word answers 1. Ahoms 2. Swargadeo 3. Manas 4. Sukaphaa 5. Himahal Pradesh 6. Pagan D. Short answer questions. 1. Tribal people are those who live in communities dwelling nearby

a mountain range or forest where no sign of modern culture can be seen.

2. The Ahom kingdom reached its zenith in 1695, when Rudra Singh ascended the throne.

3. The special expertise of the Gonds is making medicines from natural herbs and plants.

4. Nomadic tribes are a group of people who travel from place to place for a livelihood. They move according to seasonal changes. Theirmainoccupationisherdingcattleandsheep.Theyexchangeanimal products for things they require.

5. Refer to pg 68 of text.


E. Long answer questions. 1. Shifting agriculture was practised by many tribes. They clear

an area of the forest and farm the land there. After a few years, when the land loses its fertility, they move on and clear another area of the forest and use that for agriculture. This is also called Slash and Burn agriculture. They are called so because they often burn the vegetation to clear the land.

2. TheGondsandtheAhomsaredifferentinmanyrespects. (a) The Gonds speak the Gondi language that is related to

Telegu and other Dravidian languages. The Gonds living in the northern parts also speak Hindi or Marathi while those living in the south east speak Parsi. The Ahoms, spoke the Tai language. Overtime, they adopted the Assamese language which co-existed along with the Tai language.

(b) Religion of the Gonds is Hinduism. They follow Hindu customs and rituals. They make idols of their deities with flour, sugar and ghee. Their gods are Janai, Pharsa andDanteshwari. They are superstitious and believe in animal sarificeonreligiousoccasions.Theyhaveprieststoconductreligious ceremonies. The religion of the Ahoms was pagan andtheyworshippedtheirowntribalgods.Thiswasdifferentfrom Buddhism. Gradually, however, they converted to Hinduism.

(c) Placeofsettlement;GondsarefoundinCentralIndia.Theyare spread over Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. They are most widelyspreadintheBastardistrictofChhattisgarh.TheAhoms,ontheotherhandsettledintheBhramaputraValleyinAssam.

3. Refer to Pg. 67-68 of text 4. Refer to pg. 72 from 12th century onwards... path of devotion

Crossword. Across Down 2. Buranjes 1. Dussehra 3. Charaideo 2. Ahoms 7. Shan dynasty 4. Aurangzeb 8. Ghotul 5. Rangpur

8. Religious Movements in Medieval India A. Choose the correct option. 1. a. 2. c. 3. a. 4. a.


B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Vaishnavas 2. Krishna 3. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 4. India 5. Ajmer C. True or False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False D. Match the following. 1. Alvars – followers of Vishnu 2. Nayanmars – devotees of Shiva 3. Govardhanmatha – Puri in the east 4. Guru Nanak – Talwandi, Lahore 5. Mirabai – Lord Krishna F. Write short notes 1. Guru Nanak : page 79 of text 2. Kabir : page 80 of text F. Short answer questions. 1. TheAlvarswerethefirstsaintswhoappearedaftertheBuddhist

era. They were followers of Vishnu. They were mystics and sang simple poems called pushiras.

2. Adi Shankaracharya was one of India’s greatest Hindu saints. He was born in a poor Brahmin family in Kerala. He played an important role in the revival of Hinduism. He interpreted the sacred Hindu texts and was successful in the revival and reformation of Hindu thinking and way of life. He was the founder of Advaila Vedanta.

3. The 5 pillars of Islam are: (i) Shahadah: declaration of faith (ii) Salah: prayer (iii)Zakat:givingafixedproportiontocharity (iv) Saum: fasting during the month of Ramadan (v) Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca These 5pillars arefiveduties that everyMuslim is obliged to

perform. 4. The five symbols of Sikhism are: kesh meaning long hair, kara

meaning bangle, kachcha meaning shorts, kirpan meaning dagger and kangha meaning comb.

5. DifferencesbetweenthelifeofGuruNanakandKabir Guru Nanak gave up the life of a householder whereas Kabir

continued with his life as a householder and weaver. Also Guru Nanak was a Hindu by birth and he went to school. On the other hand, Kabir was a poor weaver whose birth is surrounded by legends.


The similarities were:- Guru Nanak and Kabir both were against the caste system and idol worship and laid emphasis on equality. Also, both believed that there was only one God.

6. Islam began in Arabia in the 7th century CE. G. Long answer questions. 1. The Bhakti movement had an enormous and lasting impact on

the culture of India. It emphasised on devotion to God. It taught the path of love and devotion as opposed to the path of rituals. It is the expression of love and adoration centred upon Divine God.

2. Womenpoet saintsalsoplayedasignificant role in theBhaktimovement. Some of them are Akkamahadevi, Janabai, Sakhubai and Mirabai. In some instances they left their homes and husbandsandbecamewonderersasascetics.Someattemptedtofit intomoretraditionalroles in thesocietyandmaintaintheirresponsibilities. All of them wrote acquistic poetry that has been passed on through bards and singers throughout India.

3. The main characteristics of the Bhakti Movement were: (i) The followers of the Bhakti Movement believed in one God

whowastobeworshippedwithloveandaffection. (ii)Therewasnoidol,treeoranimalsarifices (iii) The Bhakti saints were against social evils like sati and child

marriage. (iv) They stressed on equality of all castes. (v) The saints preached in the language of the common people. (vi) Emphasis was laid on virtues like honesty, truth, kindness

and charity. 4. Thecommonbeliefsofthesufisaintswere: (i) There is only one God. All are the children of God, who

possesses everything. (ii) God is in the heart and is always very close to us. Since God

is inside every human being, to love God we must love every human being.

(iii)DifferentreligionsaredifferentwaystoreachGod,whichisthe ultimate aim. People should follow the teachings of a pir for he will show the right path to reach God.

(iv) Nothing happens without God’s will. All things, good or bad, are from God.

5. The common teachings of the Bhakti saints were: (i) There is only one God who must be worshipped with sheer

love and devotion.


(ii) All are equal. There is no gradation of caste. 6. This was said by Saint Ramananda. He was a bhakti saint

who believed in equality of all castes. He had followers of all castes.

Crossword Across Down 2. Ramananda 1. Ramcharitmanas 3. Mecca 4. Mardana 5. Kabir 6. Pashuras 7. Shankaracharya 8. Shaivites E. Give reasons for the following: 1. The Muslims face the Kaa’ba during prayers because it is

generally thought to have been built by prophet Abraham. For Muslims it is the holiest place on earth.

2. After Kabir’s death, his followers quarrelled over his body. This is because he had both Hindu and Muslim followers. The Hindus wanted to cremate his body while the Muslims wanted to bury it.

3. The Sufis believe in ascetic music, dancing and meditationsbecause they want to experience God within themselves.

9. Flowering of Regional Cultures A. Tick the correct answer. 1. a. 2. c. 3. b. 4. a. 5. b. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Hamza Nama 2. Mansur and Manohar 3. Telugu 4. Pala 5. Baul C. Match the columns. 1. Adil Ali Shah – (c) Pakhawaj 2. Aurangzeb – (e) skilled at playing Veena 3. Raja Man Singh of Gwalior – (a) Man Kauthul 4. Muhammad Shah – (b) composed many Khayals 5. Carnatic musician – (d) Purandaradasa D. State True or False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False E. Give one word answers. 1. Amir Khusrau 2. Baiju Bawra


3. Tuti Nama 4. Tulsidas 5. Mewar F. Short answer questions. 1. Distinctive styles emerged in the field of culture during the

medieval period. This was because during their period India played host to foreign invasions on military conquests and many social, economic and political changes. When the Turks and Mughals came to India, there was a fusion of the traditional Indian styles and the styles brought in by them. Distinctive styles developed as a result of this fusion.

2. There was immense literary activity in Persian language because many Persian speaking rulers came to the throne.

3. The Turks introduced a number of musical instruments like rabab and sarangi.

4. Dhrupad and Khayals were the most outstanding musical forms that developed during the medieval period. Dhrupad became very popular in the 13th century. Khayals can be traced to the 8th century.ThisstylewasinfluencedbyQaulandQawwali.

5. The Baul music of Bengal was a well-known folk music. This was themusic of the roamingBhakti andSufimystics.TheseBaulsingers travelled from place to place and preached devotion through their music.

G. Long answer questions. 1. AmirKhusrauwasafamouswriterandasufisaint.Hewasa

court poet during the Sultanate period. He contributed greatly to the growth of culture during the medieval period. He produced manyliteraryworks.HewasoneofthefirstIndianstowriteinPersian. He also inspired many poets to write in Persian. He wrote ‘Majnum–Laila’ and many other works. He also experimented with poetry in a language that was a mixture of Persian and Hindi. This was the origin of Urdu. Amir Khusrau was also a famous musicians. He was awarded the title of Nayak. He is believed to have invented the sitar. He has many Indo-Persian ragas to his credit. He also developed Qawwalis.

2. The Kathak dance originated in nothern India. The coming of the Mughals had a major impact on the dance. It was taken to the mughal court and it became more entertaining and less religious in content. In the mughal court, it encountered the Persian dance, and music and underwent a great transformation. Now spins were introduced in the dance. The costumes and themes also underwent a change.


3. The Bhakti saints contributed greatly to the development of regional languages. Jnaneshwar wrote commentary on the Bhagavad Gita in Marathi. Namadeva composed short poems which were later included in the Adi Granth. The Bhakti saints used local languages to appeal to the people. They even translated the Puranas and Bhagavad Gita to make them understandable to the common man. Guru Nank composed hyms in Punjabi. Guru Angad gave the Gurmukhi script. Abdur Rahim, a Muslim poet wrote sufi poetry.Mira bai is known for her contributions toHindu Bhakti literature.

4. (a) Paintings under the Mughals : Refer to Pg 89 Mughal School.

(b) Music under the Mughals: Refer to Pg 91 – Music during Mughal Period.

5. The culture of West Bengal is considered to be one of the richest cultures in India Refer to Pg 94.

10. India after the Mughals A. Choose the correct option. 1. a. 2. c. 3. d. 4. c. 5. b. B. 1. Mecca Masjid 2. Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah 3. BandaSinghBahadur 4.ZulfikarKhan 5. Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah C. Match the Columns. 1. Amatya – looked after the accounts 2. Peshwa – Chief minister 3. Sachiv – Looked after royal correspondence 4. Mantri – Home minister 5. Dabir – Foreign minister D. Quiz Time 1. Balaji Vishwanath 2. Paga 3. Guerilla 4. Shivaji 5. Nadir Shah E. Short answer questions. 1. After the death of Aurangzeb, the disintegration of the Great

Mughal Empire began. There were a series of inconsequential kings collectively referred to as the Later Mughals.


2. Peshwa was originally the Prime Minister of the Maratha empire, ShahujifirstappointedPeshwawhowouldactasaheadofthestate under certain emergency in the kingdom with time. The Peshwas became the real rulers of the empire while the successors ofShivajiwerejustnominalheadsofthestate.TheofficeofthePeshwa became hereditary.

3. Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Burma because he was proclaimed as the Emperor of India by the rebellious Indians in the Revolt of 1857.

4. The succession states were the small regional states that rose to power in the post Mughal Era. They rose to power because the Mughal Empire was huge and the emperors were too weak to manage the distant areas. Governors were appointed to look after the areas which were distant. There governors declared themselves independent from the Mughals and established their own states.

5. Tipu Sultan was the son fo Haider Ali, the ruler of Mysore. He ascended the throne after his father’s death and was also known as the ‘Tiger of Mysore’.

6. Shivaji is considered a great leader because he founded the Maratha Kingdom in the Deccan. He inspired and united the commonmantofightagainsttheoppressionofMughalrulers.

F. Long answer questions. 1. Refer to pg 100 – Reasons for the decline of the Mughal empire. 2. Refer to pg 106 – Shivaji’s administration. 3. Refer to Pg 107 – Military 4. Tipu Sultan or the ‘Tiger of Mysore’ was considered a true patriot.

He realized the potential danger of the East India company. Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan defeated the British in the 1st and 2ndBattleofMysorein1776and1782respectively.Hewasanable military strategist and used successful military tactics of rocketartilleryinwar.Fightingwithallhisvalour,hefinallydieddefending his capital Seringapatnam. Tipu’s rule began in the midst of wars with the British and ended in the war against the British.Heinflicted seriousblowsontheBritish.HispatrioticspiritinspiredtheIndianfreedomfightersinlateryears.

G. Write short notes on: (a) Bengal: Refer to pg 103 (b) Awadh: Pg 102 (c) Hyderabad: Pg 102


H. Give reasons. 1. Awadh was an important province of the Mughal empire. It was

rich and prosperous because of its geographical location. The soil was fertile andhence agricultureflourished.Also, its strategiclocation was an advantage for trade and commerce.

2. ShivajiattackedSuratbecauseitwasanimportantandwealthyMughaltradingcity.Helootedittoreplenishhisfindsforfurtherbattles.

3. TipuSultanwas called ‘Tiger ofMysore’.Apart fromfightingwiththeBritishhebuilt roadstanks,dams,portsandfortifiedpalaces and forts. He promoted trade, agriculture and commerce. He fought and won wars against the British. He used successful military tactics to thwart his enemy. Eventually he died defending his capital city Seringapatnam.


Civics

1. Democracy A. Choose the right option. 1. a. 2. d. 3. d. 4. a. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Athens 2. Communism 3. Presidential 4. Liberty, equality and fraternity 5. Indian C. Short answer questions. 1. In totalitarian regime, the ruler has the absolute control. Example

- monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy and theocracy 2. Direct Democracy is a form of government in which people

collectively make decisions for themselves. For example SwitzerlandhasDirectDemocracy.IndirectDemocracyisaformof government where citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf. For example, the form of government in the USA, Britain, and India is Indirect Democracy.

3. Most democratic countries are referred to as Republics where the head of the state is the President or the Prime Minister chosen through elections. India is also a Republic.

4. Direct Democracy is not possible in India because due to the sheer large size of the country’s population, people cannot collectively make decisions for themselves.

5. i. Rule of law ii. Active participation of people iii. Protection of the human rights iv. Equality and justice v. Separation of power 6. The Judiciary branch is independent of the Legislative and

Executive to maintain the balance of power. D. Long answer questions. 1. Over centuries democracy has implied differentmeanings for

differentnations.In500BCE,Athens,theadultmalepopulationformed an Assembly called the Agora and participated in the decision-making process directly. In India, around 6th century BCE, republic states known as Gana Sanghas emerged in differentpartsofthecountrywheretheterritorywasgoverned


by an assembly of people. In 510 BCE, in Rome, a group of nobles formed an assembly of leading citizens called the Senate and elected Consuls to run the government. After the English Bill of Rights was enacted in the 17th century, the Parliament gained more power in the UK. In 18th century, when America claimed independence, the Constitution of the United States provided for an elected government. The French Revolution instated liberty, fraternity and equality as the basic principles of a democracy. New Zealand became the first nation to achieve universalsuffrage.

2. Right to Equality prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, colour, sex, religion or place of birth. The Constitution makes special provisions for the advancement of socially or educationally backward classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, by providing reservation of posts for them. It also implies equalityofopportunityinmattersofpublicemployment.

3. Democracy has merits like the decisions are taken with popular consent of all people, so equality is maintained. It ensures equal respect and importance for all languages, religions and customs, so we learn to be more tolerant and broadminded towards the differencesthatexistamongstus.

Let us now discuss the defects of democracy. Democracy demands from the people intelligence, self-control, and devotion to a common cause. The common man is neither politically intelligent nor sufficiently educated.Hedoes not possess the capacity tounderstand complex political problems and is incapable of intelligent action. He is corrupt and has separatist tendencies. In such an environment Democracy fails as a government.

4. Democracy is the most challenging form of government. Some of these challenges are: Tendencies to separate out; unemployment; extremism/terrorism; population explosion; illiteracy; corruption and social evils such as beggary, dowry and poverty. These are being met by providing equal opportunities to both the sexes and employment opportunities for the backward classes and the poor. Persons with disabilities are being given equal rights and special privileges through the Disabilities Act. The children of poor sections of the society are being provided mid-day meals through government schemes so that the affluent andunderprivileged children get treated as equals.


2. Institutional Representation of Democracy A. Choose the right option. 1. b. 2. d. 3. a. 4. a. 5. d. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. adult 2. state 3. voter’sidentificationcard 4. United States 5. Electronic Voting Machines C. Give reasons. 1. Because they represent the political party’s policies and

programmes for the country and on the basis of this the people cast their vote.

2. To elect their representatives for governance. 3. The states are divided into divisions called constituencies

depending upon the size and population of the state so that people elect one representative from each constituency who then becomes an MP.

4. Because time is needed for arrangement of actual polling 5. Forverification 6. In order to avoid bogus voting or double voting. D. Short answer questions. 1. Universal Adult Franchise is the basic principle of democracy

that gives all adult citizens the right to vote irrespective of caste, class, colour, religion or sex.

2. Aconstituencyistheareafromwhicharepresentativefightstheelection. People elect one representative from each constituency who then becomes an MP.

3. A coalition government is a governing body formed by multiple parties that must compromise on principles.

4. Currently it is 18 years. Earlier, the age of voting was 21 years. After the 61st Amendment Act of 1989, this age was lowered to 18 years.

E. Long answer questions. 1. In the single-party system, only one political party is legally

allowedtoholdeffectivepower.Thesingle-partysystemisthususually equated with dictatorships and tyranny as there is no other party to challenge its decisions.

Two-party system is where only two parties dominate, as in the United States— and is the ideal one as it is widely known to form a stable government as it holds the balance of power in a parliamentary system.


In multi-party system more than two political parties that are represented. It may lead to chaos.

2. National parties: Indian National Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, Samajwadi Party, Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist)

Regional parties: Telegu Desam in Andhra Pradesh, Akali Dal in Punjab, Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (DMK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK) in Tamil Nadu

3. A coalition government is a governing body formed by multiple parties that must compromise on principles. In a coalition party system the principles of many political parties are taken into consideration and so a larger majority of people and their needs are covered. However, due to compromise on principles, a coalition government is at risk of failing if a party/ parties leave the government.

3. Functioning of State Government A. Choose the correct option. 1. d. 2. a. 3. a. 4. a. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. 25 2. 500 3. 1/6th 4. act 5. President 6. Coalition 7. Legislative Assembly 8. Majority C. Match the following. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. e 5. d D. Short answer questions. 1. The Government comprises three levels—the Executive,

Legislature and the Judiciary. 2. A bicameral legislature is a government assembly with two

chambers or houses. Some states in India have bicameral legislature, i.e., they have two houses – the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad).

3. The main function of the state legislature is legislation that is, making and passing laws.

4. MLA - Member of Legislative Assembly; MLC - Member of Legislative Council

5. Five years 6. The Speaker presides over the House and conducts the

proceedings, maintains order in the House, puts forward the bills and cast his or her vote during a tie.


7. Constituency is the division of the areas of a state from which one representative is elected by the people.

E. Long answer questions. 1. The legislature of the States is described as State legislature.

The legislative bodies in a state are the Legislative Assembly or the Vidhan Sabha, and the Legislative Council or the Vidhan Parishad. The Legislative Assembly or Vidhan Sabha has MLAs or Members of Legislative Assembly who are directly elected by the people of the state. Some states have the Legislative Council or Vidhan Parishad created on the request of the Vidhan Sabha. Some members of the Lagislative Council are nominated, while some elected.

2. The size of the Vidhan Parishad is based on the total strength of the Vidhan Sabha. This is called proportional representation. According to the Indian Constitution, the total strength in the Vidhan Parishad cannot exceed one-third of the total number of members in the Vidhan Sabha and in no case can it be less than 40 members. However, Jammu and Kashmir has 36 members.

3. Chief Minister is the leader of the party that has won the majority of seats in state elections or is the chosen leader of the group of parties that have formed a coalition. He or she is the elected head of the government of the state. The Governor appoints him or her as the Chief Minister and the swearing in is done before the Governor.

4. Bills are of two types: money bills and ordinary bills. Money bill dealswithfinancialmatters.TheVidhanSabhaconsidersthebill.All the MLAs, from both ruling party and opposition, discuss the bill. Then they put to vote. Next it is sent to the Vidhan Parishad. Amendments are made if required during discussions in both the Houses. Once the bill is passed by both the Houses, it is sent to the Governor for approval. The Governor can pass the bill or send it back for reconsideration. Once, the Governor passes the bill, it becomes an Act and the law is made.

4. Role of Government in Health Care A. Choose the right option. 1. b. 2. a. 3. a. 4. c. 5. a. B. Match the following. 1. b 2. a 3. e 4. c 5. d


C. Give reasons. 1. It was largely unable to achieve its goals and could not meet its

targets of providing the required nutrition and sanitation to the growing population.

2. Government hospitals are understaffed and underfinanced.Poor services at state-run hospitals force people to visit private medical practitioners.

3. This would help overcome the dearth of doctors in rural areas. 4. This is done to eradicate the disease from the country. 5. This is because the private healthcare services are costly and

cannotbeaffordedbythepoor. D. Short answer questions. 1. The term healthy implies a state of complete physical, mental,

and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

2. Privatehealthcareservicesarecostlyandcannotbeaffordedbythe poor.

3. The Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), The National Malaria Eradication Programme, etc

4. In the 1983 National Health Policy the government could not make health services a part of the country’s development programme.

5. These policies provide alternative financing options so thatcommonmanmayseekbetterqualityhealthcare.

E. Long answer questions. 1. Government has opened up Primary Health Centres (PHCs)

which is the cornerstone of rural health care. Apart from the regular medical treatments, PHCs have some special focuses.

• Immunization for the newborns under the nationalimmunization program is dispensed through the PHCs in a fully subsidized cost.

• ThePHCsactastheprimaryepidemicdiagnosticandcontrolcentres for the rural India. Whenever a local epidemic breaks out, the doctors of the system are trained for diagnosis and they identify suspected cases and refer for further treatment.

• Services under the national birth control programs aredispensed through the PHCs. Sterilization surgeries are done here. These services too are fully subsidised.

• AmajorfocusofthePHCsystemismedicalcareforpregnancy,and child birth in rural India.


• All the PHCs store drugs for medical emergencies whichcould be expected in rural areas.

2. The government has instituted policy regulations and established public-private partnerships to provide health care to the poor. Government has opened up Primary Health Centres (PHCs) which is the cornerstone of rural health care. As a part of the National Rural Health Mission, the government has established one year Compulsory Rural Service (CRS) for all new doctors to help to overcome the dearth of doctors in rural areas. Moreover, the government is planning to establish Academic Medical Centres (AMCs) such as All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) for the delivery of higher quality health care.

2. Government hospitals provide treatment and medicines either free or at minimal charges. For example, a patient is waived treatment costs if he is below the poverty line. The charges for basic in-hospital treatment and investigations are also much less compared to the private sector. The cost for these subsidies is borne by the Central and State governments.

3. Public health is the practice of protecting and improving the health of a community. Over the years, the Central Government has focused on the Five Year Plans to improve public health and coordinated planning with the states. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare executes the health care plans of the government. To improve public health, the government’s plans include mass immunisation like the Pulse Polio Programme, promoting preventive medicines and improving the health status of rural population. In addition, the government also focuses on programmes of health education and nutrition, providing safe drinking water, application of sanitary measures, efforts tocontrol communicable diseases such as malaria and dengue, and monitoring environmental hazards.

4. Hypothetical question

5. Understanding Media A. Choose the right option. 1. mass media 2. a. 3. a. 4. c. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Media 2. Live 3. Right to Information Act 4. Emergency


C. Match the following. 1. e. 2. a. 3. d. 4. c. 5. b. D. Short answer questions. 1. Media act as a bridge between the government and the people.

This they do by conveying government decisions to people through the newspapers, radio, television and Internet and bringouttheeffectofthatdecisiononthepeoplethroughnews,debates, analysis, etc.

2. The media forms public opinion by giving live coverage of event and updating news in news channels on television and in newspapers, and then conducting debates and making analysis.

3. Biasedmediadonotreportamatteraccuratelyandgivesitsownopinion citing one-sided account of events. It gives unnecessary hypetoattracttheattentionofthepublicwiththeselfinterestofmaking money or increasing the sale. It distorts the facts.

4. Act as a bridge between government and people, uphold social causes, develop public opinion, provide accurate information, and expose politicians misusing power.

5. Sites on the Internet are very quick to deliver news. News reaches us faster than any newspaper or TV channel. Moreove, social siteslikeFacebookandTwitterhaveahugeimpactontheyoungand educated people. They help to develop a public opinion.

E. Long answer questions. 1. A media person needs to follow a few ethical codes: A. Accuracy:

The information provided by the media, should be accurate. B. Confidentiality:Amediapersonshouldmaintainconfidentialityof information. C. Right to privacy: A journalist should respect the right of a person to have privacy. D. Discourage violence: Media should not write anything that would motivate people to indulge in violence or crime. E. No obscenity: Media should not write, display or broadcast anything vulgar or obscene. F. No communal writing: The media should not write about or broadcast issues that could promote communal problems

2. Democracy survives on the participation of the people. India has an indirect democracy where citizens cannot directly uphold their decisions. The media comes to play the role of bridging the gap between the people and the government here. In a democracy, the people should know what the government is doing for their welfare. The government, in turn, needs to know how the people are reacting to their plans and decisions. While on one hand, the media informs the people about the government’s decision,


ontheotherhanditalsoexplainstheeffectofthatdecisiononthe people. Thus, the media covers the news, conducts debates, makes analysis and develops public opinion.

3. The Right to Information (RTI) Laws, empower the citizens to request any information from the government, take copies of government documents and inspect the documents. According to this law, any citizen of India may request information from a public authority and has the right to receive this information withinaspecific time limitprovided itdoesnot interferewiththe security of the state. Example: A man facing harassment due tolaxityofagovernmentofficialwhoisnotmakinghispassportcanfillanRTIapplication.

4. Democracy survives on the participation of the people. India has an indirect democracy where citizens cannot directly uphold their decisions. The media comes to play the role of bridging the gap between the people and the government here. In a democracy, the people should know what the government is doing for their welfare. The government, in turn, needs to know how the people are reacting to their plans and decisions. While on one hand, the media informs the people about the government’s decision, ontheotherhanditalsoexplainstheeffectofthatdecisiononthe people. Thus, the media covers the news, conducts debates, makes analysis and develops public opinion. Hence, the media is considered as the fourth organ in a democracy.

6 Understanding Advertising A. Choose the right option. 1. d. 2. b. 3. b. 4. a. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Classified 2. WorldWideWeb/Internet 3. Unique selling points 4. brand ambassadors 5. Sponsor 6. social advertising, political advertising C. True or False. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. False D. Short answer questions. 1. Advertising is a form of communication that is used to persuade

the audience to buy the advertised product or avail the service. 2. Wall paintings, hoardings, printed pamphlets, radio broadcasts,


cinema, television, web banners, mobiles, web pop-ups, bus stop benches,magazines,newspapers,in-flightadvertisements.

3. Guerrilla means revolutionary. It is a form of marketing to showcase your business or product by unconventional methods that often cost little-to-no money. This involves unusualapproaches such as stage performances in public places like malls, and giveaways of products such as cars.

4. Abrandisaname,term,sign,symbolordesignthatidentifiesthe goods and services of one seller as distinct from those of other sellers.

5. Infomercial is a long-format television commercial and a new type of advertisement today, typically of 5 minutes or longer. Itpresentsasignificantamountofinformationinanattempttopromote a product. Here people are coaxed to make an impulsive purchase through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website.

E. Long answer questions. 1. Fortheadvertisingofaparticularsoap,firstthetargetaudience

needstobeidentified.Atargetaudiencecanbepeopleofacertainage group or gender—say, a soap can be targeted at women. Next the USPs need to be highlighted. Here the soap might be scented or have granules for removing dead skin, etc. After that the soap needs to be associated with a brand ambassador. This could be Bollywood movie actress. Finally brand building has to be done bygivinganame,term,sign,symbolordesignthatidentifiesthespecialattributesorfeaturesofthesoap.

2. Advertising can be commercial or noncommercial. Commercial advertisements seek to sell products or services. Non-commercial advertising includes those related to social issues, political issues, welfare programmes, religious organisations and governmental agencies. These are called social advertising and political advertising. Conclude by drawing examples from the book.

3. By including paid advertisements on its pages, the newspaper became economically viable. Thus it made it possible for the newspaper to lower its price. As a result its readership increased and there was an increase in its sale.

4. The purpose of advertisement is to introduce a new product or service to the consumers; to convince the consumers that one’s product is unique in a competitive environment amidst other products in the market; to persuade the public to change their attitudeandbehaviorawareness iscreatedamongmasses– incase of a social advertising; to be an earning source of money


for many newspapers and TV serials to make the programmes viable and increase audience.

5. Positive impacts – in the case of commercial advertising, a new product or service is introduced and its uniqueness is revealed. In the case of social and political advertising – awareness is created among masses about key democratic issues and people are informed about political agendas and programmes. Negative impacts – advertisements can be deceitful, have hidden costs and be a major nuisance as repeat telecast on television and web-pop ups.

7. Role of Gender A. Choose the right option. 1. c. 2. a. 3. d. 4. a. B. True or false. 1. False. 2. True. 3. True. 4. False 5. False. C. Match the following. 1. c. 2. d. 3. b. 4. e 5. a. D. Short answer questions. 1. Genderreferstoasetofcharacteristicsthatdifferentiatesamale

from a female in a society. 2. Girls should be dressed in pink and frilly frocks, while the boys

should wear jeans and shirts. Dolls and kitchen sets are meant for daughters while boys should play with cars, cricket bats and footballs. Boys are active and adventurous, while girls are passive and homely. A girl when grown up should marry and have children. A boy grows up to be a man and becomes the financialprovider.

3. Gender discrimination is the unequal treatment given to men and woman on the basis of gender stereotypes. Site an example from the chapter.

4. Most women in India work and contribute to the economy in one formoranother.Theygatherfirewood,ploughfieldsandharvest crops on the farm, they weave and make handicrafts at home and even sell food on the roadside. The informal sector has women in jobs such as domestic help, small traders, artisans and fieldlabourers.Womeninpublicsectorareinjobsinshopsandfactories. There are women professionals like doctors, engineers, teachers, managers, architects, pilots, journalists, and many others.


5. In the family it is expected that a girl child play with dolls and a boy child with cars. As girls go up it is expected that they stay at home and help with household work while boys can move around and do household errands, etc.

In school, girls are expected to take up activities like needle work whereas boys should take up sports. In the society, girls are expected to marry and have children and boys should be career oriented.

E. Long answer questions. 1. Parents treat sons and daughters differently. The girls are

dressed in pink and frilly frocks, while the boys are made to wear jeans and shirts in colours of blue and green. Dolls and kitchen sets are bought for the daughters while boys are given cars, cricket bats and footballs. As children move into adolescence, parents grow more protective towards girls. Girls are expected to return home before it gets dark while boys are given more freedom. For household errands, boys are preferred over girls while girls are expected to do household work.

2. We can value women’s work by acknowledging their contribution to the economy. We should consider the work they do as significantandpay themwell for it.Theyshouldbeprovidedbenefits such as minimum wages, medical care and pension.Woman should also be allowed to manage their own earnings and husbands and in-laws should no say in it. The contribution she in household work should also not be neglected.

3. The Government has announced the National Policy for empowerment of Women in 200 1. In recent years, women have been given representation in the Panchayati Raj and there is 33 per cent reservation for them in the local government bodies. At the Central and State levels, we have a number of women Chief Ministers. Dowry Prohibition Act has also been formulated. Today, more girls are going to school. In recent years, the condition of working women in India has also improved considerably. More andmorewomenaregettingemployedinpositionsofrespect,and are earning equal wages as men.

4. A child’s earliest exposure to what it means to be male or female comesfromparents.Parentstreatsonsanddaughtersdifferentlyby giving themdifferent toys and clothes. Thus attitudes andbehaviours are learned first at home. They are reinforced bythe child’s peers, schoolmates, teachers, book reading, and also televisionviewing. In thesocietydifferentrolesareprescribedfor men and women. A girl is expected to be desirous of nothing


but to marry and have children. On the other hand, the man’s socialroleisthatofafinancialprovider.

8. Markets A. Choose the right option. 1. c. 2. b. 3. d. B. Write True or False. 1. True 2. True. 3. False 4. False C. Short answer questions. 1. A market is any place that brings together a buyer and a seller to

exchange goods or services at a price. 2. Thefinal saleof anarticleor service is called transaction.The

interaction between the buyers and sellers depends on demand andsupplyofgoods.Thisaffectsthepriceofthegoodsorservicesto be sold. When there are more sellers than buyers, the price of the goods or services is reduced. On the other hand, if there are more buyers than sellers, the demand pushes up the price of the goods or services.

3. A manufacturer sells its products to a wholesaler; a wholesaler to a retailer and a consumer buys articles from a retailer shop.

4. A warranty is a guarantee that the seller will replace or repair the purchased goods if they do not match the buyer’s expectations or goes bad within a certain duration—say, a year. Annual maintenance contract or AMC is another facility today, wherein the manufacturer provides support and service to the consumer forafixedperiodatafixedcharge.

5. A buyer considers factors like availability, convenience, quality, price, credit etc. before buying a product from the market.

D. Long answer questions. 1. An entire network of entities is involved directly or indirectly

in serving a product to the consumer or customer in a supply chain. It comprises of a supplier that supplies raw material to the manufacturer or producer, a producer who converts the material into products, a warehouse that stores, a wholesaler that delivers the product to the retailer, and a retailer who brings the product to the ultimate user. You can take the help of an example from thechaptertoexplainitbetter.

2. Retail markets are of many types. A. Weekly markets are set up inalmosteverydistrictondifferentdaysoftheweek.Onecanbuy fresh vegetables and fruits, clothes, stationery and many


other things at very reasonable prices at these markets. Such markets are also called haats. B. Neighbourhood markets are commonly found in every neighbourhood. These markets are small family-run shops from where people buy their everyday needs. C. A supermarket is a form of self-service grocery store, offeringawidevarietyofhouseholdarticles,foodandbeveragesorganised into departments. D. Shopping malls are carefully landscaped complex of shops and showrooms that usually include restaurants, food courts and leading merchandisers with a system of enclosed walkways and escalators and a convenient parking area.

3. The seller is of two main types: wholesaler and retailer. A wholesaler, also called distributor, takes goods from a manufacturer in large amounts and sells them to a retailer. The wholesaler has large warehouses for storing goods. The retailers purchase the goods in large quantities from the wholesaler and then sell them in smaller quantities to the consumer at his shop withaprofitmargin.Hedisplayshisgoodsneatlyontheshelvesand has a ready stock of goods that are in high demand. We mostly buy our everyday needs from retailers.

4. People’schoiceofdifferenttypesofmarketsdependsonfactorslike availability of the product, convenience of buying it, quality, price, credit etc. People mostly go to the neighbourhood market to buy their daily needs. Markets that are closer to home and officeareveryconvenienttovisit.Mostpeoplelookatthepriceandqualitywhentheyhavetobuyaproduct.Theaffordabilityof a product depends on the budget and income of the buyer.

9. Chain of Sale in Market A. Choose the right option. 1. b. 2. c. 3. b. 4. c. 5. c. B. Match the following. 1. d. 2. c. 3. e. 4. a. 5. b. C. Write True or False. 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True D. Short answer questions. 1. A supply chain is a network of people and activities involved in

moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer. 2. The direct marketing method has just two kinds of people

involved in trading: the seller and the buyer while the indirect


marketing method moves a product or service from the supplier to the customer through a network of people in the trading.

3. No, the market does not treat the people involved in the supply chain equally. The wholesalers and retailers who are the commissioningagentsearnthemajorchunkofprofit,whilethegrower or the producer, say, for example, the farmer and the weaver,hardlyearnsanything.Thus,thedistributionofprofitisnot equal and fair.

4. Thewholesalersandretailerswhoearnthemajorchunkofprofitare the commissioning agents.

5. The grower or the producer, for example the farmers who grows the crop, the spinners and weavers, who make the cloth, are exploitedastheyearnlittleprofit.

E. Long answer questions. 1. Cotton is produced at a farmby a cotton farmer.He sells the

harvest to a wholesaler at the wholesale market or mandi. Textile mill owners approach the wholesale dealer at the mandi to buy cotton. The textile mill owners has employed many spinnerswho spin cotton into yarn.After the cotton yarn is spun, themill owners sell the yarn to traders at cloth market. The traders get the yarn weaved into cloth by weavers. The traders sell the woven cloth to knitwear manufacturers. The manufacturers sell thecottonclothtoexportersandothermanufacturersthanmakecottonshirtsandselltheminretailmarket.

2. In indirect marketing, the farmer gets money to buy new seeds, farmingequipmentandfulfilhisdailyneedsbysellinghiscrop.Spinners, weavers etc. get employment to earn a living. Most profitismadebywholesalerandretailer.

3. Yes, the poor are underpaid and taken advantage of by money lendersandthesellersatdifferent levels in indirectmarketingmethod. The farmer sells his produce to the wholesaler who sells itaheadatahigherprofit.Spinnersandweaversarepaid lowwages for the work they do. The manufacturers and exporters make the tailors work hard to meet the market demand and export orders. They are also underpaid. Retail chain of stores makesalotofprofitbysellingtheitemsatamuchhigherrateinshopping malls and stores.


1. Environment A. Choose the correct options. 1. a. 2. b. 3. a. 4. d. 5. b. 6. d. 7. b. B. Write True or False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. False C. Long answer questions. 1. pg 116 2. pg 115 3. pg 115 forming an ecosystem by the biotic and abiotic factors 4. pg 114 5. pg 116 D. Long answer questions. 1. pg114 2. pg113 3. pg 114 4. pg 113 in physical or natural environment

2. Inside Our Restless Earth: Rocks and Minerals A. Tick the correct options. 1. c. 2. b. 3. b. 4. b. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Asthenosphere 2. Crust/Lithosphere 3. Mantle rocks C. Differentiatebetween 1. pg. 120 2. pg. 121, 122, 123 3. pg 119 4. 121, 122 D. Name the following 1. Geology 2. Igneous 3. Sedimentary 4. Metamorphic 5. Lithosphere/crust E. Sequence in which sedimentary rocks are formed 1. Sedimentary rocks are formed when layers of sediments are

cemented together and hardened. 2. Weathering and erosion can cause rocks to break down into

smaller pieces.

Geography


3. Sediments are carried to other places on the earth’s surface through wind, water, ice.

4. Sediments are deposited on the ground or in rivers. 5. The deposited sediments pile up in layers. 6. The weight of rock particles on the top press down the lower

layers cementing the sediments together and hardening them. F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. pg 119, 120 2. pg 121, 122, 123 3. Pg 121 Igneous Rocks are primary rocks as they directly solidify

into rocks from magma. 4. Page 123, 124 5. Page 123

3. Our Everchanging Earth A. Who am I 1. meander 2. floodplain 3. gorge 4. waterfall 5. delta 6. inselbergs 7. mesas 8. rock pedestals 9. moraines 10. pyramidal peak 11. sand dune 12. corries/cwm/cirque 13. Tsunami 14. plate tectonics B. Tick the correct options. 1. c. & d. 2. b. 3. b. 4. b. C. Tick the correct statements. 1. 3. 5. D. Give reasons for the following. 1. U-shaped valleys are formed by glaciers which are like frozen

rivers of ice. Material known as moraines are embedded at the sidesandbottomoftheglacierasitmovesdownthemountains.Astheymove,theyerodethesidesandthebottomofthevalleyforming broad valleys with steep sides which are V-shaped.

2. pg133floodplains 3. Volcanic eruptions cause great destruction—lava covers large

areas of farmland and settlements. Forests are destroyed aswell as rivers are choked with lava, killing all life. Volcanic dust affectsareasthousandsofkilometresaway—disruptingalltrafficas well. If warning is not given in time human and animal life is destroyed too.


5. pg 131 E. Long answer questions. 1. Pg 127 2. pg 133, 134 3. pg 134 4. pg 136 5. pg 136 Corries: As a glaciers moves down a mountain side it

scoops out semi-circular hollows with very steep sides forming corries.

Pyramidal peaks - When three or more corries cut back, angular mountain peaks are formed known as pyramidal peaks or glacial horns,e.g.theMatterhornisSwitzerland.

4. Air A. Tick the correct answer 1. b. 2. b. 3. c. 4. d. 5. a. B. State whether True or False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True C. Give one word answer for the following 1. Atmosphere 2. Sun 3. Gravitational force 4. Carbon dioxide 5. Five 6. Carbon dioxide D. Short answer questions. 1. pg. 142 2. pg.141 3. pg. 141 4. pg. 141 Temperature decreases, gravity decreases 5. pg. 141 6. pg. 143 7. pg. 143 8. pg. 141, 142 E. Long answer questions. 1. Pg. 140, 141 2. Global warming: The increased use of fossil fuels, pollution from

industrial areas etc. has increased the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases like CO2 traps the heat during the day and increases the temperature oftheatmosphere.Thisisknownasthegreenhouseeffect.Whengreenhouse gases increase in the atmosphere they cause global warming.

What we can do — Conserve fossil fuels, use alternative energy sources wind, solar, tidal, geothermal energy, cut down on emissions from vehicles/factories/recycle, reuse waste material/... deforestation, plant more trees etc.

3. Pg. 140, 141 4. Pg 141, 142, 143


5. Weather and Climate A. Tick the correct options. 1. c. 2. a. 3. c. 4. a. 5. e. is correct b. correct B. Match the columns. 1. d. 2. c. 3. a. 4. b. C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Decreases 2. Warm air rises up making air pressure at that place low, and the

cool air moves in to take its place. 3. High pressure 4. Winds move from the region where the air pressure is high to a

region where the air pressure is low. 5. Hurricane in the US, typhoon in Japan. 6. Low pressure centre and strong winds can cause a cyclone 7. Wind 8. Rotation 9. Pressure 10. Insolation D. Give one word for the following. 1. Meteorologists 2. Anemometer 3. Barometer 4. South-west Monsoons 5. North-east monsoons E. Short answer questions. 1. Pg 147 2. pg 147 3. pg 149 4. pg 152 5. pg 152 6. pg 150 7. pg 152 8. pg 153 F. Long answer questions. 1. Pg 148 2. pg 152 3. Pg 153 case study of a tropicial cyclone G. Give reasons for the following. 1. Pg 152 2. pg. 152 3. pg. 150 4. pg. 147 H. Map Works I. Picture based question. a. The climatic conditions indicate that it is an extremely cold

climate in winter as temperatures are well below 0°. It snows here. Winter is severe so could be a place near the poles or a mountainous region.

b. The temperature is –15° celcius.


c. Leh in Laddakh, Himalayas, for example Srinagar. 2. The direction of the wind as can be seen from the sails is from

west to east — the sails have blown out in that direction.

6. Moisture is the Air A. Choose the right options. 1. a. 2. d. 3. b. B. Short answer questions. 1. rain/hail/snow/sleet 2. Pg. 158 3. pg. 158 4. pg. 156 5. Trees contribute to the water through transpiration of their

leaves. Evaporation takes place from the surface of leaves is called transpiration.

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Condensation 2. Precipitation 3. Convectional rainfall 4. Water cycle 5. Transpiration D. Match the following. 1. (7) 2. (6) 3. (4) 4. (5) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (2) E. Long answer questions. 1. pg. 159, 160 2. pg. 156 3. pg. 159, 160, 161

7. World Distribution of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

A. Tick the correct options. 1. b. 2. b. 3. b. 4. b. 5. c. B. Match both columns. 1. c. 2. a. 3. b. 4. e. 5. d. C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Human 2. altitude 3. environment 4. California D. Give reasons for the following. 1. Treesshedtheirleavesatdifferenttimesoftheyearinrainforests

giving on evergreen appearance. 2. pg. 166 3. pg. 166 4. pg. 169


E. Long answer questions. 1. pg. 164,165 2. pg. 165 3. pg. 166 4. pg. 167 5. pg. 168, 169

8. Human Environment — Settlements Transport and Communication

A. Tick the correct options. 1. a. 2. b. 3 c. 4 a. B. Fill in the blanks.. 1. search of food and water 2. animals 3. short 4. steam 5. combustion engine C. Match both columns. 1. d. 2. c. 3. e. 4. a. 5. b. D. Write True or False. 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True E. Differentiatebetween 1. pg. 173 2. pg. 172 F. Short answer questions. 1. Pg. 172 2. pg.173UrbanandRuralsettlements 3. USA 4. USA G. Long answer questions. 1. pg. 174 2. pg. 175, 176, 178 3. pg. 173, 174 4. (i) pg 174 (ii) pg. 174, 175 5. Telecommunication pg. 180

9. The Hydrosphere A. Tick the correct options 1. a. 2. d. 3. a. 4. a. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Oceans 2. 97% 3. Oceanic 4. Spring tides 5. Clockwise direction C. True or false 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True


D. Match the columns. 1. d. 2. c. 3. a. 4. e. 5. b. E. Short answer questions. 1. Water cycle 2. pg. 184 3. pg. 184 4. Tides, waves, ocean, ocean currents 5. Atacama, Kalahari, California, Western desert and Austraila F. Long answer questions. 1. pg. 185 2. pg. 185 3. pg. 185 4. pg. 186 5. pg. 187 G. Differentiatebetween 1. pg. 185, 186 2. pg. 186

10. Life in the Temperate Grasslands A. Tick the correct options. 1. c. 2. b. 3. d. 4. d. B. Match the following. 1. e. 2. d. 3. b. 4. a. 5. c. C. Fill in the blanks. 1. chernozem 2. meters 3. maroola 4. diamonds D. Write True for the correct statements. 3. True 4. True E. Short answer questions. 1. Prairies 2. Mississippi in USA, Saskatchewan in Canada 3. Eastern prairies 4. Gold and diamonds 5. Witwater strand F. Long answer questions. 1. Pg. 194 Veld region is in the Southern Hemisphere. Prairies are

found in the Northern Hemisphere. It is winter in the Northern Hemisphere when it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.

2. (2a) pg. 191, 192, (2b) 193, 194 3. pg. 191, 193, 194 4. pg. 193 5. pg. 194, 195


11. Life in the Deserts A. Tick the correct options. 1. b. 2. (b and d) 3. b. 4. c. B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Chiru or Tibetan antelopae 2. Buddhism 3. 8.5 million sq.km 4. Xerophytes 5. Salt C. Match the columns. 1. c. 2. d. 3. e. 4. a. 5. b. D. Short answer questions. 1. Cold and hot deserts 2. pg. 200 3. pg. 200 4. Beduwins and Tauregs E. Long answer questions. 1. Pg. 199 (box) pg. 201 (box) 2. pg. 198, 199, pg. 201 3. 200 4. pg. 199, 201, 202 5. pg. 202

12. Life in the Tropical and Sub-Tropical Regions A. Tick the correct options. 1. d. 2. c. 3. b. 4. a. B. Write true or false. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False C. Short answer questions. 1. pg. 205 2. Amazon 3. Kayapo tribe 4. Guwahati D. Long answer questions. 1. pg. 207 2. pg. 205, 206 3. pg. 207 4. pg. 209, 210 Agriculture, Tourism E. Give reasons for each of the following 1. pg.207 2. pg.209 3. ricemaincrop–fish—rivers

ii ci ciece ii7 - frankedu reforms. he controlled taxation and fixedprices of all ci ciece ii7 5...

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