ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ksu...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
����
���� א���� א�
تصدر عن
جامعة الملك سعود
������دو���������� � �
�א��������א���د�א��د �وא���نא���� �������F2019مEول�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������א�� �F1441�!E� �
1658-7863ردمد
http://jes.ksu.edu.sa
![Page 4: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
����
���� א���� א�
�א(�)"�א'&%$� #" � عبد الوهاب بن محمد النجار.د. أ
�א�� ��א��������س �Fد���Eא��� �
� �
�عمر بن عبد الرحمن المفدى .د. أ ��������א������د� �
Fد���Eא��� �� �
سلمان بن حسن العاني. د. أ
�������א������� �F������E� �
� �
رافع النصير الزغول. د .أ
�����������א� �Fא! دنE
� �
ماهر بن محمد أبو هلال. د. أ
�������א���$�ن�#�"س� �Fن�%&'E
� �
العزيز بن عبدالوهاب البابطين عبد. د .أ
�������א������د� �Fد�� Eא���
� �
يحيى كاظم النقيب. د .أ
��ن���������� �F����$��"E
� �
أحمد علي سليمان. د .أ
������ � �( ��و*�(�� �F������E
عبد المحسن عايض القحطاني. د
������,���א�� �F,� Eא��
��� �
�,�א�%+*#*-
جبر بن محمد الجبر .د. أ
��
�א�%+*#*.�#*
برصانالإسماعيل سلامة .د
Eא���د��������Fא������د�
��
�)"�א�%+*#*!�/�012� ��رياض بن عبد الرحمن الحسن. د. أ �
Eא���د���������Fא������د
�علي بن ناصر آل مقبل. د. أ ��������-��Fد�� Eא���
�وحيد السيد حافظ. د. أ ��������.)"�F�/�E
�منيرة بنت عبد العزيز الحريشي. د. أ ���2 �2"(,�'-��א��������01��Eא���د���Fא!� �
خالد بن عبد االله المعثم. د
Eא���د���Fא��/�������3
�اشسارة بنت عبد االله المنق. د � Eא���د��������Fא������د�
وداد بنت عبد الرحمن أبا حسين. د
�Eא���د��������Fא������د� ���
א��"�א&5*34
فهد بن عيسى العبداللطيف.أ[email protected]� �
عبده نعمان المفتي.أ[email protected].
��
א�:>وא�%;:���9א78*אج
أيمن عواد زكي .أ
��
![Page 6: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
�@�"�א����م�א�?��#"א�%�*#<�= �
�����Fدو������������� ������� ��E���������������������א����������� !"���������א��+�����������*�(��)��א"���!�'&��،�א� ���م�א�#
�����F����, !?&<�א=����;>�;!�8���א�:�9����������678����5���������4،�و�2�3 �د���0�1���א�#����/�) ��א.������E,א������)�������-��
�������������������،@&�Aوא�����9B���C'�D��EF�א���� ���;-D���G?Hא� �����I� אن�א�&�����������"���K)LM����ل�א� ���م�א�#�����،�)��4א��D�Nאم�
�،� ��Kא� � ���وא.�?Q����א����Pא� � �
���T،���א=����!�Sم��و-�U�+��I�Vא���� ���א.�אد�א� �����W �����Yو�����N��X��،�و!�� ����W�������9Bא����א����W�����S��[Dא�
�������������� א.�`_�א"�وא��S��^א"�وא���&وא"������א�S�'[@،�و!S�����������وא��\���،�وא.�אH �"�א� � ��،�و!�����Sא������،�وא.�א2�("�א� �
0 ���!�8��aא�������������������،b��LBא����c�0دBא�"�d����������وض����وא.�D&��"�א� � ���،�و)�f�'�"�א��2���Weא� � ���،�وא��������=
���7�&8�@����������Kل�א=���א���aDא. �
��� �
"��������#A*�אW� �
���� ������א� ��م�א�#�hא������א��� iY�1?��א��Sא�&�א� �.��،�����-j��:��YKن�!��ن������אe&@�و)' �
� �
�Wא�*&������" �
��� �N@�����א� ��م�א�#D(���.������?(�]�� (�Uو��� �hא������א���-�K � �
� �
!���Wא����Cא �
1�–�������� ���678���������א� ��م�א�# H�(���=א�l�'!ن�Y��K� �
2�–�����������א� ��م�א�#� ���وא� �.�������Kmوא����hא�"���D+.א��א������678��H�8�����!�K
3�–�����0��� �4א. ����)L�1(ل�-���א���nBא�#������א��9�����א���V!�+������������א.D��^���������4� D=א�����[!������&��
o(&S!وK� �
��� �
� �
![Page 7: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A"א���E# �4@� �
• 1397�T�L1977م�� ��אن���9&� � K@د א��YA4وqل��&د�)�1א=���
• 1404�T�L1984م�� ��0�����K���א�#�����H) ��א.�2�3 �د@د א���5�4"��t!�WA[�א�G2א=���;>� �
• 1409�T�L1989م�� م�א�6"��א��H����A) ��א.�2�3 �د�t!�W[�א�G2א=���;>���@K� �
• 1412�T�L1992م�� �K@א���م�א�6"���وא�� א���4א�H����A���8�9) ��א.�2�3 �د�t!�W[�א�G2א=���;>� �
• 1433�T�L2012م�� ��u�'�6D���<;���=א�WA�� K@:���א�� א���4אA���8�9و@�:���א���م�א�6"
• 1434�T�L2013م�� K@א���م�א�6"���:��YAوqل��&د�)9���1&�
��� �
��W���*א&�" ��»مجلة العلوم التربوية« �
���W11451א�����א�@��?K=�W��2458ص � المملكة العربية السعودية– الرياض – جامعة الملك سعود –كلية التربية
� �A5�BW��(+966) 11-4674454�C �DW�(+966) 11-4679965�
�W�����http://jes.ksu.edu.saא�#�Fא6��9و�W�[email protected]@���א6��9و�Eא�
��� �
Gא?H'دل�א�I%�وא�W� � السعودية العربية المملكة – الرياض – سعود الملك جامعة – دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر
�W�11537��א�@��?א����K=W�68953ص
�א�@���،��و�������د��I"���%���א!�(-��،د����� ��*��JK�W15א���د����.��J�K�L�K
��� �
©�2019�F1441�T�Eא.�2�3 �د�� (�HK
����v�:��4�[ق�א��S8�4�5�K��������������������x�����yو�Y����-و#��;�u�-�0�^א��2�����و2�EM���W�i�EMو��f+-و�Y���=�1א(�^NH�EY�4�d�@د��z��l +�������)e��1�{�|����א=��ذ��3א�D'����وא�Y�W�Q+Dو�אmد�Lل�D0��S)�א���ون�א~'�ل���&����K����EY-\�م�Y�"�(�� (��:8و�אD2 �د!?�� �
��� �� �
� �� �� �
![Page 8: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
��Nא��1و�Mא��Lא�;$* �
1 � �������א.�Y�a�F�30E6'fن�����QDوز�א����Pא.S&م��� �D(�،��:9��W�،�� KوאEN��Xm،�وא.�א��4Hא� �
2 � �P��ن������'��f�(�&� ��W�����t����א� ��� T&��8Y��،���������� ?�����t����א�N��Xm������،����Yن���!QD��وز��0 ���"�0���Wوא8��&�)����Lوא�F200E� �0��K
3 � 6'f�.א�����W��8�D:(��"� �0�،�EN��Xmوא�،����0 �"� F�Key WordsEא� ��}������&�N!��F����@د�H�(�]��אن��������Pא���Eم��&fD+D؛��Pو���א�����D��V�1א=��"�א���, !�،�C���Dא�������K
4 � �� ��Bא)��א�':���א�T�4�5د�� �Yن���!Fb�+�وא��،�� ��6א2B]��):�د@��G2،�وא.+�����EF3Eא� ���،�وא�+:��،�وא���K
�،F�Times New Roman�E،�و��������א�N��Xm�����Qn��F16E���F�Simplified Arabic�E�،���Gא.�����������א� �������������ن�-�ع�א������ � 5��GQnF11�KE
�،F�Times New Roman�E،�و��������א�N��Xm�����Qn�،F10E���F�Simplified Arabic�E��GאA&אول���������א� ���������������ن�-�ع�א� � 6��GQnF8KE
7 � ���������א���P��fD+!F, 1-2-3... Arabic��E&م�א�K�Bم�א� �*5��4����K
8 � �G�K�!9:��"�����ن����Pא����א�':���W:2Y�C'D�(���K�� �9 � ��G2وא�،Pאن�א�������aD����������:�9������،���2אن�א.�א��� ��;��?��،�و�D���Vو�א���678،�وא.`2+��א�Y�،P8א��������W��K���SD+�(
P9:��"�א����Kא^&��،Pא����"��:'��4�D!�G*����D(��S��Pאن�א�������aD���P�8�<وBא���:'����Pא����W(����K�� ����א�����P�&م�;���אد�א2��Gא���8�Y�،Pو�א����678،���������������������א����� � 10�D0���א���������������1)���C���!�@���i;�EM������9�P��אY�،�8و�
������������ �����א.��،�Yو�א��*�D�Y�،Uو��������)��1א�2�G،�2��א^���������&��E�א���8�Y�،Pو�א����Y�،oD��TF���678و��Tא�G?D،�و;���!�+fD&م��0�� e�K�4Hא.�א�K�
11 � E��Mא��NDو�OP-�3א�Q)�W� �����L��SS���-$Mא��(SSP-א�W�����b&��(و�،P��א������� ��dض���� ��Y&���!����(&S(�P��8د�א�������א�������H�~��o��!א]tD(و�o!���+��(و�o����;�،
(������(&(�W�����S����א�&�א�2"�א�+� �D����'دون������������אن���������K�������G�*�،P�א�������������ذ���3א2�D �אض�)� �����������2Y�K������א�����Y�Pو���وj���&|���o��TY�&&א���o،�و� ��&�אTB��&א<�!����د���D� ��*�W�4���G! ���ض�)�?Q�����א�����P؛�)��D�
�����،o!دوאYو�،oD����-�!����oو;�Hא^א!�א���P،�و���W��|���:�0��� �D(�،o�Kض�� !�G*���،�?D��K��وא�9�D�����e�D-���"א����Pو)�?����S7�� ���Kא.e�K�4j�!���4وHא.�א��U�*�D����2א�Yع���!���Pא�������?-�����& D .א�א=����K���� �
=�L�������Q)א��(P-א�W����������?�K����Vא����N0�.א�@��:����?���&?c��(&S(�P8د�א���������Pא������،P�א����"���������?��Yد��(�،����o����<;��� �oD،�و;�oD��jא� �TYو�K��G*ض���� �������Hد���م����+KY�<;�Pא����G+S��G*�1(و�،o7n���Q?�(������)�1א�#א
�?�،���P�n �ض����������� �?�����@��&د@�!���ن�H�N^א��������(�W0����������N0�.@�א���1א�:��(��P������K����P�א����GD���G�*���� �D(���(�i��9)����GTY������������?��;����L�V�א���e�D� ������Kא������Pא�e�K�4�j�!و������4�Hא.�א����������2Yع����!���P�א��������?-��
�U�*�Dא����& D .א�א=����K���� �12 � �،�����(Bא�}:� &�����א=�����T-\�م��G����� 5א�D .א�U�*�D����2א�Y9&א����mא�+�دس��א��W
(American Psychological Association – APA – 6th ED)� �
![Page 9: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
13 � ����� ���0MD�K&�א�����t���()2�1(�P8א���P،�و����L)�1אLB]�^�א������tوא�
14 � ����������@�����Y��5#و��و)���!�*��Uא.��S"�א.�P8م�א���ND�������@א��א�د���� ���א.�אH���4���א�&و���"�א� �e�K���������S���F���^א� �m�4א�(��� ��א.�א�4Hא� �e�K������?���E�Sو��،���Dم�א��\����W
Y��L�������@א�د���א�����������t����א� ��@���������-���"�א.��S����א.�u��-�0;ذא���4��Hא.�א���� e�K��F��،6:�`��.א�^����Yو�Y�،G��2א�W ���!�V��א�0 ���T��������������H�(��د@�����t���א�N��Xm����������Eو���אن�א.���S،�و���-�"�א�&و��������a�D�D��،��?��@����������9Y��Wא�&و�����א.� �0����j;�4(�،4Hא.�א�� e�KF�in Arabic�E���אن�א�&و�����& ��62�K�6K
��L����������N��Xmא��t����������tא� �����)��Hد@��@�����1���-�"�א.����Sא.�!�Iذא�;�������?�،������GDو)�@��������W9Yא�&و����א.FRomanization / TransliterationE ���������6�2�K�6����������א�+��������D(�،6:�`�.א�^���Yو�Y�،G�2אF����W�S�����و)����א��&'�S�
�]���ق���W!��������و<����[�א�(!�������;>�8���و<��!������،�_����K�1���א^�א��t����א�N��Xm����(���K�1א^!?���،��EYא���'(�W����|���������N��Xm���U[����אن�א.��S���;ذא�0��ن�)D��א��אE��������א~�و<�א� �����;>��8و<�! ��4��D��G�*�،���������N��Xmא���t��������W�9Y��
����t����������������oD5�!�GDD;>�אא.���S،�و;ذא��D(�1���Iא��א������S.א���?��"���-�V�א����א�&و���G�2���4��D��G�*�،���N��Xmא��t�������D�(ن����ذא�0;�����N��Xm�א����D�(�1�����Iو;ذא��،���?������N��Xmא����tא���<;�o��D5�!�GD��������?���K��� �0�>����!�G��*�� �
Fin ArabicEאن�א�&و�������& ��62�K�6��K
� ��&�א.����)���Lج����������.�א�4Hא� ����� e�K�4��j�!����e�QT�����!�(�،@���i����Sول،�و�Bא�C���` ���]��LBא�G��2א��a+��8�������2B� &�����א=��D .א�U�*�Dא�K
���א.�אH��4א� ������א��?D5�!���V��Y�،و��و)�D?��،�و����L�����������������Uد ��D(�،���N��Xm�4אHא�.������ e�K�،��� ��א.�א�4Hא� �e�K������e�Qא���?��!�!F��N��Xmא��t�����ELBא�G2א��a+8�Sول،�و�Bא�C�` &�����א=��[���D .א�U�*�D����2א�B�K
� �� ���� J��"א����Fو�(��"�����4א��א� �U�'ل��W��E����%�DوW� � �ن�����2�،,��AאF�K1991م�KE������G?!��+���H�6و��א"�א.&�2,��L�>)DL��������?�)DLא�b&��(و����א���tA&��{�א��ق�!���d�G����S!��G?!�''و����� ����א� �.����[2�D.א�+ �د����א.����8א��Kא.�2�3 �د�� (�H��������،������3F1E�،143�–�170Kא� ��م�א�# �
Al-jabr, S. (1991). The Evaluation of geography instruction and the variety of its teaching concerning
the experience, nationality, and the field of study in intermediate schools in Saudi Arabia (in Arabic).
Journal of King Saud University- Educational Sciences, 3(1), 143-170.
��oو)5�1��4א����678א.���S�� K�(��60&م�א����P8א��e�{�! ?&א�� � 15(�Fوא&Hن�و;�E�&�:�������o�-Yو�،����-�U�+���I�Pن�א���M��������،�و�S��1&م��������D8�b�LY��?H����S(�]&م���!��?D����������Kא=���;�Hא^א"�|�� o،�و- �
16 � oو����Y�،G���D���oD��TY����S!و�،P�������qوBא�:���א�U8�����Dא������K���� �17 � ����������EY�������� ��Q،�و����ز�-���������!`ول��S8�W0ق�א�����Pل�א�����K�8ل�����،�������و�;���#و-�Y����Kو���Ly���-�F:�(
��Dא�����T�}�e��1(����D0دون�;ذن����K�� ����@�! ,���1وH?��-\��א����S��678،�و��! ,� � 18������و�@���EY��1א=�����א��א^�א��א�د@�����א������א.�K���� �19 � �����Dא��������U~א���א�������� Y�&�&|��Kو����"�-
�� �F�[email protected]א��m#و-�א=������&�)L�1(ل���G�&S!�GDא������;��#و-�� � 20 �
��� �
![Page 10: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
� �
![Page 11: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
))
T))
���;�אنא �� �
�T����|����א=���W��G�Sא�8�DD���א� &د � �� �
E"א����3א���� �
� ���������K����2��fD&אم�2Y������א~���א��وא.������ �����)?����@�א�S���א^@�א���K��@&�Y*����א����G� Dא��!���������d�b&������2�2B�42א�Dא��C'א��א�+[�Eא^�وאد����� �
�X'א�����%Y��1��J]�ن�'-��א��Z�MX'-�"(�،�و K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K401� �
��S��د���א�&א� �����Xز�א�0Bد���d�b&���c���H�") ���א�S���G�'�����������א.?��א"�א�� � ��j���������� ������א.�2030א� �����א�+ �د��� �
��%�D�,)"ض����%Y�3�)א���-'� K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K421� �
� �����iق�)&����א����ض��د�e�K�b&���H&א"�א.&א�س�א.2�D]�360وא�U��[!�4Kא�S��د@� �ض�א�����א�،�وא��WMل��Y��1%��א����'���B��]�M�� K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K451� �
��� �א. �� �Dא�����S*�N�N !�"���[D(�G�'Sא��� (�/���WA��-د�א��2)�&א@� �Eא��B��3"�0_(^������א��Bא�"J� K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K475� �
� �G��SDאم���ذج�א�&fD2����G��S!CIPPא��\�م�א��E�-�7א�:'��� ����1א�8�A�$8م�"(,�'-�א��_�� K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K505� �
���Wو|+�6א��:�^@�א.���� �D�4)'�د��א����!�� 0�8G�� Dع�א��[S�� �� (��AאW����1�(�@د�:D+�(د�وس�������אBو��QDא�� �
��J(�س�"(,����%�ن�א����U،�و��(��b"(,�'-��א�0�aא����` K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K535� �
� ^����א��m#و-��א�K�"���:0�}��&D��س�Yدא@� �c�0'-�א"�U�dل�e���Y� K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K� K K561� �
� ��D0�1ض����F�W����� :א��"��j�2"�!&��{�א������¡�F�:��12E����9א�':�<����א��ذ�;�Hא^�! K589� �
��� �
�� ������ ����������� , 31 ����� ,�3� � � ,401 – 595 , �!��"� #"�!�� �2019�$1441%&�
![Page 12: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
��
��������
������� �
�"�א���دO�%%א�� �
![Page 14: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
�"�א���دO�%%א�� �
!�!' ( & ��)�*���� 01 /.�� �.!�-," ����� +א����� א���� ���2 3��� �4"5 6%�"7�� �%���� 8%4 9:;7��< �=�����>?@�A 2019 ,�B<C� D �E 1441%& ��"7�� ����� �&<6� ��")�� F)�� G%F4 ���� !?H 84
I?)/ JKLM1 01*���� �+א����� א���� N FO/ P Q�E�R� S<T U .KV� ��WV�X� YH Z@"K�� P ����� �G& B;[ 84 !�!KV�� ( & \!?V2� �]<
?���� \"4����� �,�4�ISI� , %=<!^�� \"H�%_�?�� `!%�!KV��< a%?���� b�VK�� ���c 6 = 84 3�d< ,�FV�� 3�Ge< @"%_f ,"&!�!' \"( &< ���� gh i j<��� kfl� !%�!KV�� \"% �?H 6% = 8%4 %���"� m"%./EX
nW ?V�� H�F��< 7��o� \"=<!^�� \�d p�KL�� m".VA�< ,Q�![R�< U :�V��< q hKV��<� �r�� P ",�s YH n!?V)4 B�W/ X "st� "&m�!] q��/ 01 !�!KV�� ( & ��/ L2"F�� uGv<w .�")�� nx Y%H Z@"y
E" V[� z�v "i ��./ aV�� p�KL�� YH �"��� ?���� {�"��� U L^V� ��WV�X� 8H ;|@ ,", @ }F� "� �"H n��5~ y x",F4 W ?V��", @ "&}A< %���� �<E"%V[� 8�G%�� 97="%L�� !h�%�� q��%./ 84 "F& �� X< ,em"%H� q,:�%K� }%F�
L�V� q&����V2�<3�G� M"�� ���� S<T � >%H "%s���"V� 8�G%�� ",-�!] @"h� !h��"� ���� ��.V/ 3�Ge<", @ }F� "4 nm�!]�
�"Ve 8H #!H lf @"_f , �!��� ���"� H�FV4 p�K� �L2 ����� �G& 8?|V� ��%���� q%��/< q %��/ P\" _"�!��< :��m�!5f d" :G rF/ \"2E"� ��E�/ \" _"�!�� �� �"�r P z�rO%�� 9− 12 � p�%KL�� J�?%�<
�}%�� % �e< ,q O.�� �4"5< ,��"[ 3��� �4"5< ,���2 3��� �4"5 lf ", @ 0�7="L�� a?VF� ,p�K� �L2" ���� \"2�E��� �!���,EC� %h�?�"� A�EC� �4"��< ; ����)�� �!��� h�?�"� q ��V��< ���� nE��<< � % A
?�"i�� JF?|%/ %H�FV4 \"H�_�4 p�KL�� 3�/ J�<"F/ �]< : E��%o� ���%21 ����V%2"� ��%F�� q��V%�� !%:1
n�]"F�� nm�!.�� nE",4 ?F/ P �]"F��< {)�� `��< m��� P �"2C� D2"V�� NO�� L�� b�� �< n��1 m"%F�� �"% .�<�h�R� ��E�V�� \"�"re �< ����V2"� �Or�� `�A"7�� �"ZF�� q��./q��.V�� Qd�?A CIPP �< ��" .�� \�E",��
![Page 16: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
?H�����"�A��m�_ P q O.�� �4"5 \"L�"� b�� a?��"eC� ����)�� �!��� h�?�� ��E2030 �< ?e�=a�4"%�� q ��V�� k"^.� �"�� nm"rh�� 9)'< g��?V�� E�"O4 D��F/ :E<C� %�!�V�� 8%4 n�"rV)%4 �<E�< % � �
< W�W�/ \"L�^V4q O.�� �4"�� P!��� �E"�V�� @".: : A�� 4 2�E� �< %� n�" .�� U L^/ D]�<360 b�%� %5E� #"�!�� F��4 �T ^2�V�� �E���� \��-"]�
%. ]�< %.-"@ %�"FH< �{Le "4�V&� j�/ B�W/ X "s1 "&m�!] q��/ 01 ������ ������ �� !�!' ( & ��/ "F&<y y x �&�!� "4 gh�x �", �H !h��� ��./< ,\". ��/ <1 \"Z=;4 84 " � � %@ "%,F4 n�"rV%2X�< ",V2�E�� ",F4 " �2 3�d<y
"=�.4 �1 ". ��/ �1 Z=;4 0"e m��2 "&�!� "4 ge E�./ 3�G� a&< ,",4�./< ���� E�^/ U.�y xy y �� �� k"rVAX�< q���� P a]!�� � @ "� �� "F.@<��
* * *
"(�!��*#*P"�Q"#��?�م�א����א�� � �T.�"�א�R�S&��د
![Page 17: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
��
��������
������
��VWXא��*�Uא�
![Page 18: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
� �
![Page 19: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 401 –
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� , 401 − 420 ������ ,�2019��1441���
������� ����� ��� � ����� � �������� ����� ����� ������� !���� "�#��� $�
%&�� '(�� ��� � )��*� +����� ,-�� �.�/ 0��
�� �.1 2��3�� �.1 456781:, ��31�&�� ��< �=�82: �"#�$%� ��&�'�
� ( )*�� � +19�06�1439;��)*�� ./+0 ( 03�03�1440���
��?���&: �1�$ �� 23� 45 � �5��& 67 89*�� :��;�� �<=( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1@ .AB;�� ( C�1�;�� DE��� �/�F G � H +�*�� HI��J�� K�$�L& �"B*M ,N O� �3� P"JQ;�0 ;RS�� T��0 ���� &4BBUV W�0 ,�1�$ �� H��=$�/;X� T �0 Y/+ Y"EZ [ \& �1�$ �� �*"] 4#�^M097 �F/�_ ."` �1$ & \& �/��F0 �
��0 K�*/�� ���#�A�� �"a��E��0 b*/�� ���#�A�� �c�d�b;R;X� M ,�� E+ �J��e �fg00Vb;]�B� 67 �"h��9] �����5= [ �*] i0��5 ��j0 �1�$ �� kh�;# K�Ll=0��m �� G�;S& α=0.05 �"/���;�� �]�B��� n��E�0 o�$ ;�� �J��F 67 Gp�M [ i0��5 q�*�0 b� .�]�a;�� 67 Gp��M0 ,r��#s� n��E��0 o*�'� 67 Gp��M
o*'�0 o�$ ;�� �"�"M�1�[
A5�B�� ��C��3�� :,o�$ ;�� K�"�"M�1� ,o�$ ;�� u"��1= �/�F ,HI��J�� �"1�1%� ��v���[ _________________________________________________________________________________
Impact Of An Active Learning By Using Dialogue And Discussion Style On The
Development Of The Critical Reading Skill among Ninth Basic Grade Students In Wadi
Al-Seer District )2(
Masaffah-AL. and Ahmad M, )1(
Ababneh. Eman A University of Jordan
(Received 07/03/2018; accepted 11/11/2018)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify Impact of an active learning by using dialogue and discussion style on the development
of the critical reading skill among ninth-grade students in Wadi- Al-Seer district. The pre- posttest was used to achieve the purpose of the
study. The sample of the study consisted of 97 ninth-grade students at Jameel Shaker Secondary School for Boys, and Al-Swefiyah girls who
were purposefully. The students were randomly selected to be in two sections: experimental and controlled groups. The results of the study
showed that there were significantly difference at α=0.05 for the experimental group. There were also significant differences regarding to the
gender, especially females. Moreover, other significant differences were regarding the interactions between the teaching style and the gender
factor. Key Words: Teaching Strategies, Teaching style, Reading, Basic stage students.
_________________________________________________________________________________
�1�w�;1= q$�9& �"�c ,o�$ ;��0 k��*�� :S+ ,�� ��������� ,�"#�$%� ��&�'�[
xy] ,x�$%� T �z�� p&��� ,�11942[� (1) Associate Professor, Department of Curriculum and Instruction,
Faculty Educational Sciences, University of Jordan. Amman, Jordan, Postal Code (11942).
{0^�s� �z��: [email protected] e-mail:
�2 �x�$%� ,:"��;��0 �"�� H$�g0 ( :��&[ (2) Teacher in the Ministry of Education, Jordan.
![Page 20: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 402 –
������
������� K�$�L�� :�= \& HI��J�� �M ( �&� �;1�_,T����� .U��;�� �"�B]0 x= ��w �] ."�� RX�0=� �& �
�p#]�&%� �� b�1��� RX � J��,HI��w7 ?�e�� c= �{��J�� ���J HI��J�� �"�= 6��M: ù&t� ø% $# ÉΟó™$$ Î/ y7În/ u‘ “ Ï%©!$#
t, n=y{ ∩⊇∪ t, n=y{ z≈|¡Σ M}$# ôÏΒ @, n=tã ∩⊄∪ ù&t� ø% $# y7š/ u‘ uρ ãΠ t� ø. F{ $# ∩⊂∪ “ Ï%©!$#
zΟ‾=tæ ÉΟn=s)ø9 $$ Î/ ∩⊆∪ zΟ‾=tæ z≈ |¡Σ M} $# $tΒ óΟs9 ÷Λ s>÷ètƒ ⟨ �P����:1−5[� M0 HI��J���� = ��/M H ��] K���;S��& HI����J�� \B���;
( ��v�� $�c3�� �*��� i�J;d� �] ��JM W;�� �"5�>� ���0 ��]= G�;S�& 67 �$��J�� .�J;*"� ,I0�J�� �*�� H�$����� Ky�^�� RSaM �] ��JM W;�� ��RSa;�� HI��J�� ��] ���JM W�;�� �"j�;*;�1m� HI���J�� :< ,�*�� �3� (
+���� N�9;c� ( ��v0�e�� $��^5%� b� 8�0���0 K� ��Ac= G�;S�& 67 �� �� �$��J�� .E"� ,I0�J�� �*��
8/M�M W;��0 H +�*�� HI��J�� ��0 �& JM_$� �U� ���^v= ������1=0 2$����^5=0 ��^9��� I0����J�� �*����� �����v
� /] ,T$�/��2010�[ HI���J�� K���;S�& \�& G�;S& H +�*�� HI��J�� x7
] ��JM W;�� �"]���� �7 $� U= K�$z�B �&�] & ��^v W]��� �3� 8/M��0 ,2$�^5=0 I0�J�� �*�� ��v �"Je*&
�*��� C�& �$�J�� .]�a; ���w0 , :La;��� ���X \�&2$��^5=0 �*��� ( PB�;��0 ."�Q;��0; � �] W�*�� ���
\��& ���� �$���J��5 ,I0���J�� �*���� P���e�� ��S��;1m�
I0��J�� �*�� ��/+ $��+ ��;B� � 0= ���5$ 0= u�"J�;�2 J#0 �"�] P"��;��0 �,�� 2013� [
��� HI��J�� EJ�0�2��J�0 2=�+[[[[[ HI��+0 �I�+_�LB��"5 $�S��� C�B� ��#% �#��+ WB10 �#��+0_�� \��
H =&� �] ص130, 2003&*��$, �+�*�� HI���J�� W�*�M �+K�$���J�� w���� N � �JB�;& �"]�0 HI��+ �*�� HI��+ ,
$� ��U70@9�� ����^v%� ���a��&0 �#�B���&0 �^��d �#_ _ �Cochran, 1992[� 0 W*�M +�^� W�;�� HI���J�� ��@� \
s 2 �J#0 =��J� ��& .�"�Z \�& �$�J����"5 T=���� I� �, ���& N�;Xm� 0= =�J� �& C& i�aMm�0� ��+�*��0 o#���
$�c &0, 1981� [W�0 W�;�� HI���J�� ��^d= \& .^d �� :�1$0 ,$��^5%� b p""B;�� �] ��JM I� �70 ,kh��;*
�O�v ��^v%� $� U70 T=���� ��/O�, 2008�[ x��5 ��30� K�$��L& N L;S�M H �+�*�� HI���J��
p""B;����c ���"���� R��^a;��,.��"�Q;��0 ,T=����� I� ��70 ; I0��J�� �*��� ( �� |�& R� K�j�;*;1� �0���� ,
�O�v ��^v= $� U70[ ��U���0x��5 G�;S�� �3� 67 � ��a���j�Q ?$ �;��0 x��B;�� \�& RA^� , 0 x= y"�1m
��/�e�� G �� D�� ��j0 4;/<= K�1�$ �� \& � �����a�; ��"B"��M .�v��& (0 H �+�*�� HI��J�� K�$�L& (
�,{���Q*��� 2004; ,g����� ���= 2006� �3��� ;G=$ ��J5 �F \] ¡Q/�� H$0¢ x�Av�/��i n"�;M K�"�"M�1�0
�/�;��0 �J*�� �/�e�� ��&= �U�a�� ����Q K�3��� \�] R
![Page 21: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 403 –
+�e#�_89�*�� :��;�� �] c�M W;�� �"h�*/�� ����*�� \& � ( ��M$��/&0 u���e�� �"��J;1� �] 2$0 C�9� T3��
¡>� C& I�EJ;1m�0 ¡Q/���R^a;�� �] �&%� , T3�����F D�"l�M u��e;�i C��& u�1�*;;� ��]�*;& ��"B"��M
���e�� H +�*�� HI��J�� K�$�L&[ % �����#0_ HI����J�� ���"�,���&�B]_ 0 HI����J�� y"��1m
�L*& H +�*��, ,f�0 .�"j P��X ( $0� \�& ��O �� ��w0 £ ��Lj��M W�;�� K�^9��� .v �] $��+����� �3�� (
Wj���*^;�� �J5 ,��&�&= ��v�;& I� .�c .��j T3��_H$0¢ 67 �Q�& �j�>� 4Q/U= 7��� ."j $���+ ��]
bBS���0 ¡��� b p""B;��,��&0 ,C5��*��0 $����� b� x0� :;� \� �3�0����M u"��1= D"l�M��"B*;� ��a�; :�
:¤ � H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& b� p�""B;�� \�& :L*�"^�0 ,,��/*�;� @e��0 23X% n"QE�� ��] �y;]m�� ���w0
,�9+�*��0 $��>� ¥��1=5 gp��M W�;�� u"��1%� \& WL89*�� :��;�� :¤ � �,�� 2008[�
�0��;�� ��J� \�& :��;��� H$�� .�J# ��] 89�*�� : ���w0 ,��"B"��;�� �"�B��� �$�} ���' :��;�� 67 :����_ ���&�&= ���U�a�� n"��;M W��;�� u"����1%� ���] �y;]m���
c$�9B�� � ��]�a��c ,�L"5D"l�; �] ��JM W;�� �e9#%�K�^9�� .v0 �9+�*��0 $��>�0 �^a�� �y]7 , .�J;*"�
\��& :��;����67 ���&����� W��J�M �* ���Lh� T "���1�/&7,�"*1�>�0 2016[�
��;�� EJ�0� �e9�*�� H�B;S�� K�1$y�� 89*�� : I��*/� :��;��� ��� ��J� W;�� �"aU���0 �"aE�� �e9#¦� ��] ��E�>�0 ,¡�Q/�� ( �S�a# ��] � B;�& �M�zX_ :����� ���d$� K�z���0 K�$�L�� ?�S;c�0 ,N$����
L"j�M0 �� ��{�+ ,2013 [� �;5�]0�� ��, 2008 � ��#@ T3��� $��B;�1�� .��J�� �B"J��0 �*��� 0w :��;�� 8B# ��"��m� :��;��� �c$�9�&0 §�3��� ¨�9�*�� ��] B;��
a����]� �"a�U ��"B"��M �e9�#@ ���"J�� ��X \& ��w0 � �U�X :��M �wy# I�*/� �"aU R�0[
/M�� 89*�� :��;��5 P/1 ��0 ( :��;�� �c$�9B 8��"B"��;�� �"�B���, ��"�B] ( �S�a# ��] �B;�� ¡�"Q
�9�+�*��0 $��>�c �a�; �"B"��M u"��1= \B� :��;��, ���w0 :��;��� ���1$yB� H$���L&r �Q;�,fy;��1m�0 ,
HI����J��0,����;^��0 , I���J�70��©��1%� , C��& .��]�a;��0 ª�\��X,K�^9�� .v0 �,x0�X�0 H���1 2006 [�
0= bE��d b� $0 � T3�� ¡� >� �� $��>�0� } f���& ��v �Ac=, $��^5%� ����/M ���X \& :;�
���a9��� ���j%�0 ��©�1%� P��F \] \�$0�Q;�� b; ���0�} x0� Hz���� w����0 D�+�& \��^M �5 �7 f��*+
ª� N�e��� �X� ��/�e�� ��] ��©1%� :���� |�e� J5 ,��a��d_��/"�"� ��� �3���� ���L*]\�$0 �� :��v�e� ��+ x�
$�Sa;1�_"Q"��M �_ u�#��'� \& u#�j ��v :���� �] � ��X� ���S� :����� ��/;� :< ,|0�e�� ���S�� �J��;��
![Page 22: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 404 –
f����� ��v b�& D+�& 0= �*"�& H�^5 \��^M N � ����0�} x0� |0���e��7L]���*+:H���^a�� 23��� � W��]�&
,��">�0 2007[� �L5 �9+�*�� �&= ��]�B� b� $0 �� T3�� ¡� >�
C�B� q9�& T=$ 67 ���U��� N � ��d%� \&b9+�*��,s� P��F \] ��w0 u"���1= �v= W�0 f�*+
��;����9� T3�� 89*�� :� ��"���a �c$�9�� �] u��e�� C�"aE�� �5���� .X��, W��a��� .]�a;�� ��X \& ��w0
���� b 0= :LSa#= �/�e�� b T�a9��0 b 0= �/�e��0 :�/�e�� v=0 :����; ��]�B� ?�S�;c� .�j= \& ��w0
K�$�L��0 K�&����� \&��/�e�� ��Lj�;« W;�� � H����1,x0�X�0 2006[�
\��& :�]= �9��+�*�� ?���1= x= \��& :����� ��]0 $���>� ?��1== m7 = �/� �J5 ,yL���/� x��B^& y��
0 �/�e�� v= C& $��>� :�����%� xm���/; yL*�" $��^5��a+�& \�$0���Q;�� \��& .��c x���^"�_ � f������� ����v �
� ] .B9;� $��>� H�h�� C1�;M :< ,|0�e��_� \�& z�c= �9+�*;"� �/�e���f������ �3� ��v :L*" y"5 ,0 ��E���
H v�0 H�^5 �] :L�B� T=$ 67, = �& �9+�*�� .B^;5 $��>� � �,T�� J&0 $�d�] 2005[�
= x�5 ��30yLS� + �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1x ( 7H ��+�*�� HI����J�� 67 ���/�e�� ��E���, �9��+�*��0 $��>���5
$���Q�� �*�� HI��+ = /& �] x�&�J�, $��^5%� ����/M0
e�� b �"5 H�$����u���B��&0 , $���>� H�h�� C"1�M :< 67 ��Q;;�9�+�*& ,:�LB��& C�& :L�"�` ��/�e�� b� �
� N �:L5 67 ��U��:L*" q9& , $���>� I��*<= (0 H�$���� $�^5%� .J* x�&�J� :L*" $0 � T3�� �9+�*��0
I0���J�� �*���� (,�����v :�����# K���Lj0 x���"0 ,:����# ��Lj0 �Q�U :] M W;�� K�$z�� �LB"] M0,
N�9;c�0 �� J*� s� �*��� �3�� ( K�"/�S���0 K�"��I0�J��� ,�"*1�>�0 T "�1�/&7 2016�[
��"B*M ( �9�+�*��0 $���>� ?���1= �"�% ���#0_ H$��L& ��"�% ����#0 ,u�#�j \& �a�; ����� u#��j_ \�& �� ��� G��j= J5 ;�X� u#�j \& H +�*�� HI��J�� ��1�$� x��Av�/�� � ¬ \^�0 ,yO�v K�1�$� bAv�/�� H$��L& ��"B*M ���� ( �9�+�*��0 $���>� ?���1= CB
H �+�*�� HI��J�� �J5 ; ����>� G��j=�2003 � ��1�$� HI��J�� �] :h�+ |J& k&�#� �"�]�5 G & �5��& N � ?��";1m� bSZ ( �9+�*��0 $��>�0 �Lj��� �;&�E��
x�$%� ( ®��1%� C�1�;�� DE�� �/�F G � Wh��J��[ \�& D�@�;M ��*"] $��";X� :�M ��w P"JQ;�0�136 ��/��F _
�;�� DE�� �/�F \& �/��F0 ��/"e�� I���� ( ®�1%� C1 �"/�� ��� v7 b;]�B� 67 4]g00 ,q�^�� ��5�} (
��L"5 ��/�e�� � ] ¯�068 P�50 4�1$� ��/��F0 ��/��F� _ �L"5 �/�e�� � ] ¯�0 �e�� �]�B�0 ,�vJ�� �J��e��
68 ;������";]m� ���J��e�� P��50 4��1$�0 ���/��F0 ���/��F � _
![Page 23: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 405 –
��]7 :��M ���1�$ �� N� ���= P��"JQ;�0� � ±���"J� $���/;X� ��:¤ �� W�h��J�� ?��";1m� [ ���j0 kh��;*�� K��Ll=0
��m� K�w i0�57���m �� G�;S& *] �"h�Ev α=0.05 ( �e����0 �"/���;�� �]�B��� b Wh��J�� ?��";1m�
� �] ��1�$ �� kh��;# K��Ll= y�c ,�"/���;�� n��E�0 ��m� K�w i0�5 ��j07���m �� G�;S�& *] �"h�Ev
α=0.05 �J��F b .]�a;�� Gp�M Wh��J�� ?��";1m� ( ."EQ;�� G�;S&0 o�$ ;��[
T "d��� �1�$� (0 �2012� x���*� W;�� � G �& ."E�Z ( $���>� ?��1@ �"���� ����� o�$ M �"�]�5 Wh��J;�1m� :�R�^aM0 ®��1%� C�1�;�� DE�� �/�F
4��^�� ��0 � [ \�& ��1�$ �� �*"] 4#�^M0� �92�F ��/�_R;X� ,�e��0 �"/�� b;]�B� 67 b]g�& �/��F0K
��"�/+ \�$��/;X� ��3�� ¡v�/�� ]=0 ,�"h��9]_ _�0 �� ��_R�^a;��0 ."EQ;�� ±�"J� kh��;# 4�*"0 ,Wh��J;�1m�
������ i0���5 ����j0 ���1�$ ���7 We��1�;& b�� �"h�E��v_ ������ ( T ��/�� ."E�Q;�� $�/;X� �] �/�e�� K�&�]
� �"���� n��E�� �e�����0 ��"/���;�� b;]��B��� b � �]0 ,$���>� ?���1= P�50 4�1$� W�;�� �"/���;���
��m� K�w i0�5 ��j07���m �� G�;S�& *] �"h�Ev α=0.05 .�]�a;�� 0= o*���� Gp�M ."EQ;�� $�/;X� (
o*'�0 o�$ ;�� �J��F b[ ���j0 kh�;*�� K�Ll= yc ���� i0�57] We1�;& b �"h�Ev_ ��] ��/�e�� K��&�
b� ��"���� ����� ( T �/�� Wh��J;1m� R^a;�� $�/;X� W�;�� ��"/���;�� n��E� �e����0 �"/���;�� b;]�B��� K�w i0��5 ���j0 � ]0 ,$��>� ?��1= P50 41$��
��m�7���m �� G�;S�& *] �"h�Ev α=0.05 $��/;X� ( M Wh��J;1m� R^a;��Vp�².]�a;�� 0= o*��� G �J��F b
o*'�0 o�$ ;��[ TR�a���0 H���1 G�j=0 �2013 � 45 �� ��1�$�
+�*�� R^a;�� ( $��>�0 N�9;cm� W;J��F �<= �5��& 67 4��^�� ��0 )] T��>� DE�� �/�F G � ."EQ;��0 ����+ ����w P��"JQ;�0 ,³�$���;�� ¡��Q/& x���1$ � \�3����
x�Av�/���$�/;X� �� ]£Y"EZ ´;X� W*/M0 ,x�S�F�0 $�/ −µ�j Watson-Glaser �+�*�� R^a;�� ±�"J�� �M$�E
r��< \�& u�d r�< �] �1�$ �� K�;+�0 ,�"�����4��^�� ( ±$� &,�"h��9] KR;X� _, 0 ����5= � �] ¯��
�*"���57 ¯��0 $��>� �J��e �]�B��� 41$� w7 ,�/��F _ :�� ]19�F P�50 41$� �"#�A�� �]�B���0 ,�/��F � _ ��J�
:�� �] ¯��0 N�9;cm�19 ��A��A�� ��]�B���0 ,��/��F _ :�� �] ¯��0 ����";]m� �J��e�� P50 41$��19 ,��/��F _
���� i0�5 ��j0 �1�$ �� kh�;# K�Ll=0�7 G �� �"h�Ev_ $����>� ��J��F P�50 �;�1$� b�;��� b;]��B��� ?��F
�e���� �]�B��� C& �#$�J& N�9;cm� �J��F0[ 0�j=K ] W*�e� 2017 � � �1�$��<= �5��& N
k&�#� �9�+�*��0 $��>� K�"�"M�1� �] :h�+ WB"��M
![Page 24: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 406 –
���"�� H����& ( T���^a�� \��&%� :"����a& ���"B*M (s��"&�1[ ��w P"JQ;�0 �R;XK \�& D�@;M �*"] 180
�/��FF \&K�/���� DE�� ¶��� ( ®��1%� x�$%� ,�"/�� ��� �v7 b;]��B� 67 4]g00 P�50 4�1$� ��
W�B"��;�� k&�#z��0 ,G��X%� P�50 4�1$�0 �e��� �������";]m� ���J��e��, ���1�$ �� N� ���= P��"JQ;�0 �=V��]·
�9+�*��0 $��>� K�"�"M�17 �] :h�+ WB"��M k&�#� [ ��m� K�w i0�5 ��j0 kh�;*�� K�Ll=07 �*] �"h�Ev
��m �� G�;S& α=0.05 (T��^a�� \&%� :"��a& �"B*M ]�B��� bb;�"/���;�� n��E�0 �e����0 �"/���;�� [
0�J�S�� K�1�$ �� ����;1m� \& ¹v��� � � ] ����<=0 �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= 4�` K�1�$� ��j0
,H �+�*�� HI���J�� H$�L& �"B*M (��L�"` 4�;/<= ��L*^�0 ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �"�]�5 ��a�; u�#��j �"B*M
c ."EQ;�� ?��";1m�0 R^a;��0 :"��a�� º�0 G ���/�e��H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�LB �y;�m� x0� ; .�A& ��1�$�
���>��2003 � 4*" W;�� ?��";�1m� �"B*M ( �;"�]�5%� ( ®��1%� C�1�;�� DE�� �/�F G � Wh��J�� ,x�$
T "�d��� ��1�$� ��M c= ��& �3�0 �2012 � W�;�� 4�*" �"B*M ( �;"�]�5;��G �� Wh��J;�1m� R�^a;��0 ."E�Q
H����1 ��1�$�0 ,4���^�� ��0� ( C1�;�� DE�� �/�FTRa���0 �2013 � W;��0 4*" R�^a;�� �"B*M ( �;"�]�5
."EQ;��0 +�*��G � ��0� ( )] T��>� DE�� �/�F
4��^����e] W�* ��1�$� ��&= ,� 2017� K��Ll= �J5 T��^a�� \�&%� :"���a& ��"B*M ( �L;"�]�5 ��/�F G ��
x�$%� ( ®�1%� ¶���� DE�� [ �1�$ �� 4�0�*M y*" H$��L& ��"B*M N �� �9�+�*��0 $���>� ?���1= �"��>� ( ®��1%� C�1�;�� DE��� ��/�F G � H +�*�� HI��J��
� x�$%�3XH_�/;]m� b� o*'� R�;& � V ��L*& ��0�} ( ,$ �<�M + W;�� K�R�;�� 8/� H���p�(h�;# x= y��] ,��L�_
,R�;�� �3� 4�0�*M �L"�7 .U�M W;�� �J�S�� K�1�$ ��» VH �+�*�� HI���J�� ���� ( \^� ¬ \^�0 [ ?���1= C�`0
�$ �*M W�;�� u"��1%� \& ��R� x0� �9+�*��0 $��>� bAv��/�� ���J;]m ,¡�Q/�� �3� ( 89*�� :��;�� \B�
����5 kh�;# �� x�^� + yL*" CB'� x@ HI���J�� �"B*M ( K�c$ �& ���p�M �9�+�*��0 $��>�/5 ,�/�e�� G � H +�*��
�+� �Ac= �Q# �] f���B�� �BL50 ��a��[ D��E��� FG.�� ��B��:
HI���J�� ��"�= \�& :���� �] �+ b����� x��5 �] ���`= ��/�e�� G �� D�� ��j0��&�B]_ ���� (
HI��J��� ,W;"�S���2006 ,$�c �& ;2003�, 0 y"�1m ( ���H +�*�� HI��J�� q��*L5 ;��"]�a�� ��¼�$�L&0 D���
:¤ �����"��0 I�$ª�0 Ph��J>� b� p�""B;�� ( W��0 ;H +�*�� HI��J�� K�$�L& \& �"]�5 H$�L& �] ."�� RX0 ;
��� � ] ����g� ��w²5²"² :� �"�JM ���";# ���aF%� \& K� ��"#�M�^�� �"E�9��–�&���1x−�]s� .h��1��5 ��
![Page 25: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 407 –
,��a�� �"E�d �] �"/�1 �= �"��7 x�c I��1 ,R/c R<@M_ _ ,��/�e�� G �� �L;"B*M0 H$�L�� 23� �y;�m� \& m �3� T=�����0 ���J"J>� b�� p��""B;�� ���] $����+ .��"j �����s .h��10 º�/�� �"Q�� :L]�+0 � ] xy�0 ,��"��0
��]s� � ,¾�J��1990[� 0 ¹�v��� \�& ����=_ � �]H$ + ��� ��& x��"0 ,\��Xª� K�p"Z D9c �] �/�e��
@�e�� \�& n"QE��� p�""�0 ,¨��/M$� �� o"� �� ¨�/M$��L"5; R<@M ���= ��w �] ."�� RX0_K�#�]s� :L"��]
0= ��F�e/�� Ph��+$ \& b�& D*U $�";X� ( :L�"��M0 ¿������ ��] ?%� z� W�;��0 ���R� x0� �h�E���
)� I�*%� K�F���� \�& :����� ��] ��R� x0� �Lh��� �;]�*+ � ] � ,¥��]2002[�
,K�$��L�� 23�� ��"�@ bAv��/�� $��9�� ��";#0 � ��� "c@M0 K�1�$ �� \&��"�=H +��*�� HI��J�� W;��0 ,
K$�d= 67 ��$0 ��]0 ��/�e�� G �� D��� ���j0 ��"B"��;�� :L�v���& N�;X� ,��L"5�//�1 p�"c�M � �]
� k��*�� �] �����L;"B*M�1%� ��v��� �/�F G � �1 �" ( ��/�e�� b ����a�� i0�a�� H�]��& � ]0 ,:"��;�� \& o�$ �;�� u"���1= ���`0 ,H �+�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& :��M� .h�1��� D"l�M x0� �� "�J;�� u"��1%� �] �y;]m�0
��A� >� �"B"��;��� ,{��Q*���2004 ;��= ,g���� 2006; ��$,±�&�j �=0 � 2012[�
�5��& ( À�>� ¡Q/�� ��^9& K� Z J5 ��30
( �9�+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89�*�� :��;�� �<=� C�1�;�� DE��� ��/�F G �� H �+�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M
3� �0�v J5 �"�] I�*0 ,RS�� T��0 I��� ( ®�1%�� ��¡Q/�"Mª� ��©1%� \] ��js� :
1− ���m� K�w i0��5 �j�M .�7 �*] �"h�E�v�m �� G�;S&� α=0.05 b� G �� �"�S�>� ¨��10%�
®�1%� C1�;�� DE�� �/�F ��"/���;�� b;]��B��� (�e����0 67 Gp�M�J��Fo�$ �;�� � ?���1= $���>��9+�*��00 ,���";]m���?
2− ���m� K�w i0��5 �j�M .�7 �*] �"h�E�v��m �� G�;S& α=0.05 b� G �� �"�S�>� ¨��10%�
®�1%� C1�;�� DE�� �/�F ��"/���;�� b;]��B��� (�e����0 o*'� 67 Gp�M�$�cw, r�#7�?
3 − ����m� K�w i0���5 ��j�M .���7 ��*] �"h�E��v ��m �� G�;S&α=0.05 b ��/�F G �� �"�S>� ¨�10%�
®����1%� C���1�;�� DE����� ����"/���;�� b;]����B��� (����0�e b .]�a;�� 67 Gp�M o�$ ;�� �J��F� ?���1=
����";]m�0 ,�9+�*��0 $��>�� o*'�0 ,�r�#7 ,$�cw�?
FG.�� H�I : ¤ 89��*�� :��;��� ��<= ÂJM 67 À�>� ¡Q/�� N �
H$���L& ���"B*M ( �9��+�*��0 $����>� ?����1= �� �;��1� I��� ( ®�1%� C1�;�� DE�� �/�F G � H +�*�� HI��J��
RS�� T��0[
![Page 26: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 408 –
FG.�� ��J�:
\& ¡Q/�� �3� �"�= §@M �� �]7 ( :LS�� �+ �#= ��"B*; ���w0 bBS��0 ¡��� b p""B;�� �] $��+ ."jN���� �+ ¡�Q/�� �3L5 ,:¤ � H +�*�� HI��J�� K�$�L&
$����>� ?����1= ���"�y T����� x� ��"�� ( b�&�������;"�=0 �9+�*��0yL*�" CB'� �"a"c0 , H$��L& :"���M (
H +�*�� HI��J�� [ HI���J�� K�$��LB :La���M 67 �5��s� ��"B"��M .�v��& (0 �/�e�� G � �L;"B*M ��0�Q� H +�*�� ,���"���� ������� ����L*& ( �L*"B���M ����0�}0 ,���a�;
."'� �3� �� ]7 ( H ]�SB�� [ ¡�Q/�� �3�� n;�a� +0= u"���1= $��";Xm bAv��/�� ��&= ����� :��;��� G��X
H �+�*�� HI���J�� H$��L& ��"B*M ( ����<= ��5��&0 89*�� ,��a�; ��"B"��M .�v��& ��]0 G�X= ����� K�$�L&0
�"�]�5 4*" K�1�$ �� º� x= y"1m0� K�"�"M��1 H$��L& ��Q# ��/�e�� K����� bS�Z ( 89�*�� :��;���
HI��J���,W;"�S�� 2017� ��L"�] �y;�]m� \�& m �3� , o�$ �M ( ��La"l�M �/S�# H���g0 ,H$�L�� 23� :"��M ( ,��"���� �"1�1%� ��v��� �/�F G � �&�B] �"���� �����_
��aM��� 67 �e1�;�� \&�,H�5��'� 2015[�
FG.�� A�G�K-� : !���� "�#���An Active Learning :��0 8�B#
;�� T3�� $��B;1�� .�J�� �B"J��0 �*��� 0w :��;�� �Bs� :��;�� �c$�9&0 §�3�� ¨�9*�� �]��"�� ,:��;��� (�
R��0 �"a�U ��"B"��M �e9�#@ ���"J�� ���X \& ��w0� �U�X :��M �wy# I�*/� �"aU �,�� 2008�[ N���0
�#@ �"h��j7_ DE��� �/�F ��&= �U�a�� n";� WB"��M 8B#� �e9���#%� ( �������a�� �c$�9����� ®����1%� C���1�;���
��;��0\�$y;����0 K�/�$ $����>� ?����1= ���] ���Bh�J��E��# ����v �9��+�*��0 � HI����J�� W���0 x����*�� 67
T �0�, 0�u�j����0 H0 J���,0 �����>���$�����0 H ( C�1�;�� DE��� ��/�e� $��J�� ��E�Mm� K�$�L& ?�;c N ��� ,���"#�$%� :"����;��0 ���"�� H$�g0 ( ®���1%�
E*�� iy]= 67 ��X �� �"�Z0 �� J#0 �L�, $� �Us :���� N�¶7 4Z �O�v ��^v= [
��L����� ��L��� Critical Reading : \�& .^�d :1$0 ,$�^5%� b p""B;�� �] ��JM W;�� HI��J�� ��^d=
0 T=��� I� 70 ,kh�;*��7�O�v ��^v%� $� U � ,��/O�2008[��"h��j7 �� EJ�0 _ : HI���J�� ��^�d= \�& .^d
n";M W;�� ®��1%� C�1�;�� DE��� ��/�F ��&= �U�a��E�# iy�]= 67 ��X �� ��� HI���J�� W�; x���*� � 67
T �0�,0 �uj����0 H0 J���, 0�����>��, �$�����0H ( C�1�;�� DE��� ��/�e� $��J�� ��E�Mm� K�$�L& ?�;c
��"#�$%� :"���;��0 ��"�� H$�g0 ( ®�1%�, $� �Us L;Z �$ #�0 ,�O�v ��^v=�Ä W� K�$�L& o : p�""B;��
��J"J>� b p""B;��0 ,¨�/M$� �� o"� �� ¨�/M$� �� �& b $� �U70 ,��";*��0 u/S�� b 8���0 ,��"��0 T=���0
![Page 27: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 409 –
u�M�^�� N �� �� Z0 ,I0��J�� ��*��� ��v ��^v= ,$��/;Xm� �"h��j7 4S"+0_Y"E�Q;�� Y/�J�� 0 T ��/����3� x�Av�/�� 2 ]= T3���[
�� ������������� ��� :
EJ�$��>�: bE��d b� $0 � T3�� ¡� >� �« � �} f����& ��v �Ac= 0=r ����/M ����X \�&
���j%�0 ��©�1%� P���F \�] \�$0�Q;�� b $�^5%� ���0�} x0� Hz��� w���0 D+�& \��^M �5 � ,���a9��
7ª� N�e�� f�*+��� ��X �,���">�0 W�]�& 2007 [� ��&= �9�+�*��W��L5 \��& ��]�B� b�� $0 �� T3���� ¡� �>�
C��B� q9��& T=$ 67 ����U��� N ��� ����d%�s� P���F \] ��w0 b9+�*��f��*+ �,x0��X�0 H����1
2006[��"h��j7 y� EJ�0 _ : ��] ���J� ?��1=7 ��v�M ��&= �U�a�� $��Q�� �1�$ �� �*"] Wh��*A�� T�a9���:�<
����v :LS��a#= ���/�e�� b�� W��]y'� Å���J*�� $���^5%�±$ � .�AB;��0 HI���J�� ±$� ( H�$���� �T ��0 67�
±$�0�uj����0 H0 J��� ±$�0 �����>��, .^9�;"� W�;�� $��^5%�0 HI���J�� ��# ��v b�& D+�& :¤ � ��/�e�� q9�"5 Å��J*�� H�h�� C1�;M :< ,�L"�] .B;9�
I0��J�� �*��� �3�� ���v $���v ( :���� C& :L�"`, U�aM q�$�7 N � �� �J*� ��L�"�Z0 ��LBL50 ��*��� ."
�L���5 x0� ��O�v ��U��� :L&��^v= �/�e�� $� U70:L"�] [
(��C ��FG. D��6(��<� :
�� �;+�¡Q/�0 �>� ��] À�>� K���0 �Q��0 �"Mª� :
1− ��N�B�� (����:� P/F ¡Q/�À�>� ( W;1$ &�� ����#�A�� �"a��E��0 ,b*/�� ���#�A�� �c�d ."`��e�;�
:�R� x0� RS�� T��0 I��� ( [
2− �L�N��O�� (����P:�� P/F ¡Q/ ��/��JM �Ld H & _ {��A�� ®�$ �� .Ea�� ��X7�4� 2016−1�5�2016
®�$ �� ����� \& 2015/2016
3− �6Q.�� (����: �;+� 3��¡Q/�� ��/�F ��] :�R� x0� ®�1%� C1�;�� DE��� [
4 − ��1�R��� (����: ��;+3� ¡Q/�� � oÄ �] K�$�L& ,H �+�*�� HI���J�� K�$��L& \�& ���R� x0� �"]�5
W�: p�""B;��0 ,¨��/M$� ��� o"� �� ¨�/M$� �� �& b p""B;�� ,���";*��0 u/S��� b 8���0 ,��"��0 T=���0 �J"J>� b N ��� ��� Z0 ,I0���J�� ��*���� ����v ����^v= $� ��U70
uM�^��"�@ bAv�/�� $��9� , p""B;� �Lc�;&� H$0¢0 �L; ��50 T3��� Wj����* ;�� ���� �3� ( 2R� \& n"QE��
n"QU R� �L��0 n"QU �L�� �]�*;& K�&���& [
5− A�6(��LLG��: 4��J/F ���<�< ���] ���1�$ �� C�1�;�� DE��� ��E�Mm� K�$��L& ?�;c \& �E#
W���0 ®���1%� �T ���0 67, 0u��j����0 H0 ��J��, 0���>��; �"#�^&s HI���J�� K�$��L& �] �/�e�� u�$ M
![Page 28: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 410 –
,��O�X \�& H +�*��u�E��� \�B5�] u�$ �;�� ��L" ( �J*�� C�& u1�*;M m0 K�$�L�� 23� \& ��� �E# [
�"/���;�� �'���� H & �+ 67 �5��s�[
FG.�� S ��:
x���Av�/�� ��B;]� Wh���*A�� Y&������ :"BE��;��2×2 r�Q/�� �/d"/���;���R��;& \B��M w7 ;���� .J;S�& :
��� x���;S�& ���0 ,o�$ �;�� �J��F : $���>� ?���1=T��";]m�0 ,�9+�*��0 [0 ���0 Wa"*E�M R�;& ,o*�'�
x���;S& ��0 :r�#70 ,$�cw [ H$�L& ( .AB;� C�M R�;&0H �+�*�� HI��J�� [0 KR�;X�Ç ² ��3�� ��� �v7 x��;]�B�
,$�cw b;/�d \& �#�^& �"/��� �0$�0 ,r�#7� 41�50 P0 ,�9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= G�X%� \�& ��#�^& �e���
,$�cw b;/�d0 ,r�#70$�� 41 P50����";]m� �J��e��� �[ FG.�� +��T:
�� C�B;� x�^M� ¡�Q/ C�1�;�� DE��� ��/�F \�&� ��"` ®�1%�:L RS��� T��0 I����� ����;�� ±$� �� (� �
®�$ ���� ������� ( xy��] ���*� B� �2015�2016����/��0 ¯ :�� ]2538 �/��F0 �/��F_ _[
FG.�� ���1:
#�^M�4 ¡Q/�� �*"]\& 97 67 �]g�& �/��F0 �/��F_ ,$��cw b;/��d \�& ��#�^& ��"/�� ��� v7 b;]�B�� �
0 :�� �]0 r�#752 �e��� ��]�B�0 ,��/��F0 ��/��F _ _ ,$��cw b;/�d \& �#�^&�0r��#7, :�� �]0 45 ��/��F _
�� DE�� �/�F \& ,�/��F0� _ ®�$ �� ����� ®�1%� C1�;� �2015/2016, :�� ]0 97 W;�1$ & \�& ,�/��F0 �/��F _ _
K��*/�� ����#�A�� �"a��E���0 ,b*/�� ���#�A�� �c�d ."`� � � �� �R;X� xy] �*� & ( RS�� T��0 I��� ���� � b;��;��� �K
�� E+ �J��e�, C�& y�0���;�0 ,yL"�7 ��U��� ���LS� ���+0 ,bAv���/�� C���g�; x���Av�/�� ����1�$ �� ���*"] 67
���]�B��� 4��1$� w7 ,�"h��9��] ���J��e b;]���B�· ² � ��]�B��� ��&= ,�9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= P50 �"/���;��� � �
����";]m� �J��e�� P50 41$� J5 �e����� � Ç ²U
FG.�� ��(�:
K���1�$ ��0 T����� ?�%� ���] f���Fm� ��� �J�S�� �]� x��Av�/�� ���+ HI���J�� K�$��LB ��Bh�+ �� ;H +��*�� $��/;Xm� �� ]7 ( �L*& H��a;1m� ��0�Q�− H��=
¡Q/��−0 , ��/�F G �� H �+��*�� HI���J�� K�$�L& ±�"+² �0 �"�/+ ®�1%� C1�;�� DE��_ �� ��3�� KR;X� w7 ,��_
��E�Mm� K�$��L& ?��;c \�& H)�] ���S��� H v���x���*� W�0 ®�1%� C1�;�� DE�� :� \��0 ��1�*��
±�]�x�Av�/�� 2 ]= T3�� $�/;Xm� �3O �E# x�^;� ,� _[ A��V7�������� ����� ����� WX� Y6����� P:
4���1$�� V ±$� ( H ���+��*�� HI�����J�� ²�T ����0 67� ,�9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �] �y;]m���X \& ��w0:
1− \��a D�����;�� ����X \��& ±$ ���� ��"LB;��� � � �.h���1����, 67 �5����s������1��� u��M�^ D�����;��� �
![Page 29: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 411 –
:< ,±$ �� x��*] 67 ��U��� �] ±$ �� x��*] ��;c�H$�/S���,0 HI���J�� N� �= n"��M² ���w ��0 ,��L"�]
:���� D�c��J �/�e���I �0 �Q �;&��U HI��+ ±$ �� H_ �²Ph�+� oÄ H�^a�� �J��;�� ��©1%� º� \] ��jÈ� ,
�S"h���m� :< , :� ��J;# 67 ����Lj HI���+ ±$ �� HI��+� _ �² ²Hz�& �Q"QU� V, �L"����RSaM HI��+ ��*�� HI��+� ² ², RSa;�
�"5 H�$���� $�^5%� |¶0 Ky�^�� {��&[
2− �/�e�� D"�^M,��a*& ,\� 60%� H�Ja�� � Q; HI��J�� ±$� (,��O�v ���1 C�00 , N �� �� Q;�
�*��� �3� \& uM�^�� [a��0 ���` �� Q;� ��"#�A�� H��JyL*�" 8���0 ��";*��0 u/S�� [ p�""B;� ��A��A�� H��Ja��0
I�$ª� \& Ph�J>� [ ¨�/M$� �� �& b p""B;� ������ H�Ja��¨�/M$� �� o"� �� ��w �0 , u��F .c D"�^MI��j�
W�;�� ��©�1%� ���v ��/#�j o�� T3�� ��"&g C& $��v� ( H�$�0 H�J5 .^� �L��0 :�Lh�$� ���/M0 HI��J�� ±$
���1 .c ��v, :< K��]�B� ."^9�; �/�e�� D"�^M ,Å�J*�� ?��F �S�Ä H v���� �]�B��� ���5= � ]� �
�9�+�*�� ?��É ��p;�m� H$0Ê :�Rc3M C& ,K�/��F [D"�^M :< �]�B� .c I��j� .�^c �*��� ��v Å�J#
$� Us ��$��� �= uM�^�� ��� .�0 ���v ��^v= C�&¤=�0 ,��$���� 0= "�@;�� ��*J�� ?�/1%� �cw: ���v
�;�$��& 0= ��w "�@M K�/J] [ �R�X=0_ :����� �9�+�*&� V �] f�`s� N � K�]�B�B��T=$ ��"�S�M0 �v�0
H$�/S�� �]�[
*� Z�[��(: i U \& PJQ;���H��%�] ,V�·� ��Bh�+0 $�/;Xm�
��� .��"��0 H ��+�*�� HI����J�� K�$���L& n����� T3���� :����9�+�*��0 $���>� ?���1= P50 o�$ ;�� K��eX ��]
������ k��*& ��� ( bEE�;�� bB^Q�� \& �]�B�� �F0 �"�����i� ( ,�"���� ����� bEE�;��0 ,�LS�$ M � �
( b��B��&0 b5)��&0 ,�"B��1��� ���"#�$%� K����&�'�� � �� :L*& u�F ¡"v ,:"��;��0 �" ��� H$�g0² V V � ( T=���� I� 7�
/1�*& G &¡�Q/�� �3�O �L; , \�& :¼��l�Q�B 3�X=0V0= ,N3v,�5��7 0= .� �M[
A�.$*� ��(:
��"h�L�*�� �M$�E� P�/F ,$�/;Xm� K�/< \& c@;��� � V � � \�& �#�^& �1�$ �� �*"] �$�X \& �"]�e;1� �*"] �]� � � �V �
20 G v7 W�0 ,�e�;��� xy�7 HR&%� �1$ & \& �/��F_ ,$�]�# I��� ±$� & $�/;Xm� P"/eM "]= b]�/1= �0
,�LS�a# �*"��� �] �Sa# YX� ��� i�S�Mm� uS�v :�< ¿��/#0�c K�/A�� .&��& �� �;1� $�/;X���= T3��� ��a�
�/S�* x��c K�/A�� x= �Ll=0.849 K��/< .�&��& ���0 3� I��j7 ����% u1�*& ¡Q/�� �� ,��]2000[�
FG.�� "��-�: ��B;]� x���Av�/�� Wh���*A�� Y&������ :"BE��;��2×2
r�Q/�� �/�d�"/���;���� P�"/e; x��Av�/�� ���+ ¡�"v ,
![Page 30: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 412 –
$�/;X�£Y/�+ ´ ��] ��*"]¡�Q/�� :�e�����0 ��"/���;��� � �, :�< ,��1�$ �� P"/eM ./+ b;]�B��� �5�^M G & �5���� � $����>� ?����1= P��50 ���"/���;�� ���]�B��� 4��1$�² � �
�]�B���0 ,�9+�*��0 ,�����";]m� �J��e�� P50 �e����� � ² � x���;]�B��� 4����X o�$ ��;�� \��& I���L;#m� ���0�
,T � $�/;Xm0�`4K�#�"/�� , ��<= D9c0 �L�"�Q;� ( �9�+�*��0 $���>� ?���1= �� �;�1� 89��*�� :��;��� � C�1�;�� DE��� ��/�F G �� H �+��*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M� �
®�1%�[ FG.�� A�%\��P:
*M�"Mª� K�R�;�� ¡Q/�� �0��: ]��^ :_��&LL�� %LL\���P P ���O0 ,o�$ ��;�� ���J��F�
x���;S& : �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1=0 ,����";]m� �J��e��� �[
��N�$^ :`3��-� %\��P o*�'�,x��;©5 ���0 :$��cw ,0r�#7[
�a��$^ :+ ���� %\���P PH +��*�� HI��J�� H$�L& [
�� ��b�-Cc� d����*�PA�N��.�� �e�#� � �����& : j��;��1� ,K���#�"/�� C��` ���4 K�e��1�;�� �
I��% ����$�"��� K���5��Q#m�0 ,�"�S��>�� ����/�F DE���� �b;]�B��� ( ®�1%� C1�;���: ,�e�����0 ��"/���;�� � �
4����v0 Wh���*A�� \����/;�� .��"�Z �� �;��1� K���#�"/�� � ��q9� ,:< 49+�# kh�;*�� 4& +0U�;�� � I�� ( K�"
��w[ FG.�� Sb��N� ������� :
�0%� ���S�� �J��;�� kh�;*���E�# T3��� :� .�� ��m� K�w i0�5 j�M7 ���m �� G�;S�& �*] �"h�Ev
α=0.05 b C1�;�� DE�� �/�F G � �"�S>� ¨�10%� ®���1%��e������0 ���"/���;�� b;]���B��� ( 67 Gp���M
o�$ ;�� �J��F���>� ?��1=�����";]m�0 ,�9+�*��0 $�?� j��;��1� ���S���� �3��� \��] ����j�0�4 K�e��1�;�� �
DE���� ���/�F I��% ����$�"��� K���5��Q#m�0 �"�S��>�� � � TR��;� ���/M H �+��*�� HI��J�� $�/;X� ( ®�1%� C1�;��� ²_ �
,o*'�0 o�$ ;�� �J��F� �0 '�01��w n��� [
f��e�81:: � �&�� A�K�����P P�6���#�� A�X�GN]�� �P )��*� +����� ,-�� �.�/ 0�� ������� ����� '�#.��� g.��� ��.�h]� � �K �i��� ��.6j��� k�1��j���P PP PU
g.��� '�#.��
�1��j�� Y�e� !�����P
l�&��
H�GN]�
'���#��
!�����P
l�&��
H�GN]�
'���#��
�cw 19.04 5.302 24.19 4.368
�A#= 21.00 3.764 27.92 2.783 �"/���;��� �
Y^�� 19.98 4.688 25.98 4.114
![Page 31: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 413 –
+ �� m f��e�81U:
g.��� '�#.��
�1��j�� Y�e� !�����P
l�&��
H�GN]�
'���#��
!�����P
l�&��
H�GN]�
'���#��
�cw 21.84 4.845 22.12 5.167 �A#= 22.00 2.340 23.00 2.991 �e�����
Y^�� 21.91 3.895 22.51 4.315
�cw 20.52 5.414 23.06 4.709
�A#= 21.89 3.550 25.29 3.929 Y^���
Y^�� 21.15 4.671 24.09 4.484
67 ��*��0 �0 �'�1 � �] b�/;� i0��5 ���j0�����l� b;]��B��� K�e�1�;& b� HI���J�� $��/;X� (²H +��*��Y/�J�� , ,o*�'�0 ��]�B��� TR��;& uS�v0
¥�S��>� 8��1�;�� ¯��� ¡��"v� ² V21.00 ( r���#s� G ��� ¯���0 ,���"/���;�� ���]�B���² � �22.00 ( r���#s� G ���
¥�S�>� 81�;�� ¯�0 ,�e���� �]�B���� ² �19.04 G �� �"/���;�� �]�B��� ( $�c3��� � �bv ( , ¯� ²21.84 G ��
��� �]�B��� ( $�c3���,�e��� i0��a�� ���m� ��5���0 ."�Z � �;1�t �B"+ x= �Ll= T3�� K-1.0108 W��0 ;
�*] ����� R� ���m �� G�;S�&�α=0.05; x= W�*�� �������;�� P"/eM ./+ x�;©5�^;& b;]�B���[ \�& b�/;�0
�0 '�2 �"�S�>� K�e�1�;�� ( �����l i0�5 ��j0� Gp���M H �+��*�� HI����J�� $��/;X� (² ���J��F b�� .�]�a;��
o*'�0 o�$ ;��� $�c3�� ¥�S�>� 8�1�;�� x��c J5 , ���"/���;�� ���]�B���24.19 �e������0 ,22.12 [ ���&=
x��c �J5 �"/���;�� �]�B��� ( r�#� �/S*��27.92 , �e����023.00 ; ���M \� �5���0 23� i0�a��T��j=
'� 2�L�� yc q9�� Wh�*A�� \��/;�� ."�Z �02[
f��e�82 ::������� ����� ��.�h� � Z�3�� ��]�� no��� `b��a�� p6�.��� _��q Sb��NP Pr P 5 �� _1�3���� Y�e�� Y6����� ��6/ A�%\�� A�EX k '�#.��P P sU
p6�.��� ��-�P A�# �� t��T �6�� A�V�( A�# �� !����P ����8H :� �&G�� �-Cc� ��]���P��bP η2��6� + �
q9�� R�;��� 803.127 1 803.127 135.289 .000 .595
o�$ ;�� �J��F� 742.584 1 742.584 125.090 .000* .576 o*'� 24.229 1 24.229 4.081 .046* .042
o�$ ;�� �J��F� ×o*'� 49.036 1 49.036 8.260 .005* .082
@e�� 546.147 92 5.936
Y^�� 1930.165 96
![Page 32: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 414 –
n�����0 '�2 ��j0 �"h�Ev7 ��m� K�w i0�5 � ��m �� G�;S& *]�α=0.05 ��J��F b� .]�a;�� Gp�M � V
��S��Q�� N ���B"+ 4���� ¡��"v ,o*��'�0 o�$ ��;��V �8.260�"h�E����v7 ������m 0 �[005* \����� �����5���0 ,
j��;1� i0�a�� ���M4 ��� ��� �"�S�>� K�e�1�;�� � � ��� .��]�a;��� �0 ��'�0 ,o*��'�0 o�$ ��;�� ���J��F b3
n������w [
f��e�83:: Y�e�� Y6����� ��6/ k _1�3���� Y�e�� Y6����� ��6/ A�%\�� �#.� ������� ����� ��.�h] ���#�� �� �&�� A�K�����P P P P PP P P^ rU
Y6����� ��6/P
�1��j�� f�#�� l�&�� !�����P P uKv� '���#��
�"/���;��� � 26.795 .344
�e����� 21.002 .374 Y�e�
$�cw 23.389 .340
r�#7 24.408 .369
Y6����� ��6/PxY�e�
$�cw 25.569 .484 �"/���;��� � r�#7 28.021 .487
$�cw 21.209 .490
�e����� r�#7 20.794 .555
�0 ��'� n�����3 � ����� ¥�S��>� 8��1�;�� x=� � �
o*�'�0 �e�����0 ��"/���;�� b;]�B��� b .]�a;��� � � � ( r���#s� n��E��� KI���j i0���5 ����j0 ���] � ���² �¥�S��>� 8��1�;�� ¯��� ¡��"v ���"/���;�� ���]�B���� ² V
���� V�28.021 �e���� �]�B�B�� ¯� bv ( � ²20.794 , 8�1�;�� ¯�� �J5 �e����� ��]�B��� ( $�c3��� ��&=� �² � �
�� ¥�S��>�V � ����21.209 ���]�B�B�� ¯��� b��v ( ² �"/���;��� �25.569 ��J��F b� .�]�aM ���j0 W�*�� �� ,�
r�#s� n��E� o*'�0 o�$ ;���[��<= :��Q0 0.082 ; ��3��0x= ����J�� \��^B�� 8.2% $���/;X� ( \����/;�� \��&�
o*�'�0 o�$ �;�� ��J��F b� .]�a;�� Gp�M HI��J��� � V ² ,.^9��0�:+$ 1�� :1$ b/�� o�$ �;�� ��J��F b .]�a;�o*'�0[
![Page 33: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 415 –
_B��� "�� 81::������� ����� A��� � w���� x1 Y�e�� Y6����� ��6/ k _1�3���
.^9�� \& n�;��:+$ 1 ��J��F b .]�aM ��j0
n����0 H �+��*�� HI���J�� $��/;X� ( o*�'�0 o�$ ;��� ² � ,r��#s�0 $�c3��� b .]�a;�� x= .^9��� �� � ��]�B��� (
w7 ,r�#s� n��E� x�c �"/���;��� �¯�² ¥�S�>� 8�1�;�� � r�#È�28.021 $�c3��0 ,�25.569[
b/;� ��30 ( ��"/���;�� ��]�B��� r��#7 i�aM � ��,H +��*�� HI��J�� $�/;X��W*�� �� TR��;& b� .]�a;�� x= V � �
w x�c �1�$ ������*�� HI��J�� K�$�L& ���eM ( �<= ² G � H + ,��"/���;�� ��]�B��� ( r�#s�� �x��5 À��;��0 ?���1=
�9+�*��0 $��>�V ���5 � ���"/e� x��^� �+0 ,r��#s� C& ( $0� �9��+�*��0 $����>�0 r ��Q;�� \O���"&0 r���#s�V � � �
��ww7 , 7 ( $�c3��� \�& zc= �&y;�� \� /� K�/��e�� x� � �_ ² Ç V�0 $���>�0 ���a9��� �e9#%� ��"J��� � r �Q;��0 Å��J�*�� �
\��0 ,$�c3��� C�& �#$�J& �v0�e�� K�]����� ��v¸ � W�S��� ( ��Ac= ��/�$ \¤ ��0 �"�0�S��� �$��d �Ac=Ì ¸ � _ V
\L;�"�5�� G�;S�& \& C5�� �� ,K�3�� K�/<s¸ � � � g���#s\L*& ?��e�� HI���J�� �*] �p"c�M �Ac= \�= 67 �5��7 ,² V �_ ¸ _
\�B�0 ,K�$�/;Xm� (0² Ç �J�*��0 .�"�Q;��0 RSa;�� 67� �, ��^v%� $� Us� ,�S�y��2012 ,H��/] ;1988�[ +0
��"���� ������ Ky��& D"l�M ��";*�� 23� u/1 x�^� ��& �3��0 $�c3��� \& �Ac= 89*�� :��;�� K�"�"M�1s
H�5��'� �1�$� �;*"�2015 � q��*� x@� K��Ll= W�;���� ���1�$ �� W;]���B� b�� ���+0�5_ �e������0 ���"/���;
r�#s� n��E�0 [ GR5 $�c3�� i�aM � ] 67 �/S*�� �&= ,��w ( $0� ¡Q/�� K���0 Q� x�^� + �#@ x�Av�/�� x��^� �+0 ,��/��JM ��L�d �1�$ �� P"/eM H5 4#�c w7_ _
![Page 34: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 416 –
��JJv T3��� � �J;�� G & $�Lls N�c R� 4+��� �3���5 ,H ��+�*�� HI����J�� K�$���L& ����� ( $�c3���� i0�a��
��<%� ��5��& u��e;� �+0 ,�/�e�� b H��j�& ����a���/�e�� º� G � ��F= �;+0_[
��1�$� C�& ���";�*�� 23�� 4a�;X�0 � ,T "�d���2012 ��� �<= ��j0 � ] 4;/<= W;�� ?���1= b .]�a;
®��1%� C1�;�� DE�� �/�F ."EZ ( o*'�0 $��>�R^a;�� �"B*M (0 �"���� ����� H��� ,:¤ �� Wh��J;�1m�
��"��>� ��1�$ �� x= N�;�Xm� �3�� u/�1 x�^� +0 ��1�$� b�v ( ,���& �9�+�*��0 $���>� ?��1= 4�`_
�,T "d���2012� x�^� +0 ,8J5 $��>� �] K�;+� 4��J/F w7 ,����w ( u/��1 ���1�$ �� C��B;� N�;��Xm ���1�$� 4��J/F b��v ( x�$%� ( ���"��>� ���1�$ ��
�,T "d���2012�4��^�� ( [ �� ���S�� �J��;�� kh�;*��{��A �E�# T3���: � .��
��m� K�w i0�5 j�M7��m �� G�;S�& �*] �"h�Ev� α=0.05 b C1�;�� DE�� �/�F G � �"�S>� ¨�10%�
®�1%��e�����0 �"/���;�� b;]�B��� ( 67 Gp��M o*'��r�#7 ,$�cw�?� 0 �0 �'� \�& n�;��2 ���j0
l i0�5 b;]��B��� K�e�1�;& b� ������� � $��/;X� (,H +��*�� HI��J��² R�;& uSv0 o�$ �;�� ��J��F ¡�"v ,V
¥�S�>� 8�1�;�� ¯�� ² ( Y�^�� ��"/���;�� ��]�B�B�� Y/��J�� $���/;Xm� 19.98 ¯���0² ( �LS��a# ���]�B�B��
T ���/�� $���/;Xm�25.98[ 0¯���² ¥�S��>� 8��1�;��� Y��^�� �e������ ���]�B�B��Y/��J�� $���/;Xm� ( 21.91
¯���0² T ���/�� $���/;Xm� ( �LS��a# ���]�B�B��22.51 , K�e��1�;�� b�� �"h�E��vs� i0���a�� ����m� x���"/�0� �
q9���� Wh���*A�� \����/;�� .��"�Z � �;��1� ,�"�S��>��, 5 �0 '�3 n��� � *] �"h�Ev7 ��m� K�w i0�5 ��j0
���m �� G�;S&�α=0.05��B��� K�e�1�;& b� � b;]T ��/�� $��/;Xm� ( �e����0 �"/���;��� R��;� Gp��M� V
��S�Q�� N ��B"+ 4�� w7 ,o�$ ;�� �J��FÇ ² �125.090 �"h�E�v7 ��m 0�0.00, i0��a�� 23�� ���m� ��5���0
j��;1�4 b;]�B��� b �� ��� �"�S>� K�e1�;�� � � �0 ,�e����0 �"/���;��� � � ( �� yc �0 '�3 T3��n��� �
¯�� ��"/���;�� ��]�B�B�� � ���� ¥�S>� 81�;�� x=² � � � � �26.795 � ����� ¥�S��>� 8��1�;�� \��& ���]= ����0 � �
�e���� �]�B�B���21.002 ,5 n��E�� KI��j i0�a��²�"/���;�� �]�B���� �[ ��<= :��Q0 0.576 W�*�� ��� ; x=�
57.6 %H �+��*�� HI���J�� $��/;X� ( \��/;�� \&² � b��#7 r������� �e������0 ���"/���;�� ���]�B���� � ����� 89���*�� :��;� �
�9�+�*��0 $���>� ?��1= �� �;1�[ ��] � �� �3��0� �"�]�5� ( ��/;�� K�I��js� ( �9�+�*��0 $��>� ?��1=
��/�e�� G �� H ��+��*�� HI���J�� H$��L& ��"B*M���#$�J& C��& ( ��/;�� K�I��js�� w7 ,����";]m� �J��e��V � � ?���1= �Í
�9��+�*��0 $����>� ���M��eX0 ���M�I��j� u"����1%� \��&
![Page 35: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 417 –
W;�� �"B��;��� � �M.J*V W/�S�� $0 �� \& u��e�� ¥��s� 675 �L"�] .B;9� W;�� $�^5%� �^a�0 ,�*�� =�J� u��e��
� ,����5_�S�a* ��&����� D9�;^"· · ���X \�& �� �J*�0 +��*;� :�< ��/#�� o��� T3��� ��"&g C& 2$��v C�& Î
��� �v���� DE�� \B� �]�B��� ( \��Xª� �h�&g �+ G��X= ���0�g \�& |0�e�� f����� 67 ��*� ����
2 ��� +0 ��$��� , �]Ï�;& � �J# IÐ�� J*� + ��a��5_ _ \���Xª� C�& $0��Q;� �& �*]0 ��"�U�aM 67 ��*�� x0�
,2�Q# 2��# �Lj0 D�;� + I�� :L9+�*�0 ��& �3�0�7 �] M��"5���� ������*�� ��"� �, n/E�� x= �J;S�& ���a�� _
,2$���^5@·� \B���"��$��B;��1����� � :��;���� � �[ n"��;� y��c V$��^5%� ����/M �/�e�� �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1=� I�$ª�0
:L*" y"5, 67 ��U��� �$I� $�^5=0 ��M W;��0 ,�c9&� V���5 u��e�� �L�;*� W;�� H�^a�� \& .�5=_ V��+ ��30 ,� ?��1%� �3� ( ��/;�� K�I��j� x�^� ,��w ( $0�
��1= 2$�/;]�_� � j �_�"�] ;�� ¬ Ç ²�/�e�� , J5 $�<= �3�� ?��1%�F�9# :L:L;"�5��0 �0 , ±y>�� ��/�e�� ���d² ²
¥��s� .]�a;��0� (HI��J�� �1$�� I�*<=²[ x��^� +0 ��/�e�� $��9�� ��"�B] ( �"�0�S���� �
��;��� � : �3�� , ���� ��=$ � J"1 u��e��5 ��w ( u/1� .]�a;"1 �L5 ���X \�& ��w0 ,�M�w K�/<s ��*�� C&
��� ��h�&g �9+�*&0 ��*�� �3� ��v 2$�^5= \] R/�;��V �0 �J����� ��v�& ( :�= y"1 mV � �0w K�/<7 x��0�«0�¼� :
� ,W*")��2006� x��JB�;� :�L��j 2$0 T3��0 ,� ( ��*��"5 H�$���� K�+���� N�9;cm I0�J��� $� �U70 ,
����v �"Je*& ��^v=�, ��L�/;� HI���J�� 23�� x% ² � K��/<7 ���X \�& :¼�03�Å��J# :�Lh�&g $���v0:� ���v
�"5 H�$���� $�^5%� $��^5%� ��M �$��� �= ��� .�0 ,��*J& ?�/1@ ��w y] &_[ 4�JaM�0���3� 3�� ���";# �
¡Q/��7 4�U�M �& C& � �"��1�$��e] W* � 2017 � W;�� ��"B*M ( �9�+�*��0 $��>� K�"�"M�17 �"�]�5 K�Ll= G �� �"&��1s� ��"�� H���& ( T�^a�� \&%� :"��a&
C&0 ,®�1%� ¶���� DE�� �/�F1�$� W;� ,����>�2003 ,W;"�S����� ;2017 � ����"�]�5 ����M�Ll= b���;���
m� �"B*M ( 89*�� :��;�� K�"�"M�17� W�h��J�� ?��";1x�$%� ( ®�1%� C1�;�� DE�� �/�F G �[
�� ���S�� �J��;�� kh�;�*��� � �T3�� ¡��AE�# �� :� .�� ���m �� G�;S�& �*] �"h�Ev7 ��m� K�w i0�5 j�M� �
α=0.05 b �"�S>� ¨�10%� C1�;�� DE�� �/�F G � � � ®�1%���e�����0 �"/���;�� b;]�B��� ( 67 Gp��M
o�$ ;�� �J��F b .]�a;��� ,�9�+�*��0 $��>� ?��1=0 ,������";]m�0o*��'� �$���cw ,7r���#�?� 67 ���*����0
�0 '�1 b/;� K�e�1�;& b� ������l i0��5 ��j0� � T ���/�� H ��+��*�� HI����J�� $���/;X� ( ���#$�J�� W;]���B�
,o*�'� R��;& uSv0�5 I��% ¥�S�>� 8�1�;����*"] � \& �1�$ �� �] $�c3� HI���J�� K�$��L& ��"B*M ±�"J&
![Page 36: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 418 –
���"/���;�� ���]�B��� ( H ��+�*��� �24.19 ���]�B��� (0 �e��������22.12 ����]�B��� ( r����#�0 ,$�c3����� �
�"/���;��� �27.92�e����� �]�B��� (0 �23.00, x��"/�0 �"�S�>� K�e1�;�� b �"h�Evs� i0�a�� ��m�� ��y�O ,
;�� ."�Z � �;1��q9�� Wh�*A�� \��/, b/� w7 �0 '�2 ���m �� G�;S�& *] �"h�Ev7 ��m� K�w i0�5 ��j0� �
α=0.05 N ���B"+ 4���� ¡��"v ,o*��'� R���;� Gp���MÇ ² V � V ��SQ��4.081�"h�E�v7 ��m 0 � 0.046 \�� ��5���0²·
i0�a�� ���Mj��;1�4 ��� ��� �"�S�>� K�e�1�;�� � � ��/M b;]�B��� b_ �0 �'�0 ,o*�'� R�;� ��3 x= b�/� � �
¯� $�c3�� � ��� ¥�S>� 81�;��² � �23.389 \�& .+= �� ¯� T3��0 r�#È� � ��� ¥�S>� 81�;��² � �24.408, ���
W*�� $��/;Xm� ( r��#s� n��E�� KI��j i0��a�� x=² �T �/��[�<= :�Q0 0.042 ,T= 7 x�4.2 % ( \���/;�� \&�
��J�� $�/;X�r�#s�0 $�c3�� b H +��*�� HI� ² o*��� ���� n��E�0 s�r�#[
���1�$� C��& ����";�*�� 23��� 4��a�;X�0 � ,T "��d���2012 �o*��� �<= ��j0 � ] 4;/<= W;�� �/�F ."EZ (
��"B*M (0 ��"���� ������ H���� ®��1%� C�1�;�� DE�� �3��� u/��1 x���^� ��+0 ,:¤ ��� Wh��J;��1m� R��^a;��
�� x= N�;��Xm� $����>� ?����1= 4���` ���"��>� ���1�$ �1�$� K�;+� bv ( ��& �9+�*��0_� ,T "d���2012 �
��1�$ �� C�B;� N�;�Xm x��^� +0 ,8J5 $��>� �]
��&= x�$%� ( ��"��>� ��1�$ �� 4�J/F w7 ,��w ( u/1 �1�$�� ,T "d���2012 �4��^�� ( 4J/e5[
A��[����P:
a�1= W�;�� kh��;�*�� I�� (� ��L*] �3���,¡�Q/� x���Av�/�� ¾������ $����>� ?����1= D��"l�M H$0Ê
�9+�*��0 ��&_ :"��M ( r�#s�H �+��*�� HI��J��²[ H$0¢0 K�$0� J]� ��L"B��&0 ��"���� ������ ()�& D����;� V �
%� b CB'� �"a"^��1,b 70 �;S�� �& �] :L]�FHI��J�� :"��M i�F \&4�a�0 ,�a�;��� �L]��#=0 2��/;#�
s bAv�/�� ���9& K�1�$� I��j0 ������ K�$��L& �]��a�; �"B"��M .v��&0 G�X=V �, � �] H����g H��]��& C&
H����g 67 �5���s� ,��3�� ��al��� �"h��J�� �E*�� ���+� ���Ac= kh���;*�� x���^;� u�$ ��;�� ( ���"*&p�� H ����
|��00[ * * *
+V���� �(�-�� ��b��
]��:��b�� �� �� #�� +V�P :
I�"�� ,g��� �=� 2006 [�� ��"���� ������ W�B��& ��1$�� ��j$�K�$�L& o�$ ;� ®�1%� ¶���� DE�� ( H +�*�� HI��J��
�/�e�� ."EZ ( ���<=0 HI���J�� ��Q# :¼����0� [ ����1$,H$�9*& R� R;Sj�& ,�"Bd�O� ��&�'� I�+$p��
;� /] ,T "�1�/&= ,�"*�1�>�0G �� � 2016[� K�"�"M��1�89��*�� :��;����[ ,60%� ����/e�� xy��] :$�� )��*�� HRS����
�]�/e��0 C�g�;��0[
![Page 37: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 419 –
xy��c ,�� � 2013 [��������� K�$��L��0 :"��a�� �"B*M .�ae�� [H���J�� :u;^�� ¬�][
xy��c ,�� � 2008 [�89�*�� :��;��[ xy�]:$�� )�*�� HRS��� C�g�;��0[
] W��* ��L��1 ,���e�2017 [����<= k&���#� ���] :h���+ W��B"��M \��&%� :"����a& ���"B*M ( �9��+�*��0 $����>� K�"�"M���1�
T�^a�� [ ,�"]y;jm� K�1�$ �� ���23�1� ,53 −73[ Ñ� /] ,H�5��'��2015 [� ( 89�*�� :��;�� ���/& �1$�� G�;S&�
��"���� �"�1�1%� ���v��� ��/�e� ��"���� ������ o�$ M ( ���# ��Lj0 \�& q��^�� �/E�+0 �a"�U��� ��"�M W;��� &
,���L"B��& :���]0 ���"�� ���"���� K����&�'� ����Z� ����� ,oa*��13�4�,117-141[
$��*& \ \� �� ��`�2003 [�?���� x�S� :��&� ,1 ���j�$ ,K0R ,:"���7 ."�X :�*�� /] :�"B���� u;^�� $��[
$��J�� /] n��U ,���>�� 2003� [ :h��+ |�J& k&�#� �"���5V �HI��J�� �]² bS�Z ( �9�+�*��0 $���>�0 ��Lj��� �;&�E��� �
���/�e� W��h��J�� ?��";��1m� ( ®���1%� C��1�;�� DE����� �q�^�� ��5�}[R� H�$�;c� �v0�F= H$�9*&[ xy�] ��&�j �
x�$%� ,�"���� K�1�$ �� �"����� �[ ���7 ,�S�y���2012 [��;&� G & ���&�j ( ��"�� ��"�c �/�F q
:�����# ���Lj0 \��& T�a9���� R��/�;�� K�$���L� .��h�vH¢�Q�� .X�� :LLj��M W;�� K���E��0[ ���&�'� ����
�"Sa*��0 ����� K�1�$ �� �"&�1s� ,�1�, 219 −242[ ,�����$7 :����^�� ��/] ,±�&���j ���=0 ;."]y��1� [2012 [� ���<=
HI��J�� ( WB"��M k&�#� *�� HI���J�� K�$��L& �"B*M ( H +�G ��� ���"]� s�0 H ��+�*�� ����;^��0 H ��+�*�� DE���� ���/�F
x�$%� ( ¶������[ ,r���Q¦� |����*�� ����&�j �����26,
1028−1058[ ~= ,T "d����� [2012 [� ?���1@ ��"���� ����� o�$ M �"�]�5� �
( $����>� :�R��^aM0 C��1�;�� DE���� ���/�F ."E��Z� �0 Wh��J;1m�4��^�� ��[���1$ H$�9�*& R�� R;Sj�&[
,�"���� K�1�$ �� 810%� i)�� ��&�j� xy][ K��j ,H���1;|��U ,TRa���0 � [2013[� ³�$��;�� o�$ �M
N�9�;cm�0 $���>� W�;J��e )�] T��>� DE�� �/�e��."E�Q;��0 �+��*�� R^a;�� ( ��w �<=0� � :¤ ��[ K��1�$�
��� ��� ������� ,40�2� ,1622 −1639[ ;.�"` ,�";�d70 ;T �� ,.�&�g0 ;g���5 ,.J]0 ;K��j ,H���1
,?�+�] �=0 G ��2006 [�89*�� :��;�� : �����*�� b�P"/e;��0[ xy] :)*�� i0)�� $��[ ±��5 ,W;"�S���2006 [�W]� �s�0 �+�*�� R^a;�� [ �$7 : ¬��]
¡� >� u;^��[ ±��5 ,W;"�S���2017 [�"M�1� �<= ��"B*M ( 89*�� :��;�� K�"��
( ®��1%� C����� DE��� �/�F G � Wh��J�� ?��";1m������Q# :¼������0 x�$%� [�����1 ������ ����&�j ����� −
,����� ������29�2� ,197 − 221[
H0�& ,W*")���2006 [�N���Q#m� ?�/1=0 �J����� [H����J�� :¡� >� ?�;^�� $�� [
d�$ ,{�Q*���� 2004 [��$�L& G�;S& K�� ����� ( H +�*�� HI��JG � �"���� ( b"�1�1%� C�S���0 ±��S�� baE�� �/�F
( ���"jw�B*��0 ���&���� ±$� ���� ����0�K�$���&s� ���"���� H Q;�� [H$�9�*& R�� R;Sj�& ���1$[ ,��"#�$%� ���&�'�
xy][ ���d�]$;u��M�$ , ��B} ,T�� ��J&0� 2005� [h��J�� K�$���L�� ���"
Ph��F �"�;^��0 �¼�"�"M�1�0 �LS�$ M[xy] : HRS�� $��
![Page 38: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
] xy�7 ,�*�/] |�;a�� /0�a]�S�� B} ~=: H +�*�� HI��J�� H$�L& �"B*M ( �9+�*��0 $��>� ?��1= �� �;1� 89*�� :��;�� �<=[[[
– 420 –
�]�/e��0 C�g�;��0 )*��[ ~= ,H��/]�1988 [� yL;�+�]0 ³B�� b�0�^�� baE*�� Dh�l0
G ��� ���"*L&���0 ���"*L�� ����"��0 �E��;Xm�0 o*'�������� T�#�A�� ¡��A�� DE�� ?�F [ ��"�� ( ¡Q/�� ���
oa*�� :�]0 ,�"*�� ��&�j ,(1)2 ,167 − 206[
����& ,T$���/�� ��/] ��2010 [� ���¼�J"/eM0 HI����J�� �"j���^"��1² ���� ���� [xy]�:�]�/e��0 C�g�;��0 )�*�� HRS�� $�� � �[ ��� ,¥��]�2002 [�����ae�� ���]7 ( �����+ [ ����ae�� ����
,�"B*;��06�2�P9&� ��&�j ,[ \� �� |�U ,��]�2000 [�Òa*��0 T��� :��J;��0 ±�"J�� [
H���J�� :�^a�� $��[ H "g ,{�+�[2013� [ ���v p�c�B;�� 89*�� :��;�� K�"�"M�1�
u��e��[H����J�� ,60%� ��/e�� : )�*�� ������� ��/;^�� C�g�;��0[
p�p��� /] ,¾�J���1990 [��"S�a*�� �QE��� o�1=[H����J�� :����� ��L*�� �/;^&[
& Y] ,$�c �2003 [���"j���*^;�� ��5�J<0 ��"�� [H����J�� : $��¥���� �^a��
��B} ,��">�0 ;P"5�M ,W]�&� 2007[� ��&���� o�$ ;�� Ph��F� [xy] ,�A��A�� ��/e��:C�g�;��0 )*�� HRS�� $�� [
���a"e� ,����/�� 2008[� ���"B*M ( ��"��U%� �E��*�� $yA;��1�H +�*�� HI��J��[�/e�� $7 ,60%� �: ¡� �>� u�;^�� ¬��]
C�g�;��0 )*��[ Y] ,$�c &0 ;��B} ,�+�*��0 ;WQ;5 ,o#�� �1981 [�= K�"�1�1
����� :"��M �"*� �� �"��0 �"����[H���J�� ,60%� ��/e�� : �5�JA�� $��[
��N�$^:��b�� ��.�V*� +V��� P: Bani Atta, S. (2017). The impact of an educational program
based on dialogue and discussion strategies in the
development of concepts of intellectual security (In
Arabic). "Journal of Social Studies, 23 (1), 53-73
Cochran, J. (1992). Reading in the Content Areas For
Junior High and High School. Boston: Allyn and
Bacon.
Ja,'afara, A. (2015). The level of practice of the principles
of active learning in the teaching of the Arabic
language for students of the upper stage in the
departments of education Rusaifa and Qaseeb al-
Karak from the perspective of its teachers (In
Arabic). Journal of the Union of Arab Universities
for Education and Psychology, 13 (4), 117-141.
Khamaisa, I. (2012). The extent to which the students of the
Faculty of Education at Hail University have the
skills of oral expression from their point of view &
the difficulties they face in the lecture (In Arabic) .
Journal of the Islamic University for Educational and
Psychological Studies, (1), 219- 242.
Obadah, Ahmad.(1988). The functions of the cerebral
hemispheres of the brain and their relation to sex,
competence & professional & non-occupational
tendencies among students in the third year
secondary school (In Arabic). Journal of Research in
Education and Psychology, Minia University, 2 (1),
167-206.
Rabab'a, I, Abu Jamous, A. (2012). The Impact of an
Educational Program on Critical Reading in the
Development of Critical Reading Skills & Criticism
& Creative Writing among10th Grade Students in
Jordan (In Arabic). Al- Najah University Journal of
Research,26,1028-1058.
Sa,'adah, Jawdat and Al-Thofeery, Salah. (2013). Teaching
history to the 11th grade students in the ways of
dialogue & discovery & the impact on critical
thinking & collection (In Arabic). Studies in
Educational Sciences, 40(2),1622-1639.
Saliti, F. (2017). Effect of active learning strategies on the
development of reading comprehension Of the fourth
grade students in Jordan and their attitudes towards
them (In Arabic). Journal of King Saud University,
Educational Sciences, 29 (2), 197-221.
* * *
![Page 39: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 421 –
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� , 421 − 449 ������ ,�2019��1441���
��� � ���� � ��� ����� �� �������� ����� �� ��� ������ ��!�"#� ���� $� ��%& � �'(�#� ��)!2030
����* +,%-� � ��. � ,#� �� /11 "#$%�� ��&�'
� ( )*�� � +03�05�1439;��)*�� ./+0 ( 14�03�1440���
#�2(34$: 12 3��4�� 56 7�8� 9:/�� 3 ; ���&�� ��#�� ��#�< =��/��> ? �� @A����<B� C��DE� ?�4F& G�H<0 ����#%�� =�I�J�� �KI�L �'I� =��/��M�� @A����<B� C���DE� ?�4F�&0 �����#%�� =�I��J�� �KI�L N O�/PIQ� �'I� � R0 ,"#$%�� S ,@>��/PIQ� @T�U��� VJ*��� 1�2 9�:/�� �A42�0
�� W��X< �D�/4KQ� Y& Z4K�0[ \& YD�]P �*#2 12 Y%/>0 9:/[�429 �56 9:/�� .U�P0 ,"#$%�� ��&�� �#�� �#�< =�/��> \& �/��> : ��KI�L ��'I� _` aI��J& ( �#b�$�c6 ����� d0��e ��'0 ,��TP�& �'I �4D�< @A���<B� \�C��D6 ?�4F& G�H<0 �#�� �#�< =�/��M� ����#%�� =�I�J��� WI��60 f�g��� WI��6
�e.A��� h�� ,@A����<B� i ���� =�j�k4& he0 @A���<B� \�C��D6 ?�4F& G�H<0 ,=�/��M�� ����#%�� =�I�J�� �KI�L �'I� ( �#b�$c6 ���� d0�e ��'0 ,� ? � @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F&0 ����#%�� =�I�J�� �KI�L N �#b�$c6 i�� l'�& O�/PI� ��'0 ,�MmDB� ( �<I�m��0 ,n$Z4��0=�/��M�S
��6�47#� �8('�: ��oI ,W��#%�� =�I�J& ,��&�p� =�/��> ,@A���<B� ?�4F�� 2030S _________________________________________________________________________________
Leadership skills support for academic achievement for university female students of
Qassim University in the light vision Saudi Arabia 2030 Fatma Abd Al-Moneim Mohammed Moawad
(1)
Qassim University
(Received 19/02/2018; accepted 22/11/2018)
Abstract: The current research aims to identify the degree of leadership skills as well as the level of academic achievement for students
of faculty of Education, Qassim University and determine the degree of correlation between the practice of leadership skills and academic
achievement level for female students. The research was based on Correlative descriptive approach. The questionnaire was used as a research
tool. The sample consisted of (429) female students of faculty of Education, Qassim University, the results reached: The degree of practice
leadership skills for female students of faculty of Education and the level of academic achievement were high. There are statistically
significant differences in skills (conflict management and team management). There are statistically significant differences in the degree of
leadership skills of female students, and their academic achievement level according to variables of academic rate, specialization and
participation in activities. There is a statistically significant correlation between the practice of leadership skills and the academic
achievement of female students.
Keywords: Academic level, University students, Leadership skills, Vision 2030. _________________________________________________________________________________
�1� q#MZ4��0 ����� WI��E� r�4K` ,"#$%�� ��&�' � �#�� �#�<S
���� �]�A�� , S s�6666� uF�� �#�����, بريدة�v�� w&��� ,�51452S� (1) Associate Professor of Educational Management & Planning,
Faculty of Education - Qassim University.
Buraidah, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box (6666) Postal Code (51452).
x0]�E� �v��: [email protected] e-mail:
![Page 40: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 422 –
���� ���/<��& 1��2 �����F���� =����&�p� \��& ���U�c{
.�'` \�& @�*%4��0 (����� � �%4��0 �#A���� =�I�M4�� �������0 ��)�/�� �I����� G�H� U�P ,�|�'�} NFR
�0 qM~� �P0 ,�&C��� ,������M4�� =�I���/��0 V&�v� ;����> ?�4F�& ��� ( \�I�F& �:D �J&�4�� �'�P0
i0B� :x����0 ,@A���<B� I�F�� :uI�J�� I�F��S �#A*P \2 �#�0�F& ��&�p�e ,@A���<B� I�F�� 12 ,W �� p� =�v~� ��F<6 12 �|I % l��M�� �#$Z�
,�#K�I �� ����� h��> \2 ���K 0` ,�m�+�*��0 I��8� 0` ��U�e � �%P ��#�&�p� W�#8� _` �< ,�#�:/�� .A��� d�e{
��#�:/�� ��P�I�J& .%�U0 l���M�� �#$Z� �#A*4� �*#A� .�&���� ( ��#A#��P I��$�& \�& ��� ��e��P � �#A����0 �MmDB� �KI�L \& �� �:#4P �0 ,=�/4]��0 =�v4Z��0
���#2�4'Q�0 ���#*T��0 �#�������� S ���#�&�p� ����#/�� (0 ,s��M�� �b�&C0 �PHP�K` �& .2�T4�� l��M�� �#M4F� 9��:/�� d���> ( �F��TD 1��2 ��4��2Q� 1��2 sI ��4�0 l����M�� �#$��Z� ����* 1��2 2�F��� ���L ��$��%4KQ�0
�#�/%4F���,�0� �� 2017 , 366S� �����F��� =���&�p� ��%P ,uI�J�� I�F�� ����0
�� �#A*P ( "J& I0 ��J*& ,�T�4} I�$ ���M� =�I�J @�4�� ��#'I�~�0 �#��� �� �#D� #�� =�c���0 =�I��w�� ������� ���%P ��< ,s�M�� =�I�J& .%U 12 .A�P
=�I���%�� �*U ( s�M�� ���� �#�M�� ��I�m4KQ� ��L ;s�M�� �AJ�� ����#%�� =�I�J�� ? c6 v4�P @4��0
&���� "Jb�4D� \& �w� Cw���0 ���*��� "Jc0I �e��0 �� ��/��� uI���J�� .�F���� .��A�� ���< ,"JF��TDX "J4��%� =�I�J& �#A*4 ���K G��� ��&��< �����F�� =��&�p� ��Je G����� ����&�' Y���K G�H��< ,������#%�� s���M�� ���#�2 h���M� ��I� I���%& i������ _�������0 i0��/��
��#�&�p� �K�I �� =�I�J& �B� =�I�J�� �*A�4&{ �#K�K W�#8� �& �#]4�� 12 s�M�� W 2�F� d�T4��0 ���*��
���#�&�p��e����E� ��� R =�I���J& 1��2 ���b��4cQ Y+��� WI��60 =����0B�� S,uv#~� 2016�S
�#��c =��&�p�0 =�#�]�� �#�2 w]P�P �L �+�MD�0{ {
���#� ����2`0 ��K�I �� �2�%& � �%P ��` ��e� 12�0 l4]��0 ��I 4�� ��#4:4�� �#*/��0 �P�#/A]��0 =�/4]�
�H�� \�& #T4F�� _` l���M�� �#�0�F�& _�e ,YDD����:'�D "���P �#�A2 56 ����0 �T�� S _��]� @�]�0
�Q ��/�M�� \& \]L � 2 v<B �&��0 �:'�D "��4��{
\�& q%e �#� ,"��4�� �#�A�� �:��0 3� �` ��'0 \&3� ���` ����'0 �����`0 .�� ,?���4:�� 9��#c �:����0
���J%#%R l��'���� �����]T�� =�I ��%��0 =�I���JA�� S�;_�&�#D ,uI�]K ;j�I�P�<2010 ,209�
��]�A�� ���oI @�F�P ,d�#F�� =�r (02030 ( ,�#$Zm�� ��* 12 I��%�� "#��4�� je�P 56 "#��4�� i��
![Page 41: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 423 –
=��/�M4& ��#/�4� l�I �4��0 "#���4�� ���D WI + w�w�P0 d��K =��'�#4c�0 �#A*4�� l���M�� s�F�<60 ,.�A���
�r _���]#� W ��#A8� =�#<��F����0 =�I���J��0 3I������ ,W�����0 WI��/��0 W��#%�� �0� �$4P ��%4F& �#$Z� @��2�4'Q�0 a�H���� @2����� \��& (���]�� I ��%�� �; ���0 ,���#A#��4�� ���KI��� ( ���� p� 1��2 ��#<X4��0 ,(���%���0
��T��0 =�#%4��� I��c0 �MmDB� .#�TP0=�#�� S �%#�0 �]�A�� ��oI2030 ,�#A*4��0 ��$4+Q� ��� ,40S�
\������� ( j�X��4�� 1��2 WI ��%�� @��*�P W����#%��0��*#�& 3� ��` h�#%R ��:D "J>�mD �#'�P0 S $�%�0
���J4#A*P \��]A�0 ,���+�0 �2��� .��A��� ���` WI���J��Wv~�0 �KI��� S
������#%�� =�I���J�� $��%�0[Leadership Skills � ,����e .��< .����� W����'��� =���D�]&E� \��& ���2�A�
@�4�� �� �cB� \�& =��D�]&E� G�P �J�P _` \]A�0 \�]A� @�4�� 0` ,@'I��~� ��+���� ( ���T�� �� ���4� I�e0 .�� �� \& �P�r ��T�� 3�m]4K� i�� \& �JA��P 3�K ,@%#%8� j�X4�� �#T#<0 W��#%�� =�#*%4� ��T�� "��P
12 �I��+ _�]�{ H��B� \�& ���T�� \�]� @4�� �%��� ��* [
=�� �:4�� ��J'��&0 =�I���%�� r��¡�0 I�&B� ��&w¢ S�,7���� "#��4�� �#D�M�v�� �#���� �#A���<B� 2017� �< ,
56 ����#%�� =�I�J�� ��JT& jm�� �MmDB�0 =�#<��F�� h�#%R 1�2 �P 2�F�� ��2�A��� �b�+ �J& Z4F�� @4��
F��&0 ������£` "Je� ���` h��#%R 1��2 �����2B� W 2��#$Zm��¢� S,i�< 2010, 362�S
��X �#b��'6 ����#%�� =�I�J�� 3��P0{ [: \& �2�A� ��J4#A*4 "#$%�� ��&�' ��%P @4�� =�+�M��0 =�D�]&E� 0` �Mm��DB�0 =���T#�]4�� i���� \��& =���/��M�� ? ���
�K�I �� �2�+ ¤I��0 .��� �#�A��� �KI���0 l�I 4�� , ,q#��MZ4�� =�I���J& 1��2 7���8� 9��:/�� g��4%�0 WI��60 ,=�]m���� .��c0 I����%�� r���¡�0 ,i�$��PQ�0
.�A��� h���e WI��60 ,f�g�� S =�I��J�� G��P "2 �P0 h�e0 =�I��J�� �H� =� c0 ,�/��M�� @A���<B� ���B�
��oI =�J'�P2030S @A������<B� C�����DE� 3������0[Academic
Achievement�DX : �F�� 1�2 l��k4�� �Jp� iH/� @� i���U��� W�������0 �#��K�I �� ����J�� ���B =���$����
3� ���¥�¢� , #F���� 2011 , 374� ��� $��%� ���< ,� �4�K�I� ( l��M�� �%%� uH�� @A���<B� ���B� �'I�
1��2 i�$��8�0 W����'E�0 \]A4���� w��#A4�0 ���#�&�p����b�&C \��2 ���TP�& ?�4F��&¢� S,? ���w��0 ¦'���T~�
2013 ,74�S �#b��'6 @A���<B� C��DE� $%�0{ [: ���/��M�� WI +
.#$�:4�� 1�2 ���� �4�K�0 "#$�%�� ��&�� �#�&�p� �#��2 =���4F& 56 i�U���0 ,�#K�I �� �Je� �` h#%R0
���B� \��& S ���J*& .��&����� ���� C����DE� ( ������0
![Page 42: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 424 –
���#2�4'Q�0 �����]T�� =�I���J��0 ���#A#��4�� =�v��~��$~�0�/��M�� �#$Zm�� nb¢S
��]�A�� ��oI Y& +02030 I0 �� ��&��� ���oI =��'�} Y�#�c0 ,��)�/�� ?��%�� ����MP ( "#��4�� §�� �#�e0 ,���o��� �H�� ( ��4��Q� \& l#$* "#��4��
�����F��� =���&�p� ���M4�� lD��' ��� : ��]�A��,"#��4�� WI�C0 ,�����F�� �#���� 2017� ,����oI ��%#�0
�]�A��2030 ,�#A*4��0 ��$4+Q� ��� ,40� .�+B� 1�2 ������K =��&�' �¨ ©/$P _` .�e`�200 ��#�0� ��&�'S
WjF���� ��U�� ��&���� =���D�# W ��2�+ ��m��D6 56 W��]/�� "#���4�� .�c��& \�& �� s�M�� �#K�I ��{
"#����4�� =���'�} �����4& .��'` \��& ���& %4�� .��c�����J*#FR0 �JA��%P0S
f� ��z� Ww��T:�� ���#A#��4�� ����#/�� NF��R �I������ ����*0 ,�A4����� "#����4�� O���/PI�0 ,I���]4Q�0
.A��� d�K =�/�M4& �#/�P0 ������ ��)/��S
��&C��� =�I��J��0 3I����� s��M�� �0wP \��& Wj��/< ���2�A� �� :4��K�0 ,./%4F���� �b���ª��
�#2�M4��0 �#2�4'Q�0 �#e�%��� �MmDB��#������0S
��DI�%& �& %4& Vb�4D C��c6 \& s�M�� N]� � �%4& �#*$�P 12 i�$8�0 �#�0 �� Vb�4*�� qK�4A
@A#��4�� .#$:4�� �#����� =����� (S
1��2 w��<�P WI���M4& ���#A#��P V����*& �� ��26 ���*0 l������ ����MP 56 �e��E� �#K�KB� =�I�J��
�#$Zm��S
��I 4�� d�M ��%PIQ� ��� "��4�� .�� @4�� .%�U0 =�I�J�� ��* 12 w#<��0 ,"���� �#�0 I�:��
f� E� �0I ��*0 �#$Zm��S
s��M�� \�]� @4�� �&C��� =�I�J�� s�F4<�[
"Je� �` h#%R �:D @�F�� \&S
����> ��#Ap �#�K�K`0 ��&�2 =�I�J& �#A*P�� 56 �e���E� ���� 8� W�#8� =�/�M4& �J'��� =�I��J
=�I��J& =�I��J�� �H�� \�&0 ,��*J& .]� �#$$Z4�� ,I���%�� r��¡� ,=�]m��� .�c , +�*�� j]T4�� ,W��#%�� ,h����e \A��� .��A��� ,@��2�4'Q� .��U��4�� =�I���J&
�T*�� q/� ,����T�� �#���F�� ,�#+��B� W0 %�� S
��e �e��P @�4�� =�Jp� �& =�<�)�� %2�0 �#�y N«�Z�� l�I 4��{�#�0{S
�]�A�� ��oI ��4�� �:��0 0 /�0{2030 n¬ �#e "��4��� ��r�'0 WwTy �#A#��P ��# ��«� ,7���� "#��4�� ��/�M� @A����<B� C���DE� =���4F�& �eI 12 2�FP ����*0 ,�#$��Zm�� l��D��' ����4} ���#A*P0 ,����&�p�
"��4�� �#�A�� �A2�� ���]� �J4#A*P0 =�I�J��S ��#B �����D0 ��$���� =�r =���#�B� ����2 �
=��K�I �� ��%4D� ��c�/�� YA4�� �H� ,9:/�� f���A
![Page 43: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 425 –
��>B� \�& =���e`0 9�:/�� uj�k4A �%��4�� �%�F��[
u�� �K�I� �HJe ,�� �#�A���0 ����*���2012 � Ye � ���c��� s�> ? � �#2�4'Q� =�I�J�� �� �#A*P 56
.��c .���& WI���*�� ���*� �� �����D���� ���%��M =�]m���� =�I��J& ,I���8� ,\������ ��& .�&��4�� \e ,�#2� 6
u����#%��0 u ��#<�4�� ���F���� S _` Vb���4*�� Y:���0`0 ���'I Y��D�< s���M�� ������#%�� =�I���J�� ?�4F��&
�MK�4& S @A�F��� ��K�I� Y��U�P �<�2012 � _` 56 ��A�DB� ( ����D���� ���c��� s��> ? � Y+��� WI��6
�� ���#A#��4�� ���'I Y��D�< ���K %�� �A��U���� ���T�4Z�MK�4&S
\��& ���2�A� @A�����<B� C����DE� ���'��� ��+0 ����� ��K�I� �J4�0�*P =�]m���2012 � ��/�> ? ��
��J*&0 3�p� ��&�' ( ��j�:4�� �*F��� ��4��� � �2 Y4m��P0 ,s���M�� �#��K�I �� =�]m���� WHP���KB�
W ��2�/4& _���/& W ��2 N�� �#��K�I �� =���2�%�� ����4P , 1�2 =�I��/4�Q� w�#<�P0 ,�c�K� _0 =�®�:�� i0� ��p� ������� ��#2��& "c�w��P0 ,I����]4��0 ¯��T8� W����� h/F��� j��:4�� s�M�� ��4�� � 2 ,�#K�I ��
i��e @A���<` ���I6 ��'0 � 20 ,�#K�I �� S� \�2 ��&` ��K�I� Y�U�P �#A���<` �/�M��0 WHP�KB� N i�$PQ�{
���%&� 2013 � ����2` N @A���<B� i�$PQ� �+�0 _` �b��M�� ���&�' ( ��#�� �#�] �/�M��0 ��I 4�� ��#�
�%%� �& "�` _` Vb�4*�� YTm< �< ,�MK�4& �'I ��' �#A*P l��M��0 @�&�p� r�4KB� N @A���<B� i�$PQ� =���&����� je���P0 ,"; ��� �A#�F���� j��]T4�� O���D`
�� �#���K�KB� =����&����� i�����/P0 ,����K�I �� ����%��4 =�I����%�� r���¡� 1��2 s���M�� W 2�F��&0 ,I���]eB�0
"J4K�I �%��4�� �A#�F��S �#��K i° ���K�I� Y:���0`0�2013 � C���` _`
=���&�p� s��M� ���F<6 @k/*� @4�� ����#%�� =�I�J�� 12 s�M�� ���P ,Y+��� WI��6 =�I�J& @� �����F��
0 �A�DB� ��c� r��¡� WI�J& s�M�� s�F<6 ,ND��%��I��%�� S x��M:%�� ��K�I� Y��0�*P ��<�2013 � ��'I�
s�M�� u��#%�� ���F�� �#A*4� i�$PQ� =�I�J& h#/MP ���TP�& ��'I Y�D�<0 ,���]F���� ���� G��� �#�] ��#` \�2 s��M�� 56 � �:4�� =�I��J�� G�P "�`0
��2 "J�#�m��P0 ,=�®���:�� i���� W����#%�� W���<�y 1 N�#�P0 ,W±����� =�]m��� ��J'��� �����#+ �+��& .�/%P 1�2 "� ���P0 ,�T�4} ����#+ lU�*& ( s�M��
����*/�� I����8�0 ��%*�� S _� #����� ���K�I� Y���U�P ���<�2014 � ? ��� i�$��PQ� =�I���J& ?�4F��& f���TPI� 56
����K G���� ���&�� ��j��:4�� �*F��� W��2 s�>������ �*� AS+0 @���C �K�I� Y&��2015 � W��` ���*/
VP���D �cX< @�&�p� l��M�� ����#%�� =�I�J�� ²�#%� Vb���4D =�T��K`0 ,���b�wp� ( ����+I0 ����&�� "��4����
![Page 44: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 426 –
�4K ��'0 \2 ����#%�� =�I�J�� ²�#%� §&���� .#�:4�� ��/m��& .��&��2� �<I�m���� ,Y��+��� WI��6 ,q#��MZ4��
WI��6 ,I��%�� r�¡� ,�#D� '���=�]m�� .c ,f�g��S� C���DE� ?�4F�& 1�2 W������ .�&����� �/F*��0 3� ���K�I� Y���U�P ,����&�p� =���/��M� @A�����<B�
�2015 � "�� "��4��� I��$& @� .&����� �H� "�` _` 56 =�I��%�� "�� ��I �4�� ���#� ��2 "� "��%4�� l#��K` .#�F�4��0 i��/%�� ��J#��0 ��I �4�� d��>0 �#K�I ��
�IE�0 v' �K�I� YTm<0 ,@A���<B� ���2015 � \2 s�M�� @A���<B� C��DE� N ���� �#�«6 �+�2 ��'0 ��#p� f�4��KQ�0 ,.%4F��� "��4���� s���K` \��& .�<0 ���P�I % l����M�� ���%�0 ,�$���� ( \������� I���]eB =���4F��&0 ,3� ���B� h��#%:4� ���#�e� ��0 ,���#A#��4��
=�]m��� .c0 ,�#����� ��AM�� ,@2� �E�0 u �%*�� f����� ��4�Q�0 "��4�� �AJ& 12 w#<��0S
��' � c0�2016 � C���DE� d��P @4�� .&�����§� �#e �����F�� =��&�p� s�M� @A���<B�� : l#k4��
,��J%c ��#�&�p� ��K�I �� ���M26 ��+0 =�®�:�� \2 ,��J��0 I�&B� ���FP0 Y+��� l#P ��4�Q� ���
+ �����0 ����+ ,���&C��� �#��K�I �� =�I���J�� �e����P ���� ( ��/£��� ���� ,�T*��� 1�2 ��42Q� ��+ ,3� �B� §#����:4�� j���]T4�� 1���2 WI ���%�� ������ ,������*�� "�b��� j�£ @A���<B� n$Z4�� I�#4�� ,@>�/*4KQ�0
=�/£���0 =�I %��S�
©���U ��K�I� YA4��0�2016 � =�F��� w��w�4W A4F�� ����#%�� �J�& s��> ? �� ����/*�� �*F�� \&
I0� 56 Vb��4*�� =I��`0 ,Ww£ =��e�:A W��%�� �� 26 ,�#D��E� =�F�� �J#�� �#$Zm�� =�F�� w�w�P ( J��� J��� s�> ©*A �K�I �� YU0`0 ,�#*J�� =�F�� "�
�#%#%c ����#+ �+��& ( ����#%�� =�F�� �KI�� �U�eS e���� �K�I� Y�K0 V�2017 � "#�%�� ³#�K�P 56
1��2 �#��bI I0 ��< ���/�M�� =�#$��Z� ( ���#�«E� 56 Vb��4*�� Y��U�P0 ,�� ���#%�� �����F��� =��&�p� ��I �4�� ���#� ���2 �J#e _�]� =�KI��� \& �2�A�
���0wP ���J*&0 ����M� W0 ��+ "JA#��#%P Vb���4* ���/�M��c� ,"Jb��` "##%P d�> �e�<0 ��I�m��0 =�I�/4��� ��
56 f�4�KQ�0 u`���� �� �6 1�2 �w�#TR0 l��M�� u`I ����8� "F4P �#A#��P ��# je�P ,�T�4Z�� ��*�� =�J'0 9:/�� �:D s�M�� �#'�P0 ,W � p� I�]eB� d�MD�0 ,���2�*4& I��$��& \��& =�]m��A�� i����8�0 h��A�4�� =���/'���� ���` ( ��Jp� iH�� 1��2 s���M�� �#�m��P
�Q�0 ��I�m��0��p� .A���0 �AJ�� ��w4S
_�K���� �K�I� = <`0�2017 � h�#/MP �#` 12 ,x0����4�� "��4���� 1��2 ���Ab�%�� "��4���� =�#�#P���K� ( "JF�P ���B ;����]T�� =�I�J��0 ,I��8�0 �m+�*��0[
h���> \2 ,s�M�� �#e���� �D0��� �#A*P� : ���# je��P
![Page 45: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 427 –
\�& s��M�� N�]�0 ,�#�«6 �#A#��P �#�0�F��� .�AR .��c =�I���J& ���#A*P0 ,�#��%4��KQ�0 �T*���� ���%���0 WI��J&0 ,@�2�p� .�A���0 ,.b� �/�� ��«60 =�]m�� \��]P0 ,�J4m+�*&0 I�]eB� i��/P0 ,\����� ��I° ./%P
�:'�D �#2�4'� =�+�2 S�
��K�I� ,�#/*'B� =�K�I �� \&02004) Seath, �.�&��2 �F¨ ��*� _` 12 = <` 1�2 .�A�P �#�K�K` @��0 @A����<B� C���DE� W���C� : s��M�� =� �%4�&
WI��6 1��2 WI ��%�� ,=�H���� ���#�2�e0 ,"��4���� ���U�~�I�<H4�KQ� ���# ,Y�+��� WI��60 Jp� "#�*P ,=�H�� S�
���K�I�0(steward, Ezell, DeMartion, Rifai, &
Gatterson, 2007) =�v��~� W�����C 56 Ye ��� @��4��0 ��� ,²�F��]P ����Q� \4��K�#� ����&�' s���M� ����
=��# ( ��� 8� �#'���*]4�� V&� _` Vb�4*�� Y:�0`0 \�& "��4��� �<�P ���# h���0 .U��4�� ©AF� "��4��µ x0����4�� .��A��� h��#%R0 ,s���M�� �<I�m��& i���� @4#�A�� �w#TR � %P "� \&0 W � ' .b�K0 3�m]4KQ{
�<I�m��� �e��P0 ,"��4��0 "#��4�� ��A*� W� ��4& d��M �#A#��4�� =�v~�S
��K�I� Y��0�*P0 (Donaldson, 2008) W����#%�� ,N/�T���� ²I� ���� s���M�� @A�����<B� C����DE�0 C��DE� ( W����� W��#%�� =�I�J& _` 56 Vb�4*�� =I��`0 "#��4�� s�M� �#A���<B� =�D�]&E� �#A*P0 @A���<B�
@��� ,@�&���p� .��/+ :��+�2 \����]P .��c ,�#:��U =� ��m�4�� �'0` � R WI�J& ,�#�0�F�� .AR ,=�2�g�� ,=����c��� \�0 ��P0 n#��Z�4�� WI���J& ,3�4���Q�0 .��c ,@���T��� j��£0 @���T��� i�$��PQ� =�I���J&
@�2�p� .�A��� ,=�I��%�� r�¡� ,=�]m�� S h�%:4�0 ,_0���4��0 ��%��� 1�2 ��Ab�+ �#�«6 �#A#��P ��# ( G�r
0 �� Z4K�0 ( s��M�� ���60 ,�/�K�*�� "##%4�� .b�K s���M�� ���0wP0 ,3� ���B� ����00 "��4���� ���#�A2
��'���� ��Hk4��S �K�I� Y�0�*P Nc ((Irfan & Shabana, 2012)
��K6 =�#�< s�M� @A���<B� ���B� ( W����� .&����� _` 56 Vb��4*�� Y��U�P0 ,_�4F�<� ( u �*/�� 0I0 ,��°
.&�����@�� ,s�M�� @A���<Q� ���B� ( �#�«6 W����� : ,©#:$���� ���#'�4�� ,"��4���� I��$��& , ��#p� .��U��4��
��#�]�� ��# NFR0 ,����T�� =�I�J�� "��F<60 S Y�&�+0 �K�I�(Anderson, & Lu, 2017) \�& ��2�A� ©#�
s�M���46 � ����D�� ��KI & ( ��F��� �$��� ��/��>{
���+��& ( ,N$���� "���o��` �#��+0 ,������#+ I�0�`0 "J4��4& � ���*�� =�� y �:D "|�I�$P0 @A���<B�
22 �Q��� N�#�P �� ��D` 56 Vb�4*�� Y�U�P0 ,�2�/K` {
=�I��/4�Q� ( "|Q ��& =��C ����#+ I�0�` ( s�M�� �J'0 \& ���*�� =�� y "�` YD�<0 ,�#b�J*��0 �#�$T��
� R0 Jp� "#�*P "���D=����0B� S
![Page 46: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 428 –
�c�K �| J� @4�� �%�F�� =�K�I �� 12 �/#%�P0{
( =��K�I �� G��P Y�0�*P + ,u��� uI��E� �]T�� j�k4A< ������ "#���4�� s��> =�I��J& �� �JA��& 7��8� 9�:/�� ���'0 ,@A����<B� C��DE� \2 .$T*& uj�k4& N q��� i�� \& �#�:/�� W��T�� F� ��0�y
K�I �� �]�A�� ��oI =����6 \& W��T4KQ�0 ,�2030 ( G�r h#%RS
C���DE� jk4& �%�F�� =�K�I �� �� Y�0�*P0 =��+���� 0` ��#�2 W����� .&����� 9#c \& @A���<B�
�J'��P @4���Seath, 2004; Irfan & Shabana, 2012; , ������ 2012,3� ; 2015 S� =���K�I� Y���U�P0
�Steward, et al, 2007,�����%& ; 2013,_���K���� ; 2017 � "JF�� s�M�� ? � =�I�J�� �� �e��P _` 56[
���D0���0 "#�F���� j��]T4��0 ���#A#��4�� "|�v��� ���AD ( ,i�$PQ� =�I�JA< ,�#A���<B� "|Q �& �eI0 �#e���� .�A��� ,"#���4�� ��#'���*]P �� Z4�K� ,=�I��%�� r�¡�
,I����8�0 �m��+�*�� ,x0����4�� .��c ,�#�0�F���� .��AR\����� ��I° ./%P ,=�]m��S
=���K�I� Y��U0`0�,x���M:%�� 2013,©����U ; 2016; (Anderson & Lu, 2017 ���F��� ��#A*P i��c
,�����#+ ��+��& W�<�y 12 "J�#�m4 s�M�� u��#%�� W����C 12 �]�*� �L ,����#+ �+��&0 I�0�` ( "J*##�P0
@A���<B� "���4F&S
�('9�:;��:
.�c��& ���<` \�& ��#�&�p� �K�I �� ��c�& v4�P �#$�Z� .%�U ( �#�bI I0� \�& ��� ��� ��#` W�#8���#�&�p� �K�I �� l�M4P0 ,@*J�� ��/%4F& � R0 l��M��
I�&` @�0 ;W #' �#A�2 �#T��0 W���&0 J'0 =�I�J& ( .m�T� �+ "J*�& ��/��� \�]�0 _0j��]�� �J]�4A�
h#%:4� �JT#ª�P�e � S �K�I �� ( _�>�Z*� \& �/FD0 @A����<B� ?�4F�� x P l/F ����A]� Q "� �#�&�p�
7��c sI�%P�20 �% =���&�p� ( N���/%�� 7��¸6 \&�����F��� S,_��~� 2016 ,3 −6�S
����%P ©�0`0� ��#���� ��]�A�� ,"#���4�� WI�C0 ,�����F��2017 � ��'��P @�4�� =�� �:4�� "�` "#���4��
1�2 Ww�T:�� ��#A#��4�� ��#*/�� ���� �J*&0 u���F�� =�I�J&0 �#$Zm�� =�I�J�� ��� ,I�]4Q�0 f� E� V����*�� W����' x ��P ,s���M�� ? ��� ��+�*�� j��]T4�� =�I��J& ����0 ,�� #�%P ��I P d�> 12 ��42Q�0 =��'�} ��Ab��& ��� ,�#F�I 4�� ��#�� ? � "��%4��
�I ��4��0 "#����4��.��A��� d���K =���'�#4c� ���& l� , =����K�I� =I�����`0� ,3�2015 ,�����' ;2016 ;
,_�K����2017 � ? � @A���<B� C��DE� ��� _` 56 l#���K` 56 ��'�� �����F��� =���&�p� s�> �� "#���4 ��4��Q� _0� ��e���� N�%�P 1�2 �Ab�%�� "��4��
I �� =�I�J�� �e��P ��+ ,�J4#A*P0 j]T4�� =�I�J& ,�#�K�
![Page 47: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 429 –
,����*�� ( ��/£��� ���� ,�T*��� 1�2 ��4�2Q� ��+ ��/£I0 =�I %� "b��� j£ @A���<B� n$Z4�� I�#4�� =��D�]&E� n�%D ,Y+��� "#�*4 ��4�Q� ��+ ,l��M��
"��4���� I��$��& �����0 y0 ,=�w��#J�4��0 S Y���U�P0 \& .< =�K�I��,�#F�� i°2013 ,����%& ;2013 � 56
? � =�I�J�� ��� �����F�� =��&�p� s�> ��i�$PQ�0 Y+��� WI��60 I��%�� r�¡� =�I�J& .�&S
C���DE� ?�4F�&0 "��4��� _` �:��0 0 /�0 �H�{
�#$�Z� ���*/� ��&C��� =�I��J�� ��X4� + �/�M�� ? � =��K�I �� ��0 ��I�%4�� �#�6 =I��` �� ���D0 ,����#+
��<B� ?�4F�� ��� 56 �#�:�� �%�F�� G�H�<0 ,@A� ,�����F��� =���&�p� s�M� �&C��� =�I�J�� ��� \�& ����#%�� =�I�J�� jk4& 12 w<j� 7�8� 9:/�� ��' "��2� ( =�I���J�� G���P ���#ª�4 "4��; ��� ' I����*& =��J'�P ���� ( @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F& NFR0
�����F�� �#���� �]�A�� ��oI2030 S :;�� <�= :
/�� 3 ; ��KI�L �'I� 12 3��4�� 56 7�8� 9: @A����<B� C���DE� ?�4F& G�H<0 ,����#%�� =�I�J�� l�K�*4� �� ,"#$�%�� ��&�� �#�� �#�< =�/��> ? �
�]�A�� ��oI =�J'�P �&2030 ��'I� � R G�H<0 , C���DE� ?�4F&0 ����#%�� =�I�J�� �KI�L N O�/PIQ�
�/��M�� ? � @A���<B�=S
�>)�$4� : � �:4� ,��e� �`0 9�:/�� ��]m�& � R ��� (
a�� �#b����� io�F��4�� : ������#%�� =�I���J�� ���+�0 ���& ��&�� �#�� �#�< =�/��M� @A���<B� C��Dz� �A2� ��
�]�A�� ��oI =�J'�P ��� ( "#$%��2030 f��T4P0 ?�#P�� =Qo�F4�� �*&:
1− �KI�L �'I� �&=�/��> �#�< ���&�� ��#��?\���D �J'0 \& ����#%�� =�I�JA�� "#$%��
2− ��#�< =��/��M� @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F& �&?\���D �J'0 \& "#$%�� ��&�� �#��
3− �'I� ( �#b�$c6 ��Q� =�r d0�e '�P .� =�I��JA�� "#$�%�� ��&�� �#�� �#�< =�/��> �KI�L
���<B� C����DE� ?�4F��&0 ������#%�� ���'�P \��� @A�� 3�4���Q� ,@A�����<B� i ����� ,@A�����<B� ?�4F����
�MmDB� ( �<I�m�� ,n$Z4���?
4− ���'I� N� �#b�$��c6 i�� O��/PI� ��'�� .�� @A����<B� C���DE� ?�4F�&0 ����#%�� =�I�J�� �KI�L
?"#$%�� ��&�� �#�� �#�< =�/��> ? �
���",�?@���&�AB :;�� : � ���K�I �� 3 ��| ���+�0 1��2 3����4�� 56 ���#D� #�
���&�� ��#�� ��#�< =��/��> ? �� �����#%�� =�I�J�� \�C����D6 ?�4F��& 1��2 3����4�� G�H��<0 ,"#$��%�� N� O��/PIQ� ��'I� 1�2 ����` 3��4��0 ,@A���<B�
![Page 48: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 430 –
@A����<B� C���DE� ?�4F&0 ����#%�� =�I�J�� �KI�L S0 ,@>�/PIQ� @TU��� VJ*�� 12 9:/�� A42� �4/�K�*�
�e� �`0 9:/�� ��#/> �&S :;�� C�4D:
9��:/�� ���A4� \A���P�835 � =���4F���� ���/��> �#A���<B��9�����0 x�����\&����0 ��F�� � ��#�� �#�]
− \�� �20 �T*��� "��2 "F�% "#$�%�� ��&�' �530 � \�� 20 �U�~� �#�� "F+0 ,�/��>�305 ��/��>S
:;�� �,� : ��� YD�]P\�& �#2�M4�KQ� �*#�75 � \�& ��/��>
��A4� \�& _�� ,"#$%�� ��&�� �#�� �#�< =�/��>º
�FTD 9:/��S \�& �#K�KB� 9:/�� �*#2 YD�]P0�429 � ��/��>
��%��M _��� "#$%�� ��&�� �#�� �#�< =�/��> \&º
�/F* ,�#%/> �#b��m2�51.37 �% ,§�UB� ��A4��� \&�%e0 ��*#��� "��c lFc0[ ,_��K�& =��0I ������� �{
\�& i0B� ��I �� .$T�� ( �D�/4KQ� \J#�2 Y%/>0 @�&���p� �������1438�1439� ©����� a�� i0 ��p�0,
�T�4Z�� =�jk4�� ��� ( �K�I �� ���e` ��C�P:
EB��/1 :1�7(43#� ��FG4#� ��� � ��H�H�� :;�� �,� C���@I
2�34� �� � ��$,� ��4$#� �� � ��$,� �TD "�2 260 60.6% 9�����0 x�����\&����0 ��F�� 215 50.1%
�U�� �#�P 169 39.4% 9�����0 x�����\&����0 ��F� 214 49.9%
����J� E� #� �� � ��$,� �K9��� �� � ��$,�
\& .+`70 39 9.1% Wj/< �'I �I��` 94 21.9%
\&70 \& .+B 85 150 35.0% �MK�4& �'I �I��` 193 45.0%
\& ��<`85 240 55.9% �I�� Q 142 33.1%
\�& 1�2B� �/F�*�� _` h�F��� i0 p� \& ©�4� "��2 n$�¡ \�& \�< �#K�KB� 9:/�� �*#2 =�/��>
�*#��� ( \J4/FD Yk�0 �T*��60.6% �/FD YD�< �*# , ��#�� n$�¡ \�& �#�K�KB� ��K�I �� �*#2 =�/��>
���U�~�39.4 S% =���4F���� I���#4�� ����'0� x������9�����0�\&�����0 ��F�� � N� d0��T�� 1�2 3���4��
=�/��M�� N .+B�0 v<B� ��I�J��0 �#A���� =���4F�� S \��& ��D���< =���/��M�� \��& 1��2B� �/F��*�� _` ©���4�0
����TP��� =Q ����� s�:��U`� \��& ����<`85 �% �/F��*55.9%� �/F�*�� _` �< , \�L \�< =��/��M�� \�& 1�2B
�/F* �MK�4& �'I �MmDB� ( \<I�m�45.0S% :;�� L��M: �D�/4�KQ� 12 7�8� 9:/�� = A42�
![Page 49: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 431 –
( �&� Z4��K� =�0�B� ����<` �����]� ,h��#/M4�� W��X��<{
Y�#* ���c�/�� �� 26 \& �D�/4KQ�0 ,����� =�K�I ��[]:�� ��I°0 ���+���� =�r =���#�B� i���� \��&N��A S
��KI�L ��'I� �� R ( ��#P�� =��]:�� 1�2 A42�0 C��Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��@A���<B� 1�2 ���* ,{
���#DC��� =�M��K�4��0 =�I���/��� �#�F��8� =�M��K�4��I�:A��� : \& .+`1.8 \�& ,� ' �TZ*& 1.8 .�+` 56
\&2.6 \& ,�TZ*& 2.6 \& .+` 56 3.4 \�& ,q�K�4& 3.4+` 56 \& .4.2 \& ,�TP�& 4.2� ' �TP�& ��<Xe S�
����4NH>� O�P : �D�/4�KQ� d �U \�& h�%:4��
� N4%��> 12 A42�: d $�� u������� d �U N�A]:�� :�Face
Validity ( N$�$Z4�� \& �2�A� 12 �D�/4KQ� Y��2[ 1�2 ���%E� I��%P �+0 ,��#A���<B� =���#%��0 �#��
@4�� =�I�/��� �/F* �J#�2 hTP�80 % NA]:�� \& ��<Xe \�& _��]4P ��#b�J*�� �|I�$ �D�/4KQ� Y:/U`0�47 �
\�I�y 12 �2C�& WI�/2S
§�� �� d�FPQ� :Internal Consistency
EB��/2 :1!�;�( ��('� ��!��B ����4H>� !B�. Q� !�. R� ��!�� ���!� S% T��@!>� �U�� �I ��� �H!�V������ ��!�"�( ���� � ���% ��%J� ��(� ��
W�K34� E��@>� ��!�"� �U'9#� R6B !�&� X�Y� Z�[� L!��A R� � \�&* L!��A WI�/��� O�/PIQ� WI�/��� O�/PIQ� WI�/��� O�/PIQ� WI�/��� O�/PIQ� WI�/��� O�/PIQ�
1 0.800** 6 0.790** 10 0.866** 16 0.618** 22 0.907**
2 0.823** 7 0.787** 11 0.833** 17 0.621** 23 0.914**
3 0.818** 12 0.846** 18 0.369**
4 0.904** 8 0.861**
13 0.838** 19 0.809** 24 0.879**
14 0.843** 20 0.791** 5 0.816** 9 0.792**
15 0.833** 21 0.818** 25 0.937**
� ����]� ��4$����� � ���% ��%J� ��(� ����� �� ������� L!�� � T��@!>� L!�� � T��@!>� L!�� � T��@!>� L!�� � T��@!>� L!�� � T��@!>�
1 0.776** 6 0.387** 10 0.619** 14 0.697** 19 0.500**
2 0.594** 7 0.382** 11 0.565** 15 0.619** 20 0.548**
3 0.694** 8 0.526** 12 0.702** 16 0.751** 21 0.624**
4 0.552** 17 0.427**
5 0.781** 9 0.535** 13 0.623**
18 0.538** 22 0.682**
** ��4$� �, ��_��6A ���`0.01/ �,� ��6 �, ��B�a� T��@!>� R�� � ���b75 �c ��4$�B 0.01 dB�$@ 0.30171
![Page 50: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 432 –
_` h�F�� i0 p� \& ©�4� O��/PIQ� =�&���& I��:A�� �#�]�� �'I ��0 �D�/4KQ� =�I�/2 =�'I� N ������0 ���/'�& O���/PI� =�&����& WI���/��� ���#�6 ���#A4*��
?�4F& *2 �#b�$c6{0.01 �D��0 d�FP� <�� �& ��0 ��& �J]�K��0 �D�/4�KQ� I0��y \�& I��y .< =�I�/2
��/�� �J��S
EB��/3 :1S% T��@!>� �U�� �!�;�( ��('� ��!��B ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V !�. �� %M ���!� W�K34� E��@>� ��!�"� �U'9#� R6B !�&� X�Y� Z�[� L!��A R� � \�&* L!��A
0.866** 0.793** 0.882** 0.898** 0.880**
** ��4$� �, ��_��6A ���`0.01/ ��6 �, ��B�a� T��@!>� R�� � ���b �,� 75 �c ��4$�B 0.01 dB�$@ 0.30171
O��/PIQ� =�&���& _` h�F�� i0 p� \& ©�4� =�I��JA�� =��/��M�� ��KI�L I�:� �#2�T�� ���B� N =�I��JA�� =��/��M�� ��KI�� ��#�]�� �'I ��0 ����#%�� �#b�$c6 ����0 ��TP�&0 �/'�& O�/PI� =�&��& ����#%��{
?�4F& *20.01& ��0 ����B� �D���0 d�FP� <�� �
�J*# �#e �J]K��0 I�:�� �H� �T�4Z��S ����4H>� ���c : �D�/4�KQ� =�'I� =�/� \& h%R[
,¼�/D0�< �T�` =�/� .&��& �� Z4K� �T�4Z�� ��I0�y0a�� i0 p� ©��& �� �< =�/��� =�&��& YD�]e :
EB��/4 :1U e���B&� �7M ���c �U�� ��� &7� �=!B�.B ����4H ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V
W�K34� E��@>� ��!�"� �U'9#� R6B !�&� X�Y� Z�[� L!��A R� � \�&* L!��A R'� !�;#� �������� ����]�
0.888 0.820 0.915 0.768 0.930 0.956 0.911
���I0�y0 �D�/4K�� _` h�F�� i0 p� \& ©�4�#2�T���#b�$c6 ���/%&0 ��TP�& =�/� =�&��& �{S
�"49b�,�B :;�� f_�4� : E�g$N�% �( 4#� f_�4,�EB�� :� ���&�� ��#�� ��#�< =��/��> �KI�L �'I� �&
?\���D �J'0 \& ����#%�� =�I�JA�� "#$%��¢S
EB�� � �� :W�K34�: EB��/5 :1��%��4H> ��!�� #� ��*�&;�>�B ��KH�4#������� ��!�"�( EB�� � �� E�6 ����K� :W�K34�I
h ��!�� � WH�4#� d!�� #� <�&;�>� �H!8#� ��!� i�@J�
4 a�/'�0 h#%R ( =����0` ½T*� ��` 3.762 1.034 ��TP�& 1
2 (� �B h/F�� q#MZ4�� 12 �c` 3.571 1.015 ��TP�& 2
![Page 51: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 433 –
C%�@ j EB��/51I h ��!�� � WH�4#� d!�� #� <�&;�>� �H!8#� ��!� i�@J�
5 �� lK�*�� Y+��� ( ��J��0 i�2B� HTD` 3.559 1.052 ��TP�& 3
1 @4K�I �%��4�� =��c��� .< \�0 P 12 .A2` 3.501 0.983 ��TP�& 4
3 a�®�y I�<H4K� ( ��H#T*4 �w4��0 �#&�� �M� ��` 2.963 1.089 �MK�4& 5 .]< i0B� �/�� xC��� qK�4�� :q#MZ4�� 3.471 0.817 ��TP�&
q#MZ4�� �KI�L � _` h�F�� i0 p� \& ©�4�[ ���4�K� q�K�4& 1�2 .$�c0 ���TP�& ��'I h%R
�3.471 � uI���#�& 3����:D�0�0.817 S� 1��2` Y��D�<0
=���4KQ�� ,a��/'�0 h�#%R ( =����0` ½T*� ��`#�MZ4�� 12 �c` i��2B� H�TD` ,(� ��B h/F��� q
�� lK�*�� Y+��� ( ��J��0 S�
k�l� � �� :E��@>� ��!�"�: EB��/6 :1������ ��!�"�( k�l� � �� E�6 ����K� ��%��4H> ��!�� #� ��*�&;�>�B ��KH�4#� :E��@>� ��!�"�
h ��!�� � WH�4#� d!�� #� <�&;�>� H!8#� ��!�� i�@J�
7 "|�v� \& #T4K�0 \���¾� � #' �A4K� 4.333 0.722 � ' ��TP�&{ 1
8 a�#&C0 aHP�K` �& @2�4'Q� .U��4�� .b�K0 � Z4K� 4.324 0.878 � ' ��TP�&{ 2
6 �#�&�p� =�T#�]4�� ���` ( a�#&C �& _0��P` 4.240 0.815 � ' ��TP�&{ 3
9 j/�4��0 I��8� �#M4K`u��D �J'00 uI�]e` \2 3.998 0.908 ��TP�& 4 .]< x���� �/�� xC��� qK�4�� :i�$PQ� =�I�J& 4.224 0.632 � ' ��TP�&{
=�I��J& �KI�L � _` h�F�� i0 p� \& ©�4�[ q�K�4& 12 .$c0 � ' ��TP�& �'I h%R i�$PQ�{
���4K��4.224 � uI�#�& 3��:D�0�0.632 S� Y�D�<0` =���4KQ� 12� \�& #T4�K�0 \���¾� � #' �A4K�
���& @��2�4'Q� .��U��4�� .b���K0 � Z4��K� ,"|�v��� =�T#�]4�� ���` ( a�#&C �& _0��P` ,a�#&C0 aHP�K`
�#�&�p� S�
:�l� � �� :�U'9#� R6B !�&� X�Y�: EB��/7 :1��K� ��%��4H> ��!�� #� ��*�&;�>�B ��KH�4#������� ��!�"�( :�l� � �� E�6 �� :�U'9#� R6B !�&� X�Y�I
h ��!�� � WH�4#� d!�� #� <�&;�>� �H!8#� ��!� i�@J�
13 �#�&�p� @4K�I �M/P��� =�I��%�� r�¡� @**]A� 3.974 0.871 ��TP�& 1
11 ��'����0 �&��� =�I��%�� � R @**]A� 3.883 0.789 P�&��T 2
![Page 52: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 434 –
C%�@ j EB��/71I h ��!�� � WH�4#� d!�� #� <�&;�>� �H!8#� ��!� i�@J�
12 �J'�20 a�]m& �K�I� *2 ��� i��c � c` 3.759 0.815 ��TP�& 3
14 a�I��+ r�¡� ( a�r 12 ��42Q�0 �T*�� ( �%��� �$P� 3.746 0.968 ��TP�& 4
15 �%��M a�]m& ²I�`��Xm lK�*�� I��%�� H¡�0 �#A�2 3.695 0.780 ��TP�& 5
10 .#'XP 0` ���P _0 a�I��+ r�¡� \& \]�` 3.650 0.937 ��TP�& 6 .]< 9����� �/�� xC��� qK�4�� :=�]m�� .c0 I��%�� r�¡� 3.783 0.687 ��TP�&
WI��J& ��KI�L �� _` h�F�� i0 p� \& ©�4�[
��%�� r���¡� ����TP�& ���'I h��%R =�]m���� .��c0 I�� ���4��K� q��K�4& 1��2 .$��c0�3.783 � 3����:D�0
uI�#�&�0.687 S� =���4�KQ� 12` YD�<0� @�**]A�
@��**]A� ,���#�&�p� @4��K�I ���M/P��� =�I����%�� r���¡� *2 ��� i��c � c` ,��'����0 �&��� =�I��%�� � R
�J'�20 a�]m& �K�I� S�
� � ��C%�& :Z�[� L!��A:
EB��/8 :1������ ��!�"�( C%�&� � �� E�6 ����K� ��%��4H> ��!�� #� ��*�&;�>�B ��KH�4#� :Z�[� L!��A h ��!�� � WH�4#� d!�� #� <�&;�>� �H!8#� ��!� i�@J�
18 \����� %D ./%P`0 @b�I� l$�4�� � � �$P` 3.753 0.909 ��TP�& 1
17 a�#&C �& 3�~� I��$&0 �&��$�� �+���� .���` 3.729 0.833 ��TP�& 2
20 �J�c0 �K�I �� O�k� �J'��& \& \]�` 3.709 0.955 ��TP�& 3
16 ��*�� =�J'0 ( 3�4�Q� *2 a�#&C ��I° N h#e�4�� @**]A� 3.606 0.727 ��TP�& 4
19 &�$~� =Q�c ( a�#&C N ©�U`� 3.601 1.059 ��TP�& 5
21 f�g�� f���& j#k4 f�± ��'0 *2 l:FD� 3.494 0.793 ��TP�& 6 .]< ����� �/�� xC��� qK�4�� :f�g�� WI��6 3.649 0.587 ��TP�&
=�I��J& �KI�L � _` h�F�� i0 p� \& ©�4�[ 1�2 .$�c0 ���TP�& ��'I h�%R �+ f�g�� WI��6
��4K� qK�4& ��3.649 � uI��#�& 3��:D�0�0.587 S� =���4��KQ� 1��2` Y��D�<0� l$���4�� � ��� �$��P`
�&��$��� ��+���� .���` ,\����� %D ./%P`0 @b�I� ���J'��& \��& \��]�` ,a�#��&C ���& 3���~� I��$��&0
�J�c0 �K�I �� O�k� S�
![Page 53: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 435 –
m��n� � �� :R� � \�&* L!��A: EB��/9 :1� ��*�&;�>�B ��KH�4#������� ��!�"�( m��n� � �� E�6 ����K� ��%��4H> ��!�� # :R� � \�&* L!��A h ��!�� � WH�4#� d!�� #� <�&;�>� �H!8#� ��!� i�@J�
22 .A��� C��D� �:D "JJ#'�P0 h��T�� ���2` ( j�X4�� @**]A� 3.056 0.765 �MK�4& 1
24 ��T�� ���2` �#�mP0 w#TR @**]A�"��I0�` ���` 12 h 2.951 0.791 �MK�4& 2
23 h��T�� ���2` 12 ��J��0 I�0�B� ��C�P �#M4K` 2.942 0.842 �MK�4& 3
25 "� ��'���� ��Hk4�� "� %P0 h��T�� ���` "��%P 12 .A2` 2.856 0.763 �MK�4& 4 .]< �&�~� �/�� xC��� qK�4�� :.A��� h��e WI��6 2.951 0.695 4&�MK�
WI��J& ��KI�L �� _` h�F�� i0 p� \& ©�4�[ 1�2 .$�c0 �M�K�4& ��'I h%R .A��� h��e WI��6
���4K� qK�4&�2.951 � uI��#�& 3��:D�0�0.695 S� =���4�KQ� 12` YD�<0� ����2` ( j�X�4�� @�**]A�
w�#TR @�**]A� ,.�A��� C���D� ��:D "JJ#'�P0 h��T��
12 h��T�� ���2` �#�mP0"�I�0�` ���` S� ��KI�L ��'I ��%��4�� Vb��4*�� n#Z�P \]A�0 �����#%�� =�I��JA�� "#$%�� ��&�� �#�� �#�< =�/��>
i0 p� (a��:
EB��/10 :1������ ��!�"�( ���� � ���% ��%J� ��(� ����� �H!�V ��!�
������ ��!�"#� �H!�V k��� WH�4#� #� <�&;�>�d!�� �H!8#� ��!� i�@J�
i�$PQ� =�I�J& 4.224 0.632 � ' ��TP�&{ 1 =�]m�� .c0 I��%�� r�¡� 3.783 0.687 ��TP�& 2
f�g�� WI��6 3.649 0.587 ��TP�& 3 q#MZ4�� 3.471 0.817 ��TP�& 4
.A��� h��e WI��6 2.951 0.695 �MK�4& 5 .]< ����#%�� =�I�J�� �KI�L����#�]�� �'I � 3.626 0.548 ��TP�&
��#�� ��#�< =��/��> _` h�F��� i0 p� ©��� ��TP�& �'I ����#%�� =�I�J�� \KI�� "#$%�� ��&�� I��:A�� ��#�]�� =�'I ��� xC���� qK�4�� ¿� 9#c
�3.626 � uI����#�& 3��:D����0�0.548� �/F���*��0 ,
I i�$�PQ� =�I��J& =���' ��#2�T�� =�I�JA�� ��' =�]m�� .c0 I��%�� r�¡� =�I�J& �J#�� ,� ' ��TP�&{
�H��0 q#�MZ4�� =�I��J& "� f�g�� WI��6 =�I�J& "� WI��6 WI��J& �j��`0 ,���TP�& ��'I ²I�� =�I�J��{
![Page 54: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 436 –
�MK�4& �'I .A��� h��e S �]�A�� ��oI <�P02030 �#$��Zm�� ����* 1��2 l��D�p� �H��� ( =�I���J& ���#A*P0
r��¡�0 �+�*�� j]T4��0 =�]m�� .c WI�JA< s�M��h��e \A� .A���0 ,i�$PQ�0 ,I��%�� S ��K�I� h�T4P0
�,�#K i° 2013 � Y��U�P 9�#c =�J'�4�� G�P �& �����F��� =���&�p� �/�M� �&C��� =�I�J�� "�` _` 56 .�/%P ,Y�+��� WI��6 ,I���%�� r��¡� ,i�$�PQ� =�I�J&
%*����*/�� I��8� , S �K�I� Y�U�P0� ,_� #���2014 �
��'I Y�D�< s��M�� ? �� i�$PQ� =�I�J& _` 56 �K�I� Y�U�P �*# ,��TP�&�,u�� 2012,@A�F��� ;
2012 � .��c =�I���JA< s���M�� ������#%�� =�I���J�� _` =���' Y+��� WI��60 \����� �& .&��4��0 =�]m��
�MK�4& �'I S 4#� f_�4,�k�l� E�g$�% �( :� C��DE� ?�4F& �&
\�& "#$�%�� ���&�� ��#�� ��#�< =�/��M� @A���<B�?\���D �J'0¢S
EB��/11 :1�������� ����]� ��4$� E�6 ����K� ��%��4H> ��!�� #� ��*�&;�>�B ��KH�4#�
h ��!�� � WH�4#� <�&;�>�
d!�� #� \;4� ��4$� i�@J�
20 �a�&�4��0 a�/£I he��� �#�&�p� @4K�I @+�:4� 4.254 0.864 � ' �TP�&{ 1
6 �#�&�p� W�#8� "�*P @4�� ©b�����0 2��%�� �w4�� 4.079 0.845 �TP�& 2
4 �#�&�p� a�/'�00 @+�%: (�]�� @2��� u � 3.855 1.071 �TP�& 3
17 �� ����+ "Je 12 �#�&�p� @4K�I� x 2�FP �A4� 3.830 1.046 �TP�& 4
2 �#�A��� a�#c ( �#�]�� @4K�I� \& #T4K� 3.823 0.989 �TP�& 5
22 @2�p� .A���0 i��T�� i�$PQ� ( aI�J& NFR 12 @4K�I� x 2�FP 3.809 0.674 �TP�& 6
21 =�]m�� .c0 j]T4�� 12 aI +0 (I��& ���MP ( @4K�I� "JFP 3.762 0.607 �TP�& 7
8 �#�]�� "��4�� I��$&0 �#A#��4�� �#D0]�Q� �+����< W � 2 �#e��& I��$& � Z4K� 3.713 1.011 �TP�& 8
7 ¯T8� \& ��<` "JT��0 @A���� j]T4�� s��K` 12 A42� 3.692 1.087 �TP�& 9
9 a�I�%& s��#4K� \& �K�I �� �2�% �& Z4F�� ��I 4�� d�> @**]� 3.571 1.040 �TP�& 10
11 �A��%P Vb�4D0 ��I �� @b��` i�c ��'�I ��HkP ¦%�P` 3.552 0.878 �TP�& 11
10 =�T#�]4��0 =�I�/4�Q� Vb�4D �� %P ( �#2�����0 ��� ��� j���& h%:4P 3.548 0.940 �TP�& 12
18 �#�]�� a�I�/4��0 a�®�y #2��& ��0 ( �I��` 3.538 1.248 �TP�& 13
3 lK�*�� @A���<B� ���IE�0 �#'�4�� ¦%�P` 3.431 1.108 �TP�& 14
12 �#�:/�� =�20)�� ( �<I�m�� �e �#�]�� 7 ©#4P 3.380 1.103 qK�4& 15
5 �#�M�� @+�%c �KI�� lK�*�� "2 �� '` 3.305 1.071 qK�4& 16
1 ��M�� N ����T�� d0�T�� ��I 4�� ��#� ��2 @2���=�/ 3.298 1.025 qK�4& 17
![Page 55: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 437 –
C%�@ j EB��/111I
h ��!�� � WH�4#� <�&;�>�
d!�� #� \;4� ��4$� i�@J�
14 W #T&0 �r�' �%��M =�I�%�� ��I 4�� ��#� ��2 �)� 3.224 1.124 qK�4& 18
19 =�]/m�� i�� i�'��� ���2B� ��I P \& �#A���� W��T4KQ� h%:4P 3.179 1.131 4&qK� 19
15 ?��` �����K =��&�� ����L =�#�< �& =�v~� i��/4� =�I��C �#�]�� "#%PS 3.051 1.124 qK�4& 20
13 "#��4�� 12 W 2�F�� WwJ'B�0 =�#*%4�� � c` �#�]�� �e��4P 3.033 1.193 qK�4& 21
16 �I �� "|�]m& �m+�*� =�/��M�� �& ��I0� =���%� �#�]�� WI��6 %�P �#K 2.972 1.232 qK�4& 22 .]< @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F� xC��� qK�4�� 3.541 0.603 �TP�&
*����K( ����]� ��4$� ��o �pUq Q� ��H!�VB ��rg� � ��Ds t
C���DE� ?�4F�& _` h�F��� i0 �p� \�& ©�4�
���4��K� q��K�4A ,����TP�& ���'I Y��%%R�3.541 � uI�#�& 3��:D�0�0.603�=���4KQ� 12` YD�<0 , :
� ,a��&�4��0 a��/£I h�e��� �#�&�p� @4K�I @+�:4�� u �� ,�#�&�p� W�#8� "�*P @4�� ©b�����0 2��%�� �w4�� x 2�F�P ,��#�&�p� a��/'�00 @+��%: (�]�� @2��� \�& #T4�K� ,��A4��� ����+ "Je 12 �#�&�p� @4K�I�
a�#c ( �#�]�� @4K�I� 12 @4K�I� x 2�FP ,�#�A���@�2�p� .�A���0 i���T�� i�$�PQ� ( aI�J& NFR S�
�]�A�� ��oI <�P02030 @A���<B� lD�p� ���MP 12 ���#A#��4�� ����#/�� NF��R i���� \��& @�&���p� l����M�� 1��2 w��<�P WI���M4& V����*& �� ��26 ,f� ��z� Ww��T:��
PIQ� ,�#$�Zm�� ���*0 �#�K�KB� =�I�J�� d��M ���% \�& s��M�� N�]� ,"��4��� 1�2 w�<�P @4�� ��I 4�� ��#�0 �� Vb��4*�� q�K�4A ��DI�%& ��& %4& Vb�4D C��c6
\�& (�]�� I %�� �� � l��> �� 26 ,��I �� .#$:4��(�%���0 @2�4'Q�0 a�H�� @2���S
=��K�I� �& Vb�4*�� G�P hT4P0 �,�#F��� i° 2013; Shabana, & Irfan, 2012 ;,���' 2016 � �#�e
C����DE� ?�4F��& 1��2 �����P @��4�� .��&����� h����4� ���J*&0 @A�����<B�� ���/£�� "��b��� n$��Z4�� I���#4��
,3� ��B� ���0 ,ND��%��0 �A�DB� ��c� ,l��M�� ,�T*���� 1��2 ��4��2Q�0 ��w��4�Q� ,�#��K�I �� =�I���J��
�#�]�� ��# NFR ,©#:$�� �#'�4�� ,"��4�� I��$&� �4�:�l� E�g$� f_ :� ��Q� =�r d0�e '�P .�
���&�� ��#�� ��#�< =�/��> �KI�L �'I� ( �#b�$c6 @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F&0 ����#%�� =�I�JA�� "#$%��
3�4���Q ���'�P \���� i ����� ,@A�����<B� ?�4F�����MmDB� ( �<I�m�� ,n$Z4�� ,@A���<B��?¢S
![Page 56: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 438 –
1− ��4$#� FG4# ��$,�%�������� :
EB��/12 :1 v�!�N� ��4$N#� <U4Nq> CN�&@ �N4�B �������� ����]� ��4$�B ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V ��!� � OB&7� �>�/ dB�$N@ �N�&w� �N�!�4271I
��FG4#� v�!�� ��4$#� x�$w� WH�4#� d!�� #� <�&;�>� � ���b ��846>� ����
(sig)
>�� ��4$��
9�����0 x���� 17.642 3.831 q#MZ4��
\&����0 ��F�� 17.070 4.311 1.452 0.147 ���� j£
9�����0 x���� 16.777 2.673 i�$PQ� =�I�J& \&����0 ��F�� 17.014 2.376
0.971 0.332 ���� j£
0 x����9����� 22.656 4.047 .c0 I��%�� r�¡�=�]m�� \&����0 ��F�� 22.743 4.203
0.219 0.827 ���� j£
9�����0 x���� 21.609 3.668 f�g�� WI��6
\&����0 ��F�� 22.178 3.349 1.675 0.048 ����
9�����0 x���� 11.535 2.636 .A��� h��e WI��6 \&����0 ��F�� 12.075 2.898
2.018 0.044 ����
9�����0 x���� 90.219 12.807
����#%
�� =�I�
J�� �K
I�L
����#%�� =�I�J��.]< \&����0 ��F�� 91.079 14.555
0.650 0.516 ���� j£
9�����0 x���� 78.056 13.092 @A���<B� C��DE�
\&����0 ��F�� 77.748 13.471 0.240 0.810 ���� j£
���by�z ��&6 ��!� �, ��B�a� 427 �c ��4$�B 0.05 ,0.01 i�@J� | dB�$@ 1.646 ,2.330
i0 ' \& ©�4��12 � ����� d0��e ���'0 � �2
�����#%�� =�I��JA�� =�/��M�� �KI�L �'I� ( �#b�$c6{
@A���<B� ?�4F�� jk4& he0� ��F��� ,9������0 x����\&����0� .A��� h��e WI��60 f�g�� WI��6 u � � 2�& ,
< %e ?�4F�& �*2 �#b�$c6 ���� d0�e ��*� YD�{0.05 \�& ��< ( \&�����0 ��F��� ?�4F�� ©��$� d0�T��0
\� �/�� S f�g��� WI��6 aI��J& _X G�r jFTP \]A�0 ����<` =�I���J&0 =�v��� l���M4P .��A��� h����e WI��60
=��/��> �*2 v�<` WI�$� h%:4P �H�0 �2�*P0 � #%�P{ {
2B� �#A���<B� =���4F��1S
�#b�$��c6 ������ d0���e ����'0 � ��2 ©���4� ���<{ h��e0 =���/��M�� ? ��� @A�����<B� C����DE� ?�4F��& (
@A�����<B� ?�4F���� j��k4&� ��F���� ,9�������0 x������\&����0S�
![Page 57: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 439 –
2− �������� E� #� FG4# ��$,�%:
EB��/13 :1��!�"#� �H!�V ��!� ��!�� #� ��*�&;�>�B ��%�$w� ��KH�4#��������� E� �( �*B �������� ����]� ��4$�B ������ `I �������� E� #�
Q� RbM70 Q�70 −85 Q�85| }* R'� �,� � ��FG4#�
WH�4� <�&;��d!�� �
WH�4� <�&;��d!�� �
WH�4� <�&;��d!�� �
WH�4� <�&;��d!�� �
q#MZ4�� 13.000 3.494 17.447 3.705 18.008 3.978 17.357 4.083 i�$PQ� =�I�J& 13.974 1.871 16.653 2.565 17.521 2.231 16.895 2.529
=�]m�� .c0 I��%�� r�¡� 19.718 3.332 22.607 3.846 23.242 4.204 22.699 4.121 f�g�� WI��6 19.821 1.848 21.853 3.440 22.254 3.666 21.893 3.520
.A��� h��e WI��6 9.128 1.809 11.953 2.475 12.146 2.864 11.804 2.780 ����#%
�� =�I�
J�� �K
I�L
�#�]�� �'I �� 75.641 9.949 90.513 12.535 93.171 13.384 90.648 13.697 @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F& 68.718 8.023 79.220 12.304 78.571 13.976 77.902 13.268
EB��/14 :1��!� � OB&7� �>��������� E� #� <U4q> C�&@ �4�B ����K� �� �������� ����]� ��4$�B ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V I
��FG4#� Q���4� !��� Z��D�� %&#�
���!���&w�
WH�4��� %&#�
� ���b
���� ��846>�
(sig)
��4$��>��
� N=�2�A�� 843.377 2 421.688 =�2�A��� .��� 6291.057 426 14.768 q#MZ4��
§]�� 7134.434 428
28.688 0.000230 0.01
=�2�A��� N 435.436 2 217.718 =�2�A��� .��� 2302.844 426 5.406
=�I�J&i�$PQ�
§]�� 2738.280 428
40.275 0.000954 0.01
=�2�A��� N 418.536 2 209.268 =�2�A��� .��� 6849.674 426 16.079
� I��%�� r�¡ .c0
=�]m�� §]�� 7268.210 428
13.015 0.00326 0.01
=�2�A��� N 199.055 2 99.527 =�2�A��� .��� 5104.013 426 11.981
WI��6f�g��
��§] 5303.068 428
8.307 0.00289 0.01
=�2�A��� N 310.624 2 155.312 =�2�A��� .��� 2996.928 426 7.035
�KI�L �'I� =�I�J��
����#%��
h��e WI��6.A���
§]�� 3307.552 428
22.077 0.000753 0.01
![Page 58: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 440 –
C%�@ j EB��/141I
��FG4#� Q���4� !��� Z��D�� %&#�
���!���&w�
WH�4��� %&#�
� ���b
�� �� ��846>�
(sig)
��4$��>��
=�2�A��� N 10313.407 2 5156.704 =�2�A��� .��� 69988.444 426 164.292
�KI�L �'I� =�I�J��
����#%��
�'I ���#�]��
§]�� 80301.851 428
31.387 0.000192 0.01
=�2�A��� N 3657.455 2 1828.727 =�2�A��� .��� 71688.433 426 168.283 @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F&
§]�� 75345.888 428 10.887 0.00249 0.01
���b/<1 ��&6 ���!� �, ��B�a� /2 ,426 1 �c ��4$�B0.01 dB�$@ 4.605
������ d0���e ����'0 h�F���� i0 ��p� \��& ©���4�
?�4F��& ��*2 �#b�$��c6{0.01 =���/��M�� ���KI�L ���'I� ( ������#%�� =�I���JA������#2�T�� �����B� ,���#�]�� ���'I ��� ,
@A���<B� i ��� jk4& he0 @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F&0S
EB��/15 :1�������� ����]� ��4$�B ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V ��!� � �7(43#� ��������� �>� #� ~�;PM ����K� S% OB&7� �>�I
��FG4#� � E� #�������� Q� RbM70/ h =13.0001 Q�70 −85/ h =17.4471
\&70 −85� � =17.447� 4.447** q#MZ4��
\&85 ��<Xe �� =18.008� 5.008** 0.561 @A���<B� i ��� \& .+`70� � =13.974� \&70 −85� � =16.653�
\&70 −85� � =16.653� 2.679** =�I�J&i�$PQ�
\&85 ��<Xe �� =17.521� 3.547** 0.868 @A���<B� i ��� \& .+`70� � =19.718� \&70 −85� � =22.607�
\&70 −85� � =22.607� 2.889** I��%�� r�¡�
.c0=�]m�� \&85 ��<Xe �� =23.242� 3.524** 0.635
@A���<B� i ��� \& .+`70� � =19.821� \&70 −85� � =21.853�
\&70 −85� � =21.853� 2.032** WI��6
f�g�� \&85 ��<Xe �� =22.254� 2.433** 0.401
@A���<B� i ��� \& .+`70� � =9.128� \&70 −85� � =11.953�
\&70 −85� � =11.953� 2.825**
�KI�L �'I� =�I�J��
����#%��
h��e WI��6.A���
\&85 ��<Xe �� =12.146� 3.018** 0.193
![Page 59: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 441 –
C%�@ j EB��/151I ��FG4#� �������� E� #� Q� RbM70/ h =13.0001 Q�70 −85/ h =17.4471
@A���<B� i ��� \& .+`70� � =75.641� \&70 −85� � =90.513�
\&70 −85� � =90.513� 14.872** �KI�L �'I�
=�I�J������#%��
�'I ���#�]��
\&85 ��<Xe �� =93.171� 17.530** 2.658 @A���<B� i ��� \& .+`70� � =68.718� \&70 −85� � =79.220�
\&70 −85� � =79.220� 10.502** @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F&
\&85 ��<Xe �� =78.571� 9.853** 0.649 ** ��4$� �, E�� SKH�4#� S% O&7�0.01
� i0 ��p� \��& ©���4� ���KI�L ���'I� _` h�F���
i ����� W�����w ���w��� =���/��M�� ������#%�� =�I���J�� ��KI�L ( =��2�A��� .�+` Y�D�< 9�#c ,@A���<B�
�� �& @4�� @� ����#%�� =�I�J��� \& .+`70� Y+�TP0 ,@42���A��70 \��& .��+B 85� ,�8512X��e � �H��� 1��2
?�4F�& �*2 �#b�$�c6 ����� d0�T �2�A���{0.01 ( �� =�I��J�� �#¸0 ����#%�� =�I�J�� �KI�� �#�]�� �'I
�#2�T�� S ��X4� @A���<B� i ��� _X G�r jFTP \]A�0��/��M�� ? �� ����#%�� =�I�J�� �e��P �'I S ��& �H��0
�K�I� �P <`;(Donaldson, Jr, 2008Anderson, M. & Lu,F., 2017) h��#%R 1��2 .��A�P W����#%�� =�I���J& _`
C����DE� ���#A���<B� =���D�]&E� ���#A*P0 @A�����<B� �����#+ I�0�`0 ��+��& ( s��M�� N�#�P _`0 ,l��M��
"|Q �& W���C ( 2�F�S
3− �������� 2�34� FG4# ��$,�%: EB��/16 :1�34� <U4q> C�&@ �4�B �������� ����]� ��4$�B ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V ��!� � OB&7� �>� �������� 2/ dB�$@ ��&w� ��!�4271I
��FG4#� �������� 2�34� x�$w� WH�4#� d!�� #� <�&;�>� � ���b
���� ��846>�
(sig)
�>�� ��4$�
�TD "�2 16.254 3.994 q#MZ4��
�U�� �#�P 19.053 3.619 7.357 0.000969 0.01
�TD "�2 16.442 2.576 =�I�J&i�$PQ� �U�� �#�P 17.592 2.295
4.711 0.000333 0.01
�TD "�2 21.927 3.822
�KI�L =�I�J������#%��
.c0 I��%�� r�¡�=�]m�� �U�� �#�P 23.888 4.289
4.945 0.000109 0.01
![Page 60: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 442 –
C%�@ j EB��/161I
��FG4#� �������� 2�34� x�$w� WH�4#� !�� #� <�&;�>�d � ���b
���� ��846>�
(sig)
�>�� ��4$�
�TD "�2 21.119 3.245 f�g�� WI��6
�U�� �#�P 23.083 3.603 5.862 0.000918 0.01
�TD "�2 11.123 2.740 .A��� h��e WI��6 �U�� �#�P 12.852 2.509
6.600 0.000122 0.01
�TD "�2 76.358 12.074
�KI�L =�I�J������#%��
�I�J�� ����#%�� =.]< �U�� �#�P 80.278 14.641
3.019 0.000239 0.01
�TD "�2 86.865 12.394 @A���<B� C��DE�
�U�� �#�P 96.467 13.599 7.544 0.000277 0.01
���by�z ��&6 ��!� �, ��B�a� 427 �c ��4$�B 0.01 dB�$@ 2.330
0 p� ©��� �#b�$�c6 ���� d0�e ��'0 h�F�� i{
?�4F& *20.01 =�I��JA�� =�/��M�� �KI�L �'I� ( j��k4& h��e0 @A�����<B� C����DE� ?�4F��&0 ,������#%��
��U�~� ��#�� =�/��> ©��$� @A���<B� n$Z4�� S
n$�¡ =�/��> N .&��2 W 2 �e��P 56 G�r �'��0 \�2 ������0 ��/£��� ��J*& ,�U�~� �#�� ,n$�Z4��
�#�A��� =�%#/M4��0 �MmDB� f�*P0S
4− �K9��� � ��!�9#� FG4# ��$,�%:
EB��/17 :1�K9��� � ��!�9�( �*B �������� ����]� ��4$�B ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V ��!� ��!�� #� ��*�&;�>�B ��%�$w� ��KH�4#�` �K9��� � ��!�9#�
% �!��MLF�� ��!� �KH�4� ��!�% �!��M �!��M > R'� �,� � ��FG4#�
WH�4� <�&;��d!�� �
WH�4� <�&;��d!�� �
WH�4� <�&;��d!�� �
WH�4� <�&;��d!�� �
q#MZ4�� 19.585 3.856 16.845 4.157 16.577 3.603 17.357 4.083 i�$PQ� =�I�J& 18.426 2.236 16.456 2.460 16.479 2.425 16.895 2.529
=�]m�� .c0 I��%�� r�¡� 25.819 3.166 21.860 3.773 21.775 4.152 22.699 4.121 f�g�� WI��6 24.213 3.256 21.575 3.168 20.789 3.464 21.893 3.520
.A��� h��e WI��6 13.989 2.883 11.523 2.521 10.739 2.211 11.804 2.780 ����#%
�� =�I�
J�� �K
I�L
'I ���#�]�� � 102.032 12.844 88.259 12.628 86.359 11.438 90.648 13.697 @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F& 87.096 11.891 79.259 10.780 69.972 12.675 77.902 13.268
![Page 61: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 443 –
EB��/18 :1> C�&@ �4�B ����K� �� �������� ����]� ��4$�B ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V ��!� � OB&7� �>��K9��� � ��!�9#� <U4qI
��FG4#� Q���4� !��� Z��D�� %&#�
��&w� ���!� WH�4��� %&#�
� ���b
���� ��846>�
(sig)
�>�� ��4$�
=�2�A��� N 603.630 2 301.815
=�2�A��� .��� 6530.804 426 15.331 q#MZ4��
§]�� 7134.434 428
19.687 0.000664 0.01
=�2�A��� N 281.989 2 140.994 =�2�A��� .��� 2456.291 426 5.766
=�I�J&i�$PQ�
§]�� 2738.280 428
24.453 0.000884 0.01
=�2�A��� N 1172.273 2 586.136 =�2�A��� .��� 6095.937 426 14.310
I��%�� r�¡� .c0
=�]m�� §]�� 7268.210 428
40.961 0.0054 0.01
=�2�A��� N 698.500 2 349.250 =�2�A��� .��� 4604.567 426 10.809 f�g�� WI��6
§]�� 5303.068 428
32.312 0.000861 0.01
=�2�A��� N 625.059 2 312.529 =�2�A��� .��� 2682.494 426 6.297
h��e WI��6.A���
§]�� 3307.552 428
49.632 0.000420 0.01
=�2�A��� N 15895.217 2 7947.608
=�2�A��� .��� 64406.634 426 151.189
����#%
�� =�I�
J�� �K
I�L �'
I�
�#�]�� �'I ��
§]�� 80301.851 428 52.567 0.000394 0.01
=�2�A��� N 17230.816 2 8615.408
=�2�A��� .��� 58115.072 426 136.420 C��DE� ?�4F&
@A���<B� §]�� 75345.888 428
63.153 0.000954 0.01
��&6 ���!� �, ��B�a� < ���b/2 ,426 1 �c ��4$�B0.01 dB�$@ 4.605
�#b�$�c6 ���� d0�e ��'0 h�F�� i0 p� ©���{
?�4F& *20.01 ( =�I��JA�� =�/��M�� �KI�L �'I� ����#%�����#2�T�� ����B� ,��#�]�� ��'I ��� G�H�<0 ,
( �<I�m���� j��k4& h��e0 @A�����<B� C����DE� ?�4F��&�MmDB�S
![Page 62: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 444 –
EB��/19 :1�K9��� � ��!�9�( �*B �������� ����]� ��4$�B ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V ��!� � ����K� S% OB&7� �>�`I ��FG4#� �K9��� � ��!�9#� LF�� ��!�% �!��M�/h =19.5851 �KH�4� ��!�% �!��M/h =16.8451
�MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =16.845� 2.740** q#MZ4��
�I�� Q�� =16.578� 3.007** 0.267 �MmDB� ( �<I�m�� �I��`º Wj/< �'I �� =18.426� �MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =16.456�
�MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =16.456� 1.970** =�I�J&i�$PQ�
�I�� Q�� =16.479� 1.947** 0.023 �MmDB� ( �<I�m�� Wj/< �'I �I��º�� =25.819� �MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =21.860�
�I��` �MK�4& �'I�� =21.860� 3.959** I��%�� r�¡�
.c0=�]m�� �I�� Q�� =21.775� 4.044** 0.085
�MmDB� ( �<I�m�� Wj/< �'I �I��º�� =24.213� �MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =21.575� �MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =21.575� 2.638** f�g�� WI��6
�I�� Q�� =20.789� 3.424** 0.786 �MmDB� ( �<I�m�� Wj/< �'I �I��º�� =13.989� �MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =11.523�
�MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =11.523� 2.466** WI��6 h��e
.A��� �I�� Q�� =10.739� 3.250** 0.784*
�MmDB� ( �<I�m�� Wj/< �'I �I��º�� =102.032� & �'I �I��` �MK�4�� =88.259�
�MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =88.259� 13.773**
����#%
�� =�I�
J�� �K
I�L �'
I�
�#�]�� �'I ��
�I�� Q�� =86.359� 15.673** 1.900 �MmDB� ( �<I�m�� Wj/< �'I �I��º�� =87.096� �MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =79.259�
�MK�4& �'I �I��`�� =79.259� 7.837** C��DE� ?�4F&
@A���<B� Q �I���� =69.972� 17.124** 9.287**
* ��4$� �, E�� SKH�4#� S% O&7�0.05 ** ��4$� �, E�� SKH�4#� S% O&7�0.01
( =��2�A��� 1�2` _` h�F��� i0 �p� ©��� C���DE� ?�4F�& �H<0 ,����#%�� =�I�J�� �KI�L �'I�
@��4�� ���2�A��� @��� @A�����<B�� �Mm��DB� ( �I�m��PWj/< �'I � ����� d0�T �2�A��� �H� Y+�TP 9#c ,
��Q� ?�4F& *2 �#b�$c6{0.01 @42�A� 12 � �I��`�MK�4& �'I � ,��I��` Q0 S� ¤�4*4K� \]A� "� \&0
C���DE� ?�4F�&0 �����#%�� =�I��J�� �KI�L �'I� _`
( =���/��M�� �<I�m��& n%*�� _����TZ*� @A�����<B��MmDB�S
4#� f_�4,�C%�&� E�g$�% �( :� O�/PI� '�� .� ������#%�� =�I���J�� ���KI�L ���'I� N�� �#b�$��c6 i�� ��#�� ��#�< =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F&0
?"#$%�� ��&��¢S
![Page 63: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 445 –
EB��/20 :1J� ��(� ����� �� �������� ����]� ��4$�B ������ ��!�"#� �H!�V ��!� S% T��@!>� �U�� ����� � ���% ��%
������ ��!�"#� W�K34� E��@>� ��!�"� R6B !�&� X�Y�
�U'9#� Z�[� L!��A R� � \�&* L!��A ��('� ��!��
�������� ����]� 0.467** 0.476** 0.521** 0.641** 0.554** 0.661**
�,� ��6 �, ��B�a� T��@!>� R�� � ���b429�>� ��4$�B 0.01 dB�$� 0.254
�#>�/PI� =�+�2 ��'0 h�F�� i0 p� \& ©�4� ?�4F& *2 �#b�$c6 ���� �/'�&{0.01 �KI�L �'I� N
? �� @A����<B� C���DE� ?�4F�&0 �����#%�� =�I�J��=�/��M�� S ��K�I� = <` � $�� �H� (0�,v�' 2015 �
���0 @A����<B� C���DE� N� ��#�«6 �+�2 ��'0�� ���%�0 ,=�]m���� .��c0 , ��#p� f�4��KQ�< =�I���J
"��4��� ��AJ& 1�2 w#<��0 ,�#A#��4�� �P�I % l��M�� S���K�I� Y���U�P0 (Seath, 2004) C����DE� W�����C _`
"#��*P0 WI����< =�I�J�� �� �#A*4 q/P�P @A���<B�=�H�� WI��60 , Jp�0 Y+���S
��]�A�� ���oI �#�6 @�FP �& �H�02030 ( jF��� ,��&�p� �/�M� uI�J��0 @A���<B� \�I�F�� ���MP �:D .#$�:4�� =Q ��& �eI0 �#A#��4�� ��#/�� NFR i�� ,"���%4��0 "#���4�� l#��K`0 V��*�� ���MP0 ,@A#��4�� ,�&C��� =�I�J��0 3I���� =�/��M��0 s�M�� �0wP0 �#$��$Z4�� =�I���J�� ���#A*P0 ,f� ��E� �0I ����*0
&0W��#%�� =�I�J S
f_�4,� �PUq: − ���KI�L ���'I� _` ���#D� #�� Vb���4*�� Y:���0`
���&�� ��#�� ��#�< =��/��M� .�]< ����#%�� =�I�J�� =�I���J& =����'0 ,����TP�& ���'I Y��D�< "#$��%�� r��¡� =�I��J& \�& .<0 ,� ' ��TP�& �'I i�$PQ�{
q#��MZ4��0 ,f�g���� WI��60 ,=�]m���� .��c0 I���%���'I .�A��� h���e WI��6 WI��J& =���' �*# ,��TP�&
�MK�4& �'I S
− C���DE� ?�4F�& _` 56 Vb��4*�� Y��U�P �< Y�D�<0 ,��TP�& �'I _�< =�/��M�� .]< @A���<B�
=���4KQ� 12`� h�e��� ��#�&�p� @4�K�I @+�:4�� @2���� u �� ,�#�&�p� ©b�����0 2��%�� �w4�� ,a�/£I
@+�%: (�]�� ( @4K�I� x 2�FP ,�#�&�p� a�/'�00 NF�R0 ,�#�A��� a�#c ( x #TP0 ,�A4��� ����+ "Je
@2�p� .A���0 i�$PQ� ( a�I�J& S�
=���4��KQ� .��+` Y��D�<0� ���#�]�� WI��6 ��%�P ,�#K�I �� "|�]m& �m+�*� =�/��M�� �& ��I0� =���%�
WwJ'B�0 =�#*%4�� � c` �#�]�� �e��4P 1�2 W 2�F��� =��#�< ��& =�v~� i��/4� =�I��C �#�]�� "#%P ,"#��4�� W��T4��KQ� h��%:4P ,?����` �������K =����&�� ������L
=�]/m�� i�� i�'��� ���2B� ��I P \& �#A����S�
![Page 64: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 446 –
− ��KI�L ��'I� ( �#b�$�c6 ����� d0�e ��'0 �����#%�� =�I��JA�� "#$%�� ��&�� �#�� �#�< =�/��>
j��k4& h��e0 WI��6 aI���J& � ��2 ,@A�����<B� ?�4F���� ����� d0��e ���*� Y�D�< .�A��� h���e WI��60 f�g��
1�2B� @A����<B� ?�4F��� ©��$�� �#b�$c6 S � �20 @A���<B� C��DE� ?�4F& ( �#b�$c6 ���� d0�e ��'0
@A���<B� ?�4F�� jk4& he0 =�/��M�� ? � S
− �KI�L ��'I� ( �#b�$�c6 ����� d0�e '�P � C����DE� ?�4F��&0 ,������#%�� =�I���JA�� =���/��M�� ©��$��� @A�����<B� i ����� j��k4& h��e0 @A�����<B�
1��2B� ���#A���<B� =Q ����� S ������ d0���e ��'�P ���< �����#%�� =�I��JA�� =�/��M�� �KI�L �'I� ( �#b�$c6 j��k4& h��e0 @A�����<B� C����DE� ?�4F��& G�H��<0
~� �#�� =�/��> ©��$� n$Z4���U�S
− ��KI�L ��'I� ( �#b�$�c6 ����� d0�e '�P C���DE� ?�4F�& G�H�<0 ����#%�� =�I�JA�� =�/��M�� ©��$��� �Mm��DB� ( �<I�m���� j��k4& h��e0 @A�����<B�
Wj/< �'I �MmDB� ( =�<I�m�� =�/��M�� S
− ��'I� N� �#b�$c6 i�� l'�& O�/PI� '��4F&0 ����#%�� =�I�JA�� =�/��M�� �KI�L \�C���D6 ?�
@A���<B� S
���P�4�:
§� � ��c�/�� Á�P ,9:/�� Vb�4D ��� (:
,=��/��M�� ��& �#A���<B� =���%��� ( �K�4�� \�2 @A���<B� ���*�� \& =�/��M�� \]A� ¼�*& ��«60 [ �m�+�*�� 1�2 ��Ab�%�� "#��4�� l#��K` 56 i�:4�� h��>
���*�� �e���� ��4�Q�0 ,I��8�0 �#�&�p� =�I�%�� \& =�I�J�� ��* �& l*p �/*'{S
���#4:4�� ¦��*/�� je���P0 "#����4�� ����# NF��R =Q ���& ���e�� ���A2� �� =�w��#J�4��0 =���D�]&E�0
=�/��M�� @A���<B� C��DE�S
=���&�� ������� =��#�]�� N =�I��C �&�+6 sI����4��0 =�v��~� i����/P 3 ��� ?����` �������K
� ( �:'�*��=�/��M�� =�I�J& �#A*P0 "��4�� i�S
\�& �#F�I 4�� ��#�� ���2X �D��4KQ� \& 8� ,9��/�� =�]/��� v��2 =���/��M�� ��I ��4�� ( i���'��� �#F��I 4�� ���#�� =����2 \�& @b�F*�� g*��� �e��P0
=�/��M�� "#��4�S
�#�m�P @�4�� =�K�#F���0 =�����'E� je�P �& %4& Vb�4D C��c6 12 =�/��M�� �#*$P 56 i�U���0
@A���<B� C��Dz� �#����� =����� ( � %4&S
V&���� "#A$��P ( �$��$Z4& _���p .#]m��P �����#%�� =�I��J�� ��#A*P \�2 ��0�F�& �#A#��P �MmD`0
@AKI I�>6 \A� �J��00 ,��&�p� =�/��M�S
=�I��M4�� l�<��� �� �#�&�p� V��*�� ���MP#$Zm�� ��* 12 w<��0 ��� 8� .%U0 �/��M�� �#A���� �
![Page 65: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 447 –
�#P�#8�0 �#*J�� �|�I�J&S
��%20 ,�A4����� @�&���p� "#����4�� q��I 3I������ ��� :4� .��A��� =�F��K�& ���& =�<�)���� ��#'�P0 ,�J#�2 l�I 4��0 �b�ª��� ���M�� =�I�J��0
.A��� d�K =�'�#4c� �& lK�*4� � "#��4�� =�'�}S
�>I�� �� 2E =�D�# W 2�+ ��mD6 I�M4�� jK ? �& ²��#+0 ,��#�&�p� ��/��M�� uI��J��0 @A���<B�
� %4��S
��#A*4� ,�T�4} ����#+ I�0�` ( =�/��M�� ©#��P ����*�� ��I0Â�� =�I�J�� s�F4<�0 u��#%�� ���F��
±���� �A4��� (S * * *
��_�bB !���#�C��&#� >BM` :��%& � C��&#�:
v�� �#���� �#A���<B� 7���� "#��4�� �#D�M��2017 S� W��#%������#%�� =�I�J��0 S�+�& \& f�'KQ� _�< :
www.abahe.co.uk/leadership-skills-definition.html Ã��K �I�/& ,�#K i°�1434 S� ����MP V&��Dv� ��%& I�$�P
����� ( �����F��� =���&�p� s��M� �����#%�� =�I��J��0 �� sI��4��0 =�v~��#�� ��I�4<� ���KIS� ������� ��#�<
,�#&���KE� �����K \�� ��Ay ����&E� ����&�' ,���#2�4'Q������F�� �#���� �]�A��S
�Ä` x �& ,u�� �2012 S� ��#A*P ( u����I6 V&��D� ��#���e \�& ��*#2 ? � W��#%�� =�I�J& ���M4� �#2�4'Q� =�I�J��
����D���� ��c��� s�>� j4F�'�& ����KIS��< ,��#�� ��#�����F�� �#���� �]�A�� ,�/#> ��&�'S
l�M�� /2 ,��'�2016 S��:'�*�� W�<�H�� =�I�J& S �` ��&�'�����F�� �#���� �]�A�� ?�%�� S�+�& \& f�'KQ� _�< :
https://uqu.edu.sa/aagutub/PYP003 .2w� u�� ,v'�2015� S� W� �4�� =���<H��0 �#$Zm�� ���`
0 ��J4+�20 @A����<B� C���DE� ��#�e��0 "��4��� l#��K`@A����<B� C���DE� S ,�� ��k ���&�' ,s���� ��#�< ����
,d������111� ,567 −607 S Å� /2 \Ä��� /2 ,_��~��2016 S��#�&�p� �K�I �� =�I�J& S
?�%�� �` ��&�' ,�����F�� �#���� �]�A�� S _�<�+�& \& f�'KQ� :
https://uqu.edu.sa/aagutub/PYP003 Å� /2 �#�I ,? �w��0 ;��Ay l��> ,¦'�T~��2013 S� ²�#+
��J4+�20 �#�� �#�< �/�> ? � @A���<B� C��DQ� �#�e���*p� jk4A S.�U��4�� ��� S _ �2 ,\A#����30� ,69 –
99 S �K�� ��F4� ,uv#~��2016,�MF£` , 10 S� �MmDB�
=�& ~�0����#%�� =�I�J�� �#A*P ( ��I0�0 �#�M��S _�< �+�& \& f�'KQ�:
http://www.aljazirah.com/2016/20160810/rj4.htm
���K \F��:�� ��/2 ,�0� �����2017 , 11 −12�����*� S� �#�0�F��& ��]�A�� ���oI h#%R ( �����F�� =��&�p�2030 S ����&
���oI .�#�TP ( �����F��� =��&�p� I0�2030 ���&�' ,�����F�� �#���� �]�A�� ,"#$%��S
I�$��*& ,@���C�2015, 1 −3vAF��� S� ²���#%� §&����� ����*/�� "��4��� VP���D �cX< @�&��p� l���M�� �����#%�� =�I�J��
���+I0 ���&�' ��/�> \& �*#2 12 �K�I� −��b�wp� S ������ x���� 70 ���"��4�� VP��D ²�#+¢��#%�� @*>��� w<��� , ²
�����F�� �#���� �]�A�� ,������ ,"��%4��0 S
![Page 66: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 448 –
����Ä dCI 1��2 ,@A�F�����2012 S� s���> ? ��� Y��+��� WI��6"����D ��J'0 \�& ��#A#��4�� ��A�DB� ( ���D���� ��c���
�j4F��'�& �����KIS� ���#���� ���]�A�� ,?���%�� �` ����&�'�����F��S
#�K � ��� , #F���2011 S� 9�:/�� s���K` 3�4��� ���` ( ? � ��I �� C��Dz� �#�e� �� �#A*P 12 �#e���� =�c���
����:D "|������0 "#���4�� �#'���*]P s�> S ��#�< ����,��CB� ��&�' ,g& ,�#��3�146�, 367 − S410 S
�Ay �#�2 ,3��2015 S� ��&�m��� W���p� WI��6 h�#/MP ��+�0�/��M�� @A����<B� C���DQ� ?�4F�& 12 ��j�XP0 \�& =�
�#D� #& �K�I� \���D �J'0 S ,WI�$�*�� ��#�� �#�< ����92� ,183 − 226S
��Ay I����%�� ��/2 ,©����U�2016 S� W����%�� �� ��26 ��J�& I0� �*F�� \& W A4F�� ����#%�� =�F�� w�w�P ( f� 6 �FK�A
����MP ./K0 �4/�> ? � ���/*���j4F�'�& ����KIS� ��#�<E� ��&�p� ,�#��Ww£ ,�#&�K S
��Ay u ��#A8� ,_� #������2014 S� ���4+�20 Æ���«Q� j��]T4�� ��j��:4�� �*F��� W���2 s��> ? �� i�$PQ� =�I�JA
������ �*� A ���K G��� ��&�� S ���&�' ,��#�� ���,g& ��CB� 3�161� ,521 – 582S
��e�I �&�K ,_�K�����2017 S� =�#�#P��K� �� Z4�K� ��#�2�e�� ( ��#2�4'Q� ��#e���� �����*�� 56 W *4F��� qm�*�� "��4
? �� @A����<B� C���DQ� ��#�e��0 ��#e���� ��D0��� �#A*P.�b�c ���&�' ( �T*��� "��2 "F+ s�> S ���&�' ����
,�#F�T*��0 ������ =�K�I ��0 ��:¥� �c�4T�� ² %��,NMF�e5�18� ,159 −177S
NFc \F:�� /2 ,Ve�����2017, 11 −12���*� S� 2��+ ��+�
���� ( ��/�M�� ���� ��I 4�� ��#� ���2B ��&�]4& �#*J& ��oI2030S ���oI .#�TP ( �����F�� =��&�p� I0� ���&
2030�����F�� �#���� �]�A�� ,"#$%�� ��&�' ,S ���� i° #�K Ay ,x�M:%���2013 S� i�$�PQ� =�I��J& I0�
#%�� ���F�� �#A*P ( G���� ��#�< s�> ��D �J'0 \& u�� ���]F��� ����j4F�'�& ���KI S� ��#���� ����D ���&�'
������ ,�#*&B� ������S
Ä` ? � ,i�<�2010 S� =�I��J� @b�$��B� �� Z4�K� "��%P=�I�J�� 12 l�I 4�� =�2�¸ �& W��#%�� S ( =�K�I� ���
���&�' ,�#D�F��DE� ��������0 ���#2�4'Q� ���& ~� ,_�����c �,g&1�28� ,358 – 392S
�%2 �K�� , �����2012 S� ? � @A���<B� C��DQ� =�]m& ���D ��J'0 \�& 3��p� ���&�' ( ��j�:4�� �*F�� �/�>
²I ��0 l��M�� S,g�& , #��KI�/ ��#�� ��#�< ��� 2 �12� ,516 − 535S
NFc Ä` I�$*& ,���%&�2013 S� @A����<B� i�$�PQ� ��+�0 \�& �b��M�� ���&�' ( ��/�M��0 ��I 4�� ��#� ���2` N
�/�M�� ��D �J'0 S ,g�& ,��CB� ��&�' ,�#�� �#�< ���1�156�, 779 – 808 S
@�A#' ,uI�]�K0 ;�IQ ,j�I��P�<0 ;GD��e ,_�&�#D� S2010 S�d�F��� �>��}0 �+����0 =�I��m�� 7���� "#��4�� ./%4F& S
�¸�P� WI�C0 N� �<m�& ��/4]& ��<�0 7����� "#���4��_���]#/���� ���#���� ���]�A�� ,�������� ,_���]#/��� ���/4]& ,�����F��S
�����F�� �#���� �]�A�� ,"#��4�� WI�C0�2017 S� ��oI0 "#��4�������F�� 2030 :�+�& \& f�'KQ� _�<:
https://www.moe.gov.sa/ar/Pages/vision2030.aspx
![Page 67: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 449 –
����c` :�� C��&#����,�: Al-Arsan, S (2017). Effectiveness of the use of active
learning strategies based on social cognitive theory in
the development of cognitive flexibility and
motivation for academic achievement among
students of the Department of Psychology at the
University of Hail. Al - Quds Open University (in
Arabic), Journal for Educational and Psychological
Studies, Palestine, 5 (18), 159-177.
Al-Didan, Al-Hamidi. (2014, December). Positive thinking
and its relationship with the communication skills of
the students of the Deanship of the preparatory year
at King Saud University in Riyadh. (in Arabic),
Journal of Education, Al-Azhar University, Egypt, 3
(161), 521 – 582.
Al-Khafaji, T., & Al-Zaidi., R. (2013). Measuring the
motivation of the academic achievement of the students
of the Faculty of Education and its relation to the gender
variable (in Arabic). Journal of communication. Yemen,
Aden (30), 69 – 99.
Al-Morshd, Y. (2012, June). Problems of academic
achievement among students of the preparatory year
at Al-Jouf University from the point of view of the
student and the teacher (in Arabic). Journal of the
College of Education in Port Said, Egypt, 2 (12),
516- 535.
Al-said, H. (2011). The impact of different research
methods on cognitive trips on the development of
motivation for the academic achievement of students
of education technology and attitudes towards them
(in Arabic). Journal of the Faculty of Education,
Egypt, Al-Azhar University, 3 (146), 367 - .410.
Anderson, L., & Lu, F. (2017,21Feb). Research: How
Leadership Experience Affects Students. Leadership
& Managing People Research.
Donaldson, J. (2008). Leadership and Academic
Achievement Research investigating the key variables
associated with academic achievement: Linking The
Flippen Group programs with key variables,
Retrieved from:
www.flippengroup.com/pdf/funding/ResearchSumma
ryLeadershipAcademic.pdf
Irfan, M., & Shabana, N. (2012).Factors Affecting Students’
Academic Performance, Global Journal of
Management and Business Research, 9(12).
Jabir, L. (2015). Personality dimensions, multiple
intelligences, learning methods, motivation for
academic achievement and its relation to academic
achievement (in Arabic). Journal of the Faculty of
Arts, University of Baghdad, Iraq, (111), 567-607.
Kamal, H. (2010). Evaluation of the use of a specialist for
leadership skills with skill training groups (in Arabic).
Journal of Studies in Social Work and Human
Sciences, Helwan University, Egypt, 1 (28), 358 – 392.
Moqabla, M. (2013). The reality of academic
communication between faculty members and
students at Taif University from the point of view of
students (in Arabic), Journal of the Faculty of
Education, Al-Azhar University, Egypt, 1(156) ،779
– 808.
Seath, L. & Wambach, C. (2004). Academic Achievement
Motivation: Differences Among Under prepared
Students Taking a PSI General Psychology Course.
General College, University of Minnesota. New York
College Learning Skills Association.
Sharaf, A. (2015). The reality of the application of TQM
and its impact on the level of academic achievement
of students from their point of view (in Arabic).
Journal of the Faculty of Education, Mansoura, (92),
183- 226.
Stewart, B., Ezell, S., DeMartion D., Rifai, R., & Gatterson,
B. (2007). Virtual Technology and Education A
collaborative Pilot Case, The Quarterly Review of
Distance Education, 7(4), 337-585.
* * *
![Page 68: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
�A>�e Y*���& Ay "�*�� /2: �Dz� �A2� �� ����#%�� =�I�J��"#$%�� ��&�' =�/��> ? � @A���<B� C�...
– 450 –
![Page 69: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 451 –
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3�! ,! 451 − 474 ������ ,�2019��1441���
�� ����� ��� � ���360 � ���� ���� ����� �� ���� ��� �!��" #$
��% �&' �() *�+�",1.� ,0���1 23 ��4 ��5�6,2. �$���� %�&�' �� (���� )*�� �$�+
� , *-�� � .18�07�1439;��*-�� 12.3 , 14�03�1440���
89:�%� : �5'� 6��7 �&�' �� 89 � :��$;�� <$2=7�360 ��>? �@53 AB �@;$2=7 %�.��B3 ������ �-� B )C �=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� E'� �� %� F�.3 %H����3 �$&' �� :��$;�� %�9*BI ��@B��. �=$J� �$F��KL �-$L ML 8;2N OD�� �?�2D&P� :��Q3 ,R$�SD�� OTU��� V@-�� �&�' �� % WDL�
�120 �:��TBI XQ �&�' �� VF�D? %�@YQ3 :��$;�� <$2=7 �5'��360 ��$��L ��5' %Z��5 ������� ��-� B )C , �=�&�D�� E'� ��� %� �F�. G �� ��5'� [� ��L \&�DW3�2.83 AB 3� \�&�DW ]3^� ��27��� , %�_��� :��$. '�` Z�53 ,: a ML '�` 1b� �$��L �5' 3 ,�2.93��W�� :���$;�� '��` c�$�� , G�DJ
\&�DW �$?�d�� �27��� , e?�^��2.90� G�DJ�� fT? , :��$;�� '�` gh ,�E'� �� %� F�. AB %i$Bj�� kB � \&�DW �d��d�� �27��� ,�2.81 � gh ,�$��L �5' \&�DW :lm^�3 ������ �27��� , ML^ :��$;�� '�`�2.66 ��$��L �5' 3I �B XQ VF�D-�� %�@YQ H+ :��$;�� <$2=7 %�.��360 �=�&�DB �5' %Z�5 �5'�
[� \&�DW�2.21 AB3�1W��� :3'n Z�-hQ �o�-�� p�qr�� :�d+ ��s�Q3 , I
��;��<� �=93:%�_�� :��$. ,:��$;�� %���DJB ,�$&' �� :��$;�� I _________________________________________________________________________________
The reality of applying the 360 degrees leadership among the leaders of middle schools
in the east of Riyadh city
Imtithal Ahmad Alsaqqa(1)
, and Nahiyah Awadh Al-Otaibi(2)
Arab East College for Graduate Studies
(Received 04/04/2018; accepted 22/11/2018)
Abstract: The study aimed to identify the application of 360 degree leadership among the female leaders of intermediate schools in the east
of Riyadh city and their obstacles from the from the perspective of teachers, supervisors, and school leaders. The study adopted the analytical
descriptive approach, and the questionnaire which was applied to a simple random sample of (120) individuals. The study results revealed
that the degree of application of 360 degree leadership among female leaders of intermediate schools in the east of the city of Riyadh came to
a high degree with a general average of (2.83 of 3). The axis of self-leadership came in the first place, followed by the leadership axis to the
lower level, followed by leadership at the same level, then the leadership axis to the to the top level in final rank , the results also revealed
that The obstacles to applying the 360 degree leadership were moderate with an average of (2.21 of 3), The most significant is the high
pressure resulted during peak work. Keywords: school leadership, Leadership levels, self-leadership.
_________________________________________________________________________________
�1� %�&�' �� (���� )*�� �$�+ t'�KB n�D&Q�$����I
������ ,�����J�� �$���� �b�W�� ,!I u�53354� v �w�� jB��� ,�11583I� (1) Associate Professor, Department of Curriculum and Instruction,
Faculty Educational Sciences, University of Jordan. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box (53354) Postal Code (11583).
x3b�y� �w��: [email protected] e-mail:
�2 ������J�� �$���� �b�W�� g$��D�� :'�s3 , �W��BI (2) Teacher in the Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia.
![Page 70: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 452 –
���� �"��" �L'�J�D�� %�'��=D�� 1�Y , ~� ���� ����� ,
v �$�;D�� \W-��� A�L 1� �2�� ����� ]� ��5��� %�K? �� :���$;�� ��@TB s� ��_� ;:��$;�� OB���360 ��5'�
t��J�+ c�T$Y�7 M�L 1W���3 �bD2B3 ~� a ��@TW+��'�=73 �W>-�� �W-�I
����� :����;9360 :Z���Tb�� : K�� X3j��$WD� ���5'� A� 1 g@$��7 ML �S-� P g�lh�73 AB kB3 g@&Q��
g� ���Q 8��� X����W�� A��� ��DW�3 g���DJ��B , ����� ,1��J+�B2016 ,211I� �� :���$;�� 6��73360��5'�
��$���� ��W>-�� %���DJ�B 1+ , :��$;�� ���� �=�&�D��� k��$� ,3 :���F�� AW��� :����$;�� X���b7 H?���+ �$? ����
���=D�� , F�;�� lh�7 AB �j� �� %���oP��,����� 2011 ,8I� ���� :��. kDWD�3360 ��-$�B %�T�� ��5'�
��B ��n3 %���oP� k$W� :��$;�� AB g@-b� OD�� O� ��W>-B v� �$��L �W$. v3n g@����,1��J�+�B2016 ,
285I� :����.3 360 G�DJ���� , X��L���T�� g��� ���5'� A��h��B3 ��L�9 ��?�b� XQ g@$�L3 :��$;�� AB \&3^�
��T7 P XQ e-�W9� e=&��� :��$;�� 1,��$ t�7 ��Q �� lh�D�� ML^� :��$;�� �B^�gh AB3 ��W$.3 �?s3 �� <��
MLQ� lh��7 3Q '�ra \&3^� , :��$;�� X�b� XQ X3� �Maxwell, 2006, 7I�
:��$;�� X�� 360 ����-� �$�@-B ib� 1d� �5'�
,6� ��^� ��S? ��@5�B :���$. O�@9 ;�$&' �� :��$;�� �$�&' B %�-$J�� 1�5Q AB %���DJ�� k$� , 1W�73 \�=m A�B ��d+Q ��� ��B e�=�D� �n�W? O@9 ,�S5�? :l��2�� ���9���� 3Q �$��&' �� :����$;�� ���� $�;D�� :Z���Tb�� G �� �' ��� {�SD�� g@9 , �$L� � �'�;B AL w��3 {����T�� �' ���� �����=D�� g@;$��2=73 ������� :����;��
, l$q7 �$�W�+ O�D�� %���DJ��� ���D� �� {��7P� �' �� F�;�� �@�B 1B��D�(Gregorzewski, Schratz
& Wiesner, 2018, 67) A�B �$W$��D�� %�J&��� �73 ���|���� %�'���=D�� ���2+��B ]� e�J��7 O��D�� %H>-���� \�W? ���53 ]� ���DSD9 ������ �� �W� OD�� �;aiD��3
�� :��$;��360��5'� I��T�3��D7 XQ � �F�. G �� �9 , 1��W��� cD��&'HW <����D7 :� ���DB %�����T+ ���&' �� ����=D�� 1�5' ��@9 ��� 1�W�� O�D�� %P���� ��D�
l$qD��3�v�=L, 2014, 48I� ���� :����$. ����53 ���$�Q A��Wb73� 360 , ���5'�
1�W��� ��$ �$W-7 , ��'3�3 �@;$2=7 �$?�bB� , E'� ��%�.i��� , u'�;D�� <$;�3� �����, 2011 ,9I�
�� 1�U��� ��;�a ��7 �=&�D�� ��a��� XQ H3���?�d��3 �$F� DP� �D�a���, ��W@B ��a�B , �7 O�3
]� ���T=�� ��a�B AB �@$9 1;D-� H-$a ¡��=�� :�$a AB �$L�3 :��$. ]� ��D� �5��� ��a��� ¢_�3 £��2�� ��a�B
��& c$�L Z�-3 ,����93 �W@TDB3 ��$���� ��&�' �� 8 ]�
![Page 71: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 453 –
:���$;�� ¤����B {3�-7�� 360 G �� ��@;$2=73 ��5'� �=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. I
�� ?! ��<9@: :���$;�� \�W? {3�-7 X�360 %� �F�. G �� ��5'�
:���$;�� ����>-�� ��N^� M�L 6�.��� ¡�=D� ,E'� �� :��$;��3 ,�@5 AB �$&' ��� 360 G�mQ �@5 AB �5'�
�� ML �S- ¥�I A�)B:������ ����� :
P3 , �F�. i� �$W$��7 �J&�B 5�7 XQ AbW� P �F�;�� ��� ��$@D� � X� '�=D73 �WDJ7 3Q ¦�-7 XQ AbW�
¦5�-�� 1�W��� ��T+ �� �3 �@-�s��B , '�B^� Xj� v_�� �S$S��� �@5���I 1�W�7 ��S5�-�� �$�&' �� :���$;��3
��U�-��� k�$� 1�$�T7 e��L 1b ,�&' �� , :��5��� 1dB^� �� �D&P� {im AB AbW� �B 1.�3 ,��§�?�bB
,�a�D�� �'��W��� ,RL �Q2010 ,49� ,3 ¦$���7 ' �� H$9 �$&' �� :��$;�� �$��B ��:
������ ����� ��5�" : v�=L �@9�L�2014 ,14 ���B����� A�B <���9 �� ��;� OD�� �;J-�� ��@¨� ��� ,
�&' ����$-93 ��'���� ������ 6� �^� <$;� �$q , ����m �@9�L3 �&' �� 1m���2006 ,7 � :'��y� ����
<�$;SD� �&' �� 1m�� �$W$��D�� �$�W��� l& c5�7 OD�����$��L :Z���Tb �L������� 6� ���^� I eT=���B G����3
�1433,70 � �=K?^� AB �L�W� O� �$&' �� :��$;�� XQ
�� ���'��� %����>?3 ©���2B3 g$���TB M�L jb7�7 �W>- k�WD��� , v'��y� t��J��� :����Y g�@9 M�L L�J7
�' ��,����� 6� �^� <$;SD� ��$&3 ��Q3 I �+_�3 O2$D����2017 ,8 � f$�F' '��` �7 �$&' �� :��$;�� XQ
��$�W��� c�53Q k�$� , 1q�qD7 O�3 �' �� ��>-�� ,�73 ����� H� �������3 ��*2�� ª�-��� 1$�T7 ML 1W
g$��D�� 6� �Q � « I :'��y� 3Q :���$;�� ��@TB lq7 .3� v_�� v $�;D�� ��@T�� AB �$&' ��¬� �@�&�&Q �� �� ,
<�$2=7 M�L ®��T�� \�;9 O�� �$�&�&^� �@DT$Y3 XQ3 ���@TB ]� ui=��3 �W���� ���DB3 �&' �� , ��>-��
Q3 k&3Q1W� I :��;�� ML �25�3 ¦2�� <�=-�� �_� AB3¯ ~� a u��&Q ¤�27�3 �$&' �� :��$;�� ���=7 ML 1W��� :���$;��+ O5���-bD�� ¤'�JD��3 �$-@�� �$W-D�� kB <9��D�
���360 �5'� I ������� ������ : P O��D�� %�J��&��� A��B ���&' ��
g>D-73 �@$9 {HL^� lJ7 XQ AbW�,� �$@D� � X� �F�;�� ��' ��, ���'��y� ���$�� k�B ¡-5 ]� �2-5 1W�� v_�� ¯
�$W$��D��3,:�5��� ����� 6� �^� <;° H I t��& c$5�7 , c$�L {��� v_�� ±�K�� �� F�;��3
A��m¥�, cD$���� {i�m AB ¢n�T?3 cD=�& WDJ�3 c A��m¥� �L�-.3� ,O�r¨�2006 ,132 −133�I O2$D��� �+n3�2017 ,15 �� �&' �� F�. XQ¬� AB
l�& A�L {3�J��� ��@9 �$�&' �� :���$;�� ª�-L g�Q
![Page 72: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 454 –
:'��� , ���'��y� c�7���T+ � �DJ��3 cD�&' B , 1W����@9� ��Q <$;� ML 1W���3 �$W$��D��3 ����� �$�W���I
' �� G|��� 8��9�L3�2010 ,7 � c��?� ���&' �� ��F�.���&' �� :'��� A��L {3�J���� ±�K���� ����$2�� l9���73
XHr�� ��@$9 gF� ��� 6*���3 ,��@$9 �2�&�-�� �$W$��D�� ��B����� ���@5 <$J�-D�3 ,����� �$�W��� l& �Bi& 6� �^� <$;� 15Q AB g�HLQ g��;73 g@@$5�73 �@$9
�$�� �B����I C���� ���� ���D": �D7 XQ �T�� F�. , �9
�� %�T���3 %���Tb�� �&' �� ��$;�� ML �'��. c��o OD Z�;D?�3 '�$Dm� -L Oq2-�3 ,�§�2�=DB3 :��$;�� ¢_� ��@W , ��h��B3 � �D�� AJ�S �j$WDB X�b� XQ �&' �� F�. � X� ��W$. %�n X��b7 P . �$&' �� :��$;��9 ;��B���� v��7 OD�� ����$;�� %�'�@�� ��DW� v_�� F�;�� �� �9�D�
]��^� <$;����B��� 6� I v�=L '��Q3�2014,54 � %�'��@�� A�B � L ]�
�D7 XQ P OD����&' �� F�. , �9,�@-B : − %�'��;�� n���3 %ibK�� 1a ML :' ;��I − 1�WL g���;73 \$�=�D��3 :���$;�� M�L :' ;��
A��m¥�I − �$?�J?y� %�.i��� Z�-3 {��7P� ML :' ;�� I − '�� ML :' ;��A��m²� :3 ;�� '3� �&I
v �B�q�� ��&�'� 8B �D&� .3�2007 � �T$-��7
������$;�� %�'���@W�� ���'�;B, 3 G�DJ��B 6����7 89 ��� , ����?�d�� E'� �� v�� B G � :�9�D�� ����$;�� %�'�@�� V@-��� ���2DB ,�����J��� �$���� �b�W�� , �a�2�� �;=-B
��;2=�� �?�2D�&P� �B �DJB3 ,�KbD&P� v�� �B M�L���W����3 E'� ����I ���@�F�D? %���@YQ3 A��� ���� XQ
�$�$7��&P� :���$;�� , l�2+ %�'�@B G�DJW X��DWD� V���-� �$�$7�&P� 6� �^� �³�$U Ab�3 �B�L :'�� A�B 6 �� 1�+ <�$;SD� O�-Bj�� �;J�� � �3 1W���
�=�&�DB 8�?�+ 6� �^� I �� 6iD�m� �5��P c�?Q3��3 A��� �� %�'��@�� �9���7 G�DJ�� g��� �;7 , �W��
%�N�K�-�� �hQ � L �B A��� �� G � �$�$7�&P� ����$;�� �9����7 G�DJ��B3 ,�����TB �$�$7���&� '���b9� �$��&' �� ,��B�L :'��� :l�2+ 8�?�+ %��LHD5P� :'��� %�'�@B
%�'��;�� n��� , l2+ v'�@B G�DJW X3�� �� kDWD�3I jD����b� ���BQ3 (Popkewitz, 2010, 29) ��;9
R� H �' �� F�;�� %�'�@B AB �� L ¦�3: ���bT�� %�'�@�� : \$�=�D�� ML F�;�� :' ;+
�$�$7�&P� ��´���3 g$>-D��3 I µ��TD�� %�'�@B : M�L F�;�� :' . , 1dWD73
k�B ¡�&�-D� H {HL^�3 %�$ai��� µ��T73 k�s�7��B���� %�' .I
�'�@���$LHD5P� % : M�L �F�;�� :' �. O��3��B���� kB ¶ SD�� , :'�@��3 Z�qUy�3 {��7P�I
![Page 73: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 455 –
�$-T�� %�'�@�� : g�b�� u��$D�&� M�L :' ;��+ ��B � ��@���=73 �T�D��� �$W���� %�'�=D�� AB 1F��� g$�$;D��3 6�Cy�3 ���D�� ML :' ;��3 v��� {����
1W��� l& %�Z��5y �WDJ���' �� I
�$?�J?y� %�'�@�� : �F�;�� ��.i� <��D7 O�3g@$�L ¢lh�73 g� ¢�h�73 cD&' B , c�B ��B����I
��$�W��� %�'�@�� : M�L ���'��y� �F�;�� :' �;+�W$�& )�= %ibK�� 1a3 cD&' B ¢�o Z�=���3 {_2��I
O��D$2d�� G���5Q � ����� �_��� ,3�2012 � ���&�'�89 ���]� '� 6����7 v�� ��� ������$;�� %�'���@�� ���5
�-� W g$��D��3 �$�� �B���� :'��y� , ���?�d�� E'� ���F���=�� I :��Q3 R$���SD�� OT��U��� V@-���� � �D��&�3
XQ ��&�' �� 8��U�73 ,��W���� M�L �;2=B �?�2D&P� g�h ��$+�'�y� %�'�@�� O� ��9��7 ����$;�� %�'�@�� �d+Q
�W ����$;�� %�'�@���$-T�� gh �$?�J?y� %�'�@�� {� I ���-�� ���&�'� % �D��&� H��+�2015 � �T$-���7
M�L 6���D�� 6 � �' �� F�;�� %�'�@� �r�Q �'�;B ����� �>9�` , ���?�d�� E'� �� %��� B �&'�� k.�3 O��D�� %�������� M��L 6����D��3 ������$;�� %�'���@W��
%�'��@�� ���7 ��&'�� , A@@5��73 �D�&� V@-��� � %H����� M�L ��;2=B �?�2D�&P� :��Q3 OSJ�� OTU��� E'� ���� %��� ��B ���$2��³ XQ ]� ���&�' �� 8���U�73 ������$;�� %�'���@�� A��&'H� ������ ���>9�` , �����?�d��
�5' k'^� �§P��W��=&�DB� %�'��@�� MLQ XQ3 , ,����bT�� %�'��@��9 ,�$-T�� %�'�@�� O� %��� �� G �
9��$7�_�� %�'��@��9 ,�$?�J?y� %�'�@�� I g��Q A�B XQ3%�������: ���Bsi�� %��$?�j$��3 %��$?�bBy� ����
%���$;�� ¡�' 73 1$��7 ±;?3 ,��'��y� {HL^� Z��^ u�JD+P �$9�b�� :w�� ��.3 ,v��$;�� ¡�-�� �;7 12.
����T�� :��$;�� %�'�@BI ������ ���� ���) :�� �F�. E'H�� �'�3�Q ��&'
:� �DB, ��&�'� ¡JS �@-B v��=L�2014, 73 −75�, �� �B :
− �$�L�TD�� '�3�^� : {���T�� {���7P� , j�+73RS�� kWD��� %�J&�B �9�b I
− %�'�����;�� k-���U '�3�Q : ����¨��B 1WK���73:'�K�� g� ;73 %ibK��
− ���$7�B����� '�3�^� : M��L !����� , j��+73���� 1$@J7 ,��T�D��� '������ A�B %�B����� ML {
%��@5 3Q ��$�L %��@5 AB X�K�� v3_� �@�;- ��$;��3�&' �� 1m��I �a , X��&l �+n �Berson, 2001, 36� ��hih
�$&' �� :��$;�� �J$F' '�3�Q ,O�: − v_��$T-D�� '3 ���� : l9���7 �' ���� ��F�;�� M��L
�� ������� %��$?�bBy�3 ��*2�� ª�-��� ��$�W��� ��Bsi�$W$��D�� I
![Page 74: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 456 –
− ,�Cy� '3 �� : !�9 l9�7 �' �� F�;�� ML���W��W�� ���W-��, ���$W$��D�� ���$�W��� M��L 6�Cy�3
�W���� ���DB {im AB �$W��D�� I − OLHD5P� '3 �� :RS�� kWD��� �&' �� \',
�9�=�� � X3��D�� {�� ¦D93, :���; ��&' �� \�'3 ���T�D��� c7�J&�B3 RS�� kWD�I
��6�EB: �� ����� 360 ����:
�$. G���Keyser, 2014, 1 � �9�;d�� �JSD� c?Q :���$;�� ���W? A�B 1r�9Q �;��N t�-� f$�9 �$W$>-D��
�360 �n� ��_$T-D�� ��3�J�� '�2+ G � :��$;��9 ,�5'� � :��$;�� 8��9360h��7 ��� X�b� XQ AbW� ,� $5 %�l
g@.��9 ML :��;+ ��_$T-D�� A��� �� ML ���_B �$���� g§�J&�B ML3R+ �S? ML·I
v_���$T-D�� �� ����� ����W$;9� G�DJ����� , :�����$;��\&3^� � ]� ��@�DB �� �` �'3� ¡��� H��+ MLQ X�b7
XQ ��a , ,c� ��N�-�� ��@�� ML �j+�B3 �W>-�� 1m��M�L^� G�DJ��� , A��� ��� ��W>-W�� ��$���� :���$;�� �
�'3� X�2��� �B -L �$�L�9 �d+Q X�?�b�¯� ��d+Q �$�$7�&¯ l�$qD�� �S? �@5�B3 �W>-�� �'�m �S? ���=73 �L�J7�¯ ¯ ¯
�Manning, 2013, 344�I sw�� ,���L�T�� :��$;�� pH?Q �S? c5�D�� Z�� ,3
� :��$;�� ��3 ~� a ��@TB360 �5'� I '���Q ��B ��3c$�� 1��J+�B �2016 ,81 � ��� :��$. X�360 ��5'� gD�7
ML^ :��$;�� g��7 {im AB�t F�. kB � M�L :���$;��3 t��DJ��B f��T?����FiBs k��B � 1T��&^ :����$;��3� k��B
�$&3´�B � �7�n :��$.3��JT? kBI� H$��� G���5Q ��.3�Hemati, 2011 �� ���&�'
�����?�d�� |��$2& ���&' B M��L �9*���� Z��^ �$T��U3 ��� :��$;�� �n�W? �� �D&�360 ¢_�� 89 ��3 ,�5'�
, �9*���� Z��Q G�DJ��B A��L �K��b�� ]� ���&�' �� ������� ��;��= ���@�� :'���3 {���7P�3 :��$;�� ¡?��5
360 ,OT�U��� OL�-�� V@-�� ~a�2�� � �D&�3 ,�5'� �9��y� �?�2D&P� :��Q3� ]� A�B ��-$��� 8?�b73 ���;�
27*B3 H��B �&' B F�.3 �9���h�?�3 �'�+n � 8�?�+3 )��9 ��5'� M�L {���7P� ¡?�5 {��a VF�D-�� s�Q ,: �$5 ��5' X��b9 v���$;�� ¡�?�¨� ��BQ3 ,\&�D�� Z��Q X���+3 �=��&�DB ���5'� M��L 1���a ����@�� :'���3
¶�?y� %�9*�� Z��Q AB 1r9Q '�+_�� �9*��I ��D� E'� �� , :��$;��9 ]�� �_�� 1dB A�B ¤��-�
�B k�B ��&' �� F�. 1B��D� n� ;:��$;��A c�-B M�LQ g��G�DJB, �B� �S? ML· 6*��� k�B 1�B��D� H-$a C�2B v'��y� C�2B l³, :'������ g$B���D�� kB 1B��D� H-$a
A� g$��D�� :'�s3 , 3Q g$��D�� %�'��� , ��3�J�� AB�r�� �?�$aQ ��D° .3 g§��$. 8� 1W�� �� µ�� '
, g�� A�B k�B ��&' �� �F�. 1�B��D� H�+ ,g§�LHD5� %��LHD5P� , g�� O;D�� A�_�� E'� �� :��;+ ¢��DJB
![Page 75: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 457 –
��'3 �� %�Z�;���3, AB �+KB {HL� g@�B \27�� .3 H�+ ,���3��;� OD�� E'� �� �S��B 15Q �F�. ���D°
���&' �� ]� ���� :����$;�� \��W?360 :����$;�� ��-L ���5'�&^1T, �W��B3 ��B�L AB c$&3´�B kB 1B��D� H-$a
�2�N3I �� ����� ��F)360 �DG�5)� ����:
�$. '��Q�Keyser, 2014, 1 � �5�� P . c?Q ]� ���� \�W? AB 1r9Q ¸��� 8.��� , �n�W?360 ��5'�
:��$;�� �JSD�I 1��J�+�B ¢ +Q �B �_�3�2016 ,285 � ��� :��. kD� {�a360'� A�B g@-�b� �-$�B %�T� �5
��W$. v3n g�@��� �B ��n3 ,%���oP� k$W� :��$;���W>-B v� �$��LI ������ '���Q H+�2011 ,9 � XQ ]�
:��$;�� <$2=7� 360��5'� ��W>-�� � �;7 M�L L�J���@$�L ®�T��3I ��� :��$. 6� �Q 1dWD73�360 H$9 �5'�
1��J�+�B A�B 1�+ ¢�+n�2016,84−254 � ������3�2011 ,9 � 1$��7 ,<��9 AW� 1W��� ,�$���T :��$;�� ,
A���b7 ,M�LQ G�DJ�B %�n :��$;� ��D-�� AB :��$;��:��$;�� �T�D��� %���DJW�� :��.I
:����$;�� ���$�Q ��+��3u360 3'� ���&�'� ���5'� �Drew, 2009 � :��$;�� �$�Q 8�3�-7 OD��� 360 ��5'�
�T�� :��$;�� ���=7 , A�L �K�b�� 89 �� ~�$a ,���� �� :���$;�� A�B ��&�' �� �-$L :��TD&� G B360 ��5'�
AB �-$��� 8?�b738 � �¨� �����-�� :���;�� AB Z�rLQ
����;�� ~a�2�� � �D&�3 �$��&� %��B�¨� G a� , ��3 1�2. g�@F�'¹ ¤i=D&P �+'�K�� kB �W>-�� c2�
� :��$;�� ML A��WD��360g�h ��5'� ��?'�;�� � �D�&� 1�T�� �3�' 1$�SD�I �� c�?Q O�� VF��D-�� s�Q 8?�+3
¡�' �73 ���5�' ���_q7 M�L A� �DJ�� :��;�� {��a � :��$;�� !�m360 : �� 5 G´' g�� %'��U �5'�
, ��W>-�� '3� ��$���9 M�L { �� ��� '�=D�� ML :' .3A� �DJ�� :��;�� %�' . �J�I
$;�� Xº9 ��n Z�� ,3 ���� :��360 XQ AbW� �5'� 6� �^� <;��$7¥��&' �� , ,� Norris, 2002, 5-9�:
− �=K��?^�3 ����@¨� k��$� 1��$d� M��L 1��W��� Z�r�LQ k�$� A�L ' ��7 O�D�� {��9^�3 %�$+��J��3
:���;B l³ 3Q :���;B :'�� �$&' �� :��$;��I − A�B :'��y� %��$�WL k�$� s���?� M�L 1W���
�\$=�6�C�3 ���DB3 g$>-73 I� − g@B���@� ���&' �� , ��B������ Z��Q , ��@��&y�
�$�L�93 :Z�Tb I − �3����3 �-J��� %��.i��� ¢��J�7 »�-B l9�7
�2$=��I ��&�'� 8��3�-7 �.3 [-$?��B�(Manning, 2013
�� :��$;�� \W? g$$;7360 , :���$;�� %�$+��J�� ��5'� -$��� 8?�+3 ,�T�D� %�.�$& , A��� ��� A�B ��L�W� �
V@-�� ~a�2�� � �D&�3 : SD�� �b�W�� , ����� ¤�=;��
![Page 76: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 458 –
����&�$;B � �D���&�3 ON����27'P� �����m W OT���U��� VF���D-�� A��B � ��L ]� ���&�' �� 8���U�73 ,�$L�����B¯
��s�Q %�$+���& � �$F��a� ��P� %�n �.iL ��53 �� :��$;��3 :��;��360�.i��� ¢_�� ��D�3 ,�5'� %�
����T�� �$B .^� ¡Ja ML, M�L :�=$J���3 gbSD���3 �'������, l��qD�� { ���B3 ���W>-�� g���a A��L ir��9
OW$>-D��I �� ����� �DD��� 0� ����H�360 ����:
��@@5��� OD�� %�� SD�� w+Q AB ML^ :��$;�� X� ����� ��F�.360 XQ , X���2³�� :����;�� g��>�B X^ ���5'�
��;� XQ P �3��;��3, ��� F�. g@�B 1B��7 �n� Ab�3 360 1r�9Q c�� �9�D$J9 c.�9 g�3 g� �W$. �9��� �$- �5'�
lh���D�� ���U�9��9 g@$� ,1��J��+�B2016 ,81 I� '����Q3�Keyser, 2014, 2 � c�@5��7 O�D�� %�� SD�� µ� ]�
� :��$;��360��5'� , %����$;�� µ�� XQ ��@-B ��+n3 qD�� : �DJ��B l��³ X���b7 ����_$T-D�� A��B �����=D��3 l��$
µ�2��� ����n ������ ��.3 ,v ��$�;D�� :����$;�� u����&Q ¡����3 g@D�;=-B j�$� OD�� �;$W��� ��U�D�� %������
��l$q7 I ����� '��Q3�2011 ,9 � 1��J+�B3�2016 ,80 �%�� SD�� AB � L ]�, O�:
− �7���D�� %�� ��� : :3'n Z���-hQ V7���-�� \qr����1W���I
− ��´��� %�� � :� H�+ ,���´��� , �F�;�� �WdD�&
c� �W@B ��Q AB g³���3 g���;� A�3 c� �b�B 8S2UQ�m¹ ±�� vQ AB �d+Q, c?º9 �i�aQ <�$;SD� �5�a ,
c��B A�B3 �@9 ,cBiaQ <$;� AB AbWD� Ob� A��m¥� A�W9 ,: �a�3 ���´' g�� �a�3 <��T+ ���W�� XQ ¡�
±�K�� �� k-D;� � X� ��´' $��7 ¡����I −� %�_��� <�$;� %�� ������� :� :���;�� ¡�°
A�B ��d+Q �=��& O� :��$;��9 ,��D-�� AB �d+Q �B ;�� �h�7 �T$Y3 ���+,A��m¥� I
−p�2ay� %�� � : F�. 8� 1W��� ¡���� AB ±�K�� ��K� Z�+ l³ F�. kB 1W��� X^ ,Z�+ l³
p�2ay�I ��� ����� �D1��� 0� I����360 �9 ����� J�4K �����
,��91 �����%&9 �����:.
1��J��+�B ���+n�2016 ,81 −157 � ©����2B : ��LR� H+ ML^ :��$;�� :
1− �$F�-dD�&� :���� cJ�T? �F�;�� ��;� XQ : A�L c7�=$�&3 ,¢�L�K�B3 c�TN��L ML F�;�� :�=$& <��N
cBi+ ML F�;�� :�=$&3 ,8.��� ML I 2− F�. AL Z¡��� F�;�� �T« XQc�-B M�L^� ¢ :
�@� ��;� XQ3 c53 1W+Q ML c�W� F�;�� ��;� H-$aML^� c7��. L�J� ��_ c?º9 ,��� I
3− X3��m¥� c���T� P ��B F�;�� 1�T� XQ : ¸��D g@2J�b�3 %ibK��� 1a AB g@-bW� �� �2���� ��@��
![Page 77: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 459 –
��aP�I 4− cJ�$F' k�B cD.iL F�;�� �WdDJ� XQ : XQ �P
dDJ7 g�@T� XQ �F�;�� M��9 1W��� �S��� %�.i��� �W 1�W��� ¦���U <�;° H� c�B 1U��D�3 cJ$F' �$���
�@9� �Q <$;�3 �J&��� ��´' s��?�3 I 5 − 8�.3 A�B _�m�� :��B 1�+ , F�;�� �DJ� XQ
cJ$F' : :��TD&i�3 �Wh ML^� %���DJ�� , :��;�� 8.3y� A�B �P g@D���;B �-L ��;$.� 1�+ AB � �L3 s���
g@D��;B 12. <2J�� \$=�D��3 lbTD��3 {�o'P�I 6 − O�m�� e�DB3 K� eDB F�;�� 6��� XQ : :���;9
���B�;� XQ ¡��3 ,:l�2+ %�=��& g� � f$� ��D-��¦$S��� k9� ��3 ¡&�-�� 8.��� , �S$S��� �+���I
7− <����T�� , �j���-B ��F�;�� X���b� XQ : ��F�;��9�� AB �� Z�b�� 8�?�+ H�@B ���@�� s���?y ��;��N
D��� H�@B3 ,cJ�$F' u��$³ , eDa VD-� �@9 63�>�� :��;�� 1�;7 �B -L eDa VD-� ,�'���� 8�. H@B3 \qr��¼
��3 ` 8.���3 i$;h Z¡��� X�+ H@B3 ��9� �� I 8− AB 1r9Q ¢ ³ , X�b� XQ ML F�;�� 1W�� XQ
cB�� : <��D� XQ ¡� ½�K�� '�=D�� ¾ �� �d+Q �W-��6� �^� <��D� I
�� ���� �D��=� 0� I����360 L<6 J4 �����9 ����
���%�:
1��J�+�B �+n�2016 ,159 −210 � A�B �� �L
R� H G�DJ�� fT? , ZiBj�� :��$;� ©��2��: 1−:���$;�� :��F�� {H�+�3 �&'��3 g@9 : ¡J�b�
lh�D��3 �$.� ���,i9 ZiBj�� :��$;�� :�F�� g@9 AB O�@D-73 ����L��� Q �27 :�F� ��� ¢_��3 g@�B �@D&'��3 g��� gD��� A��B ���S? c��5�D7 ���B3� E���-��9 ;�����-��
g��� AB 1�;� AWL X3 �D2�3 I 2− �B �;B :���;�� AB c?��.Q 1$��7 F�;�� 1�� XQ
g�@�B f9��-D�� M�L : �F�;��3 ,�J�9�-�� ¡�$�� Z¿ P� AB �� g$>��� �S���� ��lJ��3 �J�9�-�� k�B 1�B��D
M��L P ZiBj���� k��B 1��B�bD�� M��L !���°3 1��W���g@DJ9�-B I
3− �;� U F�;�� X�b� XQ¯ : E��&Q O� �.� ���9 �5�� XQ �F�;�� M�L ��_�� ����-�� '�N� O�3 lh�D��
:��;�� AB c?��.Q kB 1W��� �;��DB l³ �+KB P�$B I 4− ���9i�� ��F�;�� ¡��-�D� XQ k��B :lq����� %X��.^� : M�L :��>? O;�� XQ F�;�� ML ¡� {� ¨� 12.
��B���� �S����� �'���� i9 c2?��5 �9�+ AB ¤������5�3' e;�� HL f$�3 u����� AL k9� �3¯I
5 – c�9'��B :�F�� F�;�� k&�� XQ : �F�;�� A�bW� �'�m !���Q kB 1B��D��3 g@9��� P AB ML 6��D��
�'�m3 c��� , ¢ L�J�$& ���n X^ ¢j�$� �3 �a H-�$a 8�.��� 'HdD�&� , ¢ L�J$&3 ¢lh�7 :�F�� k$&�7
1W��� �S��B , ¡�� �B^ ��D°I
![Page 78: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 460 –
6− 1r9^� :�bT�� s�T�� X�b� XQ : Z��B� '�b9^� :�$�� ,��� F�.3 �J&�B 1+� 360 A�L {s��-D� ��5'�
����� M�L <���T�� L�J�3 ,�@-B 1r9Q 53 X� c7�b9r9Q :�=$J��� �$���K�� '�BÀ� ¦WJ� P3 '�b9^� 1
cF�'¹ ML I ��� ���� �D���M 0� I����360 N�5 O" ����� ����
N5��%" PQ,��6� �����%&9 ����� :.
�+n�Keyser, 2014, 2 � :���;�� k�DWD� H-�$a c�?Q :Z��-2�� A��m¥� Z�'¹ {�2;3 �$�m� �� �;d��3 k���D��
�@�2;73 ��a�� e>SD�& :���$;�� ¢_�� Xº9 ,���� ;73 �@;��9 Z�rLQI ���� :��;9360 {i�m AB X3��;� �5'�
f$�� ���n X���@D-�3 ¡�-�� {im AB f$�3 lh�D�� k�B e�Da 1� g���DJ�B fT? , g� AB3 g@F�&´' kB
g@$&3´�BI 1��J��+�B ���+n3�2016 ,213−261 � A��B �� ��L
:��. �@5�D° OD�� ©��2������360 %���DJ�� :��$;� �5'� R� H �$? �� :
1− %������� �� Z\2 F�;�� lJ� XQ : lJ��� X� ,1T��&^ :����$;�� : ��$TB :'���@B %�������� ��� Z\2�� g@D��L¾ fT-�� lJ���� ¡��� E���-�� k��B 1��U��D��9
g� �HD�P�3 2− �S�' )�'3Q g�Q ML k$W��� F�;�� �>-� XQ :
���� F�.360 ~S2� �5'� 1�m�� ��-B�b�� %�' ;�� AL
:���;�� µ�� ��K�� H-$29 ,�@5��my 1W��3 c$&3´�B c��9� {3��°3 cW�? £j �TY�B G�� �B -L X�B^� � �
{� :����. j��T°3 k�K��� ,1T��&^360 %�' ��. ���5'� g@$&3´�B I ���� :���. �� )��T�� �� �_�3360 ��5'�
g�l³3 I 3− c$&3´�B F�;�� '�=� XQ : ML 1W��� X� ���=7
¦2�$�3 ,c7�5��3 1W��� ML (��� �3��B c� �TY��� ��� � F�. Z���360P �³�$�U �$�3�J�B 1�WSD� XQ �
1�W���3 c$TY�B %�5�$Da� kB �ZiD� H c7��$. u��&Q1W��� � « H g����=7 ML I
4− g§���. <N���-B , A����m¥� ��F�;�� kr��� XQ : <N�-B , ���9^� k��� �B -L g@TF��Y3 ¦2��7 g§��.
, ���n ¡���3 ¤�2��y�3 <;SD��� g���K�73 ��j�1W��� �S��BI
5− ¡�³�� v_�� t��J�� �5n�W? F�;�� X�b� XQ c$9 : , ¢3�� XQ X3 ��� �B g� ��?�b� XQ :��;�� ML ¡�
��-$�B �+���& ¤'j� XQ , ¡³�� v_�� F�;��9 ,A��m¥��L ���� � OD�� 1W��� ��$ �9�;h , X^ cJ�T- Q �2� XQ c$
g§��; X3_D° HF�� ���D�� I 6− ��´��� F�;�� 1;-� XQ : ���D-�� :���. XQ g³'
lJ�T7 g@$��L ¡�� Ab� ��´��� v�bD2B X�?�b� P . ¢���oP� , X����W�� ���&3´��� 1���o ���;��= ����´���
¦$S��� I
![Page 79: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 461 –
7− VF��D-�� F�;�� Á9�b� XQ : X��bW ��$�^� A�B�� :�9�bB :��;�� �@�9�b� {��9Q vQ X^ ��'�9 �;��= VF�D-'�bDD��& I k��$W��� � ��;7 PQ O��-�7 VF���D-�� :���9�bB3¼
i5¹ �Q i5�L X� �B^� O@D-� P eDa ��3�JDB %Â9�bB:Z�Tb�� v�3 ` AB � � I
� ���� �D39&� R) S��M 0� ��<T360 ����� ����
�U:
x�=S;�� '��Q�2016 ,95 �]� ML F�;�� :' . XQ ���;7 OD�� ��'��y� %�'�@�� G a� 1d� c7�n kB 1B��D�� k��B 1��B��D�� , ¦�-��� XQ A��bW� P c��?^ �����-�� ]� ,cJ�T? kB c�B��7 , �S5�? Ab� � �B g§��$.3 A��m¥� v_��� F�;��9 :��$;�� �d� �� %�'�@�� AB %�_�� :'���3
$=DJ� P c7�n :��$. k$=DJ� PA��m¥� :'��� kI [-$?��B '���Q �.3�Manning, 2013 � O�b� c�?Q
kB g@+��& �$$b7 ]� :��;�� ��D° ,����9 :��$;�� X�b7 :� ��S�� ¤����3^��g��§�n :'��� vQ� l��³ t��J����9
¡&�-�� �$���K�� �$�L�T�� AB 1�;�g�h A�B3 �h��� , �$W$>-D�� �$�W��� l& I
�n :'��� A��B ��F�;�� AbWD��� O��b�3i��9 c��7 XQ �� c���o XQ A�bW� O�D�� O��3 %�T��� AB �� L ��DW�
F�.� 1��J�+�B ¦�3 .3 ,�j$WDB �2016 ,286 � ���7 ����� :���. AL ¶ � H-$a %�T���360O��3 ��5'� :
'��K����3 ,1��U��D��3 ,t�'�y�3 ,���-=T�� ,���$bD��
,����$�� ����&3 ,A����m¥� ���B m ¡��a3 ,X���B^��� M��L :' ��;��3 ,��r��-��3 ~��$a �����HDLP�3 1��WSD
'��B^� DK�7 �B �-L g@$�L �HDLP� AbW�I '���Q H�+ x�=S;���2016 ,97 � X��b� XQ %�_�� :'��� AB XQ ]�
X��b� XQ3 ,�5n�W?3 �����DB3 ,c�B��7 , i@& F�;��¯ ¯ ��=�� 6��� XQ3 ��bK��� A�B f$�3 1�� AB �Zj5
'��b� P e�Da c�-B g��D�3 cS$S�7 ML 1W��3 XQ3 ,¢ f$��3 �N���D A��m¥� -L ��r�� AN��B ]� �>-�
l�;D�� ��§�; ��$W-73 l��;D�� �i�U� M�L 1W��3 %�'�@��I
�� ����� ����� �360 � ���� ���� V ����:
O��D�� k��WD��� %�J��&�B A��B �=��&�D�� E'� ���� ����� :����$;�� <��$2=7 ���§��. k$=DJ���360 ���5'� '����Q3 ,
������2011 ,12 � L�J�7 O�D�� %��&'H�� AB � L ]�R� H E'� �� ¡&�-� H :��$;�� AB ¤�-�� �_� <$2=7 ML:
− ��>? <$2=73 ,O-�_�� ����� %�LHD5� g$>-7%�a�.i�
− ��� X3����D�� j���j�73 ,�����=D�� X���¨ 1$bK��7�� g@D+'�KB k$�K73 ��B���� I
− ���� X���$3 ,j��$WD�� jF����5 )i��N� %�$�3�J�&' �� (�J-B 1b� %�$ai���3I
���� �93W":
��� ���$��D�� ����a��� , �=��&�D�� ���&' �� ���7
![Page 80: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 462 –
����� , ��$?�d�� ��-2��� 1�d� O��3 ��$F� DP� �&' �� ����� ��W��� , ��73 ,��W@B ���a�B ���^ OW$��D��
�� J53 �$JT? : � ¨� %�'�=D�� ZR��¯I 3� ��� �-�3 ' ��� ��$-T��3 ���'��y� g§�25�� ��$;�� ����� %���$;�� ���Bsi�� %�'����@��3 %�' ���;�� g@+iD���B� ¡5�DJ���
v��� 1W��� :��$;�I lK�3 X3�m¹3 (��� �2014 ,3 � ¡$���&Q XQ ]�
, ��B�� �'3� v���7 ��$W$��D�� %�J&��� 1m�� :��$;��¯ ¯ ���9^� j$TSD� �2&�-�� ��$2�� <�m A�B ��j�� {_� M�L
��53 XQ P� ,Z��^� AB �B ;DB %���DJB <$;�3 @¨� AB ° . E'� �� , �� $�;D�� ����$;�� %�&'H�� µ� H�+ :��WdB {���a A�L ~�S2�� �L �� ��� � ;D�� ��n
����m ��&�'� c�� %'��Q�2006 ,4 � , ��$=W-�� X����B ]� ���5�S ���@$9 ���� $�;D�� ���Lj-��3 E'� ���� ����5
����93 �$�WL {��a3 ���¾I O�D�� ��$-T��3 ��'��y� %�.���� AB � ��� t�-�3 ��5' 3 �=�&�D�� ��$B�b�� E'� ��� %� �F�. c5��7 Z��2L^� :��d+ ��@�Q A�B3 l�$qD�� :��$. �&'�� , �$��L vj$TSD�� ¡?�¨� , '��;��3 ,1W��� p�q�3 ��'��y�
�� :'��y� 1��2. A��B %� ��F�;�� gL ��� ���$��� ;x�����j�� ,¡��$N32017 ,389 I� ��w��U ���&�'� 8TK��+ H��+ v�$S$���2012 ,72 � ABj��� ~�$a A�B ���@�� MLQ XQ
O� �=&�D�� E'� �� %��� B G � �@D���7 , )�qDJ��
8�.3 ¤�$�� ]� v��7 1B��L t�-� XQ3 ,��'��y� ��@�� ��w�� M�L ¤i�NP� ��@�Q �=&�D�� E'� �� %��� B
���3%�'�JTD&P� :�d+3 ,OB�$�� �73���3 ,c$�L �I RL �Q �&�'� %'��Q H+�2010, 49 � ML XQ ]�
,���'��� �s��@5 �@&'� � Á$§ XQ �d� �� �$W$��D�� g>-��¯ ¯ O��D�� l$J��D��3 :'��y� <��F��N , ��� ��� �B �DJ��B¯
~� �� ���� %�B�;B AB 8S2UQI ����-�� ���&�'� VF���D? %���@YQ3�2012 ,135 � XQ
\W? X�&'H� ������ �-� W �=&�D�� E'� �� v�� B ON��.��73^�3 ,�=�&�DB ��5' ON��;W� ��� :��$;��
�T$�� �5' I ��@@5��7 �=�&�D�� ��&' �� : �F�. Xº�9 <2�& �� :���$;�� \�W? A�L R�D�� �2��=B O�3 ,: � L p�q� A�B AbWD�7 e�Da :��$;�� , � 5 \W? n���3 �� $�;D�� %�'��=D��3 %�l�qD�� kB �$bD��3 ,p�qr�� �@5��B
�L'�JD��I 8��3�a %��&�'� ���53 A�B g³���� ML3 P� �=�&�D�� �&' �� :��;� ����$;�� pH?^� ML 6�.��� v ��$�;D�� �$-���D�� M��L %j��+' %���&�' �� ����7 XQ E' �7 OD�� %�&�' �� , :' ? t�-�3 ,����$;�� pH?À�
�� ����$;�� pH?^��d� I ���� :��$;�� XQ <�=-B AB3360 ¢_�� ��7 ,�$2J�? ��d� �� :���$;�� <F��N AB �7 �5'� pH�?^� {��� , ��$dS2�� :���T�� &3 ��3�-D� �&�' ��
:��$;�� �d� ��I
![Page 81: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 463 –
:��$;�� WD�D9� 360 F�;�� {�2. �$T$+ ML �5'� O�L��� v_�� :��$;�� �n�W-�� �_� �� �D&� cJT? l$qD� �W>-�� ML ®�TS�� %���DJ�� �9�+ kB v��$;�� 1B��D�� ¤���?Q3 %�'�@B �$�Q {�T³� � L kB ��BÀ� �� � ;D��3
G�m^� %���$;��� ,�����2011 ,9� ,g�h A�B3 ��7 ��&' �� �F�;+ \&3^� G�DJ�� , F�;�� �2&�-B :��$.
: � L %���o� AW� c7��$. E'H� v_��I � ��53 '�2DL�3 ¡���7 O�D�� 1�B����� A�B � ��
X�5��D° :��;�� Xº9 ,�&�W�B l³ :��$;�� ���JB , �'3�� ]� ������9 ����?�b� O��b� ��@¨�3 8��.��� A��B l��db�
� ,1��J+�B2009 ,13� ,3 A�B � �F�. Z���� ¦2��� Ob�¯ \W-��360A�B k�B v���$;�� c�WL AJ° �5'� , g��
1hH��3 e?�^�3 ML^� G�DJ��, �@9 %�_�� kB ��_+3 1��W��� A��B l��db�� ����D° 1�� 1@J���� �B^��� f$���
�1��J+�B,2016 ,263 I� f$F���� {��J�� , �&�' �� ��bKB 8�d� <2& ��
¥� : � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3 �B360 %� �F�. G � �5'� ?������ �-� B , �=&�D�� E'� ��
�D�9X�)� ���� Y�5)Z :
�� ��&�' �� 6 § 6���7 ]� f$�F' 1bK� ��$��Ä � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360 E'� ��� %� �F�. G � �5'�
������� ��-� B , �=&�D��I 6 ��� �_�� A�L <�d2-�3 A�L ���5y� {i�m A�B <�;SD7 �$L�9 6� �Q f$F���Ä
���&^��$7¥�: 1− �� :���$;�� <�$2=7 �5'� �B360 G �� ��5'�
)C , �=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. A�B ������� ��-� B ��>? ��@53��$�&' �� :����$;�� �9*�B ,��W���� , : ��F�.
�&' ��� ? 2− �� :��$;�� <$2=7 %�.��B �B360 G �� ��5'�
A�B ������� ��-� B )C , �=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. ��>? �@53��$�&' �� :���$;�� �9*�B ,��W���� , : �F�.
�&' ��� ? ���� ��F)[ :
���$�Q A��Wb7Ä ��aQ k��B ���@�B��7 A��B ���&�' �� �� :���$;�� ���3 �d� �� ��'��y� %���oP�360��5'� , �&�' �� ¢_� cT$r7 XQ 1B�� �B ]� �9��y�� ]� ��2Db�
¤����� �_� �$9���� ���J�� AB �$���� I XQ 1�B�� H�+ $T� 1�5Q A�B g$���D�� M�L X�WF�;�� �&�' �� ¢_� AB
� :��$;�� <$2=7360��5' �;��= �$W$��D�� %�J&��� , �$��� I �� �L� , A���m¹ �da�� ��BQ {���� ¦DT7 XQ3
� :��$;�� {3�-D7 %�&�'�360�5'� %�J&��� ��D� , G�m^� %�L�=;��3 �$W$��D��I
��H9 T"���� :
����� �����360���� : X��b� O�D�� :���$;�� O��a �'3� X�2���3 \&��� , �§��. A�B g§H>-�B , H�&�
��bKB vQ �h�7 �$+ ��´�� 1r9Q '�>-W g@�D� {im
![Page 82: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 464 –
�-$�B9 ~$a ,g@$� ~�S2��3 �@D�&�'� M�L X3'��. g� f�T? ML ��_+3 ,�N�2�3 ����U 1T&^3 ML^ �@$9
G�DJ���axwell, 2006, 168I�� %�'�@��3 )�=�� O� ���@5��B A��B :���F�� 3Q ���W>-B vQ ��F�. A��b� O��D��
D�� ����D� , :����$;�� A��B c��-b�3 �J��$F��� %�� ��S ����=7 ML ¢ L�J73 �$? ��3 �=&�D��3 �$���� %���DJ�� %�'��@B3 ¡$���&Q �� �D�&� {i�m A�B �W>-�� lh�7 , �W$. �d+Q3 P��9 ��rL 6�=�� ���� , X�b�3 :��$;��¯ ¯
:�F� ��� ,�����2011 ,8I�
����� �\ Y ��1��B:��@��3 )���=�� ����� O��D�� %�'� k�B3 A@J�T?Q kB �=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. �@B �DJ7 :��F�� A�B ��j� ��� ��&3´���3 Z�&´��� kB3 ZiBj�� 1�W��� �S��B c$9 X�b� H %���oP� k$� , A�lh�7
��B����3I �]^ �\� ���� ��_D!" :
]� e�J�7 OD�� 6� �^�3 �&�' �� ��$2N Z�� , � �D&� ,�@;$;�R$�SD�� OTU��� V@-��I
Z��� , ��&�' �� :��Q ����=D X��Dda�2�� 8B�.3 1$@J�7 u�=m ML {���� g7 gh ,�@W$b�3 %�$�^�
��&�' �� :��Q <�$2=7 M�L �;9����3 ,�W@���X�2D�&P� �x3�b�� \��' wL �$?3b�� �@��s�7 g7 ~$a I ��3
%���?�$2�� k���8��¨�LB���?� �� �D��&� �$F����a� V�SPSS��&�' �� VF�D? ML {����3 , I
���� �&�` : AB �&'� �� kWD� X�b7¼�1044 �3 ���W��B�9 �3 ,�$��&' B :����$. %�9*��B�35 � : ��F�.
, ��$B�b�� �=�&�D�� E'� ��� %��J�-B AB �&' B ��' �� ����� ������ �-� B )C1438 �1439��I
������ ���!�4 :l��Dm�%=$J�� �$F��K��L ���-$L � AB 8?�b7�120 � %�9*���3 %� �F�;��3 %H���� AB
����� ������ �-� B )C ,��' ��1437 −1438¢ I ���� �!�4 8��Ta : H$9 �� ±F��m ��L
�;93 �&�' �� �-$L¯� � µ�2 {3 �¨� �S���B %�l�qD� ¥�:
*���,1.:������ ��<�b� �cd�� e%; ���� �!�4 ��f�� g
cd�� 0&91 h5i� � 3� ��%!%
E��'���b 95 79.2 ���� 16 13.3
%���DJBlqD��
�$�L %�&�'� 9 7.5 ¤�W��� 120 100
cd�� �"�@ ��!� � 3� ��%!%
%��-& fŠAB 1.Q 8 6.7 AB5 AB 1.Q ]�10�-& 19 15.8
%���DJBlqD��
10�d+�9 %��-& 93 77.5 ¤�W��� 120 100
lqD�� OT$Y��� eWJ�� '��bD�� �2J-��% �&' B : F�. 16 13.3
�$&' B :��$. �9*B 8 6.7 %���DJB
lqD�� �W��B 96 80
¤�W��� 120 100
![Page 83: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 465 –
{3 ¨� �2��1 � lqDB ¡Ja �&�' �� �-$L k�s�7 ,O��W$��D�� 1������XQ g@�����B ���&�' �� ���-$L g��>�B
�'�����b3 ,E� XQ�77.5 �%@-��Bg � ��L A��� ��?���+ XQ3 ,w+Q g§��-&�80 �% eWJ�� X�+ �&�' �� �-$L AB
w+^� ��T�� g�3 �W��B g� � OT$Y��� ���� ��) :B �D&�8 ,�?�2D&P� :��Q 8WW�U3
M��L Z���-¯^� '���Ny� A��B :����9y�3 �@D����&Q3 ,6� ���,�;�J��� %�&�' �� µ�3 ,v�>-�� P� %� ��3 %P
R�� H� O�hid�� %�b$� E�$;W :��^� E�$;B :A�B1]�
1.66 1dW� ��r�T�-B ��5'�� A�B ,1.67]� 2.33 1�dW� ��=&�DB �5'�� AB ,2.34 ]� 3.00 1dW� ��$��L �5'�I�
������ ��) #���k: ��+�D�� g��7 ) ����� A��B A�B � �L 1�2. A�B �?�2D�&P� g$�bSD :��À� v���>��
, ����D�� �WbS������� :'��y� I ) �U A�B3 %�'���2L p���27'� 1�B��B u�J��Da� Rm� ���� )�J�7P� 1�b� ,c�$�� OWD-7 v_�� '�SW�� �$�b�� �5' �� '�S��
{3 ¨� , ¦��B �� H+ '�` ¥�:
*���,2.:�6����l ��93 ������ ���H� m���� h"�1" g
��H� m����A h"�1"
{3^� '�S�� **0.695 x�d�� '�S�� **0.808
~��d�� '�S�� **0.818 k���� '�S�� **0.817 fB��� '�S�� **0.209
** ���!1" ���%" �!40.01h� �)
{3 ¨� AB ¦rD��2 � '3��S�� %�'�2��� p�27'� ��� ���B �3���� ���N�27'� ���@$�� O��WD-7 O��D��¯�0.209 ]�
0.818 ���27'P� %iB����B k��$� XQ H��+ , :�'������ p� ���P� G�DJ�B �-L �$F��a� ���� {3 ¨��0.01� ��� ,
�&�' �� :��^ OF�-2�� ) ��� ]� lK�I ������ ��) �����E : �?�2D��&P� %���2h E���$;�
B �D&�8� »�2?3�+ �T�Q �����BCronbacha Alpha� , {3 ¨�3�3 ��&�' �� %�2h 1B��B ¦���I
*���,3.: o��6� p �<) h"�1" ���� ��) ���E ����g
�6����A ����4 ����1 ��4 ����1 ���E
{3^� '�S�� 10 0.618 x�d�� '�S�� 7 0.783
~��d�� '�S�� 6 0.858 k���� '�S�� 6 0.836 fB��� '�S�� 6 0.615 1b+ �?�2D&P� 35 0.907
{3 ¨� AB ¦rD��3 � %�'��2�� %�2d�� 1B��B XQ�Q ��� �3���� ����'3�`3 ���&�' �� :��0.858 −0.615� ,
1�b+ �?�2D�&i� %�2d�� 1B��B [�3�0.907I� ~�$a3 g��S�B lK����2009 ,269, 252 � %���2d�� 1��B��B XQ ]�
c$9 u�³�B �BQ kT7��� I 1 c7�n a , �9 � f$� c?Q P� c?Q3 ,:��^� %�2h3 )�J7� {�a ���³ ]� {�U��� ��$&3
�>? �@53 AB {����� v_���3 ���D�� %��2d�� Xº�9 �$W�L�+1 � OWW���B g��>�B XQ3 ,c��$�L {������ A��bW� P
![Page 84: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 466 –
{��a R�+ %��2h 1B��W X�TDb� %�3�^�0.90, Xº�9 �?�2D��&i� %���2d�� 1��B��B���@�+ ���$���� ���&�' �� ,
�0.907 ��� ,�&�' �� %���q� P�2;B g�h A�B3 A�bW� �� <$2=D�� , �?�2D&P� ¢_� ML �HDLP��&�' �� x� $ I
��6��� h�9Q V �"�:�%� ����T;q e���K :
�2��&�-�� �$F����ay� ¡$����& � A��B ��� ��� � �D��&�y� �j�� VB�?� �� �D&� ��$LHD5P� ������ �$F��a�spss� ,
XQ � ��n3¶ a ¥� ¡�&�S�� %�?�$2�� {�m��3 j$B�7 ?P�3 ,(�J�� \&�D�� �� �D&� g7 ~$a ,v'��$��� 6���S
»�2?3�+ �T�� 1B��B3 ,X�&l p�27'P� 1B��B3I �D�W��!"� r���! � 4:
*�K *i%� r���6 �W��!"� � 4 : l�2�D�� g�7 , ]3^� ���'^� '3��S�� {im AB {3^� {��J�� AL
�@-L ��5y� R� H$93 ,�&�' �� :��Q: *�K ��H� : �� :��$;�� <$2=7 �5'�360'� ��5M��L^� G�DJ��W�� : �$�J���� %�=��&�D�� u�J��a g��7
H�+ '��S�� {��a %���D�&i� ��'�$��� %�9��S?P�3 {3 ¨� �@S��� ¥�:
*���,4.: ����� ��� � *�; ���� �!�4 ����_��A s���1� Y H6A� ����%t �� ���� 360J4K ���%� �" ���� g
u ����1
� ����� R\����ggggggg v�%t w����
Y H6A
s���1� ��� � ���� e��x
10 3 eDa j�-7 �$+ 6��7�ML^� �§��. u�³ X 2.83 0.46 �$��L 1 3 ML^� �§��. �@$9 1�;D& �;$.� 1b� � $5 �DJ7¯ 2.79 0.48 �$��L 2 8 �@B�@B %�d+ X�3 eDa 1W��� j�-7 �$+ 6��7 2.78 0.50 $��L� 3 7 kB �@F�;� , c-L {s�-D7 eDB3 ��Q� �JWD7 eDB 6��7 ML^� �§��. 2.77 0.51 �$��L 4 6 ^� �§��. kB �@d� a -L $T�� s��y� � �DJ7ML 2.76 0.53 �$��L 5 2 ^� �§��;� X���� g� ;D� : �DJB1W��� %P�� 1+ , ML 2.68 0.59 �$��L 6 9 eDa j�-7 �$+ 6��73 ��'���� 8�. X 2.64 0.64 �$��L 7 5 [email protected] ML �Y�Ta ML^� �§��. kB �@d� a , j5�7 2.58 0.69 �$��L 8 1 ML^� �§ F�. AL �T$T� : � 5 ��@B 12;7¯ 2.43 0.68 �$��L 9 4 ML^� �§��. kB {�o'P� ¡-�D7 2.34 0.80 �$��L 10
��H&9 u�1 w����=2.66, �4 ������.
{3 �¨� AB ¦rD��4 � '��S� ������ \�&�D�� XQ :��$;�� <$2=7u360 �� ML^ �5'� �2.66 � lK� �_�3
%���D&i� 1$�� R� H$93 ,�$��L �5' <$2=D�� ]�I
:�;T�� %Z�5�10 �O�3� e�Da j�-7 �$+ 6��7M��L^� ���§��. u���³ X�3 � \��&�DW ]3^� ���27��� ,
(�Ja�2.83 � 3 w�b ���n |�T� �.3 ,��$��L �5'
![Page 85: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 467 –
G�DJ���� , %�����$;�� M��L :���;��� %�$�3�J���� g���a H� �$���� :��$;�� {�q�� � L �j�DJ� v_�� �B^� ,ML^�
e=&��� :��$;�� 12. AB ¢_$T-7 AbW��E'� �� %� F�. � ��� OF��5y� OW$>-D�� 1$� �� , ��@�� ����� ��_+3
����'� M�L : F�;�� 1����@�W� I :��;T�� %Z��53�3 � O�3� �@$9 1�;D& �;$.� 1b� � $5 �&' �� : F�. �DJ7¯
ML^� �§��. � (�J�a \�&�DW �$?�d�� �27��� ,�2.79 � : F�. 1WL {3 5 X� ��n lJT7 AbW�3 ,�$��L �5' ��s��?� ¡� OD�� ��@�� AB ldb�� �� �3 ,� ` �&' ��
D�P� �j� v_�� �B^� M�L^ �§��. ���;� �� �D&P� �HD.��� �l9�7�§ F�. 8.33 �@I�a , :�;T�� %Z�5 �1 �
O�3�M�L^� �§ �F�. A�L �T$T� : � 5 ��@B 12;7¯ � ,�27��� (�J�a \�&�DW :l�m^� 12.�2.43 � ��5' 3
OT$Y���� �U��� X� ��$D-�� ¢_� lJT7 AbW�3 ,�$��L �@B�$. AWrD� : F�;�� A�B : �� 5 ���@B AB c ��+ H
:C��2�� �@DJ$F' I :��;T�� %Z��53�4 � O��3� ¡�-�D7ML^� �§��. kB {�o'P� ���27��� , \�&�DW :l�m^�
(�J��a�2.34 � ¢_��� lJ��T7 A��bW�3 ,���$��L ���5' 3 c�?Q3 ,��W@B '�BQ X�$J? , ¡2JD� {�o'P� X� ��$D-��
�+ ��DbB3 :� ` ¡��=�� 8?�+ H�+ � �� eL�Q ��n X:���;�� ����;B �-L ���$J�? I g�³' :��;T�� XQ É�ai�3
:l�m^� ��27��� , %Z��5 ��Q P� �$��L �5' �@;$2=7 , :���;�� X�� ���n lJT7 AbW�3� P M�L^� G�DJ��
:� �` ���- ���53 M�L X3��3 {�o'P� X�SWJ� ��DbB3gh AB3A�B f$��3 �9�=�� AB �&'H�� X�b7
�� a3 �&' �� : F�.I z�+ ��H� : �� :���$;�� <$2=7 �5'�360 ��5'�
G�DJ���� f��T? M��L :82J��aÊ ¬ �$�J���� %�=��&�D�� H�+ '��S�� {��a %���D�&i� ��'�$��� %�9��S?P�3
{3 ¨� �@S��� ¥�:
*���,5. :*�; ���� �!�4 ����_��A s���1� Y H6A� ����%t �� ���� ����� ��� � 360 ���%�� L�<6 J�4 ����� , ������ �l�"{� ��"
� aK ����.g
u ����1
����� ����� R\ggggggg v�%t w����
Y H6A
s���1� ��� � ���� e��x
1 %� F�;�� �§i$Bs ��3 ' ;7 2.92 0.30 �$��L 1 4 ? , i�� %� F�;�� kB �.� ��� v�;7����DJB fT 2.83 0.42 �$��L 2 6 AbBQ �B �§i$Bs kB :lq��� %�9i�� AL �D27 2.83 0.47 �$��L 3 7 %i$Bj�� AB 1r9^� :�bT�� k�K7 2.83 0.47 �$��L 4 5 :��$;�� , �@�F�� AB kB �@9'��B :�F�� k&�7 2.82 0.46 �$��L 5 2 ��B AS�-$� �§i$Bs ��;7¯ 2.80 0.46 $��L� 6
��H&9 u�1 w����=2.81 ,���4 ����.
![Page 86: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 468 –
{3 �¨� AB ¦rD��5 � '��S� ������ \�&�D�� XQ� :���$;�� <$2=7� 360 ��� G�DJ��� f�T? M�L ��5'�
�2.81� R�� H$�93 ,��$��L �5' <$2=D�� ]� lK� �_�3%���D&i� 1$�� I
:�;T�� %Z�5�1 � O��3� ��§i$Bs ���3 ' �;7%� ��F�;�� � (�J��a \��&�DW ]3^� ���27��� ,�2.92 �
�� �;D��3 ���aP� X�� ��n |T� .3 ,�$��L �5' 3 k�B 1�B��D��3 �$?�J�?y� %��.i��� Z�- , E�&^� ��
A��m¥�I :�;T�� %Z�53�4 � O�3� k�B �.� ��� v�;7����DJ��B f��T? , i���� %� ��F�;�� � ���$?�d�� ���27��� ,
(�Ja \&�DW�2.83 �3 ��n Gj�� .3 ,�$��L �5' k��B �.� ����� �����;7 X��� E'� ���� %� ��F�. '����� ]� <�;°3 %�w�� {��27 sj�$& G�m^� E'� �� %� F�.
1W��� �S��B , ¡�7 �+KB k9�-BI
:��;T�� %Z�5 �a ,�2 � O��3� ��§i$Bs ���;7���B AS�-$�¯ � A�B :l�m^� 1�2.3 �&��J��� ��27��� ,
'�S�� %�'�2L (�Ja \&�DW�2.83 ��$��L �5' 3I :�;T�� %Z�53�3 �O��3� X3� ��§i$Bs 1�$��7 ��@W�
�J��9�-�� � (�J��a \��&�DW :l��m^� ���27��� , A��@�B�2.61 ��$��L �5' 3I 1���D�� XQ ]� ���n Gj��� .3
<�93 X��b� H�F�� %�s��$DBP�3 jF���¨� ML {��S��<;° v_�� �B^� ,�B'�U3 :� ` l���B �T�*�� �J9�-��
: L�J�W : �F�;�� ���$. sj���3 ,E'� ��� %� �F�. �¢�S? A§��$.3 ���-�� ML �§i$Bs I
|�+ ��H� : �� :��$;�� <$2=7 �5'�360 ��5'� e?�^� G�DJ�� ML: �$�J��� %�=�&�D�� u�J�a g7
H�+ '��S�� {��a %���D�&i� ��'�$��� %�9��S?P�3 {3 ¨� �@S��� ¥�:
*���,6.: ����� ��� � *�; ���� �!�4 ����_��A s���1� Y H6A� ����%t �� ���� 360 }6�K ���%� J4 ���� ,�" �]���� PQ O".g
u ����1
����� ����� R\ggggggg v�%t w����
Y H6A
s���1� ��� � ���� e��x
1 ��D�� ML !���&' �� , {��D�� {im AB � 2.93 0.36 �$��L 1 5 �����=7 %�'3 �&' �� , %�TY��� <S�7 2.92 0.40 �$��L 2 3 �§��$. 8� A� A� %�TY��� O-D�7 2.90 0.43 �$��L 3 2 t��J�� , �� G_D° :3 . 1d� 2.88 0.47 �$��L 4 4 �S�' )�'3Q A�Q ML k$W��� �>-7 T7 X3��.� 2.87 0.50 �$��L 5 6 ¡&�-�� X�b�� , �2&�-�� �TY��� kr7 2.87 0.50 �$��L 6
��H&9 u�1 w����=2.90, ���4 ����.
{3 �¨� AB ¦rD��6 �'��S� ������ \�&�D�� XQ u :��$;�� <$2=7360 e?�^� G�DJ�� ML �5'� �2.90 �
![Page 87: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 469 –
H$�93 ��$��L ��5' <�$2=D�� ]� lK� �_�3 1�$�� R�� %���D&i�I
:��;T�� %Z�5�1 �O��3� A�B ����D�� M�L !������&' �� , {����D�� {i��m � \��&�DW ]3^� ���27��� ,
(�Ja�2.93 � XQ ]� ���n Gj��� �.3 ,��$��L ��5' 3 g�@9 M�L �� L�J�� ¶ �� k.�B , �&' �� : F�. 5��7
�L| �@D ��B3 %ibK�� I :��;T�� %Z�5 H+�5� O��3 �������=7 %�'3 � �&' �� , %�TY��� <S�7 � ��27��� ,
(�Ja \&�DW �$?�d���2.92 � XQ A�bW�3 ,��$��L �5' 3 8��m�Q O�D�� %� � �D�� AB � ��� t�-� X� ��n |T� ¡��=D7 OD��3 �' �� Z��^� �B�>-W+ �' �� 1W��� ML
+ '��B^� A�B �� ��� ML %H���� ¡�' 7º�$7��& %�$ ��$T$+ ]� �9��y� ,c7�3�Q3 g$$;D�� ¡$��&Q3 \K-�� g��D��
Z��^� %�C�B <$;�3 l����� �$2�7 I <�9��D7 ��$D-�� ¢_�3 ��&�'� c�� 8�U�7�B kB�Drew, 2009 � '3� ��$���9 A�B
A� �DJ�� %�' . �J� , �W>-��I
:�;T�� %Z�5 H$9�4 �O��3� M�L k�$W��� ��>-7S�' )�'3Q A�Q��.�T7 X3� � � :l�m^� 1�2. ��27��� , (�Ja \&�DW�2.87 � ��n Gj�� .3 ,�$��L �5' 3
, �L��-D�� '����b�� A�B � ��� 1WK7 �&' �� XQ ]� 1bK�� ��9 1+ 1�� v_�� �B^� ,g§�wm3 g§����
�$L�? �9���gh AB3 �F�;�� ��>? , �S�' �.'3 X�b� I :�;T�� %Z�53�6 �O�3� kr7 X�b�� , �2&�-�� �TY���
¡&�-�� ��27��� , (�Ja \&�DW :lm^� 12.�2.87 � ±�K��� ���53 X�� ���n |�T� .3 ,�$��L �5' 3 G�DJ�B M�L ����� fb�-� ¡&�-�� X�b�� , ¡&�-�� �2�&�-B ±�K��� X�+ H�b9 ,1b+ �J&���3 ��T�� Z��Q
¢s��?�3 cD$5�D?� ���j7 X�bW��I '�S��k���� : �� :���$;�� <�$2=7 �5'�360 ��5'� %�_�� :��$;� :2Ja8 %��9��S?P�3 �$�J�� %�=&�D��
{3 �¨� �@S��� H+ '�S�� {�a %���D&i� ��'�$��� ¥�:
*���,7.: ����� ��� � *�; ���� �!�4 ����_��A s���1� Y H6A� ����%t �� ���� 360 ���%" J4 ���� �U,�D%<! ����� �����.g
u ����1
����� ����� R\ggggggg v�%t w����
Y H6A
s���1� ��� � ���� e��x
2 �@D;$;a ML '�B^� g@T7 �� 2�� ���¾ 2.95 0.31 �$��L 1 1 %�lqD�� kB ���¾ �$bD7¯ 2.93 0.36 �$��L 2 5 n �S��B ML <��T�� �S��B � ;7�§� 2.93 0.36 �$��L 3 6 1W��� :��5 AB sj�7 :�bD2B ¡$��&Q ���� k$=DJ7 2.93 0.36 �$��L 4 3 �&' �� , 1W��� %�?�bB k$� � 1B�bD�� , �J$F' �'3� v��7¯ ¯ 2.92 0.40 �$��L 5 4 A��m¥� �B m , ¡³�7 2.90 0.43 �$��L 6
��H&9 u�1 w����=2.93, ���4 ����.
![Page 88: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 470 –
{3 �¨� AB ¦rD��7 � '��S� ������ \�&�D�� XQ� :��$;�� <$2=7� 360 ��� %�_��� G�DJ�B M�L ��5'�
�2.93� H$93 ,�$��L �5' <$2=D�� ]� lK� �_�3 ��� %���D&i� 1$��
:���;T�� %Z���5�2 �O���3� g��@T7 ���� 2�� �����¾�@D;$;a ML '�B^� � (�J�a \�&�DW ]3^� �27��� ,
�2.95 �3 �� 2�� �L¾ X� ��n |T� .3 ,�$��L �5' ���$D? k�B �-� ��$D-�� <TD73 , F�;�� �W@�� %�T��� AB
O�D$2d�� �&�'��2012 � %�'��@�� XQ ]� 8��U�7 O�D�� k�B3 ,E'� �� v�� B G � ��9��7 �d+^� O� �$+�'�y�
�-�� �&�'� VF�D?�2015 � %�'��@�� ��@$9 %Z�5 OD���bT��3 �$-T��ML^� �27��� , �� I :��;T�� %Z��5 H+�1 �
O�3�%�l�qD�� k�B ����¾ ��$bD7¯ � ��$?�d�� ��27��� , (�Ja \&�DW�2.93 � ��n Gj�� .3 ,�$��L �5' 3
, %�J�&��� ���$ , : +�B 8S2UQ %�l$qD�� XQ ]� ���D�&P�3 %�'��=D�� �2+��B AB P3 ¸��� ����
�� AbWDD� l$qD�� 1��� v_��� ��B^� ,Z��;2�� AB �J&����a AB �L'�JD�� %�lqD�� kB �$bD7 �&' �� : F�. I
���a , :���;T�� %Z���5 �3 � O���3� �'3� v����7¯��&' �� , 1�W��� %�?�bB k$� � 1B�bD�� , �J$F'¯ �
�27��� , (�Ja \&�DW :lm^� 12.�2.92 � ��5' 3���$��L I :���;T�� %Z���53�4 � O���3�7 ���B m , ¡��³�
A��m¥�� (�J�a \�&�DW :l�m^� ��27��� ,�2.90 � %� �F�. !��S ��n |T� XQ AbW�3 ,�$��L �5' 3
A��m²� �B ��3 : L�J��3 X���� g� ;7 ML E'� ��I {3 �¨� ¦���3 ¥� A�L ���L 1bK� ���5y�
�&�' �� {3^� {��J��I
*���,8.:��_��l ����%t �� ���� ����� ��� � *�; �360�����%� �G�p J4 ���� g
��H� w���� s���1� Y H6A ��� � ���� e��x
{3^� '�S�� : ML^ :��$;�� 2.66 0.38 �$��L 4 x�d�� '�S�� :G�DJ�� fT? ML :��$;�� 2.81 0.29 �$��L 3
~��d�� '�S�� :e?�^� G�DJW�� :��$;�� 2.90 0.32 �$��L 2 k���� '�S�� : %�_�� :��$. 2.93 0.30 �$��L 1
����� \&�D�� 2.83 0.31 �$��L
{3 ¨� AB ¦rD��8 � :��$;�� <$2=7 �5'� XQ360
������� �-� B , �=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ��L \&�DW3 ,�$��L �5'� O� ��L 1bK�2.83� XQ3 ,
��� ��;$2=7 '3�S�� MLQ \�&�DW %�_��� :���$. '��`
![Page 89: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 471 –
�2.93 � E��&Q O�� %�_��� :���$. X^ ��n Gj�� .3A���m¥� :��$., '��S�� ��@9 ��;$2=7 '3��S�� 1�.Q ��BQ
\&�DW ML^ :��$;�� !����2.66 � |T� XQ AbW�3 , c�-L ��$���� %����$;�� kB 1.Q X�b� 1B��D�� X� ��n
G�m^� %���DJ�� I�a �&�' �� VF�D? <TD73 ��5'� {� :��$;�� <$2=7360 ��&�'� VF��D? k�B ���L 1bK �5'�
v B�q���2007 � E'� �� v�� B kD� ]� 8�U�7 OD�� k�B ���D� �a , ,����$;�� %�'�@�� AB l2+ G�DJW
���-�� ���&�'� VF���D?�2015 � �9���7 ]� 8���U�7 O��D�� ���5' E'� ���� %��� ��B G ��� ������$;�� %�'���@��
� H+ ,�=&�DB ��&�'� VF�D? kB ��D H$��(Hemati,
2011) OD�� ��5' v���$;�� ¡?�¨� <$2=7 ]� 8�U�7�$��L 8J$�3 : $5 I
z�+ *i% r���6 �W��!"� � 4 : %��.��B ��B ��� :����$;�� <��$2=7360 E'� ���� %� ��F�. G ��� ���5'�
�>? �@53 AB ������ �-� B )C , �=&�D��� �9*�B�$��&' �� :����$;��, ���W���� ,���&' �� : ��F�.�?2J��a 8
%���D&i� ��'�$��� %�9��S?P�3 �$�J�� %�=&�D�� �@S����� H��+ ���&�' �� :��Q , fB����� '���S�� {���a
{3 ¨� ¥�:
*���,9.: �� ����� ��� � ����1" *�; ���� �!�4 ����_��A �����1� ��G H6A� ����%t �� ���� 360 ���� � ���� ���� ����� ��g
u ����1
����� ����� R\ggggggg v�%t w����
Y H6A
s���1� ��� � ���� e��x
2 �o�-�� p�qr�� :�d+ ,1W��� :3'n Z�-hQ 2.31 0.36 �=&�DB 1 1 ��D-�� AB �d+Q �B ;�� , X�b7 XQ �&' �� : F�. 1rT7 2.25 0.40 �=&�DB 2 5 Z�+ l³ ML^� �§ F�. X�b7 �B -L p�2ay� �&' �� : F�. '��� 2.24 0.47 �=&�DB 3 6 c k-D;7 � '��. _$T-7 , ���U o 2.19 0.77 �=&�DB 4 3 �@��3 , t'�K7 � ��´' $��7 , ���U o 2.17 0.89 �=&�DB 5 4 �$;�� , ����&Q ���=D� : �DJB l³ �&' �� : F�.�� $�;D�� :� 2.15 0.99 �=&�DB 6
��H&9 u�1 w����=2.21, � ���" ����.
{3 �¨� AB ¦rD��9 � '��S� ������ \�&�D�� XQ
u :����$;�� <��$2=7 %���.��B360 %� ��F�. G ��� ���5'� ��� �=�&�D�� E'� ���2.21 � ���53 ]� lK�� �_��3
�=���&�DB ����5' %����.����I H$���93 ����� 1���$��
%���D&i�: :�;T�� %Z�5�1 � O�3���o�-�� p�qr�� :�d+, 1��W��� :3'n Z���-hQ � (�J��a \��&�DW ]3^� ���27��� ,
�2.31 � p�qr��� :��d+ XQ ���P3 ,�=&�DB �5' 3
![Page 90: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 472 –
s���?º : �F�;�� 1qK-7 .3 c$9 � ;D�� <$�7 1W��� Z�-hQ�$b�� u�Ja ML gb��I :��;T�� %Z�5 H+�6 � O��3
�Q ��&' �� : �F�. 1rT7 A�B ��d+Q ��B ;�� , X��b7 X����D-�� � (�J��a \��&�DW ���$?�d�� ���27��� ,�2.25 �
���53 X�� '��K��� M�L { � �_�3 ,�=&�DB �5' 3 A�B P � <��T�� �B ;B , X�b7 XQ 1rT7 OD�� : F�;��
��BQ �;F�L X�bD& ��D-�� AB �� 7 XQ u��&� :��$;�� ���360 �F�;�� A�B l�d+ !�a g³'3 ,�5'� M�L %�
�$+'�K�D��3 �$N��.�W� �� :��$;�� �� �D&�, �. c�?Q P� ��;��=�� 1r�T7 8���s ��B %� F�;�� AB �L�W� 5��
:��$;�� �$B���I :�;T�� %Z�5 �a ,�3 �O��3� , ����U �o
�@��3 , t'�K7 � ��´' $��7� :l�m^� 1�2. �27��� , (�J�a \&�DW�2.17 ��=�&�DB ��5' 3I %Z��53
� :�;T��2 �O�3� ����=D� : �DJ�B l�³ ��&' �� : �F�.�� $�;D�� :��$;�� , ����&Q � \�&�DW :lm^� �27��� ,
(�Ja�2.15 � XQ M�L { �� �_��3 �=�&�DB ��5' 3 �h���D7 �$��&' �� ����$2�� X��� X��K��� %� ��F�;�� ���$2��³ ��� $�;D�� �§'�� :��$;�� �7 g�9 �L'�JD�� %�'�=D��
33 ,�� � X�b$�& l$qD�� Ar9�� %� F�;�� AB ��. ��5A@&'� B , �;F�LI
���k�� : H X�Dda�2�� �7 �&�' �� VF�D? Z�� ,3 �� :
• <�$2=D� %�.��B ��53 �&�' �� VF�D? %�@YQ :��$;��� 360 Ë��7 ��-� A�B3 �=�&�DB �5' �5'�
{im AB ,%�.���� ML ¡�qD�� ML 1W��� X�Dda�2��: − 1�$�;D ��&' �� : �F�. AL %�N�qr�� �$T�
OD�� %�LHD5P� � L 1$�;73 ,O-$73��� v'��y� Z¡��� :�L �� gD��@$�� %���'��y� A�B ,��b�� � ���� �$�73 ,
�&' �� : F�. : L�J� I − :���$;�� , A�'3� �$�� E'� �� %� F�. �$L�7
^� ���_$T-D�� :��$;�� A�bK� A�Q3 ,\&��� , , �$�&�&�$�W��� 1�WL Ì'3 �;L {i�m A�B ��n3 ,�$W$��D��
�&' �� : F�;� ��_$T-D�� ��@��� ML �$2�' 7 VB��3I
− l����B <93 ML^� G�DJ�� , %� F�;�� '�$Dm� �§ �F�. XQ ��&' �� : �F�. ��K�7 ~$S �B'�U3 :� ` ,��$���� :���$;�� , X�b7 XQ <SDJ73 :Z�T+ %�n ML^�
�Q3�&' �� : F�;� �$�5�B 1bK7 �I
− 1$�T7 k-�U �$�WL , E'� �� %� F�. �+'�KB %�'����;�� , ���L�-;�� �� ��� ����� H�� v����� '����;��
�@WL�3 ��_$T-D� EH��3I • ��$��L ��5' <�$2=D�� �&�' �� VF�D? %�@YQ
:��$;��� 360 1�.Q 8�?�+ M�L^ :���$;�� XQ P� ,�5'� , ��@-L �;$2=7 ��7 ��-� A�B3 G��m^� %���DJ���
¢��o� :���$;�� {��a E'� ��� %� F�. �$L�D X�Dda�2�� %� �F�. �� %�Z��;� �;L {i�m A�B ML^� G�DJ��
![Page 91: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 473 –
%� �F�. %��@5�7 �J�SD� ��$���� %���$;��3 E'� �� %�*�? k��s�7 ��_�+3 ,M�L^ ��§���$. �S? E'� ��
�� �$W$��D�� :��$;�� '�3�Q {�a ���L�7 k�=r�7 ��B3 �$�� E'� ���� %� ��F�. ���N�a� ��_��+3 ,'�3�Q A��B c��
�$W$��D�� :��$;�� �$�$7�&P� %�@5�D��I * * *
�&����� �� ���T�
A�)B :��� 1 �� �:
'��;�� 2L ,RL �Q�2010 I� ����=7 , :�h��� �$�&' �� 1B�����, :j��³ %���>9�SW �����?�d�� E'� ���� v�� ��B Z��Q Z����
��'��y� g>-�� 1$�� ��@TB I ,:'�K�-B l³ lDJ5�B ���&' ,:j�³ ,���s^� ���B�5 ,��$�� �$�+ ,���$�� {�UQ gJ.
�=J�9I G|� ,' �2010 I� , ����?�d�� E'� ��� v�� B %�'�@B ���=7
�9���� :'��� ��@TB Z�� , :j³ %�>9�` I lDJ5�B ���&':'�K-B l³ I�� {��UQ gJ. ���B�¨� ,��$�� ��$�+ ,��$
�=J�9 ,:j³ ,�$Bi&y� I
'�DJB ,OD$2d���2012 I� v�� �� �����$;�� %�'��@�� �9���7 �5'� ��-� W g$���D��3 ��$�� �B���� :'��y� , ���?�d�� E'� ��
�F�=�� ,G��;�� �Q ���B�5 ,:'�K�-B l³ lDJ5�B ���&' ,�B�b�� �bBI
�����m ,O�r���¨��2006 I�y�:'�� :�F����Y���3 %������>-�� I�����J�� �$���� �b�W�� ,������ :G D-�� Z���Q k�=BI
AJa ,���9 ;ON���� 2L , zQ ;� 2L ,(����2014 I� �B ;B����� :'��y� , I�����J��� ��$���� ��b�W�� ,������� :
���� �2DbB I
����& ,���m�2006 I�, �$�&' �� :'��y� Zi�+3 '3� <�$;� ui=�� G � v�bT�� AB^� ����&' ,��'��y� ������ gJ. ,
����? ��B�5 ,�$���� %�&�' �� �$�+ ,:'�K-B l³ lDJ5�B�$-B^� ������ �$����I
�$W��& ,���-���2015 I� G ��� ������$;�� %�'���@�� ���&'�� k��.�3 ��>? ��@53 A�B ���� �>9�SW ���?�d�� E'� �� %��� B
%H����������&' , :'��y� gJ��. ,:'�K��-B l��³ lDJ��5�B �y�3������ ,(���� )*�� �$�+ ,v��� 6�CI
:j�jL ,¡$N ;:'�DJB ,x���j���2017 I� c�5��7 O�D�� %�.���� E'� ���� , l��$qD�� :����$. ���&'�� , E'� ���� %� ��F�.
,: �� �=&�D�������� :'��y� ���� ������ ��$�W¨� ,�?'�;�� �$�� ,�$W$��D�� :'��y�3 4�16� ,389 − 472 I
6*�B ,O2$D����2017 I� :���B j��j�7 , �$�&' �� :���$;�� '3� )C E'� ��W ���W���� ���>? ���@53 A��B ���$-T�� ���$��
�������� :'��y� gJ��. ,:'�K��-B l��³ lDJ��5�B �����&' ,y�3������ ,(���� )*�� �$�+ ,v��� 6�C I
zQ ,������2011 I� :��$;��360 %��&'H��3 %�� SD�� � I%�'�By� ,�W$�� EQ' : �����D.P� �$W-D�� :�F��
%���5 ,v�=L�2014 I���d� �� �$�&' �� :'��y� : ��@W$��TB���$�W��� ���§�;$2=73 �����>-�� � p8�X�'^� ,XH��L , : '��
k�s�D��3 *-�� �9�;d��I $���& ,v ��B�q���2007 I�$;�� %�'���@�� G�DJ��B :�9���D�� ������
, ��a�2�� �;=-B , ���?�d�� E'� �� v�� B G � �����=73�����J�� �$���� �b�W�� ,:'�K�-B l�³ lDJ�5�B ����&' ,
�����J�� �$���� �b�W�� ,G�;�� �Q ��B�5
k���� ,x�=S;��� I2016 I� A�B^� ���� ,�����$;�� %�_��� :'��� ,:�$��3408 �4�*-�� ���? ��B�5 '�� ,I
![Page 92: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
J�� W` zQ {�dDB��;3 ,O2$D��� |b�� ��L �$��?: � :��$;�� <$2=7 k.�3360�=&�D�� E'� �� %� F�. G � �5'� ������ �-� B )C
– 474 –
X�5 ,1��J+�B�2009I� O-�_�� c5�D�� %�$&�&Q : 1+ ��D° �Bc�D9��B ]� F�.����5 ��2DbB ����7 , I ��b�W�� ,�������
�����J�� �$���� :��5 �2DbB�I X�5 ,1��J+�B�2016 I��� :��.�360�5'� : tlh�7 '�=7 �$+
�+*���� , c�qK��7 ¡���-B vQ , ,�����5 ���2DbB �����7 ,�b�W�� ,�����������J�� �$���� :���5 �2DbBI
�iU ,eT=�B�1433 I���d� �� �$�&' �� :'��y� I ,������������J�� : ���� �2DbBI
OB�& ,gS�B�2009 I�fT-�� g�L3 �$�� , g��;D��3 E�$;�� ,p4X�'^� ,XHL , ::lJ�� '��I
j��j��� �2L ,��-���2012 � E'� ��� v�� �� �����$;�� pH�?^������$W$>-D�� ���9�;d�� ���@D.iL3 �����?�d��3 �=��&�D : ���&�'�
,�$?� $B �$�$���$�� �$�+ ��� ���@- ���B�5 I�23 �91� ,135 −159 I
��6�EB :���!�K �� �: Al-Nowh, A. (2012) Leadership Patterns for Middle and
Secondary School Principals and Their Relationship
to Organizational Culture: An Analytical Field Study,
Journal of the Faculty of Education (Banha
University), 23(91), 135-159.
Berson, Y., Shamir, B., Avolio, B ., & Popper, M. (2001).
The Relationship between Vision Strength,
Leadership Style, and Context. The Leadership
Quarteriy, 12 (1), 53-73
Gregorzewski, Malte; Michael ،Schratz, and Wiesner,
Christian. (2018). Exploring the Personal Mastery of
Educational Leaders: FieldTransFormation360 and
its Validation in the Austrian Leadership Academy, c
e p s Journal, 8(3), 59- 87.
Hemati, H.(2011) A descriptive Study of the performance
Appraisal of Supervisors of spicer Higher Secondary
School using 360-Degree Feedback. research Project,
Andres University School of Education.
Keyser, J. (2014). What We Can Gain From a 360
Leadership Assessment, Retrieved from
https://www.td.org/Publications/Blogs/Management-
Blog/2014/07/What-We-Can-Gain-from-a-360-
Leadership-Assessment
Manning, T. (2013). A"contingent"view of leadership: 360
degree assessments of leadership behaviours in
different contexts".Industrial and commercial
Training, 45 (6), 343-351.
Norris,S.L.,Nichols,P.J.,Caspersen,C.J.,Glasgow,R.E.,Enge
lgan,M.M.,Jack,L,…&,P.(2002).Lncreasing Diabetes
Self-Management Education In Community Settings:
A Systematic Review. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 22(4), 39-66
Popkewitz, T. (2010).The Limits of Teacher Education
Reforms: School Subjects Achemies, And an
Alternative Possibility .Journal Of Teacher
Education, 61(5), 413-421.
Zahrani, M;& Taieb, A. (2017). The obstacles faced by
school leaders in practicing change leadership in
middle schools in Jeddah, Educational
Administration, Egyptian Association for
Comparative Education and Educational
Management, 4(16), 389- 472.
* * *
![Page 93: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 475 –
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3�" " , 475 − 503 ������ ,�2019��1441���
������ ��� ���� ������� ����� ���� ������ :��� �!� �"��#$
%��&��� !�" '() * ��&�� +,1. $%&'�� ��(�)
� * +,�� � -17�01�1440;��+,�� /0-1 * 14�05�1440���
��/�0�1: � *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 < ( => ?��5�� @A �B�3 �� C6 � ��D� :�E F1�6 ��)1 < ( G> H4I��1 ,$%&'�� ��(� ��B�3 �� ?� �J K%'L5�1 ,�%6��MN� �� :�OM5�� P�0� <8�9 *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 < ( Q�R �B�3 �� �,%> ���6J :��� '9 S �%T�&RA
����� UNV W��XY �Z�05BD� [��5B�1 ,\]^��� _`,�� aR�0�� � b5B� c�� d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J G�( �%T��4�> ��,%> =�> C'0h -1 ,:�(i�276 ���g�>jk :f��) �'6 �5l��� 31��L�� <�5l�( =�>1 ,�;�B�5( �)3 W�6��5( :f�) $%&'�� ��(�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( [J �B�3 �� _T�5Z :�`mJ1
@1n� �lNo� 31�L���0�� ,�Y4�� $%'��1 ��p���/N��� F�6 ,\>qV� r�3 5�� ,�%N%s,5�� W�Y�t�� ,�%Z1��5�� �e% � f��) q,�% ,�6���5�� a%R G( �;B�5( �)3 u��l�� 3�L���:v6�I��1 86��w� ��]%�x �6��9 �)3 k ��B�3 �� ��,%> ���6J :��� '9 :�;B�5( S �%T�&RA ��D� :�E F1�6 ��)1 � > _T�5,�� C,% qY5( �6��9 �)3 �:�OM5� <8�9 $%&'�� ��(�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;i : 31��L��1 ��%�I�� ��)3 �� �0l�,�� �%N���� �)3 ��1 \]%m��� 8Y���1 �%�I��
3�z � > �%>�]����Y4�� $%'��1 ��p��� �&� {�E1 �%N���� �)3 �� OM5� <8�9 �%T�&RA ��D� :�E F1�6 ��)1 _T�5,�� :�`mJ '6Wt9�Bn� �e6 |��k
��)��2�� �3�4��:�%N%s,5�� W�Y�t�� ,�6���� W3��A �%N���Yn� :���%'�� ,�%N%s,5�� �6�'}�� , k _________________________________________________________________________________
The requirements of enhancing the culture of knowledge sharing in Qassim University:
A field study
Ibrahim Hanash Alzahrani(1)
Qassim University
(Received 27/09/2018; accepted 20/01/2019)
Abstract: The study aimed to identify the availability of the requirements of enhancing the culture of knowledge sharing in Qassim University and to detect the existence of statistically significant differences between the estimates of the sample members on the availability of the requirements of enhancing the culture of knowledge sharing due to some demographic variables. As a tool for collecting information. It was applied to a random sample of (276) faculty members. The results of the study showed that the requirements for enhancing the culture of knowledge sharing in Qassim University were available on a medium level. At the level of the six axes, the first five axes (vision and shared values, cooperative environment, organizational memory, group training, teams) Sixth axis (incentives and rewards) with low availability. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the estimates of the of the study sample members to the extent of the availability of the requirements for enhancing the culture of knowledge sharing in Qassim University due to the variables: college, career status and scientific degree for the total degree and sub-axes except the axis of vision and shared values. Statistical significance attributed to the variable degree in favor of the class of professors.
Keywords: Knowledge management, organizational memory, organizational culture, academic leadership. _________________________________________________________________________________
�1� 23�4�� ~%;b5��1 ����� W3���� E�5BJ ,$%&'�� ��(�) � �%�� �%�Yk
$%&'�� ,�����l�� �%���� �I�N�� ,"k ��6611� � ���� 8(��� ,�51452k� (1) Associate Professor of Educational Management & Planning,
Faculty of Education - Qassim University. Qassim, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box (6611) Postal Code (51452).
�1I��� ����: [email protected] e-mail:
![Page 94: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 476 –
�!�:
����� $%��5�� :�lB�( ��l9 �%9�(����� �> *���6���� �>� G�( W��]5�BD� @A ���%�� �4�%�Z �t���
�l��B��� ���I�5� ���(1 d�3 ��5�� ���e%� f�g��>J :����� >�l�9 a�%R ;W����m 1J �%,N�x ��6��( G�( �%�(�V� Sl�L5� :���o� H�%m�9 =�> �6���� W3��A :�%�N> K�%'� $�7 G�(1 ,�%N���Yn�1 ��3���� �;4Zn� ���;91
?� �J��(�V� ���B31 k \�5�� $%���]�� G�( *����� 23�4�5�� ��`]( ��1i S}R���0�� /��0- G��( U��B���� �q5���D� =��> :E�L5��B� :�,%�l�5�� ���� t,N6 ;�6���� W3��A Q�� * SB3q��1 ���6���� W3��A Q���� * $����B�3� f��)��� S}R���0�� J ��
� :��e% * ��6���� �Y3�4�( :�%�� K%0;9 �%]%Y1 ,��]�5 �%��B ��Y {�E �X� ;:�lB��� f��J => {�E �7J [�%1j
�� ���1 Wf��]I�� G�( ��8( ��LZ :�lB��� �t� G( ���8� ���> /m * :�( o�1 :��5,�� ���;91 Sl�1
:�� L5��1 :�OM5��� ,3�&,(1 ,���;��2009 :2k� 1�����1 /�%�%6�Y1 G5ZD�Y Y��1(Calantone,
Cavusgil, Zhao, 2002) * *������ 23�4��5�� ���%�J f��n� 8��8�9 * >�l�� a%R ;����� $%��5�� :�lB�( ��6�'7 U�49 [J ��(���� GIN�1 ,$��5�� ��`) /%�'91 �%�%9��B� * ��6���� _�(� Q��� G( *���� 23�45�� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J :�%Y��B1 :����� O%M91 �`�N>
�Y3�4N�� $�8%]�1 S�3����1�6���� * k ����� �t�� * ��6���� /I491���6���� ��>�
;������ $%���5�� :�l�B�( /�N> $I� �%B�BJ ��,>j j
*����� 23�4�5�� ���`]( \,09 �`%�> ��]� �t�� �(n� G�( ��`,I� �6���� @A W ,5l( �%l6�,9 W8%( G> aL0��1
8�%N5��1 F�]5��� k 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8��8�9 r��;5� �t��1*���� * *����� 23�4�5�� ��%�N> K�%0;91 �B3�� /0-
���e%� f�g��>J < ��� [���I� ���5R ���%�(�V� :�l��B��� [��,(�� ,*���� 23�45�� �LZ �%��A :����� d�3 5�� ���Z�I�� :�3���`��1 ����0��1 $%��'�� [���I�5N�1 ���5%�X ��6���� 3q}5�B� $`,IN� $7 G(1 ,*���� 23�45�� �6�'}�
��p3 K%'� * Wf��]Y ��}YJ ��LZ =�> �`5��B31 ��(�V� �%�>�61k
¡��¢ �Y�� F�%l�� :�E £1(Ghosh, 2004:7) d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>n ¤�� ��� U6� ��� 8��8�9 �%�J G�( {��E1 ;*����� 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 Sh�91 /%I491 W8��]z ���6�'7 8���8�91 �3���� $> ����1 W����%'�� Q����
�45�� => >�l9 *���� 23�45�� ��`%>�, ��6���� * 23 :��B3q�� Sl� * �`,( W��]5BD�1 W���s��1 �%,Ng��
�%N���Yn�1 ��3���� k /�0(�Y O4� {�tY(Campbell,
2009:8) 23�4��5�� ���%�N> * ���%6�'}�� /��(����� ���%�n :���x�6D� ��%6�'}�� /�(����� /I4�9 a�%R ;*�����
S�� ���-����1 ���6���� ����%0h Q���R �%��B�Bn� ���6����
![Page 95: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 477 –
,�%N%s,5�� �6����1 d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J < � �%&b4�� ��¥�� G�( G�IN� \5�� :�>�]5��1 :�-���� ��%0h1
��(�V� * *���� 23�45�� �%�N> /%�]9k 5��� ������ ��1"6 � ���� ������� �����:
G��( �%��B�Bn� ���%�N��� *������ 23�4��5�� /��}N��
���� W3��A :���%�N> :���%�N��� ���`%�> ���,09 \��5�� ���6i ��%�N>1 �%,'9 �¦�Y G( �}YJ �%6�'7 ��Xl( ��1 ,<��n� �6�'71 §�4Z G( f8�Y 3��N5B� ¨ � *�'7 U�h :�E
Q� <�9 a%R ;�%�(�V� �lB����2009 � 23�4�5�� [J� ��6���� S]m���� Q���09 => /N54� *�'7 />�]9 *����
/��� :�3�`��1 :��o�1�lB��� k �f8��) ����(�V� * *������ 23�4��5�� ���6�'7 ���91j i �t���1 ;�%�(�V� �lB�N�� �%N%s,5�� �6�'}�� G( �%B�BJj
�6���� W3��A :�%�N> RXY *���� 23�45�� �%�N� $5© ���6n� <�5l( => f��B �%�(�V� �e%0�� /���j� f�g�>J
S���3���� S]m����� 1J d�3 ��5�� ���e%� �V� 1J :���>q�:�3���� ,��l��-n� ,/��N��� F���61 [������� � =��> 1J
/��IY ����(�V� <�5l��( k ���%�N> |�,��9 [J G��IN� D1 U�( �N�l�,( CZ�Y �EA DA ��3q7 ��91 *���� 23�45�� �7��9 ��%6�'}�� ªT�&�o�6 ;���(���� ��%N%s,5�� �6�'}�� ��%�J ��`s9 �,� G(1 ,*���� 23�45�� => �«�0( �O7X9
8�8�9\N���Yn� UN5��� * �6���� 23�49 �6�'7k 8M,%(�Y <��1(Cummings, 2003:1-5) 23�45�� [J
G�IN� ;���6n� S ¨ � �%N%��9 �%�>�]9 �%�N> *���� ���Ns,�� ���^�o� ���6���� @A Q���^��� ���¥�� G��( �3���� *���� 23�45�� /}N� a%R ;<��n� :qs,��1
��N� �t���� \�%9���BD� 3 &����1 ,���6���� ���Ns,�� @A W ,5l��� �%l�6�,5�� W8%�� f�,1 �6�g�� �N%'�� ¬%T��� �(���> ��� *����� 23�4�5�� [J @A �6��x�� ,��6����j i
\N%s,5�� f��n�1 �� �� SlL5� �%B�BJjk 8%��8Z�����¢1 Q�1������^1 8� ����Z�Z�6 �����s,�1
(Fernandez, Sabherwal & Gonzalez, 2004) @A ���6n� <�5l( => �6���� Q��09 �ZJ => *���� 23�45�� a�%R ;\�N%s,5�� f��n� �8��� �� :qs,��1 :�>qV�1i =��>1 �����]�� <�5l���� =��> *������ 23�4��5�� ¨ ��� <�5l�( =�> *����� 23�45�� ��1 ;¬B��� <�5l��i ,���(���� �0l�,�� WO�0Y �%�J 1E d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J
n ���6��N�� �3 &��( ���5�� d�3 ��5�� ���e%� �g��> [j
���1 ,��%(�%�� �;4�Zn� ����� �t��� ���1 ,�%N%s,5��W � ) ?3��( K�� G> Q1�l��k
23�4�5�� �6�'7 �%�J |g59 ;K0B �( => �l%BX91j
G�( f8�) 1J ��%N%s,5�� :�6�'}�� ���ZJ G( ��,Y *����N> U�4�91 $> �9 \�5�� ;��(���� �%N%s,5�� �6�'}�� ��%�
2����B ���)�91 ���%�(�V� �l��B��� * *������ 23�4�5�� G�( $�O¢1 d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J < � *���� 23�45�� �����B31 ?� ���J K��%'� � �� q�� S���3���� S]m�����
![Page 96: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 478 –
�0l�,�� W���,�� *����� 23�4�5�� /�}N� a�%R ;��(�V� ¨ �� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 Q�� G(1 ,�6���� W3���
�� �e%� ��6��N�� ��N%- f��;>A1 U%�4�91 r�B�,�� ¯��, ����]���W����m 1J �%,Nx � Q��� G�( Q��L59 \�5��1
���6��( $��7 ���%>�° ���6��( @A *������ 23�4��5�� ���%�N> �3���� f��n� ���;91 Sl� * $`l9 $7 G(1 ,�%N%s,9
��(�V� * \N���Yn�1k ��177"6 � ��77�� ����77��� �77���� �77��� ��77����
��5��� ���� :
/���� *����� 23�4�5�� �6�'7 ���;91 f�, r�;5� �O�%M91 O�I]5�� ~�NZ * D�� ����� $%��5�� :�lB�(j j
���6�'7 3��hA \��]6 ;��%N���Yn�1 ����3���� :��B3q�� * ��'}�� [X� d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g>J '5�� *���� 23�45��
J :��0�;5( [1���5��1 K%l,5��1 K��6 * /N���1 �%�B�B ,\N����Yn�1 �3���� f��n� * 8�%N5�� K�%'�1 ±��,��� �>�N� ��)1 @A �6���� W3��A :�%�J G( � ��� O491 ;*����� 23�4�5�� �6�'7 ���;5� ��31²�� :�0�;5�� G(
1�� � � a%R(Low, 2007:14) �6�'7 ���;9 :�0�;5( G��( /��Y * *������ 23�4��5�� :��I%¥� ,�%�%9���BD� /
,����3���� ���%N,5�� ,$��5���� ,$> ���� :���%�� ,\��N%s,5��:D�&9D� ,�'}�� ,�%�6� ��k
8M,%(���Y <����1(Cummings, 2003:10-30) [J \� ,�hJ �l³ * /}N59 *���� 23�45�� :�0�;5( : 3�hA
,:�-���� 3�hA1 ,�6���� 3�hA1 ,$�5l�� 3�hA1 ,3 &��\e%0�� 3�h��1 k \�N%�,�� <��� q�Y�2013 :41 −42 � [J
:��0�;5�� G( �>�N� => N5�9 *���� 23�45�� �%�N> ,\�>qV�1 ����]�� <�5l��� =�> ����A dI�,�9 \5��j
* /}N59 :,��6���� 23�4��� * ��0¢���1 ,86��w���'71 \�5�� :�1�n�1 �%,'5�� �6��91 ,P�0�� $`g�0 ���6n�
3 5��1 ,�6���� K6 9 W3��A * >�l9 Sl�� ��M r�*���� 23�45�� k /0(�Y Y��1(Campbell, 2009: 10)
G�(1 ;*����� 23�4�5�� �%�N> * �%6�'}�� /(����� �%�J ,S��IN5��1 ,[1����5��1 ,���'}�� /��(����� {���9 $���J �«��0( �O7X�9 �7�9 \5��1 ,�;�l��1 ,��t�� Q�'5BD�1����%0h =��>1 ,f�g��>n� S�� *������ 23�4��5�� =��>
$`63��( 23�45� $��� �5B�k � ��`��1 ´6�w� ��0> ��Y�� ;F�%l���� :�E *1
�2015 :494 � �9 �%�(�V� �lB��� �%N%s,5�� �6�'}�� [J $��5���1 ,�����]�� ��6���� W3��� ����%R �}Yn� /� �� $�sZ1 :� �'5���1 $%�'�� � � �¦�I� {�E1 ,\N%s,5��
91 $��5��� /-��9 1J U�49 \5�� /N��� 23�4�9 1J Q���0 ��6�'}��6 $�7 G�(1 ;d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J S �6���� * ��%�(�V� �l�B��� ��0¢3 =�> �«��( ��9 �%N%s,5��j i G�( ��6���� 23�45� W8]z �e% O6�91 3�;5��1 SlL5�� *����� 23�4�5�� 3��05>� ,<p���1 3�I6n� Q��09 Q��
�`5]%m1 G( \�%0h f8)k
![Page 97: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 479 –
0B �( => �l%BX91j 8�8�9 :�0�;5( � � GIN� K��5�� �L,�� => *���� 23�45�� �6�'7:
1 8�9:�7�� �����; ��<���: S� �Y4��� ���p��� U�4�9 d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J q� /�N���1 $��5��� =�>
$%�'�� ��)�9 q�Y ,��%�(�V� �lB��� ?� �J U( K6��5�*���� 23�45�� 2��B �Y4�� �%N%s,5��k
2 8����77� ;���� �77=�: $> ��9 ���%Z1��9 ���e% ����)1 ;:��>�N���1 ���6n� [1��9 Q�� G( *���� 23�45�� ���%��- ���891 3���I6n� Q����09 /`l��9 ���%Z1��5�� ���e%0��6
*���� 23�45�� �%���61� kFernandez et al, 2004� 3 8��>�?(��� @�9�A��: [8� �t��� ���5l�� \�1
D� /)J G( �Ns,�� �6��( GNg�591 ,¤0'5l��� �� b5B * �l�B��� ���6J 23�49 ���`B :���M� �6��N�� [���
���%)3�o�1 ���%��� �� 3��&���� G��( ���6�����k �����;�� ,3�&,(12009�
4 8B77C3D� E��!77���: $���J G��( r�3 ��5�� ���5�� =�> >�l�1 �]�5b�� /N��� µ�,> S />�]5�� :�1�J
N>J /I4 ��+Z1 �6���� �Y3�4( ��� ;:�lB��� * K�6���� �Y3�4( �8�1 $> �� kFernandez et al, 2004�
5 8F77>�� G�77�: < ��� /��N> F���6 ���,09 a��%R i ¨ � /N��� F�6 Q�� G(1 ,�Y4( �6� �J �`T�g>Jj
��� ;��6���� K%0;91 �6���� * 23�45��1 \>qV� $��5�� >�l�� qY ,3�I6n� Q��091 *���� 23�45�� /`l� =�>
�6���� H%m�91 ,\,�t�� H&���� ,3�&�,(1 ����;��2009� ,�Fernandez et al, 2004k�
6 8�H��4��; ���IJ�: ��59 86��w� �6��59 �( ,�6 �LZ ����� ���D�1 �0¢��� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J < �
��61 ��B1� H,&�1 ,*���� 23�45��(Osterloh &
frey, 2000)�I��1 86����w� �¶� ���L,�� =��> :v��6 : 8�]� \5� �%��� �� /(����� /N49 \5��1 �%9�t�� 86��w� U�( ��9���1 ��63��( �Y3�4( => d�3 5�� �e%� �g>
:�t���� K��%'� @A ���)�w� /��}( G�����¶�k1 86����w��%)3�o� : �g�> 8�]� \�5�� �%)3�o� /(����� /N491
¶� U( �9���1 �63��( �Y3�4( => d�3 5�� �e%� G����%���� WX6�I�� /}(k
���J1 rZ��) P� �'�l�� :�B�3 �� C�1�,91 �� %�B1 1 Z��B1 G���) ��B�3� /}( ,*���� 23�45��
(Jain, Sandhu & Sidhu, 2007) ?��9 @A C6 � \5�� ,d�3 �5�� �e%� f�g>J S �`Y3�491 �6���� Q��09 �%�J
Z�05��BD� C��'0h1 ,���6���� 23�4��9 :���-��(1� i W��X��Y �
�Z�I( �,%> => :�Z�%0�� UNV�265 � f�g�>J G( ��g>j
,����8%��( * Qq��>n� W3��A :���%�I d�3 ��5�� ���e%�
��B�3 �� ��,%> ����6J r��¢J �'6��( �B�3 �� _T�5Z G(1 23�4�5�� :��-��( �}YJ [J1 ,*���� 23�45�� �%�J => ª�'Z1 C�-��� K%�x1 ,:v�6�I�� ��- * /}N59 *����
n��%N�B��� O¢1 �%NB��� �;4Z k $%�Y ��B�3� C��B1
![Page 98: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 480 –
�)1(Kim & Ju, 2008) f�g�>J :�3�&�9 ?��9 @A C�'0h1 ,�`NB�'91 �6���� 23�49 Q�R d�3 5�� �e%�� i
G�( �Z�I( �,%> => :�Z�%0�� UNV W��XY �Z�05BD��70 � :���(�V� < �RA * d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g>J G( ��g>j
,�%�,V� ��3�I �^�o� [J �B�3 �� _T�5Z ��J G( [�Y1 ��( *����� 23�4�5�� ��%�N> * �O7X�9 /(����� �}YJ G(j
,d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J :��� �5�B�1 :����� ~09��W��%'�� $>�1 WX6�I�� $sZ �`%�� k c,4�9 ��B�3� C6 ��1
1D1 ��1(Cheng, Ho & Lau, 2009)U-�1 ?��9 @A n� :�l��B��� * *������ 23�4��5�� C��'0h1 ,���%N���Y� i
G�( �Z�I( �,%> => :�Z�%0�� UNV W��XY �Z�05BD��60 � ����8%��( ����(�) * d�3 ��5�� ���e%� f�g��>J G��( ��g��>j
2�,� [J �B�3 �� _T�5Z ��J G( [�Y1 ,W� �5�� ~T�B���\N���Yn� /N��� ��%0h �x�]9 ?3��N�� qB�'9j k ���-1
�1��1 /%`B G( /Y(Sohail & Daud, 2009) ��B�3 �6���� 23�49 => >�l9 \5�� /(����� � � @A C6 � �Z�05�BD� C�'0h1 ,�`-��9 1J d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J S� i
G�( �Z�I( �,%> => :�Z�%0�� UNV W��XY�116 � ��g�>j
���8%���� :���(�V� P�� * d�3 �5�� �e%� f�g>J G( [J ��B�3 �� _T��5Z ��J G( [�Y1 ,�^�o�1 �(���� $��J
* /�}N59 �`N�B�'91 �6���� 23�49 $> 9 \5�� /(�����W T�l�� �%N%s,5�� �6�'}��1 ,���%'�� $> ��1 ,8%]L5��k
����,�� ��J1 ��%�I�� ��B�3� :� R1�2010 �
23�4��5�� ���N>� �� �%l��B��� ���6�'}�� ���Z�I�� /��(����� C��'0h1 ,���%(�Iw� ���%Z�3n� :����(�V� * *������� i
�XY �Z�05BD� G( �Z�I( �,%> => :�Z�%0�� UNV W��593 � ��%Z�3n� :���(�V� * d�3 �5�� �e%� f�g>J G( ��g>j
r��¢J ��'6��( ��B�3 �� _T�5Z ��J G( [�Y1 ,�%(�Iw ��6�'}�� :��Z�INY ��R'�� /�(����� =�> �,%��� ���6J
*����� 23�4�5�� ��N>� �� �%lB��� k ��B�3� C6 ��1 [1���1 :�0%Zt���2011� ��6���� * �Y3�4�� $%%'9 @A
\]�^��� _`,��� �B�3 �� : N5>�1 ,HT�;�� ��(�) * :��Z�%0�� U�NV W��XY �Z�05BD� C( b5B� qY ,¤%�L5�� :��(����� U�NV W��XY �Z�05BD� C'0h1 ,:�(�����1� i
G�( ��Z�I( ��,%> =>�123 � ��e%� f�g�>J G�( ��g�>j
( [�Y1 ,HT�;�� ��(�) * d�3 5�� [J �B�3 �� _T�5Z G d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J S �6���� * �Y3�4�� G( <�5l(
�;�B�5( [�Y ��(�V� *j k G�( /�Y ��B�3� :� �R q�Y ���(�Y1 �%6�`��(Babalhavaeji & Kermani, 2011)
����> :��%�Y S �6���� 23�49 => �7�9 \5�� /(�����D� 1J H�-���� ��^��1 :��(�����1 :�05I�� :�����
C�'0h1 ,��%9�t�� U6�1 ���1 ��6���� 23�49 �LZ �%,��1� G�( ��Z�I( ��,%> =�> ��B�3 �� W��XY �Z�05BD��290 �
�%(��B�� ���J ��(�� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J G( ��g>j
[��']5� �,%��� ���6J r�¢J [J _T�5,�� :�`mJ1 ,[���A *�� ���;5�� @A ���� [J GIN� �6���� 23�49 [A => \�,`
![Page 99: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 481 –
@A ���9 �6���� �Y3�4( [J1 ,$`�N> * /g6J f��J @A1W � V� �6���� ·�5ZA k �1��1 G� ���3�Z ��B�3� C��B1
�>1 [q}(Nordin, Daud & Osman, 2012)K�%0;9 @A S� �6���� 23�49 2��B Ol]5� ~;b�� 2��l�� ���sZ U�NV W��X�Y �Z�05�BD� C�'0h1 ,d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J� i
%0�� G( �Z�I( �,%> => :�Z��200 � f�g�>J G�( ��g�>j
��B ,¥�1 ������� ��%����� ��%N���Yn� * d�3 5�� �e%� ,���8%�q ������ $%���5�� :�lB�( RXY �%)���,I5��1 2��B t%],5� �,%��� ���6J r�¢J 2�3�A �B�3 �� :�`mJ1
�6���� 23�49k �� Z�B1 ��) �B�3� C(�-1(Goh & Sandhu,
2013) �6���� 23�49 �LZ �%]h���� /(����� O7X9 $%%'5 O7X�91 S�8%����� S%N����Yn� S� ,��'}��1 �%,�� �^�� ��,%> C�Z�I91 ,�6���� 23�49 �%�N> * �'}��1 ��85�D�
G( �B�3 ���656 � * d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g>J G( ��g>j
���J G�( [��Y1 ,��8%�q ¡�Z�( ��(�)1 3����9 ��(�)_T�5Z 2���B * $�B�R �(J \]h���� O7X5�� [J �B�3 ��
��6���� 23�49 k � �`��1 ´6�w� �0> ��B�3� C��B1�2015 � ,*������ 23�4��5�� ���B3�� U��-�1 ?����9 @A
:��%�I d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J < � �%6 W�7��� /(�����1 =�> �Z�05�BD� C�'0h1 ,�%���� Q1 �� P� * �%���
G�( ��Z�I( �,%>�144 � * d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J G�(:����(�� ���%�� :���%�Y� : ,dN��¸ S��> ,�����n�
��� {���1 ,u��- [�;�l��� _T��5Z ���J G�( [�Y1 , * *����� 23�4�5�� ��B3q� �%��°�� �0l,�� [J �B�3 ��
~B�5�� < �� * U'9 :�%�I�� �t� k ���%Y�1 {���� ��0> ���B�3� C6 ���1�2015 � @A
�1 => ?��5�� ��%�Y Wt9��BJ < �� *����� 23�4�5�� U- ���(�) * O%l�5�� ���>1 ��3��5��1 ����&5-D� ������ U�NV W��XY �Z�05BD� C'0h1 ,\N%����� O40�� Nz� i
G( �Z�I( �,%> => :�Z�%0���36 � ,��%�I�� Wt9��BJ G�( S� *����� 23�4�5�� <�5l�( [J ��B�3 �� _T��5Z G(1
5( [�Y �%�I�� Wt9�BJ�;�B�j k �Nz ��B�3� C6 �� q�Y�2015 � $������Z1 S%N���Yn� :����� => ?��5�� @A
��%���� :�3��(�� ���1� * ��6���� �Y3�4( �;4ZJ �LZ �,%> => :�Z�%0�� UNV W��XY �Z�05BD� C'0h1 ,W L5��� i
* d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J G( �%T��4>�15 � * ���(�),W L5�� �%���� :�3�(�� ��B�3 �� _T�5Z ��J G( [�Y1
�����Z [��I�5N� ��B�3 �� ��,%> d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J [J�6���� 23�4( �LZ �%��A :�����1 k �B�3� C6 � qY
\(²w��2017 � *����� 23�4�5�� :��-��( �� � @A r��M5�� /0�B1 2��09 ��(�� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J < �
]��^��� _`,���� �� b5��B� {���E1 ,���`%�>,¤%���L5�� \ ��,%> =�> �Z�05�BD� C�'0h1 ;�B�3 �� W��XY �Z�05BD�1� i
G( �Z�I(�300 � [�Y1 ,2�09 ��(�� d�3 9 �e%� �g> *����� 23�4�5�� :��-��( ��)1 �B�3 �� _T�5Z ��J G(
![Page 100: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 482 –
d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J S3 r%9�9 f�) a%R ;WO0Y �) $7 �%N%s,5�� $7 ������ :�-���� ��)1 �)3��%&b4��k
?�5��� �'�l��� :��B�3 �� ���> G�( |g5� * a�L09 �¦J * �'�l�� :�B�3 �� G> �%��w� �B�3 �� �%�B�Bn� :��%�N��� �RXY *����� 23�4�5�� ��x�( �`6� `5��B� *1 ,���%N���Yn� ���e%0�� * ���6���� W3��� 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 < ( => ?��5��
(�) * *���� {��9 G�> H�5¹ {�t \�1 ,$%&'�� �� /�(�����1 *���� 23�45�� U-�1 C�1�,9 \5�� :�B�3 �� �RXY �%N%s,5�� �6�'}�� C�1�,9 \5�� {�9 1J ,�%6 W�7��� ,��]�5� ��%6�'7 :��e% * C'0h \5��1 ;W�7��� /(�����
-1��]5B� �� � * �'�l��� :��B�3 �� G�( aR�0�� 4�(1 ��%}L0�� W��]�� 3��h�� f���7A *1 ,��B�3 �� ��I
_T�5,�� Ol]91 �B�3 �� W��J f�,1 ��s,��k ���6�'7 8���8�9 ���%�J |g��59 ;K0��B ���( =��> f���,1j G�( G�IN� \5��1 ;�%�(�V� �lB��� * *���� 23�45��:���o� 3q}5�B�1 ,*���� 23�45�� 8%]�1 $>� �¥��
1�6��( ·�5Z� �%6���� :�3 '��1 �3���� >�l�9 W � ) �3���� /��N��� r%����BJ * �����;5��1 �� ���� =��> �t�� G�(1 ;���(���� �%l�6�,9 W8�%( f�,1 ,\N���Yn�1 �6����9 < ��( ���B�3 � ���%��w� ���B�3 �� �X��9 K���;,�� *������ 23�4��5�� ���6�'7 8���8�5� ��31²���� :���0�;5�� ��%N���Yn� :����%'�� ��sZ ��`)1 G�( $%&'�� ��(��
e%� f�g>J1 *����� 23�4�5�� [��I� a%L ;d�3 5�� ���(�V� �6�'7 G( �%B�BJ �f8)j jk
�"��!�� ��4�:
* *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�5� �M��0�� �%�n� $¢3 ���%�(�V� �l��B���DA @A O4��9 :���B�3 �� P��� [J
:�lB�N *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�5 �q5�D� H�xJ ���%���� ������� $%����5�� {���9 S�� G��(1 ,�����l���� 1 Nz �B�3� :�B�3 ���2015 � H�x @A :3�¸J \5��
* *������ 23�4��5�� 8��]L�� �����%'��1 �3���� $> ���� :�0%Zt��� ��B�3�1 ,W �L5�� �%���� :�3�(�� :��(�)
[1�����1�2011 :233 � ���%�N> [J @A :3���¸J \��5��1 ;��;;� G�I9 � HT�;�� ��(�� *���� 23�45�� � ���
��`)�( ���(�V� < �� �(�> �%�%9�B� 1J �;� ��)1 \(²w� �B�3� :3�¸J qY ,*���� 23�45�� 8%]� �LZ
�2017 � ���(�� *����� 23�4�5�� :��-��( ��)1 @A < � *���� 23�45�� �B3�� H�x1 WO0Y �)3 2�09
��(�V� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>Jk ��- �B�3 �� ��I4( � � ? º1 f��)� aR�0��
U( �%&b¸ :��'( Q�� G( �%>�;5B� �B�3��15 � [��Y1 ,$%&'�� ��(�� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J G( ��g>j
¤� �( �%>�;5BD� �B�3 �� _T�5Z $�J G( : ��'5>� ��)1 \�5�� ��6���� [X� d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J P�� < �
���� �t�� �(n� ;W�- 3 &( �� �0l,�� /}� �`I�5N� D
![Page 101: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 483 –
���)1 � �>1 ,G����¶� U�( ��6���� 23�49 * r¢�� S� *����� 23�4�5�� $> �91 U�4�9 ���3��A :�B�%B O�¢ /�N> ��e% ��)� 3��4��1 ,d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J 86����w� H���x1 ,*������ 23�4��5�� =��> ���4��( C�-��� K%�x1 ,*����� 23�4�5�� ���4��� :v6�I��1
�4�5�� �%6�I�� "�]�� �6��9 � >1 ��%�¸1 ,*����� 23\�>qV� /N��� �6�'7 ��lR => ���]�� /N��� �6�'7,
=> ?��5�� * �B�3 �� ��I4( � L59 K0B �( f�x *1 ��(�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 < ( ��N%- �E /^J @A �6���� /��� /)J G( {�E1 ,$%&'��
�� �� �� /%�]91 ����;91 �93��A GIN� $�7 G(1 ¬B���(���� �%l6�,9 W8%( K%'�k
�"��!�� ��="K:
1− 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 < ( �( :�����%'�� ���sZ ���`)1 G��( $%&��'�� ����(�� *������
?d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J1 �%N���Yn�
2− S� �%T�&�RA ���D� :�E F1��6 �)�9 /� f�g>J1 �%N���Yn� :���%'�� :��� '9 :�;B�5( ��e%�
23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8��8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 �)3 � d�3 5��:�OM5� <8�9 $%&'�� ��(�� *����i� : 8�Y��� ,�%�I��
�%N���� �)3 �� ,\]%m����?
�"��!�� ��LK:
����s,�� �%�n� : ��%�J G�( ��B�3 �� ��%�J U�0,9
���6���� W3��A K��%0;9 u���BJ ���Z�Y *������ 23�4��5��N5� �LZ Q�L5��1 �t� ¨� RA GIN� D \5��1 �6���� U
�l�B��� * *����� 23�4�5�� �6�'7 ��)1 [1� Q�L5�� * ���(���� �%l6�,5�� W8%�� K%'�1 f�, $7 G(1 �%�(�V� ,���%9�(�����1 ���6���� ���> :���0�;5(1 :�� ��� /��m 23�4��5�� Q���� * ���%���� ���05I�� f����7A @A �6���x��
�t� |5]9 [J1 ,*���� S}R��0�� ���(J Q����� ��B�3 �� :�B�3 �� G( �8�� f��)�k
�%�N��� �%�n� : �%'%0;5�� 1J �%�N��� �%�n� |g59 ���6�'7 8���8�9 :���0�;5( $���J ��� � * ���B�3 �� �t��¥ /�N��� r� \5��1 ;����� $%��5�� :�lB�( * 23�45��
'} f��'93D� $7 G(1 �%N���Yn� �e%0�� * ��O6�9 => ��6� ��,�^ �%]� ��� ;��4�,�� <�5l��� @A *����� 23�45�� G�( ���O¢ 1J $%&'�� ��(�) W3��A * S��el��1 3��'�� 8��8�9 :��0�;5( O6��9 => /N��� �����l�� :��(�V�
�6���� UN5� �LZ Q�L5��1 *���� 23�45�� �6�'7k
�"��!�� M�!&K:
1− �8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 �)3� => ?��5�� ��6�'7 8 *���� 23�45��� ,�%Z1��5�� �e%0�� ,�Y4�� $%'��1 ��p���
,/��N��� F���6 ,\��>qV� r�3 ��5�� ,���%N%s,5�� W�Y�t����:v6�I��1 86��w� � ��%N���Yn� :���%'�� �sZ �`)1 G(
$%&'�� ��(�� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J1k
2− �%T�&�R�� ���D �� :�E F1�]�� G> H4I��
![Page 102: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 484 –
'9 :�;B�5( S f�g�>J1 ��%N���Yn� :���%'�� :��� ���6�'7 8���8�9 :���0�;5( �6����9 ���)3 � d�3 ��5�� ���e%�
:�O�M5� <8��9 \�5�� $%&'�� ��(�� *���� 23�45��i :��%N���� �)3 �� ,\]%m��� 8Y��� ,�%�I��k�
�"��!�� #;!):
\>�x��� w� : ���x�( =�> �B�3 �� :�5-�5( �� �1 ,*����� 23�45�� �6�'7 ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;
*���� 23�45��� ,�%Z1��5�� �e%0�� ,�Y4�� $%'��1 ��p��� ,/��N��� F���6 ,\��>qV� r�3 ��5�� ,���%N%s,5�� W�Y�t����
:v6�I��1 86��w��$%&'�� ��(�) * ���6��9 < (1 ,k �+0�� w� : :����%'��1 d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J
Sl,V� G( �%N���Yn��¨��ZA ,3��YE ��^�w� =�> S� ��%N���� r�9��� [��M4�� G� ��3�5Y �� �)3�� ,E�5�BJ
>�l( E�5BJ ,23�4( E�5BJk� ��I�� w� : /���� ��%'%0;5��1 ����s,�� :��%�I��
��,� N $%&�'�� ���(�V ¬%T��� �'�� * \�(�V� ��w� W ���f� %���k�
\��,(8�� ��w� : Q���� ���%Z� %�� ���B�3 �� C��'0h� i
¼�3 ������ /&����]�� \�(�����V� ��������� G����( Q1n�1438�1439��k
�"��!�� ��N���:
1− ���� �������(Knowledge Sharing):
3�&��,(1 �����;�� ?����9��2009 :6 � 23�4��5��
��6���� /�'Z ��¥�� G( ¨ � \5�� �%�N��� �ZX *���� Q���� G��( G�����¶� �����6n� @A �%,Ng���� 1J W�����s��
S ¨ � \5�� :D�&9D����6n� fD�� k ��B�3 �� �t�� * ��%T��)A *���� 23�45�� ?���1j i
�ZX : /�N��� :� �R11 d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J ��)�9� \N���Yn��:�%�I�� ,��l-n�kkk� 23�4�5 W3��0�� �LZ
3���I6n� Q����091 ,G�����¶� U��( $������1 $`63����( :��B3q�� ����;91 Sl� ? º ;�����;91 �`54-�,(1
���� �����B31 ����p3 K��%'� /%0��B * ���%N���Yn�1 ����3��(�V�k
2− ��77�� ����77��� �77����(Knowledge Sharing
Culture) :
?���(McDermott & O'Dell, 2001:77) �6�'7 <p����1 3��I6n� Q��09 �¦X ��(�V� * *���� 23�45�� /�N��� �6�'7 G( f8�Y �%T�'�9 d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J S
�%�� [J d�3 �9 ��e%� �g�> /�Y G�( U-�5� a%L ;\(�9���1 �3�I6J1 �63��( �f�(� 23�4�k
* ��%T��)A *����� 23�4�5�� �6�'7 H���9 GIN�1j
���¦X ���%��w� ���B�3 �� : ���%6�'}�� $%��'�� G��( ���>�N� ��LZ W��3��1 ��0¢��� GNg59 \5�� �Y4�� :� '5���1
���]�� @A �6���x�� ,*������ 23�4��5�� 3���I6n�1 $%� U�4�91 $> 9 \5��1 ;��(�V� �e% * W T�l�� :������1
*���� 23�45�� 2��Bk
![Page 103: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 485 –
�"��!�� PQ(:
_`,���� � b5��B� ���B�3 �� ?� ���J K��%'� ����M� \]^����\Ll��� ?�l���� �]&� qY ��1 ,�2012:177 �
�`,> O0�5��1 W���s�� H^1 => �5'� D \N�> _`,( / ,�%NY 1J �%]%Yj j Q�^��� /%�L5��1 Ol]5�� @A ��� �5�
�`,%l��� /��)J G��( ���NT�'�� ?1���s�� G��> KT���'R @A => ?��5�� @A �%��w� �B�3 �� C6 � a%R ;�����;91 G�( *����� 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 < (
$%&'�� ��(�� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J �sZ �`)1k �"��!�� R>�S :
¤^n� UN5��� [�I9 f�g�>J U�%° G( �B�3 �� S�(�����1 ��3�5Y �� �)3� => S�^�w� d�3 5�� �e%� * \�(��V� ���w� /��� �%'%0;5��1 ���s,�� :�%�I�� *
�%�(�V� �,� ���f� %��� � :���%'�� =>1 $%&'�� ��(�� $`,( �%N���Yn�� f��Bp31 $�`T�Y11 :��%�I�� f� N>
��%N���Yn� ��l-n��G�t���1 ; ,/�N��� uJ3 =�> $�� $�� > c��0��1�1226 � ��g>j� ~%;b5�� ��(�V� ���Y1
,W��V�1 ���;5��11438�1439��k� �"��!�� �(�C:
G�> �89 �0l, �B�3 �� �,%> :O5���22 �% G�( ���,%��� �����BJ �� b5��B� {���E1 ;¤��^n� U��N5���
CM� a%R ;�%T��4��� �%'0;���276 � f�g>J G( ��g>j
� ���e%� :���%�I�� G��( ���%N���Yn� :�����%'��1 d�3 ��5�� ��%���� ��M��� ,�%(�B�� :�B�3 ��1 ���+�� ,�%��
,�8�,�� ��&�5-D�1 $%(�&�5�� ,�%>q5)D� :�B�3 ��1W3����1 ��&��5-D�, ,[�,��Bn� r��h ,�+��0�� r��;��
��>�38�� ,P���N5�� ,�� %&��� ,W Z�l��� �%0;�� ������B�w� ,��;%0�� r;��1 ,~%�;b5��1 W3q��� ,������ ,r
�B ,¥�1� Q1 �V�1 ,�1 � ��,%��� ����6J U����9 |�x���B�3 �� :�OM5( rlRk
T;!U,1 :.�����V>�!�� ��WV��� E1) �"��!�� �(�C #���K R�XI�8
WV��� �=2�� #!�� ��1(�� WV��� �=2�� #!�� ��1(��
���sZ 121 44% �YE 173 63% ���4�� YI
�%'%0;9 155 56% Z(D�
�}ZJ 103 37%
��°�� 276 100% ��°�� 276 100%
�e%� �g>d�3 9
223 81% E�5BJ 56 20%
23�4( E�5BJ 88 32% B2�[I�� �9���
\N���YJ T�- 53 19% ��>��� �U�!��
>�l( �5BJ 132 48%
��°�� 276 100% ��°�� 276 100%
![Page 104: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 486 –
"��!�� @�#K ��� ���"\�$:
:��Z�%0�� U�NV W��X�Y �Z�05BD� ���;5 aR�0�� ��- d%���'��1 :�1�n� => ��hD�1 :�%�n� ��)��( � C��Z�Y � ��� �1 ,�'�l���� :���B�3 �� * �( b5l����j
*���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 ���J => �q5>D�1 W��]5BD� [1����1 8� Z�Z�6 �B�3� G((Fernandez et al, 2004) ,
1�� �B�3�1 (Low, 2007) ,G�J8�) G( W��n� CZ�I91 ,��%�1n� :�Z�%0�� => Q1n� f8V� /N5¸�� : ,��%�I�� ���Z
�%N���� �)3 �� ,\]%m��� 8Y���� ���}�� f8�V� /N5�¸�1 , =>�43 � ��6�'7 8��8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 �)3� d%'9 W3�0>
31��z �5�B =�> ��>��( \�1 ,*���� 23�45�� : 3��L��Q1n� : �Y4�� $%'��1 ��p����6 ���}�� 3�L�� ,:�3�0> :
���%Z1��5�� ���e%0���9 �a����}�� 3���L�� ,:�3���0> : W�Y�t���� �%N%s,5���9 �U���� 3�L�� ,:�3�0> : \�>qV� r�3 �5��
�7 �d(�o� 3�L�� ,:�3�0> : /N��� F�6�6 � ,:�3��0>u��l�� 3�L�� : :v6�I��1 86��w��6�:�3�0> k
:���I%� u���%'( K��61 �Z�05��BD� CNN��^ ��-1�Likert � � �) ��%��> ��)3� S ±1�� �t��1 ¼qo�j
�5 � �%��> �)3� ,§�'Z�4 � �;�B�5( ��)3� ,§��'Z�3 � �]%��x �)3� ,§�'Z�4 � � �) �]%��x ��)3�1 ,§��'Zj
�B�3 �� �,%> ���6J ���5B� => $IL��1 ,W R�1 �;', ��N5>�i� :���IL�� =��> �6����9 ���)3� ��� � * ���%9¶
$%&�'�� ���(�� *����� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5(
d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J ��`)1 G( * |�x�( ��� q�Y Q1 V��2k�
T;!U,2 :. ����7��� �7���� �7��� ������ ���I� �U�# ]C �4J� ��4^
����8
�U�!�� �U�!� B?2��� ��!����
���I��� ;K �"�3��
�� ��!���� B>4
,_XI��. * `+
� ) �]%�xj 1 1 1,79 �]%�x 2 1.80 2,59
�;B�5( 3 2,60 3,39 �%��> 4 3,40 4,19
� ) �%��>j 5 4,20 5
,K .�"��!�� @�#K G!a:
��B�3 �� :�O�M5( d%���'( F �^ G�( K'L5�� �����s�� F &�� 1J SNIL�� F ^ ���BJ � b5B�
�Face Validity��> a%R , �>�N� => �Z�05BD� Cx C����)J1 ,$%&��'�� ����(�) * ���%�� Wt9���BJ G��(
S��NIL�� :���sR�(1 f�3� f���x * :�� ���5�� k q��Y ¤�� ��� F�l�9D� F �^ ����BJ � b5B�(Internal
Consistency) ��)3� S� §��093D� :�(��( ��lw G( ,�%�A \N5,9 �t�� 3�LN�� �%�I�� �)3 ��1 W3�0> /Y
9 Q�� �%>�;5�B� �,%> => � /� �5�� � � W��n� K%0;(Pilot Study) G( �Z�I(�40 � d�3 ��9 ���e%� ��g�>
�� qY {�E1 ;���,%��� ·3����1 ���B�3 �� U��N5� G�( Q1 V� * |x�(�3k�
![Page 105: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 487 –
T;!U,3.: b����� �c� �_I"W $ Pearson >�(� dA�� !��� ���4�� �U�!��; @����� �U�# e fg��+ B8
���� ������� ����� ���� ������
�9:��� �����; ��<��� �� ;���� �=���� ��>�?(��� @�9�A�� BC3D� E��!��� F>�� G�� �H��4��; ���IJ�
h b����\� F� h b����\� F� h b����\� F� h b����\� F� h b����\� F� h b����\� F�
1 0.85** 1 0.92**
1 0.67** 1 0.65**
1 0.83** 1 0.79**
2 0.91** 2 0.73**
2 0.74** 2 0.82**
2 0.78** 2 0.69**
3 0.76** 3 0.84**
3 0.77** 3 0.76**
3 0.67** 3 0.71**
4 0.82** 4 0.79**
4 0.83** 4 0.74**
4 0.91** 4 0.86**
5 0.74** 5 0.68**
5 0.68** 5 0.73**
5 0.86** 5 0.78**
6 0.57** 6 0.86**
6 0.92** 6 0.70**
6 0.89** 6 0.70**
7 0.76** 7 0.69** 7 0.83**
8 0.81** 8 0.83**
9 0.79** 9 0.65**
** ��\# jI�1 !(C T�#,0,01.
Q1 V� G( |g5��3 � /�Y §��093� :�(���( [J ���B�3 �� W��J 31���z :�3���0> G��( W3���0>��Z�05��BD��
W3���0��� ���%�A \��N5,9 �t���� 3���LN�� ���%�I�� ���)3 �� <�5l�( �,> �%T�&�RA �����1 �0)�( §�093� :�(��(j
��D��0,01��� �� F�l9D�1 dZ��5�� Y�� �� ; S� ¤ 31���z G��( 3���z /��I� ���%�I�� ���)3 ��1 :�3���0���
�*���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5(� < �( d�I��1 �Z�05��BD� F ��^ ��Y�� �t���� ���(n� ;���9�3�0> F ��^
�B�%'� C�x1 �( u�%-1 K%0;5�� �`5%R�^1k ,k .�"��!�� @�#K ����:
/�(��( ��l�R � b5�B� W��n� :��07 G�( YX5��i :�0}����]�J¯�0Z1�Y �(Alpha Cronbach) :��07 u�%'�
��,%> =�> ��`'%0;5 {��E1 ,��%>�]�� ��31�z1 �Z�05BD�
�%>�;5B�� Pilot Sample� G��( ���Z�I(�40� ��g�> ,���,%��� ·3����1 ���B�3 �� U��N5� G�( d�3 �9 ��e%�
Q1 �V� \�6 �Lx�( \� ��NY _T�5,�� CZ�Y1�4k� T;!77U,4 :.��77�l�� F77� �m�77� ;�9 �772�K$ (Alpha Cronbach)
�"��!�� @�#K; �;�N�8
������� ����� ��I�� ������ �;�^
����
������� #!C
� ���"\� �
Alpha
Cronbach
m�� ;�9 �2��
Q1n� 3�L�� $%'��1 ��p���
�Y4�� 6 0,92
��}�� 3�L�� �%Z1��5�� �e%0�� 9 0,84 a��}�� 3�L�� �Y�t���%N%s,5�� W 9 0,86 U���� 3�L�� \>qV� r�3 5�� 7 0,85
d(�o� 3�L�� /N��� F�6 6 0,89 u��l�� 3�L�� :v6�I��1 86��w� 6 0,88
¤I�� ��N����/IY �Z�05BD�� 43 0,83
![Page 106: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 488 –
Q1 V� G( |g5��4 � /���(��( ����N%- [J���]�J ¯���0Z1�Y����( C��R1��9 �B�3 �� W��J 31�L� S�� �0,84 �
1�0,92� c� /IY W��¿� :�0}�� /(��( [J1 ,�0,83 �\�1 ���31�z :�071 /IY �Z�05BD� :�07 Y�� �� ��]9�( �0lZ
�B�3 �� �,%> => K%0;5�� �`5%R�^1 �%>�]��k �"��!�� Pn�� W12�; F��o:
T;p� T�61�� � �U+:
T;p� T�61�� / :���� ������ ���I� �U�# �
��>�#�9p� ��#����� �? �QU; * ���� ������� �����
?������ ��U � Z��!��� �=�& r�sCK;
��l��R � b5��B� Q��l���� �t��� G��> ����)À�Á i :���5BD ��3�%��� :�6��LZD�1 �%�lw� :�;B�5��
��)3� Q�R �,%��� ���6J �6���9 ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���� 23�45�� 31�L�� G( 3�z /Y *
Q1 V� * qY �5l���5k�
T;!U,5 :.���� ������� ����� ���� ������ ���I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!��� ������� �����N \�; ���"I���8
���� ������� ����� ���� ������ tU��� u"I��� d����� M��N \� ���I��� �U�# :��E��
�Y4�� $%'��1 ��p��� 2,80 0,94 �;B�5( 4 �%Z1��5�� �e%0�� 2,94 0,57 �;B�5( 3
�%N%s,5�� W�Y�t�� 2,99 0,89 �;B�5( 2 \>qV� r�3 5�� 2,73 0,62 �;B�5( 5
/N��� F�6 3,20 0,66 �;B�5( 1 :v6�I��1 86��w� 2,32 0,71 �]%�x 6
����� ~B�5�� 2,85 0,53 �;B�5(
Q1 V� G( |g5��5 � ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;5( [J
:���%'�� �sZ �`)1 G( $%&'�� ��(�� *���� 23�45�� ���)3 �6����59 d�3 ��5�� ���e%� f�g��>J1 ���%N���Yn�
������� ~��B�5�� c��� a��%R ;�;��B�5(�2,85� =��>1 , 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;5� �5l�� 31�L�� <�5l(
� U%° :f�) '6 *���� G�( �;�B�5( ��)3 31��L� 3�z � > �]5�� a%R�:v�6�I��1 86���w�� f��) �t���
3�z f�) -1 ,�]%�x �6��9 �)3 �/N��� F�6� =>XY �;�B�5( ��)3 1 �6���5�� ��)3� a�%R G�( 31�L�� k
�`V� G�( ��8�� Qt�0� ��)�w� @A ��%5,�� �t� O491 O6�91 /N��� �e%1 $s,�� ���;9 => /N���1 :��0�;5����(�V� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�5� �(����k
3��z Q�&R Ol]9 GIN�1�/�N��� F��6� =�> /�N��� ���%0h [X� ��6��9 31�L�� =>XY Q1n� r%9��j
![Page 107: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 489 –
�%�B�BJ ��q5�>� �N5�9 ��(�V� * \N���Yn�1 �3���� ���%�I��1 $l��'�� <�5l��( =��> ���%N���� d������� =��>
l�� :��q���1 d���1 \�N���� d����� {�t�Y1 W Z� d������ �t�� �� \�5�� [������ @A �6�x�� ,��(�V�� :�3��'�� E�¹D �(���� :�(�����1 :�%^�5�� �%N���� �t��� ��(n� ;��%N���Yn�1 ���3���� rZ��V� H�5� * 3��z Q�&�R <8��� �- q,�% ,��6���� 23�45 |Nl�i
�:v6�I��1 86��w��� => 31��L�� /-XY O�n� r%9� :v�6�I��1 86���w� $�sZ [J @A �]%��x �)3 1 ��6��9j
���%6�Y Cl��%� ����(�V� * f��n� $%��%'9 ����sZ {�t��Y1*���� 23�45�� => f�g>n� U�45�k
[1����1 :�0%Zt��� ��B�3� U�( ��%5,�� �t� K]591�2011 � ~�B�5( <�5l�( 2��,� [J �`�T�5Z :3�¸J \5��
�4�� G( ��(�) * d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J S �6���� * �Y3 � �`��1 ´6�w� �0> �B�3� U( _T�5,�� K]59 qY ,HT�;��
�2015 � ��B3q� �%��°�� �0l,�� [J �`�T�5Z :3�¸J \5��1 �%�� :�%�I d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J < � *���� 23�45��
~B�5�� < �� * U'9 �%���� Q1 �� P� * k q%��61 �6����9 ���)3 � ¤%&��]5�� H��^��� K����5�
��6�'7 8��8�9 31��z G�( 3��z /�I ��'��5�� :�3�0��� ��%N���Yn� :����%'�� ��sZ ��`)1 G�( *���� 23�45�� ��x�> GIN%6 ,$%&'�� ��(�� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J1
�¶� �L,�� =>: 1 8 �IN> ������ ���� ������� ����� ���� ������
���<����9:��� �����; $:
��L)��� �%�l�w� :�;�B�5�� ��l�R � b5B� Q��R ��,%��� ����6J :���5�BD ��3�%��� :�6��LZD�1 *������ 23�4��5�� ���6�'7 8���8�9 :���0�;5( �6����9 ���)3�
3�LN �'��5����Y4�� $%'��1 ��p���� |�x�( �� qY Q1 V� *�6k�
T;!U,6 :.� �����N \�; ���"I��� �IN> ������ ���� ������� ����� ���� ������ ���I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!��� ��������9:��� �����; ��<���$8
�v�
@����� @�����
u"I���
tU���
M��N \�
d�����
�U�#
���I��� E��:��
1 *���� 23�45�� => d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J ��(���� �%�%9�B�� ��p��� U�49k 2,68 1,29 �;B�5( 5
2 *���� 23�45�� :�%�%9�B� �LZ �Lx�1 ��p3 ��(�V� < � )��k 2,48 1,23 �]%�x 6
3 >�l9 *���� 23�45�� :�%�N>1 :�3��0( �%)�9 => ��(�V� ��p3k 2,70 1,29 �;B�5( 4
4 ��(�V� ��p31 ?� �J ���;9 * �Y3�4�� => d�3 5�� �e%� �%���� W3���� U�49k 2,92 1,48 �;B�5( 2
5 a� [1��5��1 K%l,5�� => �%���� W3���� ��(�V� ��p3 K%'�1 �6���� �Y3�4( /%0B * /N��� :� R1 Sk 3,14 1,37 �;B�5( 1
6 ��A �%�`,( �%���� W3���� �,059 ��N>� �� ��%N%s,5�� $%�'�� U�( �%&�b4�� $%'�� _(� => >�l9 ��3
*���� 23�45��k 2,90 1,41 �;B�5( 3
3�LN�� ����� ~B�5�� 2,80 0,94 �;B�5(
![Page 108: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 490 –
Q1 V� G( |g5��6 � ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;5( [J 3�LN �'��5�� *���� 23�45����Y4�� $%'��1 ��p����
;�;�B�5( ��)3 W�6��5( ������ ~�B�5�� c�� a�%R3�LN���2,80� ��p3 ��)1 @A ��%5,�� �t� <8�9 -1 ,
=�> a�� �%���� W3���� [J1 ,��(���� �,��(1 �Lx�1 �t� [J DA ,��p��� �t� K%'� /%0B * [1��5��1 K%l,5�� 23�4�5�� =�> d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J U�49 D ��p���
:�3��0( �%)�9 => >�l9 D1 *���� *����� 23�45�����;�� �L,�� =>k
23�4�5�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 ��%5Z K]591 3��LN �'��5�� *������Y4��� $%�'��1 ���p���� U�(
[1���1 G� ��3�Z �B�3� _T�5Z(Nordin, et al., 2012)
2���B * W�7���� /�(����� $��J G�( [J :3��¸J \5���%��� /(����� �6���� 23�49 ,��]�� �'��5�� �%N%'��1 ��3
�6���� $B�'9 �LZ �����1 k ��B�3� _T��5Z U�( K]59 qY ��(�Y1 �%6�`��(Babalhavaeji & Kermani, 2011)
�e%� f�g>J < � U6�1 ��1 �%,�� [� �`�T�5Z :3�¸J \5��*���� 23�45�� 2��B => O7X9 �¥ d�3 5�� k
2 8������ ����� ���� ������ �7����� ��7�� �
�IN> ��� ;���� �=����$:
���L)��� �%�l��w� :�;��B�5�� ��l��R � b5��B�Á i ��)3� Q��R �,%��� ���6J :��� '5� ��3�%��� :�6��LZD�1 3��LN �'��5�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9
��%Z1��5�� �e%0��� Q1 V� * |x�( �� qY �7k�
T;!U,7 :.�� �IN> ������ ���� ������� ����� ���� ������ ���I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!��� ������� �����N \�; ���"I���� ;���� �=����$8
�v�
@����� @�����
u"I���
tU���
M��N \�
d�����
�U�#
���I��� E��:��
1 ���(�V� * T�l��� \N%s,5�� ¯�,�� U�4� ��6���� * 23�4�5�� =�> d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g�>J
�^�o� :��o�1k 2,86 1,42 �;B�5( 8
2 23 9 W3��A ��(�V� �%�J O6�9 �e% �%Z1��9 S �6���� 23�49 $> 9 d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>Jk 2,91 1,29 �;B�5( 4
3 � * d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J S �%Z1��5�� :�-���� ��(�V� W3��A U�49 Q��09 $¥ |%5� �� ��(�V
:��o�1 3�I6n�k 2,88 1,24 �;B�5( 6
4 ����05�� �'}��1 [1��5�� => d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J1 ��(�V� * �%���� W3���� S �-���� ��'9k 2,99 1,28 �;B�5( 3
5 ��(�V� ?� �J �( o [1��5�� => �]�5b�� ��l-n� S :�-���� ��'9k 3,08 1,15 �;B�5( 2
6 6�9�d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>n *���� 23�45��1 [1��5�� "�6 ��(�V� * /N��� �e% �k 2,77 1,99 �;B�5( 9
7 �����;5�� 3�I6n� �Y3�4��1 �� �� => d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J ��(�V� * W T�l�� W��%'�� §qZJ 8]��k 2,89 1,26 �;B�5( 5
8 �� �e%� f�g>J 23�4���(�V� ��3���� :���5l�� H�5� * :�3��'�� U,^ * d�3 5. 2,87 1,28 �;B�5( 7
9 6�9�d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J S [1��5��1 /^��5�� $> 9 \5�� W3�;5�� :�%,'5�� ��(�V� �k 3,11 1,17 �;B�5( 1 �IN>�� h��� u"I��� 2,95 0,57 �;B�5(
![Page 109: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 491 –
Q1 V� G( |g5��7 �9 :��0�;5( [J ��6�'7 8��8� 3�LN �'��5�� *���� 23�45����%Z1��5�� �e%0��� W�6��5(
3��LN�� ������ ~�B�5�� c�� a�%R ;�;�B�5( �)3 �2,95�6���9 $��¢3 ���ZJ @A ����%5,�� �t��� <8���9 ��-1 ,� �
��e%� f�g�>J S /^��5�� $> 9 \5�� W3�;5�� :�%,'5��(�V� * T�l��� \�N%s,5�� ¯��,�� [J DA d�3 �5�� D ���
O6��5� ��)�R 2��,� [J1 ,*����� 23�45�� => U�4� /��N��� ���e% * *������ 23�4��5�� "���6 G��( ���8�� ���e% O6��9 =��> /�N��� W31 \��,�� ��� ;\N����Yn� ��>�,5( "��6 ��`%6 �6���5� ;���4�( �%Z1��9 �%N���YJ ��%>� �� 3��I6n�1 :���o� 3q}5B�1 *���� 23�45��
� �e%� f�g>n��(�V� * d�3 5� k ���%5,�� �t� H�5¹1 [1����1 c549 �B�3� U( �`,( f8) *(Cheng, et al.,
2009) W�7���� /�(����� S G( [J �`�T�5Z :3�¸J \5�� ���8%��( ���(�) * S%N����Yn� S� *���� 23�45�� *
*���� 23�45�� => U�49 /N> �e% O6�9 3 8��� ����� ���� ������ �7����� ��7�� ����
�IN> ���>�?(��� @�9�A��$:
���L)��� �%�l��w� :�;��B�5�� ��l��R � b5��B�Á i ��)3� Q��R ��,%��� ���6J :��� '5� ��3�%��� :�6��LZD�1 3��LN �'��5�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9
��%N%s,5�� W�Y�t��� Q1 V� * |x�( �� qY �8k�
T;!U,8 :. �I7N> �7����� ��7�� ����7��� �7���� �7��� ��7���� ���I7� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!��� ������� �����N \�; ���"I���� @�9�A7��
��>�?(���$8
�v�
@����� @�����
u"I���
tU���
M��N \�
d�����
�U�#
���I��� E��:��
1 ��`)1 :�f��)A ��(�V� W3��A tb59�6���� 3��&( � L5� �%6�xA k 3,10 1,35 �;B�5( 4
2 ��'9�]�5b�� ��3��&( G( W� �5��1 �R�5�� �6��N�� $s,�� ^��� ��(�V�k 2,99 1,29 �;B�5( 6
3 ��3���� 1J �%N���Yn� :�B3q�� /g6J K%7�5� W� z :�f��)A => ��(�V� N5�9k 2,64 1,30 �;B�5( 8
4 * )���`%�A Q�^��� /`l9 �'��; �`s]R1 ?3���� K%7�5� Wµ��( �NsZJ ��(�V�k 3,11 1,26 �;B�5( 3
5 W�N5l(1 �Ns5,( W3�& ��(�V� �^�o� �6���� >��- ¨ �� ik 2.93 1,34 �;B�5( 7
6 �6���� >��- @A Q�^��� �`T�g>n |%59 W3�;5( :�%,'91 �NsZJ ��(�V� � b5l9k 3.41 1,31 �%��> 1
7 �]�5�1 W � ) F�; Qq>n� ���ZA * �6���� >��- �� b5B� ��(�V� W3��A U�49k 3,02 1,29 �;B�5( 5
8 6�9� :���5l��� ��6�Y1 f�g�>n� S� ��6���� Q��09 /`l9 �}� R �%)���,I9 /T�B1 ��(�V� �
��3����k 3,12 1,40 �;B�5( 2
9 :D�&9� $sZ O6�9 => /N����%)3�o� �`5e%1 ��(�V� S �6���� Q��09 => >�l9 ����6k 2,57 1,29 �]%�x 9 �IN>�� h��� u"I��� 2,99 0,89 �;B�5(
![Page 110: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 492 –
Q1 V� G( |g5��8 � ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;5( [J 3��LN ��'��5�� *����� 23�45�����%N%s,5�� W�Y�t����
������� ~��B�5�� c��� a��%R ;�;��B�5( ���)3 W�6����5(3�LN�� �2,99� ���(�V� [J @A ��%5,�� �t� <8�9 -1 ,
,���6���� G�8��b5� W3���;5(1 :���%,'91 ���NsZJ � b5l��9 �%�N> [J DA �6���� �t� /',� �%)���,I9 /T�B1 �6��91 $> ��� �t���� *���I�� �q5�D��� ´��� � ���6���� Q����09 1J �3���� f��n� �����;5� ���`]%m�91 ���6���� �� b5��B�
\N���Yn� k [1���1 G��) �B�3� U( ��%5,�� �t� K]591(Jain, et al., 2007) \�5��1 :3��¸J $��J [J ��`�T�5Z
>�l�9 �NsZJ f�, * /}N59 *���� 23�45�� 8�8�9 :�%��
U�( K�]59 q�Y ,��+�Z1 �`>�)�B�1 *���� G�8¹ * �%Y�1 {���� 0> �B�3��2015 � ��`�T�5Z :3�¸J \5��1
23�45�� <�5l( [J q%�6 ��^�� ,�;�B�5( [��Y *���� j
*���� 23�45�� �%�N> * �%)���,I5�� H%m�5 K��5�k 4 8 �7����� ��7�� ������� ����� ���� ������
�IN> �BC3D� E��!���$:
��L)��� �%�l�w� :�;�B�5�� ��l�R � b5B�Á i Q���R ���,%��� �����6J :��� ��'5� ����3�%��� :���6��LZD�1
�6����9 ���)3� *������ 23�4��5�� ���6�'7 8���8�9 :���0�;5( 3�LN �'��5���\>qV� r�3 5��� * |�x�( ��� q�Y
Q1 V��9k�
T;!U,9 :. �I7N> �7����� ��7�� ����7��� �7���� �7��� ��7���� ���I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!��� ������� �����N \�; ���"I���� E��!7���
BC3D�$8
�v�
�@���� @�����
u"I���
tU���
M��N \�
d�����
�U�#
���I��� E��:��
1 ¤�� �� r�3 5�� 8Y��( /%�]91 W3��� ��(�V� $5�k 2,86 1,30 �;B�5( 1
2 �%N���� :�f�'��� �(�-A ��(�V� W3��A $> 9�¡�',�� :�'�R ,/N��� ¡31 ,:�1 ,�� �kk 8�8�5�
*���� 23�45��k 2,84 1,22 �;B�5( 2
3 Q���09 /�)J G�( ��%N���� :������� * �Y3�4N�� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J ��(�V� W3��A U�49
�6���� 23�491k 2,66 1,23 �;B�5( 6
4 => $T�'�� /N��� :�����1 ªT�&� => d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J r�3 5� _(�� ��(�V� � '9
�6����k 2,72 1,27 �;B�5( 4
5 � W3��A ��l9 23�45�� ��`]( K%0;5� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J :�3 -1 :�3�`( ���;9 @A ��(�V
*����k 2,53 1,14 �]%�x 7
6 6�9�d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J S �6���� Q��091 �1��5�� $��5�� "�6 ��(�V� W3��A �k 2,70 1,24 �;B�5( 5
7 �� b5B� => d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J r�3 9 @A ��(�V� ��l9*���� [1��5��1 :�(����� :�%,'9k 2,79 1,16 �;B�5( 3 �IN>�� h��� u"I��� 2,73 0,62 �;B�5(
![Page 111: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 493 –
Q1 V� G( |g5��9 � ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;5( [J 3��LN ��'��5�� *����� 23�45���\�>qV� r�3 �5���
������� ~��B�5�� c��� a��%R ;�;��B�5( ���)3 W�6����5(3���LN���2,73�, ���5Z <8���9 ��-1 @A 3���L�� �t��� _T
�`( �'� \�5�� ��>�,5�� ��%0�3 5�� _(���� W3��� �q5�D� DA ,��(�V� <�5l( => :���%'��1 :�3 '�� �%N,9 8Y�( ª&b5�� <�5l( => :�f�'��� $>� @A �)�R 2�,� [J r�3 5�� @A ? � \5��1 :�%�I�� 1J �%N���� ��l-n� 1J
?� ���J K��%'L5� 23�4��5��1 [1����5��1 ���;09�( W� ��z\N���Yn� f��n� �«�0( �h�093�j j k U( _T�5,�� �t� K]591
3�&,(1 ���;�� �B�3��2009 � ��`�T�5Z :�`mJ \5��1 ��� ��%Z�3n� :D�&9D� :�Y« * S�(���� r�3 9 [J
�6���� * 23�45�� => ��,�( O7X9k 5 8 �7����� ��7�� ������� ����� ���� ������
�IN> �F>�� G��$:
��L)��� �%�l�w� :�;�B�5�� ��l�R � b5B�Á i �)3� Q�R �,%��� ���6J :��� '5� ��3�%��� :�6��LZD�1 ��'��5�� *����� 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;5( �6��9
3�LN�/N��� F�6� Q1 V� * |x�( �� qY �10k�
T;!U,10 :.���!��� ������� �����N \�; ���"I��� �IN> ������ ���� ������� ����� ���� ������ ���I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ��F>�� G��$8
�v�
@����� @�����
u"I���
tU���
M��N \�
d�����
�U�#
���I��� E��:��
1 �%Z1��9 /N> F�6 Q�� G( \>qV� /N��� �6�'7 ��(���� �%N%s,5�� �%,0�� �8�9k 3,15 1,97 �;B�5( 5
2 \>qV� /N��� ~NZ @A ���]�� /N��� ~NZ G( Q�L5�� ��(�V� W3��A $> 9k 3,19 0,84 �;B�5( 4
3 �%9�E /N> F�6 Q�� G( :�I4�� /R * �6���� �� b5B� ��(�V� W3��A U�49k 3,24 0,99 �;B�5( 3
4 ��85�D� a%R G( /N��� F�6 �%�>�6 => ��(�V� W3��A "���%��el��1 [1��5��1 k 3,29 0,9 �;B�5( 2
5 �����;5�� ���3��0(1 /N��� F�6 :�R'( t%],9 => ��(�V� W3��A /N�9k 2,97 1,16 �;B�5( 6
6 :��o�1 ?3���� Q��09 * /N��� F�6 �%�J d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J 23 �k 3,36 1,98 �;B�5( 1 �IN>�� h��� u"I��� 3,20 0,66 B�5(�;
Q1 V� G( |g5��10 � ��6�'7 8��8�9 :�0�;5( [J
3�LN �'��5�� *���� 23�45���/�N��� F��6� W�6���5( �������� ~���B�5�� c���� a���%R ;�;���B�5( ����)3
3���LN���3,20� 3���L�� :�3���0> U��%° [J ´��R��1 ,
@A ���%5,�� �t�� <8��9 q�31 ;�;B�5( �)3 :f�) ���(�V� * �3���� /N��� ��%0h ��q5�>� �N5�� �t���
<�5l( => f��B �%N���� [�����1 d����� => �%B�BJj �t��� ��(n� ;:��%�I�� <�5l( => 1J �%N���� ��l-n�
![Page 112: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 494 –
/�N��� F��6 ��%�J [�Y3 � d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J /�� ���(�V� W3��A /��� q�Y ,:���o�1 ?3����� Q��09 *
�8��5�D� a��%R G��( /��N��� F���6 ���%�>�6 =��> "���� � q�>� {��E K�6��� [J r�� �ZJ DA ,�%��el��1 [1��5��1j U�( ,\Y3�45��1 \>qV� /N��� ~NZ @A Q�L5�� �%�N��
�����;5�� ���3��0(1 /N��� F�6 :�R'N t�n�k ��B�3� U�( 3��L�� �t�� ��%5Z K]591��)1 $%�Y
(Kim & Ju, 2008) G( O}I�� [J �`�T�5Z :3�¸J \5��1 5�� �e%� f�g>J�lB��� * d�3 @A [���%N� �%N���Yn�
G��( ���}YJ d�3 ��5��1 \��N���� /%&��L5�� * ������]�� � � q� :���o�1 3��I6n� Q���091 *����� 23�45��
�%lB��� :���M��1 ?� �n�8
6 8 �7����� ��7�� ������� ����� ���� ������
�IN> ��H��4��; ���IJ�$:
� :�;��B�5�� ��l��R � b5��B�Á i ���L)��� �%�l��w ��)3� Q��R ��,%��� ���6J :��� '5� ��3�%��� :�6��LZD�1 3��LN �'��5�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9
�:v6�I��1 86��w�� Q1 V� * |x�( �� qY �11k�
T;!U,11 :.�I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!��� ������� �����N \�; ���"I��� �IN> ������ ���� ������� ����� ���� ������ ����H��4��; ���IJ�$8
�v�
@����� @�����
u"I���
tU���
M��N \�
d�����
�U�#
���I��� E��:��
1 *���� 23�45��1 /N��� �8]z �Z�I( ��(�V� /�V �%���� W3���� ��l9j jk 2,61 1,37 �;B�5( 1
2 6���9�� (�V� 23�4��5�� =��> d�3 ��5�� ���e%� f�g��>J U�4��9 :v��6�I(1 86����R ���NsZJ ����
*����k 2,19 1,23 �]%�x 5
3 6�9� :���o� ��L�^J f�g�>n� :�(�`�B� ?��>�� :�f���)A1 :��B�%B ��(�V� �
W8%N5��k 2,42 1,27 �]%�x 2
4 6�9� �e%� f�g>n ���,��� :�)�%5RD� $> 9 �%N%s,9 �e% ��(�V� � => $�8]� �� d�3 5��
*���� 23�45��k 2,26 1,21 �]%�x 4
5 U( �^�o� $����1 $`63��( 23�49 /�'( d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>n :v6�I( ��(�V� � '9
G���¶�k 2,17 1,33 �]%�x 6
6 6�9�$����l(1 $��Y3�4� �'61 f�g>¿� Q����� $%%'5�� K'� �%>�x�( /N> �e% ��(�V� �j
�%6����k 2,29 1,32 �]%�x 3
3�LN�� ����� ~B�5�� 2,32 0,72 �]%�x
Q1 V� G( |g5��11 � ��6�'7 8��8�9 :�0�;5( [J 3��LN ��'��5�� *���� 23�45���:v�6�I��1 86���w��
������� ~��B�5�� c��� a��%R ;�]%���x ���)3 W�6����5(3�LN���2,32�%N���Yn� :���%'�� Ã3 � > \,�� �� ; �
![Page 113: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 495 –
d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J1��B�3 �� �,%> ���6J� ��NsZJ G> ;��(�V� *���� 23�45�� U�49 \5�� :v6�I��1 86��w� *����� 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 [J @A ���%5,�� �t� <8�9 q31 86���R $�sZ /�%�]91 �q5�D� G( �8�� r�;59 W T�l�� < �� *����� 23�4�5�� 2��l� �N>�� :v6�I(1 �^��
g>J��(�V� * d�3 5�� �e%� f�k ��%��I�� ���B�3� U��( 3���L�� �t��� ����%5Z K��]591
���,�� �J1�2010 � S� G�( [J ��`�T�5Z G�( [�Y \5�� * *����� 23�4�5�� ��N>� �� �%lB��� �6�'}�� :�Z�I( 86����L�� ���NsZJ f�4��ZA ���%(�Iw� ���%Z�3n� :����(�V�
WX6�I��1 k�1��1 /%`�B �B�3� U( K]59 qY (Sohail &
Daud, 2009) \5��1 :3�¸J /�(����� $��J [J ��`�T�5Z ,8�%]L5�� * /�}N59 �`NB�'91 �6���� 23�49 $> 9 \5�� [1����1 :�0%Zt��� ��B�3� U�( ��%5,�� �t� H�5¹ q,%
�2011 � ��sZ ��`)1 G�( ���]9�( ��� �'9 :��`mJ \5��j j
�%�N�� �N>� �� 86��w� �6��9 < � d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J
HT�;�� ��(�� *���� 23�45��k %�l�� T�61�� � �U+:
��}�� Q��l�� ªZ : ���D� :�E F1��6 �)�9 /� ��%N���Yn� :����%'�� :��� '9 :�;B�5( S �%T�&RA 8��8�9 :��0�;5( �6���9 ��)3 � d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J1
O�M5� <8��9 $%&�'�� ���(�� *����� 23�4�5�� �6�'7i :��� 8Y��� ,�%�I���%N���� �)3 �� ,\]%m��? 1 8 WV�w����4��$, :������� ,���? :.
S� �%T�&R�� ��D �� :�E F1�]�� G> H4I��:�;B�5( :����%'�� G�( ��B�3 �� �,%> ���6J :��� '9
�6����9 ���)3 � d�3 ��5�� ���e%� f�g��>J1 ���%N���Yn� ;$%&�'�� ���(�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5(
<8�9 \5��1i OM5� ���%�I���� ��%'%0;9 ,����sZ � � b5�B� 3��05���:� S5�'5l�( S5>���N�� (Independent T-
Test) Q1 �V� * �Lx�( \� qY _T�5,�� CZ�Y1 �12k�
T;!U,12 :.\!�� ��y G;�2������"I� e ��n��)z� � ������� ����� ���� ������ ���I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!�� W7V�� j�7� B��� ;����w f
����4��$8
���� ������� ����� ��I�� ������ ���4�� WV� #!�� u"I��� �>�v
��$ ��\!�� jI�1 ��\!�� YI
���sZ 121 2,76 �Y4�� $%'��1 ��p���
�%'%0;9 155 2,84 0,65 0,52 ���� O¢
���sZ 121 2,95 �%Z1��5�� �e%0��
�%'%0;9 155 2,94 0,01 0,99 ���� O¢
![Page 114: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 496 –
R �� | T;!U,12.8
���� ������� ����� ��I�� ������ ���4�� WV� #!�� u"I��� �>�v
��$ ��\!�� jI�1 ��\!�� YI
���sZ 121 2,99 �%N%s,5�� W�Y�t��
�%'%0;9 155 2,98 0,09 0,93 ���� O¢
���sZ 121 2,70 \>qV� r�3 5�� �%'%0;9 155 2,76
0,81 0,42 ���� O¢
���sZ 121 3,15 /N��� F�6
�%'%0;9 155 3,25 1,16 0,25 ���� O¢
���sZ 121 2,25 :v6�I��1 86��w�
�%'%0;9 155 2,38 1,57 0,12 ���� O¢
���sZ 121 2,82 :�0�;5���/IY� �%'%0;9 155 2,87
0,79 0,43 ���� O¢
:�E F1�6 )�� D �ZJ K�l�� Q1 V� G( |g5� ��,%> ����6J :��� �'9 :�;�B�5( S� �%T�&�RA ��D� 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;5( �6��9 �)3 � �B�3 �� ��)3 �� <�5l�( =�> ��%�I�� ���Z OM5� <8�9 *����
��%>�]�� 31��L�� U�%° <�5l�( =�>1 ��%�I��� ����p���%0�� ,�Y4��� $%'��1 ,��%N%s,5�� W�Y�t��� ,��%Z1��5�� ��e
:v�6�I��1 86���w�1 ,/N��� F�6 ,\>qV� r�3 5��� , {�E <8�� -1@A �%N%s,5�� �6�'}�� ��49 :��Z�I(��1
23�4�5�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( G( ��O¢1 �%,]��1 ��������(�V� :�%�Y /��� *���� k �( U( ��%5,�� �t� H�5¹1
3� ��%5Z �9�`mJ [1����1 :�0%Zt��� �B��2011 � \�5�� �7��� /'5l�( O�M5NY ��%�I�� ��Z OM5( [J @A C�^�9 :�0�;5�� �6��9 < ( Q�R �B�3 �� �,%> ���6J �� '9 =>
:�%�I�� |��&� {�E1 ,*���� 23�45�� /%�]5� �(�������s,�� 1J �%Z�lZ�� k
2 8 WV�w�B2�[I�� �9���$, : IsC ,B>�#�9K !n�v
�&Z��!� �=:.
S� �%T�&R�� ��D �� :�E F1�]�� G> H4I��:�;B�5( �6���9 ��)3 � ��B�3 �� �,%> ���6J :��� '9
OM5� <8�9 \5��1 ;*���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5(� i�\]%m��� 8Y����� d�3 �9 ��e%� �g> ,\N���YJ T�- �
3�����05�� � b5����B��:� S5�'5l����( S5>�����N�� (Independent T-Test) �Lx�( \� qY _T�5,�� CZ�Y1
Q1 V� *�13k�
![Page 115: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 497 –
T;!U,13 :.\!�� ��y G;�2������"I� e ��n��)z� � W7V�� j�7� B��� ;���� ������� ����� ���� ������ ���I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!��w f
�B2�[I�� �9���$8
���� ������� ����� ��I�� ������ V� �9��� W
B2�[I�� #!�� u"I��� �>�v ��$ ��\!�� jI�1 ��\!�� YI
\N���YJ T�- 53 2,93 �Y4�� $%'��1 ��p��� d�3 9 �e%� �g> 223 2,77
1,13 0,26 ���� O¢
\N���YJ T�- 53 3,00 �%Z1��5�� �e%0��
d�3 9 �e%� �g> 223 2,93 0,75 0,45 ���� O¢
\N���YJ T�- 53 3,18 W�Y�t���%N%s,5�� d�3 9 �e%� �g> 223 2,94
1,81 0,07 ���� O¢
\N���YJ T�- 53 2,82 \>qV� r�3 5�� d�3 9 �e%� �g> 223 2,71
1,33 0,19 ���� O¢
\N���YJ T�- 53 3,32 /N��� F�6
d�3 9 �e%� �g> 223 3,18 0,90 0,37 ���� O¢
\N���YJ T�- 53 2,28 �1 86��w�:v6�I� d�3 9 �e%� �g> 223 2,33
0,41 0,68 ���� O¢
\N���YJ T�- 53 2,94 :�0�;5���/IY� d�3 9 �e%� �g> 223 2,83
1,48 0,14 ���� O¢
Q1 V� G( |g5��13 � :�E F1��6 �)�� D �ZJ ��,%> ����6J :��� �'9 :�;�B�5( S� �%T�&�RA ��D�
3 �� 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8��8�9 :��0�;5( �6��9 �)3 � �B� =�> \]%m��� 8Y��� OM5� <8�9 $%&'�� ��(�� *���� 31��L�� U�%° <�5l�( =�>1 ��%�I�� ��)3 �� <�5l(
�%>�]��� W�Y�t�� ,�%Z1��5�� �e%0�� ,�Y4�� $%'��1 ��p��� 86���w�1 ,/�N��� F��6 ,\�>qV� r�3 �5�� ,�%N%s,5��
v6�I��1:� ��%5,�� �t� <8�91 ,@A /�N��� ��e% ��4�9 W T�l��� �%N%s,5�� �6�'}�� a%R G(:��Z�I(��1 �������
,�R�5�� �%,]��1 8��8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 < ( [�6 $7 G(1
8�Y��� ?�5��� �Y�3�A H�5 D *���� 23�45�� �6�'7�,%��� ���6n \]%m���k
3 8 WV���7�>��� �7U�!��$, :y��7"K ,����7 y��7"K ,
!C�1 y��"K :.
S� �%T�&R�� ��D �� :�E F1�]�� G> H4I�� �6���9 ��)3 � ��B�3 �� �,%> ���6J :��� '9 :�;B�5( ;$%&�'�� ���(�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5(
OM5� <8�9 \5��1i���%N���� ��)3 �� � 3��05�� � b5�B����Rn� G��05�� /%�� (One – Way ANOVA) CZ�Y1
S�1 V� * �Lx�( \� qY _T�5,���14� ,�15k�
![Page 116: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 498 –
T;!U,14 :. WV�� ��� ���� ������� ����� ���� ������ ���I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!��� ������� �����N \�; ���"I���},��>��� �U�!��.8
��>��� �U�!��
y��"K,_=56. ���� y��"K,_=88. !C�1 y��"K,_=132. ����� ��I�� ������
���� ������� u"I� d��� M��N � u"I� d��� M��N � u"I� d��� M��N �
�Y4�� $%'��1 ��p��� 2,97 0,907 2,59 0,93 2,80 0,94 �%Z1��5�� �e%0�� 2,60 0,624 2,46 0,76 2,53 0,71
�%N%s,5�� W�Y�t�� 3,21 0,851 2,84 0,89 2,99 0,88
\>qV� r�3 5�� 2,83 0,498 2,63 0,650 2,75 0,65
/N��� F�6 2,56 0,708 2,44 0,69 2,60 0,73
:v6�I��1 86��w� 2,31 0,77 2,24 0,77 2,38 0,69
:�0�;5���/IY� 2,77 0,53 2,55 0,60 2,70 0,58
T;!U,15 :.��y G;�2�� *C ��4�� d#�)p� *������ F��o �7��� ��7���� ���I7� �7U�!� �7"��!�� �7(�C #���K ����!�� ���"I� e ��n��)z� ��\!��
WV�� j�� B��� ���� ������� �����w f,��>��� �U�!��.8
������� ����� ��I�� ������
���� *������ �!�
YI>S
�� ��� ���J� ��U�#
u"I�
�� ���
�>�v
�M$
jI�1
\!���� ��\!�� YI
:�>�N��� S 6,50 2 3,25 �Y4�� $%'��1 ��p��� :�>�N��� /��� 234,02 273 0,86
3,79 0,02 ����
�0,05�
:�>�N��� S 0,66 2 0,33 �%Z1��5�� �e%0��
:�>�N��� /��� 137,87 273 0,51 0,65 0,52 ���� O¢
:�>�N��� S 4,69 2 2,34 �%N%s,5�� W�Y�t�� :�>�N��� /��� 210,72 273 0,77
3,04 0,05 ���� O¢
:�>�N��� S 1,51 2 0,76 \>qV� r�3 5�� :�>�N��� /��� 105,72 273 0,39
1,95 0,14 ���� O¢
:�>�N��� S 1,39 2 0,67 /N��� F�6
:�>�N��� /��� 139,22 273 0,51 1,37 0,26 ���� O¢
:�>�N��� S 1,13 2 0,57 :v6�I��1 86��w� :�>�N��� /��� 140,49 273 0,51
1,10 0,34 ���� O¢
:�>�N��� S 1,93 2 0,69 :�0�;5���/IY� :�>�N��� /��� 91,05 273 0,33
2,89 0,06 ���� O¢
![Page 117: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 499 –
Q1 V� G( |g5��15 � :�E F1��6 ���)1 � �>S�� �%T�&��RA ����D� :�����%'�� :��� ��'9 :�;��B�5(
$%&��'�� ����(�� d�3 ��5�� ���e%� f�g��>J1 ���%N���Yn� <8�9 *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 �)3 �i 31��L��1 ��%�I�� �)3 �� �0l,�� �%N���� �)3 �� OM5�
�%>�]��� r�3 �5�� ,��%N%s,5�� W�Y�t��� ,��%Z1��5�� �e%0��w�1 ,/N��� F�6 ,\>qV�:v6�I��1 86��� @A O4� �� ;
SY3�4��� Wt9��Bn�1 Wt9��Bn� S� �J���� * F�]9D� 31��L�� �t�� �6���9 ��)3� Q�R G� >�l�� Wt9�Bn�1 ���(�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�5� :�0�;5( ��3�05>�
$%&'��k :�E F1��6 ���)1 K�l�� Q1 V� G( |g5� qY
D� <�5l( ,> �%T�&RA ��D� ���0,05 � :�;B�5( S :��0�;5( �6��9 < ( Q�R �B�3 �� �,%> ���6J :��� '9 OM5� <8�9 $%&'�� ��(�� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9
3�L� �0l,�� �%N���� �)3 ����Y4�� $%'��1 ��p���� ; S� �%T�&R�� ��D �� :�E F1�]�� ���� => ?��5��1
�,%> ���6J :��� '9 :�;B�5( ��)3� Q��R ��B�3 �� � ?�5��� *����� 23�4�5�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5( �6��9 3��05�� � b5�B� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>n �%N���� �)3 ��
Q�� F�6 /-J(LSD) S� ��� �0�� :�Z3�'N�� ���BXY _T��5,�� C�Z�I6 G��05�� /%�� ��D� ���R * :�>�N���
Q1 V� * �Lx�( \� qY�16k�
T;!U,16 :. �7��� ��7���� ���I� �U�!� �"��!�� �(�C #���K ����!�� ���"I� e ��n��)z� ��\!�� ��y G;�2�� ����; �!� !�!N�� ��!��� �� �����
WV�� ��� ���� ������� �����},��>��� �U�!��.8
e G;�2����n��)z� ��\!��; ���"I��� ���� ������� ����� ���� ������ ��>��� �U�!�� u"I���
y��"K ���� y��"K !C�1 y��"K
E�5BJ 2,97 −−− 0,39* 0,10
23�4( E�5BJ 2,59 0,39* −−− 0,29* �Y4�� $%'��1 ��p���
>�l( E�5BJ 2,80 0,10 0,29* −−−
* jI�1 !(C ��n��)+ T�# e�"I��� e G�2��},0,05.
Q1 �V� G�( |g5��16 � :�E F1��6 �)�9 ��ZJ
<�5l��( ��,> �%T�&��RA ����D��0,05 � Wt9���Bn� S�� �6���9 < �( Q��R $����5B� * SY3�4�� Wt9�Bn�1
3��L� �0l�,�� *����� 23�4�5�� ��6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5(��Y4�� $%'��1 ��p���� |��&�� F1�]�� �t� :f�)1 ,
�Iw� * :��>�N��� =>J [J Y�� �� ;Wt9�Bn� =�> $
![Page 118: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 500 –
*������ 23�4��5�� ���6�'7 8���8�9 :���0�;5( �6����9 < ��( 3�L� �0l,����Y4��� $%�'��1 ���p��� � ��>�N� $��
Wt9��Bn� ��>�N� $�� :�>�N��� /-J q,% ,Wt9�Bn�SY3�4�� k ���%5,�� �t� <8�9 -1@A q� Wt9��Bn� [J
��}YJ $�`��� ��%}L1 ��%N���YJ :���� G�( [�I�5N�� ���Y�3�Aj ,$`63����( 23�4��9 * ���0¢31 ����(�V� ����p�
* Wt9��B¿� ��R�5�� "��]�� � �91 ��,9 @A �6�x�� ��'��5�� ��^�o� [������1 �%N���� d����� * �Y3�4�� ?� ����n�1 �����p��� ������;91 �¢�%���^1 �4���-�,N
�%�%9���BD� ���Z3�'( ����3���� :���5l���� H���5� * j
t9�Bn� G( d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>XSY3�4�� Wk :�E F1�6 )�9 �ZJ K�l�� Q1 V� G( |g5� qY
<�5l��( ��,> �%T�&��RA ����D��0,05 � Wt9���Bn� S�� Q��R $����5�B� * G� >�l��� Wt9��Bn�1 SY3�4�� *������ 23�4��5�� ���6�'7 8���8�9 :���0�;5( �6����9 < ��(
3�L� �0l,����Y4��� $%'��1 ��p���� �t�� :f��)1 ,��&�� F1�]�� C��5R� \�5��1 ;G� >�l��� Wt9��Bn� |
Wt9��Bn� ��>�N�1 Wt9�Bn� �>�N� S �%;B1 �09�(SY3�4�� k Wt9��Bn� [X� ���%5,�� �t�� Ol�]9 GIN�1
��l�5Y�1 �Y3�4��� * ��0¢31 ��B�Ä ��}YJ G� >�l��j
���(�V� ?� ��J1 ���B31 ��p3 Q�R1 ,W � ) ?3��(n� W�%w� * $�3��4( ��� $IL [�I�5N� �(1 �%N���Y
� V� $��5� [1 `5�1 [�^�� $`��� :�R�Nh G(
��Z3�'( {��E1 ,���(�V� ~�;�1 /0'5l�N K���5� q%6j
=��> �q5��>D� @A [����%N� G�t���� SY3�4���� Wt9���Bn���YJ ��q5>� �'�l�� $����1 �%9�t�� $���`) k K�]591
t��� ��B�3� _T��5Z U�( ��`,( f8�) * ��%5,�� �t� :�0%Z [1�����1�2011 � 8��Y��� O��M5( [J @A C���^�9 \��5��
��,%> ����6J �� �'9 => �7�� D /'5l( OM5NY \]%m��� ��%�]9 :�0�;5( �6��91 *���� 23�45�� <�5l� �B�3 ��
�%�(�V� �lB��� *k �"��!�� ���aI�:
¤� q Å�9 �B�3 �� [�6 �'�l�� _T�5,�� => f�,j: 1− %�BX91 f�, /���� *����� 23�4�5�� ���sZ d
@A �%,Ng��� ��6���� /���� ����� G( GIN� ;��(�V� ��%N%s,5�� W�Y�t��� * ��%Z1I�A ��`,�8¹1 W���m �6��(j
f�3¶� Q��091 �'}��1 \>qV� /N��� $%- +Z1 ,��(�����6���� 23�491k
2− ��e%� f�g�>J S� *���� 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 * d�3 5�� $%�-1 ���p3 * �%��6 {�E %l�1 ,��(�V�j
��( �^�&� ��3���� ���B�%B1 ���%�%9�B�1 ��(�V�j
:v6�I��1 86��w� $sZ1 r�3 5�� :�B�%l K��5�k
3− :�f���)A1 �L�x�1 �%�%9��B�1 ��p3 \,09 $%�'� ��N>�� ��6�'7 Æ%�B�9 ��¥�� G�( GIN� �%N%s,9
g�>J S� *���� 23�45�� :�B3��1 d�3 �5�� ��e%� f� * ���]�5b�� ����3���� :� ��R���1 ���%N���� ��l��-n�1
![Page 119: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 501 –
��(�V�k
4− H�����9 @A ? ��� ���%0�3 9 _(���� �� ��>A *����� 23�4�5�� �6�'7 8�8�9 �%�X �%N���Yn� :���%'�� \�,05� d�3 �5�� ��e%� f�g>J :�3 -1 :�3�`( ���;91
*���� 23�45�� :�B3��1 $%-k
5− �8�� f��)A \�5�� :��B�3 ��1 ¨��L0�� G�( $%�'� ��N>�� ��6�'7 Æ%B�91 *���� 23�45�� Q�� ��}9 ������ $%���5�� :�l�B�N *����� 23�45�� :�B3��1 ��%N%s,5�� �6�'}�� /}( <��J :�OM5N �`;31 ,�����1 $> ���1 Q�&�9D�1 ��%N%s,5�� �'}��1 \N%s,5�� /I%¥�1
�� :�OM5�� G( ��O¢1 \N%s,5�� @A �6��x�� ,��%N%s,5 ¬B��� *���� 23�45�� Q�� * aL09 <��J :�B�3� \N����Yn� Q����� * �����l��� :��(�V� <�5l( => ?� ��n� � � q� U�N5��� ��( � �;4�ZJ1 \}L0��1
�I�N�� * ����� $%��5�� ��s,� �Y4�� <p���1k
* * *
; �#���� �>n�vRU����
\;K} :RU������ ��� :
,Q� [q�A�2009 k�23�45�� * �6���� ���7J1 => K%'� W8�%��
�%l6�,5�� �>�N� * :D�&9D� �%Z�3n� �J_Z�31�, ���B3
O5l)�( O¢ ,W3�4,( f�'�0�� ��(�) �%'%0;5��k
H�� C, ?�Z ,\(²w��2017 k� *����� 23�4�5�� :��-��(9 ���(�� d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J < � r��M5�� /0�B1 2��0
,�`%�> ,�&&b5�� ����� �%�1 �� �����6�9� ,1 −15 k
HB�� E��( ,:�0%Zt��;\,lR ��Nz ,\0%5���1 ; 1O�� ,3�'0��1 H���2011 k�HT��;�� ��(�) * �6���� �Y3�4�� : 3��hA
��e%� f�g�>J ��sZ ��`)1 G�( �6���� W3��A ���;5� ±'(,d�3 ��5�� W3����5�� ���%�Y ����� �§�%��BJ ����(�)� ,�51�,
200 −239k
[�`NBJ ,���;��;3�&,(1 , $%�����2009 k� �Y3�4�( :��0�;5( :���Y« * ���`'%0;9 ���)��9 \��5�� :���-����1 ���6����
�%Z�3n� :D�&9D� ��&�5-D� �%�Y ,a��}�� \N���� ����� , ,[q�> ,��^�o� ��%'%0;5�� ������ ��(�) ,��3���� ������1
[�3n�k
w� ��0>:1���7 ,´6�; Ç���� ,f�&��RA1 �2015 k� ���B3�� U��-�1d�3 5�� �e%� f�g>J < � *���� 23�45�� : ��%'%0;9 �B�3�
�%���� :��(�V� P� * �%�� :�%�Y =>k ������� ����%l],��1 ����� −G��L0�� , 16�4� ,479 −517 k
K��%�) ,{���� ��0>; K��%�) ,���%Y�1 �2015 k� 23�4��5�� O7X��93��������� $%��5�� Wt9�BJ Wf�]Y => * : * ��%Z� %( ��B�3�
���(�� O%l�5�� ���>1 ��3��5��1 ����&5-D� ������ �%�Y_����>��� ·��� k ,����&��5-D� <p3 �����5�8� ,251 −
269k ��Ä |����^ ,?�l������2012 k� �������� * a��L0�� @A /� ����
�%Y��l�� k������ ,[�I%0��� �05I(k
�ZJ ,��%I��3q; ����( ,����,�� ��J1 �2010 k� ��Z�I�� /�(����� :���(�V� * *����� 23�4�5�� ��N>� �� �%l�B��� �6�'}��
�%N�B��� �%Z�3n�k ���> * ��%�� ����( @A ��( '( ��-31 OM5( k�%N¸�¥� �%Z�3n� �I�N�� ,�%N¸�¥� ��(�V�k
Gl�R $%����A �Nz , Nz�2015 k� * ��6���� �Y3�4�( ��e%0���%N���Yn� : :�3��(�� ���1� :���(�) =�> �%Ll( �B�3�
![Page 120: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 502 –
,W ��L5�� ���%����:���(�����1 K��%7�5�� ���%�M�� ������� �dZ�9� ,�24� ,7−49k
G� �� ��lR <p3 ,\N%�,���2013 k� [1���5�� :��%,'9 P� 31���6���� �Y3�4�� 8�8�9 * �1I��� : �%>�;5�B� ��B�3�
�3 9 G( �,%> f�3¶ ,/^��� ��(�) :�%�Y P� ¬ ���� Q���>�W3�4��,( O��¢� ����(�) ,��&��5-D�1 W3���� ���%�Y ,
/^���k
W���V�1 ����;5��1 ~%�;b5�� ��(�V� ���Y1�1438�1439��� k�3��'�� $>�1 :�(����� 8Y�( :�%T�&RA$%&'�� ��(�) ,k
�� ��} :�� ��� RU����: Abdel Hafez, T., & Ehassa, Y. (2015). The reality of the
practice of knowledge sharing among faculty members: an applied study on the faculties of education in some Arab universities, (in Arabic), Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, , Bahrain, 16(4) ،479-517.
Abdel Malik, J., & Zakia, Jijek (2015). The Effect of Knowledge Sharing on the Proficiency of Higher Education Teachers: A Field Study in the Faculty of Economic, Commercial and Management Sciences, (in Arabic), University of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Roua
Economical Magazine Algeria, 5(8) ،251-269.
Babalhavaeji, Fahimeh, Kermani, Zahra Jafarzadeh(2011). Knowledge sharing behaviour influences: a case of
Library and Information Science faculties in Iran. Retrieved from:
http://ejum.fsktm.um.edu.my/article/1007.pdf. Date of entry:4/10/2017.
Bilal, Eman (2009). Knowledge Sharing and its Impact on
Achieving Competitive Advantage in Jordan Telecom
Group "Orange",(in Arabic), Unpublished Master Thesis, Balqa Applied University
Cabrera,. Á., & Cabrera, E. (2002). Knowledge Sharing
Dilemmas. Organization Studies, 23 (5): 687-710.
Calantone, R., Cavusgil, T., & Zhao, Y. (2002). Learning
Orientation, Firm innovation, and Firm
Performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 31(6), 515-524.
Campbell, M. J.(2009). Identification of organizational
cultural factors that impact knowledge sharing,
university of Oregon. (Master’s thesis, University of Oregon). Retrieved from https://scholarsbank.uoregon. edu/xmlui/ bitstream/ handle/1794/9477/Campbell-2009.pdf? sequence=1
Cheng, M., Ho, J., & Lau, M. (2009) ‘Knowledge Sharing in Academic Institutions: A Study of Multimedia University Malaysia’, Electronic Journal of
Knowledge Management, 7 (3), 313 - 324.
Cummings, Jeffrey. (2003). Knowledge Sharing: A Review
of the Literature. The World Bank, Washington, D,C.
Elzunibat, M., Al-Otaibi, Y., & Al-Bakour, M. (2011). Participation in knowledge at Taif University: A proposed framework for the development of knowledge management from the point of view of faculty members, Journal of Faculty of Commerce,(in Arabic). Assiut University Egypt, (51), 200-239.
Fernandez, I., Sabherwal, R. & Gonzalez, A.(2004). Knowledge management, challenges, Solution, and
Technologies. 1 edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Ghosh, T. (2004). Creating incentives for knowledge
sharing. MIT Sloan School of Management.
Retrieved from http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-ofmanagement/15-575-research-seminar-in-it-and-organizations-economicperspectives spring 15575.pdf
Goh, S., Sandhu, M. (2013).Knowledge Sharing Among
Malaysian Academics: Influence of Affective
Commitment and Trust. Retrievedfrom: http://www.ejkm.com/issue/download.html?idArtide
=382. Date of entry:4/10/2017.
Jain, K., Sandhu, M., & Sidhu, G. (2007). Knowledge sharing among academic staff: A case study of business schools in Klang Valley, Malaysia.Journal
for the Advancement of Science and Arts, (2), 23-29.
Kim, S., & Ju, B. (2008). An analysis of faculty perceptions: Attitudes toward knowledge sharing and collaboration in an academic institution. Library &
Information Science Research, (30), 282–290.
Low, L. (2007). The development of knowledge sharing
culture in the construction industry. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
McDermott, R., & O'Dell, C. (2001) Overcoming cultural barriers to sharing knowledge, Journal of Knowledge
Management, 5 (1), 76-85.
Mohamed, Mohamed Ibrahim Hassan (2015). Sharing Knowledge in the Academic Environment: A Survey Study on the Universities of the United Arab Emirates, Moroccan,(in Arabic), Journal of
Documentation and Information (Tunis), (24), 7-49
Nordin, N., Daud, N., & Osman, U. (2012). Knowledge sharing behavior among academic staff at a public higher education institution in Malaysia. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology,
72, 234-239.
Alhadhrami, N. (2017). The Impediments of Knowledge Sharing among the Academic Staff of Tabuk
![Page 121: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 503 –
University and the Methods of overcoming these Impediments, (in Arabic), International Specialized
Educational Journal, 6(9),1-15.
Osterloh, M., & Frey, B. (2000). Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms. Organization
Science, 11 (5), 521-550.
Sohail, M. & Daud S. (2009). Knowledge sharing in higher education institutions Perspectives from Malaysia, The journal of information and knowledge
management systems, 39(2), 125–142.
* * *
![Page 122: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
����8�� %�B �,R G $%���A: � 23�45�� �6�'7 8�8�9 :�0�;5($%&'�� ��(�� *���kkk
– 504 –
![Page 123: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 505 –
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31� ��� ,� 3�! ! , 505 − 534 ������ ,�2019��1441���
������� ��� ������� ����� ������� ����� ����� CIPP
��� ��� � !"���#$ %�� �&�'1)
#$��%�� &'�() � * +,�� � -11�07�1439;��+,�� 01-) * 05�06�1440���
*"��+��: 34 561�� �7� 8 � � ����%�� #���9:) ,;<�=�� ���>,�� ��6? @A����) @�1��B�� C�'D �E��F &� ��%�� @�'���9�� GH��I? �� J%�Kcipp L
M��N,F � J%K� �K�' �� 8� �O P$96%�)� :1 �R=S��� TN,�� U�F ��?�VF ��,$W 34 ���K��� @�?�$1%KX� YW C�,�272 �) ��I��F�932 ���1��Z� L2 � TN,���
R=$V�� 34 ,%[�� \F �]�%=�� @^�9�� 0$�_�9 �) @A��F�63 �) �1��Z�5 ��[$`' ,a�%��O) ;<=�� ��>,�� P`�b)) c�%d 0$�_) ,8�ef� &'��4 * ��[-O @
�� J%K� #��9%��) GH�I?cippL �$:g� @�h�%,%KX� UW �K�' �� @�=KO) : i�' %�� j$kV: 34 �h�l��YW & m �9E���� �1[? : i�' �%�� &�E ���=n7,5% ,
& � p� T��,I�� 0$�� ��h))27,9%$1�� �q$r) ,�$K' �� �q 15,70�sF RI$��: '��n �E�:) ,% 38,2%�a�$E @��F����� &��kn) t�' ��� TN,�� ���S) , L A�n
GH�I? PE) #��9%�� '�uOcipp�N,F T`�%? 34 :�N%b� ]) #��9%�� @�)�O v�,:) ,a� �W�w��� aE� �O x�1� a9$9_) ,RI$��%�� #$I<%�� �$��IuL ��9%E� a,V� 34
��%�� ��>? 0�kF R�I$��%�� #$I<�%�� * @��nH i�?��h P�$1B: � �W) ,��]��� y7� * zI��%�� @�h�$%]X �$I���� �K�' ��) ,RI$��%�� {^S|� #��9%��) �
�� �%KX�) }�$�� @�'�1%~�L 34 ��K�' �� @'�uO T`�%,�� C�w *) ��N,F @�$�S�%�� U�F � �W :6��) ,�I%[�F #���9: ���>? C��,) ,i�' �%�� j�$kV: ,�$1�K�
#$I�%�� 01- i���%��)L
�� -."/��0 &��� : GH�I? ,��?�k�� ��>,�� ,;<=�� ��>,��cippL
_________________________________________________________________________________
Evaluation of Secondary Quarterly System Using CIPP Model
Ahlam Abdullatif Ahmed Almulla(1)
Ministry of education
(Received 28/03/2018; accepted 10/02/2019)
Abstract: the goals of the research are to find out students and teachers views about the quarterly system, and evaluation using cipp
model. In order to achieve the goals two approaches have been used: (1)Descriptive approach based on a questionnaire was sent to (272)
teachers, and (932) students. (2) qualitative approach based on the analysis of the open interview result with (9) teachers, (63) students, and
(5) head of department of Supervision Department, content, documents, and guidebook analysis of the quarterly system using Cipp model.
the research has reached the following conclusions: Need more training (Strongly agree on the adequacy of the training period 7.5%) ,
available of guide books(27,91), Preparation school environment(15,7%), providing qualified teachers(38,2%), difficulty of curriculum and
lots of information on it. Evaluation indicated in accordance with the model cipp to outcomes including: Comprehensive educational design,
achieve some of its set objectives, variety of evaluation tools and its recency. But there is no system for monitoring and evaluation of
educational reform, scientific study of needs of learners at this stage, , non-application of Aspects mentioned in the instructional design as
preparation and readiness tests. Based on the result the study pointed to numbers of recommendations including: training concentration,
create a continuous evaluation system, accounting, and experimentation before generalization.
Keywords: Quarterly system, secondary system, cipp model. _________________________________________________________________________________
�1� �$���� ����� #[- �[$`' ,���� 8�ef� &'��4 ,#$��%�� &'�() � * #$��%�� �F���� &'��f�
�� �>E�dC�[]L
C�[]�� ,�����[�� �$���� �V�I�� ,!L ��4303� � ���� �F��� ,�31982L�
(1) Head of Arabic Language Department in General Administration
for Education - Al Ahsa
Hasa, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box (4303) Postal Code (31982).
�)V�f� ����: [email protected] e-mail:
![Page 124: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 506 –
01��1
;�����VE ���V�� �7���� ���F�� C���W) #$����%�� ����
@����I%��� @A��K U��F �I��K #$����%�� �����B% �A%�X���E
0kF @�$��� ns: 5$] ,�F 9%���,�:�6u 2003� � ��$�O�
019%[�� @�� _ �Nh��F) ,���m�� C�, * #$��%��L
����� c�%[F YW }) �� UF � W ��K -) 34 �
0��]���� \��$� * ���$I$��%�� �r���K�$K * ���>,�� &����W4
,!�<���� a��h) Y��W �����?�k�� ����]��� *) ,���F�IW
})��,: ��F ��N,IE ,RI$��%�� {^Sf� }�VuO @� �:)
})��,: ��F ��N,F) ,��$I$��%�� �$�I��� UF C��hO )O �C�h
���K�'� 0��kF a��1?��h \��$I� ^F���n ���F�>?� ,)�V��u
2018�� * ����H) , @^Vm���� x��� ���p��� ����)�d
}��k�� 0$1�K Y�W ��N,F R%��) ,��]��� y7� * �$I$��%��
��$h�� '��uO 5�$] ,����?�k�� U�F G��J%�� @X �F
(Padgette, 2009) �����] MO 34 30 % �^��B�� U��F
�1[�,�� y7��) ��V��FO * ���?�k�� UF G�J%�� * M��m=�
c F YW �%�b �$930 �F�WL
})���,: A��n @�[��Ks��) ,@���q$��) ,M�k]���1��
0��kF ,5��61��) ���K�' �� ���$I$��%�� ���I>?�� : ���K�'�
#$��%�� YW�� ������2008�� ,��'��n �� ��K�'�) ,
,'�In��F ��K�'�) ,�:��?) ���) �$���?)�) �K�'�)
��$h�� ��K�'�)(Di Carlo,2015; Donahue; Ho;
Knotts,2015; McMurrer,2012; Padgette, 2009)L
����]��� * �����[���� ���$���� ���V�I�� * P��1Z)
0kF �$I$��%�� �I>?�� UF � W ���?�k�� :0"1�2�� 0�3���
��W�1395�� � &����() ,@�W�[��� ���>? @ �I%W� R%��
�]O U�F �knO 34 z,b� z<<� UF @�<<J%�� � W
���$%? j-�:) ,z,1�� YW ��>,�� �%-�) ,�<<� +W
~ MO �N,F ,@�$1�K @��?�VFf� U�F �nO �N���) �NBB
&�E�%�� L #b������� � "4��� ���W '�B�� 1405−1406���
,�`�<�J j<:�) ,���?�b �'� F \1K * P1Z �7��
�N,F : ���h)) ,�$<�<J%��) ��$I$��%�� TF����� v��,:
��W * a 0I��� j-)O) ,��'�$%~� @�'�9F�1411���� ,
�$1Z * ��k� ��>,�� @�$1�K ��$%? ���u'f�) T��,�� �
��$F^Wf� ��$B�%�� j��w) ,#����� YW C�1W�� &�kn)
R�I%��� �F7%��) ��>,�� L #b-�35��� ��� ��W 1425��
YW �$1��� P1Z �7���11 � z�,1�� �'� �F U�F �K' F
����W * 0<��$� ,@���,1��)1435−1436���� 34 �1018 �
� �W4 ��-) 34 A`��- ��>,�� �7� }�(�F) ,�K' F �7�� �
561�� L�N,F ,������ UF � � ��>,�� �7� \%I%�) : ������
@X��] j�$=�) ,zI��%�� @�1�' C�w * ��'�$%~X�
* ��N$E i�K' R%�� &���� &��W4 ��$%? 0m=��) ��K���
tO����� 0��F�V%�� ���6,I 7��~��) ,P��]X 0<��E
���-) ,�'��N�� R9$1B%�� i?�p� �A%�X�) ,@�'�9I��
�� � W�$K�' �� ���L
���-^B?�)� ���1n��F) ,���$����� @���Nh�%�� U��F
![Page 125: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 507 –
�� ]4 * �1����) ,#$��%�� {^Sf �k� l� @����^�
@��]�IB��) c����� P$9_) ,RI$��%�� ��>,�� * �$�:
�n�: R%�� #��%��) #$��%�� @���>,� y���[F) ,#$��%�� *
34 �����[�� �$���� �V�I�� �N�� ,i��B�� YW P�$1B:
;<��=�� ����>,��− y7��� * #����9%��) 5��61�� \��w�F
�K�' ��− a��^]4) ���?�k�� ��]��� * RI$��: {^S�n
��,[���� ����>,�� U��F X ��� TF������) T����,�� �����n)
,�����1436��L�
P$1B: O )����� ����� ��W * 1435−1436��� ,
<<J%�� @�'�[�� ���F) ����� �� Wf� ���F 0Im�)�$ :
���� '�[����$����) �$W+�� �������, RI���� '�[��)
���$�$1B�� ������� �'��f� '�[���) ,� ���'��f� �������
���$WA%hX�)� c ��F Y��W @�'�[���� y7��� 7��=,:) ,�3 �
����>,�� * '�<��9�� R]����? ���p��F 8 �� ,@��,��K
x�� a�,W �=m�n �7���) P�[��� ��,[�� RI$��%��
���) @����K�' ��0���kF @����$� : ,�����l�1434����� �
)�)� ����),� 2012� �)�,¡F�m���� 2004��) � ,G���E
2004�� ))�����V�� ,2004� � y7��� �6��w)O 5��$]
* ��$W�,�� ��$h'��� &C��=V�� P$9_ �1[? MO @�K�' ��
�����[��� �$���� �V�I�� ����� ��?�k�� RI$��%�� ��>,��
?��k�� #$���%�� ��FC^F � �W) ,�B�K�%F �h' M�n ��
U�W y'�<�-) ,��$WA%hX�) �$E�9k�� @���%�� ��,[��
T���,�� ��FC^F � �W) ,��+�1�� �$I,%�� @�1�B%F �$1�:
R��¢�~ C��O c�%[��F * '�<��-) ,���k� l� @�'���B%��
�$E���� @�'�N��) @�' 9�� * �V�I�� * ��?�k�� #$��%��
,��F���� @�' 9�� '�1%~� UF RIV��) R>=��� U�O�p� *
() �$��9: R��%�� ��q��K�� * ����=J?X� c�%[��F &�����
�V=%�� UF �$�W @���%[F L
U��VI� X #$����%�� * �$]^��Sf� @X)���6��)
U�F �X 0� ,M� $�� * �N9$1B: ���I �r��� #Vl�
j�£���) &�9�� ah)O UW jmV�� ,�NI��9:) �N%K�'�
& �`�=�� P�9¤ A�) ,�N,$[�_) ������B: #W �� A �N$E
I��RI$��%�� M� $L
�[��$`��� 0~� ���� ��]O ������ #����9%�� ����)
��NE ,�b 6%[��� ��$I$��%�� �I>?�� �$�W�E UW jmV��
�$Jm�: a��^~ U�F U�VI� �7��� RI���� ���K��
�9$-� �<$Jm: �$I$��%�� �$�I��� L 8���%�� * #N[�� An
�Jm���) ,���$I$��%�� 8� ����� P��9_ c ��F Y��W
�NNh��� R%�� @���<�� ,#$��%�� �$,��� 8��Z�� \$�
���E��F) ,#��%���� * � ��9%�� c ��F ���E��F * W�[���)
8� �� a9$9_ c F) ,a:�' -) a��$F) #��%�� @�����
¥��B��) ���$I$��%�� TF������ ���$�W�E jm��V�) ,#��%����
@�[�Ks�� * 0�F�n 0Vm� RI$��%�� (�Np�) �����
An ,j�£��) &�9�� R]��?) �$I$��%�� @��F���F � �9�
R�%�� @�(���?f� ��F��u &'�<� jmV: @�$`�<]4)
\E� ��� ���) ,�Nn'� �: R��1,� R�%�� &���=��) ,�99]
![Page 126: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 508 –
@�K'A��) C���� z[_ 34 z�F���� ��9� �7�� �$`���
@�h�J��)� ,����l�2012� ,�=B<F ;2010�L�
�� J%�K� 34 @��K�' �� UF � W �N�� ��7�)
* ���� #��9%�� @�]^�Sf� ��$�W�E U�W jm�V��
���K�'� 0��kF ���$I$��%�� �� ����(Bridich, 2015),
�$����?)� ���K�'�) �:���?) ����)(Donahue; Ho;
Knotts, 2015)�K�'�) , ��D) ;W�2008�� ��K�'�) ,
��kV���2005�� ���[F �K�'�) ,�2009�� ��K�'�) ,
'�IVFMcMurrer, 2012)L�
�,: * @���K�' �� y7��� ���=�%~�) i��?��p ����)
R���%�� ����$I��9%�� T�����,��) ,����$I$��%�� @�]^���Sf�
���kV�� ��K�'� ���)�,: ,}�k�� 0$1K Y�E ,�N%F J%K�
�2005� � ,������� �,� F * � p� ��?�k�� #$��%�� TN,F
}^�~ U�F R6[��� R=�S��� TN,�� 5]�1�� � J%K�)
��Iu R%�� �K�' �� �,$W YW �?�1%K� \�(�:�541 ���1��Z
����� ¦�,� MO �N$�4 0S�: R%�� T`�%,�� #�O UF) ,�1��Z)§
#$���%�� TN,�F ��6? ��,$��� ����EO #�>�F 0�1- UF �$�¢4
���,� F * �����%�� �'� ��F * P��1B�� ��� p� ��?���k��
U�F ��kV� ��,$��� ����EO #>�F �9E��F ��7n) ,������
��B��) #��%��� 5�$] U�F TN,��� @��9$1B:) @�C��h4
�$K�' ��a$h�%��) 8�ef�) t�' �� 0$<6%��) L
���K�'� ���F�-) ��D) ;��W�2008�� @�'��4 ')�
R��I$��%�� ¥$��BJ%�� * #$����%�� * �����?�k�� ����]�I��
���]�I�� R�I$��%�� ��>,�� &C�=n * �k6 An ,M���[��
¥$��BJ%�� 7��$=,: a��h��: R��%�� @���<����) ,�����?�k��
�� TN,��� 5�]�1�� � J%�K�) ,R�I$��%�� �7��� R=�S�
��,$W \�F @^��9�� C���h4) @�?�1%�KX� \��(�: 0Iu
��N,F T`��%,�� UF � W 34 �K�' �� ��S�:) ,�K�' �� :
���- * 0k� RI$��%�� ¥$BJ%�� 7$=,: * @���S ��h)
i�' %�� �$�D j�w) ,¥$BJ%�� ���n�F) ,�$���� �'���� L
���$%? �B�K�%F ��h' R�I$��%�� ��>,�� #��9: M�n An
@�1�B%F R1�� X 5$6 ��>,�� �$h'��� &C�=V�� j�w
j��w) ,���>,�� i�?�p� YW T��,�� �A%W�) ,0I���
�=�%J�� �$I���� @�<<J%�� 0F���� ��h)L
���[�F �K�'� ��K)�2009� � ¨)e ��E��F 34
* �$�K�' �� @�'��9�� '��$%~� ���>, �K�' �� @�1�B%F)
,���F ����)� * ��?���k�� #$����%�� ���K�' �� �F J%��K�)
�,$W YW �?�1%K� P$1B: }^~ UF ;$�6%�� R=S��� TN,��
@��1��B��) �^�B�� U�F �=�s�� �K�' �� �390� &���-) ,
�'� ������42� ������� 8�ef�) ,�45� ����q$��) ,
�'� ���� * ���$I$��%���45 �@����F�p� &7:���KO) �90 L�
R� ,@���S ��h) 34 �K�' �� ��S�:) :�F � W &�W�
@���h�l� &���W��F � ��W) ,#��%���� �����l ����l� ����>,��
©$�Ir) ,#��%�� @���S UF �kV�� �Nh��F) ,�$[=,��
�$,N�� }�$�� }�=�4) ,'��9�� H��� * @�' 9��L
'��IVF �K�'� �E �)McMurrer, 2012) � 34
![Page 127: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 509 –
���?^�'�F * R���I$��%�� {^���Sf� @X����] ����K�'�
MarylandU�$m��%F) , Michigan�� ���D) , Idaho ,
@^���9�� �����KO �� J%��K� @���F����� �����)
U�F ��?�VF ��,$W Y�W �$<Jm���6 � 5�$] ,�'� �F
T`��%? �6�w)O) ,���X) 0�n U�F M�%K' F @�%~�
0�1- ��¢4 t' F ª�,F ��¢� �A%�X� &')« �K�' ��
@�$�$:��K� �E�: ��7n) ,RI$��%�� {^Sf� P$1B:
� z[6%� �=�%¬ z� M)���%�� &����( 0�kF t' �� ª�,�
RI$��%�� i�' %��) ,R,N�� '�B%�� #W�) ,zI���� L A�n
P$9_ * ��¢f� ª�,�� �E�: �$�W�E 34 �K�' �� @'�uO
�n'�m�F &����( * 0kI%�� RI$��%�� {^Sf� * {��,��
#��%�� �^B�� �$�E�� &���() ,�^B��L
�$��?)� �K�'� �F�-) �) �:�?) �(Donahue;
Ho; Knotts, 2015) �'� ���� * {^��Sf� @���$�IW
���K�' �� �F J%��K�) ,M���K�=h ����Z�9F * ���F����
P��$1B: }^��~ U��F ;$���6%��) R=��S��� z���N,��
34 �E��wf� ,z�I����) �^�B�� �O���� @�W^B%K�
�$`�<�]f� @��?�$1�� 0$�_) ,�,,9F a1u @^�9F C��h4
�^B�� L@�NO) �$]^�Sf� @�$�I��� {��? T`�%,��
�N,F) T`�%,�� x� P$9_ * : �^�B�� v�%I%�K� &����(
��$��W @��h'� P�$9_) ,�K' �� #NZ�1:'�) �K�' ��
@���NO 0���9��) ,�����B�� �������� M���9:f es��In
������F \��w) * z��I��%�� ¦�e4 34 ���h�l� T`���%,��
#N,�F ���B�� @�1h���� #$$9%� ¥$�BJ%�� * �n'�m���)
,�)' �� RW��: �$I$��%�� ¥B�� MO T`�%,�� @�NO An
��9E�) zI���� �$1��� MO) ,zI��%�� z ����=�� ®)�=��
�1�' �: #N$9�: YW) ,#N,$ �$?)��: @��I%� ��h) YW
�$E�n ��� W4) L
�K�'� ��K) �� �� (Bridich, 2015) ��E��F 34
I���� �>? �Nh) R�I$��%�� {^Sf� UW �'� �� &��-) z
R=�S��� TN,��� �� J%�K� }^~ UF ��H) )��'���n *
'� ��� &���-) z�I���� �O' v^B%�K� YW I%W� �7�� �
�653 � 34 �E���wf� ,R��I$��%�� {^��Sf� i��?��h U��W
}^�~ U�F @��?�$1�� \�� Y�W I%W� �7�� R=$V�� TN,��
�) �,,9F a1u @^�9F C��h4 @�?�1%KX� * �]�%=�� ��qK�
�W(��� L��N,F T`��%,�� U�F � W UW �K�' �� @�=KO) :
�bO) ,zI��I�� R,N�� �I,�� RI$��%�� {^Sf� \$�m:
�^B�� #��: z[_ * RI$��%�� {^Sf� L
����)�,: 5��$] U��F �9�[���� @���K�' �� ���,��1:)
�]�) M��VF Y�W �%-� �F �N,IE ,�$?�V�� @�� 6I��
0��kF ����kV�� ���K�'��2005�� ��D) ;��W ���K�'�) ,
�2008�� ���[F �K�'�) ,�2009���$���?)� �K�'�) ,
�:���?) ����)Donahue; Ho; Knotts, 2015) ( ,
�K�'�) �� ��, (Bridich, 2015) ��%-� ��F ��N,F) ,
0�kF }) ��� )O Un�F�� UF � W YW : '��IVF ��K�'�
McMurrer, 2012)L�
![Page 128: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 510 –
x� @ I%W� An R=S��� TN,�� YW @�K�' ��
Rh�%,%KX� )O RW^B%KX� )O ;$�6%�� �=�%J�� aW��?¯
0kF ,RZ�1:'X� )O : ��kV�� �K�'��2005�� ��K�'�) ,
��D) ;W�2008�� ���[F �K�'�) ,�2009� L� �F �N,F)
'��IVF ��K�'� 0�kF ¥�9E R�=$V�� TN,��� YW I%W�
McMurrer, 2012) L��� \��� ���F ���N,F) z���N,�� z
�$���?)� ��K�'� 0�kF R=$V��) R=S��� �:��?) ���)
Donahue; Ho; Knotts, 2015) (��K�'�) , �� ���
(Bridich, 2015)L
�� J%�K� 5�$] UF ��l� 561�� j�%° #b UF)
z] * ,T`�%,�� G��J%K� * R=$V��) R=S��� z�N,��
� �W ��F R=S��� TN,�� YW @ I%W� @�K�' �� #>�F
'��$��?)� �K� �:�?) ��)(Donahue; Ho; Knotts,
2015)���K�'�) , �� ����(Bridich, 2015) 5��$] ,
�£�O R=$V��) R=S��� z�N,�� YW AN$E I%W� L
,��K�' �� M��VF 5�$] UF 561�� �7� j�%~�)
z�] * C�[�]�� �>E�6I �,� �K�' �� �<%~� 5$]
�� @��K�' �� * �$?�V�� @�� 6�� �W�,: ��N,F c��~
M���[��) ,�F) ,������ ,�l� X }�k�� 0$1K YW.
8� �O) &�V=�� 5$] UF ��l� 561�� U��1%� An
R]^�Sf� ���>,�� 5�61�� �7�� })�,%� 5$] ,561��
a�F�9�) ,����?�k�� ���]��� * ;<�=�� ���>,�� * 0kI%��
z����� : ,�O����� v^B%�K� }^��~ U�F })�� y����X�
��k��)#��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� cipp6
#$1�=%[� &� �%�� @�'��9�� GH�I?)�cipp ) '��Z
�~�)O *1960� �$�K' �� TF����� �$1K�6�� 0hO UF ;
'��Z �-��� ')�F \F) ,�$V��F�� & 6%�� @��X��� *
GH��I,�� I%��) ,�$I$��%�� TF���� YW P1Z) GH�I,��
��� #���9: Y�W �[$`��� aI$��=F * ,@^~ ���) ,®�$[
R�I$��%�� ��>,�� )O TF�?��� @�h�J��) ,@�$�I���) L
,0n�m���) ,@��h�$%]X� ®�$[��� #���9: �,�� 5$6
��± ,��9%�K R�%�� &� �6�� ��q$1�� ®�B? 0~�� !�=��)² � §
TF��?��� 8� ��O UW �6w�) &'�S M�V: YW W�[�
P���$96%� a���Nh�F ����³�n) ,�����9�� ���,W R���I$��%��
$%]X��1�K�,F 8� ��O PE) �[� TF�?��� MO) ,@�h� L
¥�B��) ,0�I��� �B~ @^~ �� #��9: })�,%� z] *
,TF��?��� &� 6�� �$?��$��) @�$�$:�KX�) ,��7$=,%��
,�������B%�� ����Np� #$I<��: * W�[��� 0~ ���� �7��NE
�B� 0$S�=%�� \w)) ,�$,F��� �B��) ,'��<�� � _)
z� 7~¯�) ,0I��� ���K��) ,��� 1�� ¥B�� '�1%WX�
P�$1B%�� TN,F )O �9��Z '�$%~X a$�W �A%WX� #%� �7��
�~D M)� L ,P`��b��� * ��>,� @��$�I��� #���9: z] *
���9� �NE ,RI$��%�� TF�?��� P$1B%� &� 6�� �Bm?��)
#� �9: * �$=� 0~ �� �7NE ,0I��� �B� ;�=�� 7$=,%��
}^��~ ����h�' ����7�: )O ������B%�� TF���?��� P��$1B:
)O TF�?��� 7=? c F �O 34 jS) * $=� An ,v)+��
![Page 129: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 511 –
TF��?��� * j�£��� M�n �H4 �F) ,a� ¥B~ An v)+��
0�I��� ��B� �O 0I��� �B� $p� �� P$1B%�� 34 � `�W�
�r�HL
8� ����� P��$9_ })���,%� @���h�J�� #����9:)
9�� ,c �� ����B��) &�<9�� �NE ,&��<9�� ��) &��<
@��h�$%]X� P�$9_ YW �$n�� YW �>E�6�� * W�[�
* TF���?��� 0m��E )O {����? c ��F '���9� A��n ,&� �6��
&'���S R��B�� A��n ,�����B�� @���h�J�� 34 }���S���
���Np� j�-�: )O 0� �: )O '��I%K� c F UW �6w�)
��� aE� �O P9] 0Vn TF�?��� �H4 �F) ,��)71�� a� �W�w
TF���?��� �����?�k�� i��?��p� ���F) ,X �O; kellaghan(
)2014 ,coryn ;Stufflebeam ; 2003,StufflebeamL
���=%F 561�� �7� �� P1K �F YW C�,)− i[�]
�k]�1�� #�W− M��V� ��>? ;;<=�� ��>,�� ��� #��9: *
���K�' ��) 5��61�� ����)�,: #%��� �) ,���k� ] �����%��
,#����9%��) GH���I? P��$1B: * ��7��n �����=%F ���� A��n
&� ���%�� @�'����9�� cipp ¥$�[��:) ,�����%�� #����9: *
��1K��) ,RI$��%�� {^Sf� @�9$�F #�O YW C�£��
0m=�� )O �k�%�� ���s��L
78#�� 0"/21:
{^��S4 34 ����%V��) zk]���1�� U��F ��� W ���W�
y��%d * �>,�� &��W4) ,��?�k�� #$��%�� A$>,:)0�kF a�: :
�,@A$���W 2010�,z�n���F ; 2001� �����>? ����H)�
,���l� a�w) * ��?�k�� #$��%�� �1]�<�� @^VmI��
C��E��� U�W) ,a�,F }�F¯��� ') ��� P$9_ UW y'�<9�)
a��?�V�) ,��1m���� ���$WA%hX�) �$<��Jm�� @���1�B%��
RI$��%�� ��>,�� @�9�] * j�w�� �9�l��,@A$��W
2010�z�n���F ;, 2001� L� ���I>? ����H Y��W C���,)
@���s���� ��s���� 0��kF ���$I$�-f�) ���$�) �� @�) ��,��)
019%[�F 0�hO U�F ��?��k�� #$��%�� ���B: }�] �) ��
0£EO�,¥9[�F 22 −24 � �I[��� �2002��, &) �,��)
}) ��� * t��K�� �� �F #$��%�� ���B: UW �$I$�-f�
���$����� ¥9[��F24 −25 �0����O �2005��) , ��7��n
����� #$��%��) �$�� C�'(�� \�[�� ��s�� : ��F #$��%��
t���K�� ������?���k�� � a:�'�[��F \����,:) y�����B:
�,¥9[���F 8 −9 ��'����F �2010�� y7���� �E ����) ,
Y�W 8���%��) ,��?��k�� #$���%�� {^�S4 34 @���s��
���£�9��) ��?��k�� #$���%�� {^S4 * �$����� �'��%��
R��%�� @�� �6%��)a�Nh��: L @����W� ¦���,� ��?�n A��n
@�<���<J%��) @�'�[����� * \�����,%�� 34 �$]^���S4
a$E TF����)�,MAkW 2007� L�
@��W �����) ,@���s����� T`����%? 34 ���,%���K�)
YW #I���) �$��] a }�I��� ��?�k�� ��>,�� �$]^Sf�
���B%�� v)+F z �FC���� �$��) ,�$��E �'� �� \$�
0F�m�� �V�I�� * �BK�%��) �$`� %X� ��]��� * P1B��
U�F &��=%K^�) ,���?�k�� ��]��� z) �����[�� �$����
![Page 130: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 512 –
U��F ���,$W Y��W �k� ��] P��1B�� @�'���9�� ����>? @����$±
���K�' �� Y��W ���=BW) ,���V�I�� * �����?�k�� �'� ����
��?�k�� #$��%�� ��,[�� ��>,�� ���B: v)+� �£$=%[��
0�1- UF �N$%[��h * ��$�� ��$W�=�� ��,���� � �����l�
z%[��) �$?�k��) ,z%[��) � ���>,�� P�$1B: #$�I�: ' S
�����[��� ��$���� ��V�I�� * ����?�k�� ��]�I�� ;<=��
#-�351770423 ¡�'�:) 8�10�1435�� M�V� MO YW
t�' ��� ������ UF C� %� P$1B%��1435−1436��� Y�W
�>,�� �'� F \$� ,#���V�� MD��9�� ´$�=_) ��,[��� �
,���$�$��� �'� ����) ,G'����� * �����[���� �'� ����)
j�-)O ��>,�� 0I��� UV�) ,@��1V�� #$��: �'� F)
C����, ����$��E #���-' #$���I�%�� Y���W58895 ¡�'����:)
15�4�1439��L
��>?)� �k� ] ��� 0kI� ;<=�� ��>,�� P$1B: M�
��W * �=-�:1439���h�6 �NE , ;#��9:) ��h��F 34
,;�=�� P$1B%�� \-�) UF a:�$1�K) a:�$�¢4 YW 8�-���
R�I$��%�� {^�Sf� �7 �K�KO z$,��� �>? �Nh) UF)
��1n 0Vm� AN$�W j-�%� �7��) i��B��) #���� ��)
a�m���E )O R���I$��%�� {^���Sf� {�����?�(Bridich,
20158���%�� U�F �K�' �� y7� a$�4 ��[: �F ��) Y�W
����%n R�I$��%�� M� �$�� * ;<=�� ��>,�� P$1B: \-�)
@�'���9�� GH��I? C��w * aI��9:) ,�V�I�� * �k� ]
&� �%�� cippL
* 5�61�� ��VmF ���$S UVI� P1K �F YW C�,)
��%�� �$`��� }�s[��:
P�E) ��V�I�� * ;<�=�� ���>,�� ���� #���9: �F
& �%�� @�'��9�� GH�I? cipp?
78#�� 0 9�:
#� ��9: * �����>,�� 5��61�� �7��� ���$�O ¶£��%:
5�$] UF �V�I�� * ;<=�� ��>,�� ��� UW @�F���F
* a,F &��=%KX� UVI� �± ;�r�?�VF) ,�NE� �O ,�N%�$1Z
C�, GHA�? * ���k± ���>? �E�w4 0kI� An ,��b�± �'��
GH�I?) ,��W 0Vm #��9%�� cipp!��~ 0Vm� L�n A
z� ��$I���� @��?'�9�� C��h4 * 561�� �7� UF ��=%[�
���?�k�� ��]�I�� �=�%J�� �$I$��%�� �I>?��L
* ��$�I��� a�%$�O 5�$] UF 561�� �7� W�[�)
U�F ;<�=�� ��>,�� P$1B: \-�) UW �6w�) ���' #� 9:
U�F '���9�� �7�J%F UVI� �± ,a:�$1�K) a:�$�¢4 5$]
� �7� UF &��=%KX� z[�6%�� @��$�IW C���h4) ,561�
���?�k�� ��]�I�� �$I$��%�� �I>?·� �F(^�� L �E�w4 ��)
c ]4 YW a9$1B:) GH�I,�� �� J%K� }^~ UF �$9$1B:
��V�I�� * ���?�k�� ��]��� * RI$��%�� {^Sf� �'��
�����[�� �$���� L
78#�� :��;�:
<= 7>8#�� :�? :<�=�� ���>,�� ���� #���9: ;
&� �%�� @�'��9�� GH�I? �� J%K� cippL
![Page 131: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 513 –
78#�� 0"@��:
1− ���>,�� �6? @A����) @�1��B�� �>? �Nh) �F
5$] UF ;<=��� : �$<�Ju ��$I,:) ,�$�K�' �� �B��
,¸�7��� #��%��� #�W�) ,#��%��� ��$�IW #�W�) ,�1��B��
#��%�� #��9:)�?
2− ��>? ��Nh) U�F ��>,�� �q$N%�� �1K�,F c F �F
��5�$] U�F @A�� : ������ �E��:) ,��q$1��) ,i�' �%��
?�$I$��%��
3− U�F ;<�=�� ��>,�� YW &�'���� @�>]^�� �F
?;�=�� �� $�� P$1B%�� \-�)
4− ��� #��9: �F ���?�k�� ��]�I�� ;<=�� ��>,��
GH���I? �� J%��K� �����[���� ���$���� ���V�I�� *cipp
�@�$�I���) @^~ ��) ®�$[��@�h�J��) �?
78#�� AB�&:
0>> ��/�� AB�>>C�: ;<��=�� ����>,�� �'� ��F \��$�
C�[]�� �>E�d * ��?�k��L
0 ��1D�� AB�C�: ������ * ��K�' �� �91Z 1436−
1437�� �����) ,1437�1438��L
0 $�>>>E��� AB�>>>C�: @����1��Z Y���W ����%-�
,¥�9E \����� c�%[�� ,��?�k�� ��k�� j<�� ���>?� M�
1B: ��?��b ���k��) })�� z=<��� YW �%-� ��>,�� P$
,3)O ��]�In \����� c�%[��� @��1��Z Y�W ��%-�)
����>,�� * U¹ ��� ���?�V�� &���J���j<��?) �,��K� ;
@��1��B�� U�F U���� U�F ��knO ��>,�� UK'�F U³�n
������� *1436−1437���� L c�%[���� @���1��Z Y��W)
����� UF ¥9E �F���1437−1438��� � @��1��B�� �=?
P�[���� ������� *� �$W���w��� �) ��l� @���%-� A��n ,
;<��=�� ����>,�� * ¥��9E ���$��%�� ')���6�� Y��W : ���B��
,�$K�' �� ,�1��B�� �$<Ju �$I,:) ,#��%�� �$�IW #W�)
,¸�7�� #��%�� #W�) #��%��� #���9:) � ��>? ��Nh) U�F
���I����) ���1��B���, ')���d)�,���q$N%�� ,�� �%��KX�)
��$I$��%�� ������ �E�:) �q$1�� �1K�,F) � ��>? ��Nh) U�F
�I���� L
&� ��%�� @�'���9�� GH�I? YW �%-� Ancipp *
* �E N%[��� ���'�� ����·� a%$��Im� ;���%�� #��9:
;<=�� ��>,�� #��9: � ,@��$�I��� ,@^~ ��� ,®�$[��
@���h�J��� GH���I? �� J%��K� #����9%�� T`���%,E ,cipp
(�%I� ��7) ,�$F�%~) �$`�, ;<=�� ��>,�� #��9: 0Im�
RF��%�� #���9%�� Y�W �n�: R%�� #��9%�� GHA? �$9 UW
)O 0�V��F) 0$=[�%$F GH��I? )O ,^k�F �����: GH�I,n
�)���%�� #���9%�� 0kF �,$�F �qE YW �n�: R%�� GHA,��
GHA,�� UF y�� )O , $=%[�� @�h�$%]� UF P�B,� �7��
�$I��9%��L
78#�� -�8"!�1:
�����: ��F����� 8���� �1438��� ,168 � ���>,��
a?¯ :º \�F 0�W�=%: R�%�� ��B��� »��,��� UF �W�I�
![Page 132: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 514 –
P�$9_ 0�hO U�F ��,$�F @�C��hf �9E) x�1�� �N£�
&�h��� j`����¼ L
F� "4��� �����:� N��) ��l� aE��� �1433��� ,
12 �a?¯:º 7�� ����� '�Zf� ��$�I��� »��,W 0n #£� �
��+��1�� ���r�?�VF) ���$I$��%�� � z��I��F) �^��Z U��F
���$,E) ����'��4 '�����n)�,��������) � @����$N�%��) ����1��
�$���� R]��,��)) �$h���,V%���,���V=��) � @���+�%��
@�'�9��) T��,��) TF����) �LLLL ���>? �O 0�kF a�kF)
@�h�¬) @�$�IW) @^~ F UF M�V%�¼L
������� : ����l� 8���)�2012� ,15 �^9?� U�W
a��?¯ R]^B��SX� y���,�F * ������ #����9%�� &()'�:
º 5��61��) �£��$=%[�� ���K�' �� i���B%: ������: ���$�IW
z��Ik%��) �$��6I%��) P��$96%��) M����Ff�) ���>,��)
#>,��� 0�I��� i��B%� �7��) ,a�I��9: ����� v�w�I��
9��B @�F�����) @�?�$1�� \Ip �$W��w�F) �-���S �
34 0�S�%�� 8 � ��N1��1:) ���[=:) �N�$�_ #b UF)
M��$) v��w��� �I$- YW �N%BK�� #Vl� UVI� T`�%?
a:�q$K) a:�,[]¼L
0 � "4��� 0���G� �����: �)�Z�Z aE��� �2012� ,
2 �a?¯ :º C��h4 ��) ;¥$BJ%��) �$[%�� YW W�[: &��O
�K�� ®�B�� '�$%~� ���%� ��I>?O ����B%� �$I$>,%�� �$K
U��V%��¼L
H��I�5J=B 78#�� KL�1:
78#�� KL�1 :
�� ,z[$`' z�N,F YW 561�� I%W� :
1 − F�N��� KL���: v() �7�� �O��� v^B%K� a�kI�)
;<=�� ��>,�� * U¹O' C� f ,@�1��B��) @A���� YW L
2− F� /�� KL���}^~ UF :
�O �� @^�9�� ��[�-O @�[�$`' \�F ����hO R�%�
���=�%¬ ���$I�W @�<��<�� ���$��) ,���$���� �������
��������) ,���$,Z���) ���$WA%hX� ���$��) ,�$F^��Kf� �
@�1��B��) @A���� UF � W)L
�� �c�%6�� 0$�_ : YW 561�� �7� I%W� 5$]
a%��O) ;<=�� ��>,�� P`�b)) #$F��: 0$�_) �K�'�L
$B ,78#�� P��QH�� :
¸^��� @A����� \�$� U�F 5�61�� \I%� M�V%�
;<=�� ��>,�� * UK' �½ �900 ��I��F� @��1��Z U�F) ,
��>,�� * \���� c�%[�� �2184 �1��Z L�
��5�� R�!��S 78#�� 0� $:
@A����� \�$� U�F ��$��l� �K�' �� �,$W �?�V:
;<�=�� ��>,�� * UK' � ¸^�� �900 ��) ,��I��F \�$
����>,�� U��F \������ c�%[���� @���1��Z �2184� 5��$] ,
34 �$I��K' ����B~ ������ 8�ef� &'��4 ����K'O� �
U��F ��`���� ¸g� }) ��p� 0��kI�) ,a���In¯ \��I%���
561�� \I%� UF ���q�� �N%1[?) ,��K��� @�?�1%KX�L
![Page 133: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 515 –
�T3 UB�J'1):78#�� 0� $ 6
-."4�� 78#�� P��Q V1 0#+��� �#��!��- 78#�� P��Q V1 0#+���
272 30,22% 932 42,67%
-."4�"� WXY� -���� A�$
V1 ZT�5-���� V15− V1 ZT� <= 10-���� 105�[\] -����
3�5/��� 0#+��� 3�5/��� 0#+��� 3�5/��� 0#+���
40 16,5 47 19,4 155 64,0
#-' }) h UF ¶£%��1 � �,$W j<? UF �knO MO
� UF 561�� ��F �� @��,�K ���� U�F U�� @A����
U� �$I$��%��10�knO) @��,K 64% @A����� ��H ;� ,
UF #$��%�� * z£- ¸^��5 − U�F 0�-O 3410@��,�K
19,4%, 0�-O &���� @�)H @A���� 0k� �$-�1�� �1[,��)
@��,K �¾ UF 16,5% �1[�,�� MO Y�W es�F �7��) ,
%I%: �K�' �� �,$W UF c�V���$I$��: @��J \L
�− -�����"� 78#�� 0� $ :
�T3 UB�J'2):-�����"� 78#�� 0� $ 6
W3�A^� _�` P#�� F��� 0�3��� 0@��� A�4�� 0"����� a�3�� 0@��� A�4�� 0"����� a�3�� 0@��� A�4�� 0"����� a�3��
8�=�� ���[�� ���?�k�� ���O -�#��!�� 21 4�4�1438��
8�=�� ���[�� ���?�k�� �RI�W -�#��!�� 30 4�4�1438�� ."4��-
5 4�4�1438��
(��� ���[�� ���?�k�� ���O -�#��!�� 6 6�4�1438��
(��� ���[�� ���?�k�� �RI�W -�#��!�� 6 6�4�1438�� -."4�� 4 6�4�1438��
R��b�� 63�1��Z 9 �=�%¬ @�<<� UF @A��F
-�+ c3
�+TG�
0 �"4��
:�d^� W3�A=
���e��
5 3�4�1438��
#�-' }) �h UF ¶£%��2 � ����9�� @��qE v��,:
0Im%�� * ��[�-�� @�[�$`') ,@A�����) ,@��1��B��
���� 8�ef� &'��4� &'��S R�B�� v��,%�� �7��) ,
@���%[�F �^b }^~ UF ;<=�� ��>,�� #��9%� �$���4
��� ,���I���� a���k�) R��I$��%��) ,���1��B�� a���k�) R��I��%
��[-�� @�[$`' a�k�) *�ef�)L�
f− ����� ����� gc�h�� 78#�� 0� $ :
;<�=�� ���>,�� &'��<��� ������) ,#$F��%�� \$�
� ,#��9%��) �K�' �� �6`X ,i��B�� 0$�� ,�K' �� 0$��
� @�+��,�� ,�$��K�' �� ���B�� ,#��%���� #����9: ���$=���%�
�I>?�� z }�9%?X� �6`X ,�$<<J%�� @�'�[I��L�
![Page 134: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 516 –
78#�� -�BA�:
O− C��w * ;<�=�� ���>,�� #��9: ��$9F C�, #:
�9�[����� @����$��� � ,@A�����I�� �O������ v^B%���K�
@���1��B��) � 0Im��$��5 �')���d : �$��K�' �� ���B���8
@�'�1W� �1��B�� �$<Ju �$I,:) ,�6@�'��1W � #�W�) ,
���$�IW #��%�����5@�'���1W � ¸�7���� #��%���� #��W�) ,�4
@�'�1W� #��%��� #��9:) ,�5@�'��1W � ��N,W ���¢) ,
tA���� @���V$� ����$9I ����9E��F ,& m�� ���9E��F �
��9E��F ��� ,& ��d �& m� ��9E��F ���� 0I�u A�n ,
��� �E�w4 @A���� ��$9F ,&���� @��,�K � �W P1�K
�� �%��KX�) ���q$N%�� '���d) :i�' ��%�� �4@�'���1W � ,
�$I$��%�� �����) �q$1�� �1K�,F)�5@�'�1W L�
� − C��h4�7 � ,�K�' �� �,$W \F �]�%=F @^�9F
��]�%=�� @^��9�� @� �$1W U�W ^9? ����l� 8��:)
�2012 ,�91 ��³¯: º ��q�K�� ��N$E {��B: R�%�� ����9��
¶I[���) ���,$�F j��-��F )O ���,$�F �)�' U��F �Z�1,%��K�
i$�%[I�� M��V: X &���W) ,�F�: ���6 �N$�W i$¢ MO
�7��� �Jm���E ,�91[F �W�w�F v�,�� �7� * ��qK��
�7��� v��w��� }��] ��F�W X�s�K {�B� ���9�� ��9�
��q�K�� {��Z * 0[��[%� #�b ,a��h� ���9�� @ 9W¼ L
���>,�� @�$1��K) @��$�¢4 Y�W 8���%�� 8 � ��H)
O �7�� �b¯%�� c F) ,;<=�� c �F) ,@A��%��� * ab ]
c�~O @�>]^F �O) ,#��9%�� ��>? �1K�,FL
G− �S��� #$F��%�� * ��kI%�� ��>,�� P`�b) 0$�_
* P`��b��� �1�K�,F c F �6=� ;a� �9E���� �����) ,a
,���I�u) ��N%-� c �F) ,@A��%�I�� ���>,�� ��'�Z4
,�� y'��Z4 * ��>,�� z ���[?X�) PE��%�� c F) ���>
a� ;�=�� 7$=,%�� z)L
78#�� -�BA� � /i:
�5;���� j����: �r'��S * @�)��� ��w�W
&����� �)H U��F z��IV6�� U�F ���W�I� Y��W ��$�)��
T���,�� }�� * ��' %�� �q$� C�£WO UF !�<%~X�)
��' ���%�� ®����Z) �2� &������ �)H ��7���n) ,
*�ef� 0I��� * !�<%~X�)�@�E+��: 6� , �)H)
��91BF ��q=n R�I$��%�� }����� * !�<�%~X�) &���
��$9I���@A���� :6� 0�n �FC^F c F �E��� ��H) ,
�N]���w) c ��F) ,a��$�4 R��I%,: �7���� '���6I�� &���9E
;z�IV6�� C�'D P�E) } �W) ,�9$-� &'�< �N%��$S)
#r�>]^F)L
-�#���: 0�F��F �� J%K� ��$9�� @�1b UF P9_ ¿ §
��1?)�n ���=�O ,@���1��B��) @A������ @���%��KX ª�
z�� @���1��B�� �?�1%��KX @���1k�� #$��- ���])��:)69%
)78%ª��1?)�n ��=�O ;V�� @�1k�� 0F��F À� z] * , :
@A����� @���%�KX ;V�� @�1k�� 0F��F À�) 0,91%
z �])�F #$987 %)90 % @�1b ns: �$��W #$- R�)
@�?�1%KX�L
![Page 135: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 517 –
�T3 UB�J'3):�� ����� ����� ����� k� �� l�#�B5[ ���� Z1�41 Kc�6
k� ���� 3B�m -�#��� Z1�41'-�#��!�� 0��#��S l�#�B5[ ����) -�#��� Z1�41'-."4�� 0��#��S l�#�B5[ ����)
�$K�' �� �B�� 69% 88%
�1��B�� �$<Ju �$I,: 78% 90%
#��%�� �$�IW #W� 70% 87%
¸�7�� #��%�� #W� 69% 90%
#��%�� #��9: 77% 89%
�n���� j�+�S� j�N f�+& :®�[:X� ��[l
�� 6%� ,'��6�� * @�'��1��� v��I� i[�] ;~� ��
M¯�� A���W ,')���6I�� ;��V�� v�I����� ���NZ�1:'� c ��F
UF �?�V�� @�1��B�� �,$�� M�n ;~� �� ®�[:X� ��[]
�932 � U�F �?�V�� @A���� �,$W) ,�1��Z�272 � ��I��F
�O��� v^B%K� ��$9F *L
�T3 UB�J'4):-."4��B -�#��!"� ��5�� R�!��S �n���� j�+�S� j�N 6
-�#��!"� ��5�� R�!��S �n���� j�+�S� j�N -."4�"� ��5�� R�!��S �n���� j�+�S� j�N
k� ��� 3B�m 3�8�� o�#�3� 0J3A
3B�8�"� �/�� R��b���
0�SA 3�8�� o�#�3� 0J3A
3B�8�"� �/�� R��b���
3�8�� o�#�3� 0J3A
3B�8�"� �/�� R��b���
3�8�� o�#�3� 0J3A 0�SA
3B�8�"� �/�� R��b���
})�� '�6����$K�' �� �B��� 0,81** ,W }��0,01 0,86** ,W }��0,01
��k�� '�6����1��B�� �$<Ju �$I,:� 0,82** ,W }��0,01 0,89** ,W }��0,01
5��k�� '�6���#��%�� �$�IW #W�� 0,82** ,W }��0,01 0,88** ,W }��0,01
\���� '�6���¸�7�� #��%�� #W�� 0,79** ,W }��0,01 0,87** ,W }��0,01
�F��� '�6���#��%�� #��9:� 1,0** ,W }��0,01 0,81** ,W }��0,01
^� p ���G�01���+�� 0 c��&:
− TF�?� � J%K�spss y'� S4 *�17 � ��[�l
�$�[��l� @�B��K�%��) �����q�� i[��,��) @�'����V%��
�?�1%KX� @�'�1W \$Ip ��'�$��� @�E��6?X�)L
− 0F��F ��[]) ,ª�1?)�n �=�� @�1k�� ��[]
@�1b UF n¯%�� ;�?�1%KX� @�'�1W z ;~� �� ®�[:X�
%KX� ® S)�?�1L
Kc����� q+�� r ���+�� Fc��&^� 3� 4�� : 0kI�
U��F ��[��l� ¥��K�%���5 −4,20 � Y��W & � ��u ���9E��F
��[l� ¥K�%�� �m� z] * ,}) p� @�'�1W�3,40−
UF 0-O4,20 �¥K�%�� �FO ,¥9E �9E��F 34 �2,60 − 0-O
UF3,40 ��qE * \9$E ¥�K�%�� 0� ��) , ���6���1,8 −
0-O UF2,60� ¥�K�%�� �£�O 0� � An ,�9E��F � W YW
�1 − UF 0-O1,8 �& � u �9E��F � W YWL
![Page 136: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 518 –
0��3��� Kc���:
SB�s :����� ����� �8� -�#��!��B -."4�� 5�� 0LJB: �T3 UB�J'5) :��5�� R�!��� k� �� -�#��!��B -."4�� -���b��S 0��@�� p+���B -�3�5/���6
W�2� 0�]��1 0�]��1 W���m 0�]��1 qt W�2� 0�]��1 qt W3�#4��
- u - u - u - u - u u
0 ��3��� 0!Y�
-."41
37 13,9 97 36,3 43 16,1 55 20,6 35 13,1 3,17 1,27 -�#��v
1
@�'�9�� � W �1K�,F
c�%[F 0n * �$K�' ��
t�'�L 242 27,0 292 32,6 137 15,3 111 12,4 113 12,6 3,49 1,34
-."41
26 9,7 70 26,0 41 15,2 77 28,6 55 20,4 2,75 1,30 -�#��v 2
&���� #�] z M(��: ��h)
�<J�� UF���) �$I����
��� )O �<l� � W
�$K�' �� \$�K��L� 155 17,1 284 31,3 174 19,2 158 17,4 135 14,9 3,18 1,31
-."41
22 8,3 56 21,1 34 12,8 89 33,5 65 24,4 2,55 1,28 -�#��v
3 UF TN,�� �1K�,F 5$]
�E�kV��L
71 7,9 150 16,7 216 24,0 182 20,2 280 31,1 2,49 1,29 -."41
36 14,3 71 28,3 58 23,1 42 16,7 44 17,5 3,05 1,31 -�#��v
4
@�'�9�� v�=: ��-
�<J%�� * �$K�' ��
]����L 144 16,4 195 22,3 271 30,9 152 17,4 114 13,0 3,11 1,24
-."41
46 17,0 75 27,8 71 26,3 44 16,3 34 12,6 3,20 1,26 -�#��v 5
* �$K�' �� @�'�9�� j<%:
;<=�� ��>,�� C�w
� W�<%�� \�%%��) ���[?X�
�BK�%�� ��]��� \FL 140 15,8 249 28,0 197 22,2 151 17,0 151 17,0 3,08 1,32
-."41
33 12,4 67 25,1 63 23,6 57 21,3 47 17,6 2,93 1,29 -�#��v 6
@�'�9�� z 0F�V%��
��h) ��$%? �$K�' ��
�1��B�� ��7=,: \�'�mF
'�9F UF �knO z �nmFL 164 18,7 171 19,5 150 17,1 152 17,3 240 27,4 2,84 1,48
-."41
41 15,2 114 42,4 53 19,7 36 13,4 25 9,3 3,40 1,17 -�#��v 7
�� ��_ YW �$K�' �� �B
RI,: ��'�NF @�'�9F
;I��� R9$1B%�� i?�p�
�1��B�� ,WL 152 16,9 275 30,6 203 22,6 137 15,2 132 14.7 3,19 1,29
![Page 137: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 519 –
P��� _ �T3 UB�J'5)6
W�2� 0�]��1 0�]��1 ���mW 0�]��1 qt W�2� 0�]��1 qt W3�#4��
- u - u - u - u - u u
-."41
23 8,8 47 17,9 58 22,1 64 24,4 70 26,7 2,57 1,29 -�#��v
8
�$K�' �� �B�� j<%:
@�'�9F ��h) ��$%? �?)���
�1��B�� ��'�$%~� �$K�'�L 140 15,6 175 19,5 182 20,3 147 16,4 253 28,2 2,77 1,43
-."4�"� �4�� w�+C� x�����3.69 -�#��!"� �4�� w�+C� x�����3,02
p��!�� 0 ��y 0 ���'r ����� ����� �L+�6666666666666
-."41
49 21,4 89 38,9 42 18,3 30 13,1 19 8,3 3,51 1,20 �v-�#�
9
* �S�E �1��B�� C�BW4
}^~ UF }�$�� P$9_
'�[�� '�$%~� 361 41,5 232 26,7 92 10,6 83 9,6 101 11,6 3,76 1,37
-."41
54 23,5 123 53,5 28 12,2 16 7,0 9 3,9 3,85 0,98 -�#��v
10
�$:�$] @�'�NF ��[%n�
UIw 0I���) M)��%�� 0kF
P��E 305 35,1 288 33,1 122 14,0 88 10,1 66 7,6 3,78 1,23
-."41
48 21,1 106 46,5 36 15,8 26 11,4 12 5,3 3,66 1,09 -�#��v
11
:X� * ���[�� 0W�=�� }�<
v�,: }^~ UF @A���� \F
@�9$1B%��) �Bm?�� 227 26,4 265 30,8 185 21,5 108 12,6 75 8,7 3,53 1,24
-."41
37 16,2 113 49,3 43 18,8 24 10,5 12 5,2 3,60 1,04 -�#��v
12
5� l� @�'�NF ��[%n�
�$K�' �� �Bm?�� �A%W� ��$%?
�m-�,��) '��l� YW 203 23,3 286 32,8 183 21,0 126 14,5 73 8,4 3,48 1,22
-."41
37 16,2 109 47,6 43 18,8 26 11,4 14 6,1 3,56 1,08 -�#��v
13
@�'��9�� H��� YW &' 9��
* �1��B�� \w) ��$%?
��H i�B%: j-��F 189 21,9 233 27,0 217 25,2 124 14,4 99 11,5 3,33 1,28
-."41
58 6,25 101 44,5 33 14,5 19 8,4 16 7,0 3,73 1,14 -�#��v
14
�=,�� �9k�� ��[%n�
}AW�� ��W ��$%?
\�'�m��) 280 32,6 210 24,4 151 17,6 94 10,9 124 14,4 3,49 1,41
+C� x�����-."4�"� �4�� w�3.65 -�#��!"� w�+C� x�����3.56
�"4��� 0 "�$ �$A'z$ ����� ����� Pb2�LLL
-."41
39 17,4 71 31,7 58 25,9 42 18,8 14 6,3 3,35 1,15 -�#��v
15
0F���� YW }�1-f�
@�1�B%� �9$9_ �'��%��)
TN,�� 249 29,6 231 27,4 160 19,0 92 10,9 110 13,1 3,49 1,35
![Page 138: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 520 –
P��� _ �T3 UB�J'5)6
W�2� 0�]��1 0�]��1 W���m 0�]��1 qt W�2� 0�]��1 qt W3�#4��
- u - u - u - u - u u
-."41
49 21,4 95 41,5 35 15,3 42 18,3 8 3,5 3,58 1,11 -�#��v
16
�n'�m�� YW �1��B�� �$=_
�$<� }^~ UF �$F�$��
�n'�mI�� &�1n @�h'� 307 35,7 201 23,4 149 17,3 109 12,7 94 10,9 3,60 1,36
-."41
60 26,4 93 41,0 27 11,9 31 13,7 16 7,0 3,66 1,20 -�#��v 17
YW @�1��B�� �1��F
}^~ UF '�£l�
��$��� @�h'� �$<�
'�9F 0n * 233 27,0 198 22,9 139 16,1 106 12,3 188 21,8 3,21 1,50
-."41
44 19,4 96 42,3 40 17,6 36 15,9 11 4,8 3,55 1,11 -�#��v
18
\F 0F��%�� @�'�NF �$I,:
@�1�B%� �9$9_ �$,9%��
TN,�� 187 21,9 244 28,6 200 23,4 113 13,2 110 12,9 3,33 1,30
-."41
57 24,8 95 41,3 41 17,8 22 9,6 15 6,5 3,68 1,14 -�#��v
19
\F 0F��%�� @�'�NF �$I,:
=�%J�� @�F����� '��<F �
0kF :,�??f� ,�1%V��LL 250 29,0 228 26,5 149 17,3 113 13,1 122 14,2 3,43 1,39
-."4�"� �4�� w�+C� x�����3.56 -�#��!"� �4�� w�+C� x�����3.41
{�|�� �"4��� �$A
-."41
46 21,5 107 50,0 34 15,9 20 9,3 7 3,3 3,77 0,99 -�#��v
20
i�B%: �$K�' �� �Bm?��
@�F����� UW �1��B�� 56
�r�H YW �A%WX�L 245 27,3 267 29,7 191 21,2 95 10,6 101 11,2 3,51 1,29
-."41
49 22,0 108 48,4 36 16,1 21 9,4 9 4,0 3,74 1,03 -�#��v
21
�$K�' �� T��,�� W�[:
561�� @�'�NF �$I,: YW
�1��B�� ,W Â9%��)L 160 17,6 360 39,6 212 23,3 81 8,9 97 10,7 3,44 1,19
"41-.
45 20,3 120 54,1 39 17,6 11 5,0 7 3,2 3,83 0,91 -�#��v
22
�$K�' �� T��,�� RI,:
�=�%J�� �V=%�� @�'�NF
�1��B�� ,WL 189 20,9 373 41,3 196 21,7 68 7,5 77 8,5 3,58 1,15
-."41
45 20,4 118 53,4 33 14,9 17 7,7 8 3,6 3,79 0,97 -�#��v 23
�$K�' �� T��,�� ¥�:
M�n) ,&�$l� #��%��
®�$[�� R� �$:�$l� j-����
#��%�� a`�w * #%� �7��L 204 22,6 287 31,8 212 23,5 101 11,2 99 11,0 3,43 1,25
-."4�"� �4�� w�+C� x�����3.78 -�#��!"� �4�� w�+C� x�����3.49
![Page 139: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 521 –
P��� _ �T3 UB�J'5)6
W�2� 0�]��1 0�]��1 W���m 0�]��1 qt W�2� 0�]��1 qt W3�#4��
- u - u - u - u - u u
�"4��� �����
-."41
68 30,6 112 50,5 26 11,7 3 1,4 13 5,9 3,98 1,00 -�#��v 24
��>,�� * #��9%�� j<%�
a?¯ ;<=��
v�,%F� ,�'�NF ,����_
\�'�mFLL 276 30,3 265 29,1 172 18,9 75 8,2 122 13,4 3,54 1,35
-."41
59 26,6 83 37,4 39 17,6 16 7,2 25 11,3 3,60 1,26 -�#��v
25
��>,�� * #��9%�� W�[�
;<=�� T`�%? v�=:'� YW
�1��B��L 241 26,5 250 27,4 142 15,6 96 10,5 182 20,0 3,29 1,46
-."41
40 17,9 89 39,9 43 19,3 30 13,5 21 9,4 3,43 1,20 -�#��v
26
��>,�� * #��9%�� ���
�1��B�� !�] UF ;<=��
�$In��: A��9: a?�nL 208 23,0 253 28,0 185 20,5 100 11,1 157 17,4 3,28 1,38
-."41
33 14,8 90 40,4 56 25,1 25 11,2 19 8,5 3,41 1,13 -�#��v
27
;<=�� ��>,�� * #��9%�� RI,�
,W �7�� #��9%�� @�'�NF
��h���� }^~ UF �1��B��
}AW·� �7�� 9,��)
�NI� 9: 01- \�'�m��)L 159 17,7 319 35,4 223 24,8 92 10,2 107 11,9 3,36 1,22
-."41
39 17,5 94 42,2 43 19,3 25 11,2 22 9,9 3,46 1,19 -�#��v 28
��>,�� * #��9%�� #��K
¨�9? �E��F * ;<=��
,W j�£��) �$I%��
�1��B��L 193 21,4 261 29,0 224 24,9 92 10,2 130 14,4 3,32 1,31
-."4�"� �4�� w�+C� x�����3,58 -�#��!"� �4�� w�+C� x�����3,56
¥�K�%�� �m�� ,P�[��� � �6�� '��$��� Y�W C�,
��[l� @�1��B�� �3,02 � ��qE 34 �$K�' �� �B�� '�6�
@A��I��) ,@�'�1��� ��6���3,69 ����� Y�W * ,��9E
��1��B�� �$<�Ju ��$I,: 34 ��[�l� ¥K�%�� �m� z]
�3,56 �) @���1��B���3,65 � #��W� '���d) ,@A����I��
#��%���� ���$�IW�3,41 �) @���1��B���3,56 � ,@A����I��
¸�7��� #��%��� #�W� '�d) �3,49 �) @��1��B���3,78 �
#��%���� #����9: '���d) ,@A����I���3,56 � @���1��B��
)�3,58 �A��I�� ')��6�� YW �,$��� ���EO �9E��F YW @
���kV�� �K�'� \F ��$%,�� y7� j�%� ��7) ,�9�[��
�2005�� ���[��F ���K�'�) ,�2009� � �6��w)O R��%��
����l ��l� �$K�' �� @�'�9�� '�$%~� ��>? &�W��F � W
![Page 140: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 522 –
}�$�� }�=�4) ,'��9�� H��� * @�' 9�� ©$Ir) ,#��%��
�$,N�� L�C��%: An 0�$� U�F 0�n ����9: \�F ��$%,�� y7�
���F)(Hill, Mass, 2015) 34 }��6%�� #W �� �7���
����,��� �H ¥������ ��?����k�� #$�����%���(coherent
approach ��K�'�) ,����b #��: !�E #� 9: }^~ UF
�Bridich, 2015 � {^�Sf� ��$�W�E 34 @'��uO R�%��
�^B�� #��: z[_ * )��'���n * RI$��%�� L �m: An
z:'��1��� Y�W @A����� ��9E��F � W 34 ��7n T`�%,��
z%$��%�� :º��E�kV�� 5�$] U�F TN,��� �1K�,F¼� 2,55� ,
º @�'��9F ���h) ��$%? �?)��� �$K�' �� �B�� j<%:
�1��B�� ��'�$%~� �$K�'�¼� 2,57� ���$%,�� y7�� P�=%:) ,
��D) ;W �K�'� \F �2008� �&C��=n j�w @ nO R%��
�A%�W� ��N,F ��1�K�� U�F � �W ���$%? ��?�k�� ��>,��
�>,%�� YW T��,��L
� ��hs :7 & V1 -."4�� 5�� 0LJB V1 ���"� 0@ L��� 0#���1 :0 � "4��� A���� 5]��B ,0@ #��B ,p�3����6
�− p�3���� :�L�#���1B ,����� ����� r 0 #�3���� K1�X�� A�$6 �T3 UB�J'6) :5/���H�#���1B p�3���� 0���[ }�� 0��@�� p+���B -�3� 6����� ���"�6
0 #�3���� K1�X�� A�$ 01���� 0 #�3���� K1�X�� 0#���1
g]��1
Wq#[ 0J3��
g]��1
0!���1 0J3�� g]��1 qt K1�X�� A�$
0 #�3���� 3�5/��� 0#+��� W3�#4��
3�5/��� 0#+��� 3�5/��� 0#+��� /���3�5 0#+���
TF�?� X) 66 26,9 1 �$E�n ;<=�� ��>,�� YW i�' %�� &EL 15 7,5 104 52,0 81 40,5
]�) TF�?� 111 45,3 2 c�%6�� 5$] UF �=kVF TF����L 27 13,6 86 43,2 86 43,2
2 −3TF�� 63 25,7 3 i�' %�� UF &��=%KX� ��L 29 14,6 118 59,6 51 25,8
4 −5TF�� 2 0,8 4 ;<=�� ��>,�� UW @X��[%�� \$� UW i�' %�� ��hOL 27 13,8 88 44,9 81 41.3
5�kn¯E TF�� 3 1,2
f− 0#���10 � "4��� A���� 5]��B ,0@ #�� 6 �T3 UB�J'7) :0 � "4��� A���� 5]��B 0@ #�� 0#���1 }�� 0��@�� p+���B -�3�5/���6
Wq#[ 0J3�� g]��1 0!���1 0J3�� g]��1 g]��1 qt W3�#4��
3�5/��� 0#+��� 3�5/��� 0#+��� 3�5/��� 0#+���
1 �1��B�� ��%n �E�%�L 170 68,8 51 20,6 26 10,5
2 �I��I�� 0$�� �E�%�L 68 27,9 38 15,6 138 56,6
3 ;<=�� ��>,�� P$1B%� �1K�,F �$K' �� �q$1��L 38 15,7 91 37,6 113 46,7
4 '��V��;<=�� ��>,�� PE) ��' %�� �E�%F RI$��%��L 78 31,6 88 35’6 81 32,8
5 ;<=�� ��>,�� PE) ��' %�� 0�sF RI$��%�� '��V��L 94 38,2 95 38,6 57 23,2
![Page 141: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 523 –
}) p� }^~ UF ¶£%��6 � YW i�' %�� j�w
@A��I�� ;<=�� ��>,��
j<��? U��F 0��-O MO 34 T`���%,�� @'���uO 5��$]
@A����45,3 % z�] * ,¥�9E � ]�) ���?� M7~O -
�6�w)O An ,TF�?� �O M7~¯� � 0$�9 \��� UF �knO
¥�9E MO ��7n T`�%,�� 7,5% U�9E�) �- @A����� U�F
i[,�� �])��:) ,i�' %�� &E ���=n YW &�1n �h'
�B�K�%F �h' PE��F z �$-�1��52,0 % P�E��F ���)
40,5 %�E�kV� �1[,�� ��7n) 5$] UF �F 9�� TF����
c ��F) ,i�' ��%�� U��F &��=%��KX� c ��F) ,c���%6��
���>,�� U�W @X��[�%�� \$� UW � 9�� i�' %�� ��h4
@�'��1��� y7� & m �9E���� i[? �?�n 5$] ,;<=��
�����%�� Y��W13,6 %)14,6%) 13,8 % ����$%,�� y7���)
��6·� �$V��F�� ����� �K�'� \F �'��%:(2002)
American Institutes for Research, ����K�'�)
(Bridich, 2015) @���$�IW 34 &'���uf� 5��$] U��F
U�F) ����?�k�� ���]��� * R�I$��%�� {^S|� �1]�<F
�N,Iw : R�I$��%�� {^Sf� \$�m:) ,zI���� i�' :
��K�'� \�F ��7�n j��%�) ,z�I��I�� R�,N�� �I,��
�$��?)� �:�?) ��)(Donahue; Ho; Knotts, 2015)
�1�' �: #N$9�: YW ��9E�) zI���� �$1��� MO @ nO R%���
�$E�n�L
}) h �m� An�7 �@A����� �$1��� MO 34 68,8 %
���>,�� ��1��B�� i�%n �E��: Y�W &��1n ��h' U9E�)
0�$�� 34 @A����� ��h�] 34 ��7n �m� a,V� ,;<=��
� �$��K' �� ���q$1�� ���q$r 34) ,���I��I�� ����>,�� P��$1B%
P�E) ��' �%�� R�I$��: '���n �E�: &')«) ,;<=��
5�$] ,R�I$��%�� '���V�� �7�� 0�$�¯:) ,;<=�� ��>,��
z �9�[�� @�'�1��� YW &�1n �h' �9E���� �])��:
�38,2% �)�15,7% � \��' @()���� ���F4 i[��? R���)
Y�W 0� �� ��± ;@A����� \' UF 0-O )O 0$�9 @A����
�� j�w ��$�O 34 �m��) ,�9�[��� @�'�1��� YW �9E��
�E��%� �9�[��� @�'��1��� �N%�)�,: R%�� i?��p� �p��F
���>? ���Nh) U��F ;<��=�� ����>,�� P��$1B%� �1��K�,F ���q$
@A���� L '�IVF �K�'� \F ��$%,�� y7� j�%� ��7)
(McMurrer, 2012) ���q$r ��$�O 34 ���N$E '��uO �7���
RI$��%�� ª�,�� 01- �=�%¬ @�$�$:�K� �E�:) ,��¢f�
�$I$��%�� @�]^Sf� C 1�� L
����hs : g> #!��� P>T�B V>1 ����� ����� z$ -��&���
?�4���
1− 0>� $ P1 -������ Kc��� PT�B V1 -��&��� �&
0��3���6
� - ����� ����� 0 �� ��EB �$:
��>,�� �$�D {�w) � � @A���� @��EO �<�=��;
��$�g� {��w) � W a$�W i:�: �7�� �F�� ,U� �1[,��
0`�[��� * ��S�~) ,@A��%��) '�F�� C�$�)O ,W �£�O
![Page 142: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 524 –
@A��%�� ,W �k�%�� �9��%�� L 34 �`�W �7�� M��V� -)
����%d M�n) ,@A���� �N%9�: R%�� �$1�' %�� TF���� ��-
�>,�� UF �knO t�' �� '�9I�� �Nh�Fa�%$�D) � L ��7�)
R�I$��%�� {^�Sf� @�1�B%F \F ��$%,�� y7� �'��%:
��K�'� ��N$�4 @'��uO R�%�� ��q$N%��) �� Wf� * 0kI%��
'�IVFMcMurrer, 2012)� ���) �$���?)� ��K�'�) ,
�:�?)Donahue; Ho; Knotts, 2015)�L
f − ������� ���:
@A����� z� #���9%�� ���>,� @����X� �=�%~�
��F¯E ,c��~O i?��h * �9=:�) i?��h * @�1��B��)
���>? Y�W i�:�� ®���'f� YW RNE ®�=:X� i?��h
&��kn) ,(���?f� @�=�F) ,\�'�m�� &�kn i1[ #��9%��
�$�K�' �� @�'��9�� \�$� i��B%: 5�$] ,@�'�1%~X�
,�N`���w * ����9:) ,@���1��B�� ���¹�s: \�'�m��F ���1��9:
7� @�1��B�� c ]4 j<%E����9 ®���'f� � :º ���>,��
}A�WO * �rA$[�9:) @�1h���� YW �n�� ¶1SO ;<=��
��$I���� &���� YW y�$n�: UF �knO �,[��¼ L 34 �E��wf�
5��$] ,����>,�� v���,%�� #����9%�� ��`��E Y��W ®���=:X�
�<<~�50 �0Im�� �7��� c�%[��� }A�W� �h'� :
� ����N��) @���1h����) ,�n'�m����) ,'�£��l� ,���$��,�
,}A�W�� j��F) ,��'�9%�� )O ��61�� )O @�W)+��)
YW �,[�� }AWO @�h'� \�(�%E ,&�<9�� @�'�1%~X�)
�S�=�� �I��%�� C�BW4 * #��K �$I$��%�� ��N�� UF � W
��) ,�=�%¬ �$I��: @X�� }^~ UF @�h' �� P$96%�
���9 �$I���� ��[-�� @�[$`' c ]4 a: nO �F: º v�,%��
@A��%�I�� �$�$<�6%�� @��h�J�� c��bO #��9%�� *¼ L
MO X4 v���,%�� #����9%�� �7��� ��`��E Y��W ®���=:X� \��F)
@A$[9%�� &�kn ��) �~D �9��F �1?�h a$E M ¢ @A����
MO �~���) ,��I���� Y�W ��q1W 0Vm� �± ;�r�h'�)
�E 0�n ,z�:E * #%� �,[�� }AWO * @A��%�� #��9: &
UF�50 � '��1%~^� �E��wf� ,�� ��F i[¤ #b �h'�
R`���N,�� L ��9=� � ;<��=�� ����>,�� v���,%�� #����9%��)
C��h R�NE ,@A���� �O' i[6 ����h) @�'�1%~X�
* �7�� ��K�� �³O An ,@�1��B�� ,W �,[�� }AWO UF
R`��N,�� '��1%~X� * @��1��B�� #���9: #%�� a`�w�50 �
�h'�L
h �FO @��1��B��) @A����� z� 8^%�~X� i?��
�k�%�� �$�D 34 &�>,�� * ��kI%E 5�$] ,@��1��B�� �,W
a�$E P�9_ � �H��E ,})�� '�1%~X� C��O �I��%I�� ¶I[�
� �H�E ,&�A�� ��k�� ') �� '�1%~� ��s: ,���B�� �h' ��
P�E) �k�%�� '�1%~� ���¯: 34 09%,: ���B�� �h' �� P9_
E ��h' �� �� S�: �I��%�� a:()�� �H�E ,�,$�F �$,F( &
�>? �Nh) UF �7� *) ,�9�[�� �h' �� ���:) ,&�~��
&������ 8�=J%��KX� Y��W @���1��B�� �����: @A������
* ,@X)��6�� &��kV� ���$%? {��,�� MAw) ,�$I$��%��
&� ��%F �$I$��: !�=n i?�p� �7� @A��%�� �>,: z]
![Page 143: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 525 –
W�[:���B�� ������ P$9_) ,{��,�� YW �� L
− F� "4��� }��8��:
����>,�� i��?�p� z�� M(����%��) c���%6�� ���E�kn
;��I���) : @A������ z�� i��?�p� �7��� * ®���=:� ��h��
�N,F c�%6�� �9��%F @�$��Vu4 YW @�1��B��) : ��E�kn
,�$F^�Kf� �$�� 0kF �$K�' �� ����� x� * c�%6��
\F ���$��?f� �����) ,�$WA%hX� �$��) �$���� �����)
\$�w���� * '���V%�� ��h) 34 �E�wf� ,�<l� ��-
�Nh) UF i?�p� �7�) ,�=�%J�� 8�=<�� z �$K�' ��
���K��� &��kn * #���K �$I���� ��[-�� @�[$`' �>?
���$��?f� ����� 0kF @�1��B�� ,W L
�%�� �1[,�� �FO ,���>,��) RI���� i?�p� z M(�
@A����� UF �E N%[�� �q=�� �>? �Nh) UF i?�p� �7NE
������ x�1�E ,��r�H &����� ��$1Z YW I%�� @�1��B��)
y7�� P=%: ��7) ��>,�� i?�p� �N$�W i��� �$K�' ��
��D) ;W �K�'� \F ��$%,�� �2008� � ��1�� @ �nO R%��
;I��� YW ��>,�� i?�p� ,����?�k�� ���]��� T���,F *
34 �m��� �7���) ;��I��� i��?�p� a��$�W i����� �N£���)
@��1�B%F 34 �E��w4 ;<�=�� ��>,�� * ���l� ���B%��
\��B�� ��N$�W i���� ������� 0�kF ����IE ,a[=? TN,��
i�?���� @��h'� �$<�� C��w * ��S�~ R9$1B%��
\�F) ,�,[��� }A�WO @��h'� UI�w R9$1B%��) ;I���
�$��Vu4 h�: a?O X4 �'�N�� )O R9$1B%�� i?�p� ��h)
@�[�$`' a�$�4 @'��uO ��F i[�6 @�'��9�� x� *
��N$E �h�� R�%�� �$F^Kf� �$�� 0kF �$I���� ��[-��
i�' %�� * @A���� j�w ��$%? UV� ,�'�N�� i?�p�
����$I���� &������� 0$���S�: * ����>,%�� 34 c�O ,����N$�W
,@A��%I�� YW �$, �7�� �'�N�� �N9] �N`�BW4 � W)
aK�KO L
A− -."4��� 0 ��y 0 ��� r }��8�� 0 "$�]:
@A������ �O' Y��W C���, ;<��=�� ����>,�� W���K
5$] UF @A��%�� �$<Ju �$I,: * @A��%��) : U��V:
\�'�m��� * 0�I��� ®��=� ���$%? ��$WA%hX� @�-^���
,�� * �9k��) ,�=�%J�� ���FO v)+��� ���W i1[ �=
Y�W ;<�=�� ���>,�� �A%�W�) ,!�J�u�� UF �W�I�
U�F #���K �± ;�=�%J�� @�$�$:�KX�) ¥m,�� #��%��
\�E' * ��7�n ��$I���� ��[�-�� @�[�$`' ��>? �Nh)
MO 34 �E���wf� ,@A��%���� ��,W ���=�%J�� @�'���N��
�[�n4 * ����K @��1��B�� U�F ����B�� ��61�� U
��=�%J�� ���V=%�� @�'�N��) Â9%��) 561�� @�'�NF L
* i��B%: �K' �� * ���: R%�� \�'�m�� x� MO An
@��1��B�� i[�V� �± ;�$�I%� @�n�e M�$]�� x�
�$E�w4 @��~ L '��IVF ��K�'� \F ��$%,�� y7� P=%:)
McMurrer, 2012) � &�����( ���$�O 34 @'���uO R��%��
^B�� �n'�m���$L
![Page 144: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 526 –
2 − �4��� ��� �� g #!��� PT�B V1 ����� ����� z$ -��&��� �&6
�T3 UB�J '8) :-�#��!��B -."4�� ��3 z$ I��� ����� ����� z$ -��&��"� F$���� �C�6
1 �N�1m:) �$I���� &���� * @�F����� &�kn) t�' �� TN,�� ���SL
2 * \�'�m�� x� �1K�,F � W\�'�mI�� �N,F �Bm?��) U�'A%�� ��-O M�V:) ,& ]��� ���³ L
3 �<<J�� �<l� UF �knO �$K�' �� @�'�9�� x� * c�%6��L
4 &'�N�� \�%: �$=$n) ,&'�V%�� @�'�N�� �E��F a�F i�<� �± ;@�'�N�� �E�=<F ��h) � WL
5 �1��B�� ®��'4 34 c�O �± @�'�1%~X� &�knL
6 �r����=: &�kn) @�h' �� \�(�: �1K�,F � WL
7 a:�H 6 �E � v)+�� ¶1SO 5$6 ,v)+�� 34 �r�H �$I���� &���� UF �$n�� }�] �± ;\�'�m��) �Bm?�� &�kV �1��B�� ®��'4L
8 ����) \�'�mI�� @�F��%[F) ,@�=�F UF @�1�B�� &�kV '�F�� C�$�)O �=�V:L
9 WO &�kn�$I$��%�� @�$�$:�KX� P$1B: a�F i�<� �± ;�$K�' �� }�<=�� * @�1��B�� ��L
10 @�=S���� }) h) ,&���� c�%d 0$�_ UI£%� �I��I�� 0F�u 0$�� ��h) � WL
11 �N,F 8 �� P96%� ^E ���>? �N]+ �=%V�) ,TN,�� * \$w���� x� {+� �$,9%�� @�,$��� �E�: � WL
12 �=�%J�� �$K�' �� 8�=<�� * �$K�' �� \$w���� x� '��V:L
13 @�1�' %�� 0] � h�� X @A���� i%n x�L
�4��3s : r 0>������� 0>"&5�"� ��>��� ����� 0�5� �����
��� ������� 0�A�4+�� 0 �54�� 0/"���cipp6
j� +>>�� ���>>�� : \��$� * ;<��=�� ����>,�� P��1Z
� �'� �� ����� * �'�B: @ Nu R%�� �����[�� ���?�k�
@X����� * ��') � @��bO R�%�� �$E�9k��) �$WA%hX�
�N�F @'�B:) ,�$,9%��) ����<%-X�) �$W�,<��) �$I����
,#N<����`�<~ @������:) ,z����I��%�� @�����h�$%]�
�'�B: @���%�� ��: i]�S An ,�$I��%�� #r�h�$%]�)
X� z%�]��� * �$I$��: �O Nm�: �) ,�BK�%��) �$`� %
��W UF ���?�k�� ��]�I�� '�B:1412 ���: �,� UF) ,��
,@�����%�� ����: ���1n��F * ��?���k�� #$����%�� �$�)s[��F
���>,�� * 0�kI%�� �V�I�� * ��?�k�� #$��%�� * ���B%��E
;<=��−�,� 561�� \w�F− �N%�w�E &')«) �h�]
\I%��� * �b��l� @���%�� *) ,���W 0Vm� y���>F)
0Vm� ����?�k�� ��]��� * zI��%�� #�) & $=%[�� �q=��
�=�%J�� �$I$��%�� 0]���� z �FC���� �$I%]) ,!�~L
& $=%[��� ��q=�� ��]��� y7� G�$%]X� 0$�_ ,�E
���� �F #�O M�E ,���?�k�� ��]��� @�1��Z) �^Z #�)
�S ¥[O * G�$%]X� �7� UW��� y'� : TF��?� ���h)
0F�V%F��$9EO��$KO') � � 8'����) @�'�N�� \$Ip 0F�u)
�`�<��� i�Z�° ,��]��� y7� * zI��%I�� �F(^��
#��)���) ,��N�$�_) �N%�K�'� �� z�I��%I�� & ��=��
z����� * #� ���: R��%�� ���F(^�� @�'���N�� : ,;��I���
#$��%�� �k� l� @�Nh�%�� PE) ,R�F�p�) ,���W 0Vm
![Page 145: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 527 –
!�~ 0Vm ���?�k�� ��]��� * #$��%��)L
y7��� �7�� '��m�� * @� 6%E TF�?��� ���' �FO
��) ;<=�� ��>,��º 0�I���) ,M�9:f�) ,&�$6�� #��:¼ L
�$`���� 8 ��� }^�~ U�F �6�w�) ��?�n a:����)O)
��) TF�?���º P$9_ ��FC���� ®�[�:X�) z� T���,F
#$���%�� t��K�� ��,F)T� ���>,�� ��,[��� #$���%��
;��?�k�� A (��� #$9�� @�'�N��) @����X�) �����
,�k� l� Ã$¹) zI��%�� ���%� #��%�� &�$l�) ,0I���)
#W �) }�6%�� 34 ��>,�� ;<�=�� R�,1�� Y�W z[�_
#��9%�� UF 0hO #��%��¼ L
z a-�[:�) #��%�� \�%: 34 8 ¹ ;<=�� ��>,��)
������ @�����) #$���=��) 8'����� * ;19�� #��%��
* a?�I��%$�K ��F z�) �B�K�%��) ��$`� %X� ��]�I��
�F(^�� @�'�N�� �$I,%� �S�=�� �]�:4) ,���?�k�� ��]���
#��%��� ��$�IW * #��%��� ')� 0�$�=:) ,�I%[��� #��%��
* ���K' �� ���=$) ��$n¯:) ,a%n'�m��F c�%[��F \��E')
� ,�$F^�Kf� ���1��) #$�9�� ����: * ����[�� \I%��
,R�F���p� #$����%�� z��I��%�� ���q$r) ,���$,Z��� �������)
¸�7��� #��%��� @�'��NF Y�W R�,1�� &�$l� c F #��%��)
zI��%�� �q$r) ,�I%[��) ,&� ��%�� a:�h�$%]�) 0I���
�(^��� \���,%��) ,#��%�� 0hO UF #��9%�� ��>? z[_)
'��$%~X� !��E z�I��%I�� P9¤ A ��?�k�� #$��%�� *
#r�' -) #N<`�<~ PE) L
c ��F) a��E� �O) TF���?��� �����' 0��$�_ ��,W)
���]��� @��1��Z) �^�Z #�) �E N%[�� �q=�� a%1K�,F
@���h�$%]X� Y��W TF���?��� }�I��u ´��]^? ,�����?�k��
c��~�� 0]���� \F ®�[:X� 0kF zI��%I�� �$K�K��
��$�F�p� &�$l� \F �FC����) ,v�,%��) �� Wf�) �$I,%��)
@��h�$%]X #$�$9: ��h) � W UF #���� YW �$�I���)
�7�� ��nH �O �h�� X 5�$] ,���]��� y7�� * #��%��
a-�$�K * TF��?��� 0���) ,���>,�� P`��b) �O * #$$9%��
,}����� �7�� * C����� �O' Y�W �I%W� a�� v�w���
��>]^F) c ���� ���F�>,F) ,M� ��$�� * z<��%J�� @�
���) ,���B�� @����X�) @�'�N��) 8'��I�� \�%%��)
���1�: �knO TF�?��� ®�$K M�V� #��%�� #$$9: 8�wO a?O
zI��%I�� �$��=�� @�h�$%]X� UW L
y7�� P�$9_ U�F _ MO UVI� R%�� @�19��� UF)
�����[�� �q$1�� * 8� ��� �� G��$%]� 34 ��$I$��%�� ��q$1
���>? ���h � �W) ,������) �+�1�� 0F�V%�� �$N�%��
0� �%��) #��9%��) ���%I�� 0F�V%FL
-�n��� ����� : ;<�=�� ���>,�� TF��?� #I�S
���W U�F R¢' �: 0Vm� a9$1B: #%� 5$6 1435���−
1436 })�� j<��� U�F C� �%� ����?�k�� ���]��� * ��
PE) ,��?�k�� ) �6w�) �B~ ���KO Y�W �$, ,&� d§
����� �� Wf� ��Iu R%�� �$K�' �� @���%[�� �28 &��F
�$K�'� � R��) �$<�<J%�� @�'�[�� #b 3)�� �,[�� *
![Page 146: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 528 –
R�I���� '�[��� * ���kI%F &� �%F�48�$�K�'� &���F � ,
����) �48�$����K�'� &������F ��'��f�) , �48 &������F
�$K�'�� * '�[�F 0�n �B��) ,�140$�K�'� �<�] �� ,
,T���,I�� ��F���� &'��f� U�F ��$,��� @��Np� �=�n)
���$�� @�'��4) ,������ i�' ��%�� ���F���� &'��f�)
i[��6 0��n ������ ¥$��BJ%�� @�'��4) ,#$����%��)
��9W) ,a��%��%F) ;<��=�� ����>,�� P��$1B% aS�<��%~�
R��%�� @���19��� 0$�7��:) ,���$1�' %�� TF������) Å'�����
� P$1B:) �� W4) ,aNh��: @��� �%�KX� ��$- @�'�1%~
�$�K�' �� �,[�� UF z6h�,�� ����u'f� �N%��O) }�$��)
,#�� i�K�,�� �<J%�� '�$%~� YW #r W�[� ,3)��
&'��4) ����� i�' �%�� ��F���� &'��f� \�F P[�? An¿ §
���F���� &'��f� * ��?���k�� #$����%�� �����B: v)+��F
�� ���B%�� TF�� 7$=,%� ,T��,I�� @�' �F) �' �� R,N
��=�%J�� ��$I���� @�<�<J%�� * ;<�=�� ��>,��L A�n
a9$1B: �I, �I,: ;<=�� ��>,�� ���,K �$?��$F �<<~
#����� ����O) ;<�=�� ��>,�� i%n @ WO) ,�'� �� *
�� �1]�<�� L
¥�B�� * ���kI%�� TF�?��� @^~ F 0$�_ ,W)
) ,'��<��) i�' %��) '�)���) �$��Iu ´]^� ,�����
,� �6�� R�,F��� ��N��?�) ,��9$- �� �r^$<=:) �B��
'�)��� \��(�: * ��kI%�� @�$��Vuf� x� h�: UV�
MO An ,&� d �$,F( @�= �� � _) � � _ �knO 0Vm
,�O����� v^B%��K� ���N$�4 '���uO A��n i�' ��%�� @���$�IW
F }�F¯�� c�%[�� UV: � @^�9��) \$� 0Im: �) ,�N,
,@A����F U��F ;<�=�� ����>,�� TF��?� ���$,��� @��q=��
&���� YW i�' %�� TF�� @�%-�) ,U���) @� `�-)
a�:�$�D) ,a:�H ��>,�� YW i�' %�� M)� ,T��,I�� �$I����
�����) �$K�' �� i%V�� x� MO 34 �E�wf� ,�=�%J��
��%�� M� $I�� 0<: � �� �1]�<�� ,iK�,�� �N%-) * RI$
@^~ �I�� �I%[�F RI���9: ���>? ���h) � W MO An
#%��� � &����E ����h) * #����K T:����,��) @���$�I���)
,i�����%�� \£��� � ���B�� MO 34 �E���w4 ,�Nn'� ��:
R1���%�� P$1B%�� C�w * 0� �%��)L
-� "�4�� ����� : ���]�I�� ;<�=�� ���>,�� P�1Z
�,F��� ¥�BJ�� i[6 ���?�k�� ' �SO) ,a�� ���K��� R
#��-' TF���?��� P��$1B: #$��I�:351770423 ¡�'���:)
8�10�1435 @���$�I��� \��$� \��F ��7�� ���,F��%F ����
��q$r a��F ��=� M��n ��± ,;<�=�� ��>,�� �1]�<��
@��1�B%F \$� �E��: UF n¯%��) ,�91[F ���� M� $��
�����u'f� �����) �$I$��%�� i%V�� UF ,;<=�� ��>,�� ,
����>,�� P��$1B%� i��K�,�� R��I$��%�� '����V�� �E���:)L
0�1- UF TF�?��� UW @X��[: ;�=�� 7$=,%�� i]�S)
,�'� ��� * '��F�� C��$�)O) �����$9��) �$I$��%�� �q$��
&���h Y�W �bO �± ,a:�$�D) �k�%�� ��>, P��%� A$E �S�~
���7$=,%�� a%K^K) TF�?��� P$1B: L P�$1B%�� '��uO A�n
![Page 147: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 529 –
� U�F �$�K�' �� ��B�� Y�W @�>]^�� x� 34 ;�=�
,TN,�� �E�kn 5$] �$�K�' �� @�'��9�� z� 0�F�V%��)
UF �knO z �nmF �1��B�� ��7=,: \�'�mF ��h) ��$%?
���h) ���$%? ��?)��� �$�K�' �� �B�� j<%:) ,'�9F
a�$�4 @'��uO �F ��) ,�1��B�� ��'�$%~� �$K�'� @�'�9F
^B%K� T`�%?@^�9��) �O��� v L
'�)��� x�� 34 ;<=�� ��>,�� �B~ @'�uO An
��� P$1B: �O �n7� � UV� ,��(��?4 �=� R%�� ��N��)
RI$��%�� M� $�� ah�� � An ,;<=�� ��>,�� P`�b) �O *
�� �� �%�KX�) }��$�� @�'�1%~� �� W4 0kF ,�N9$1B%
��� U�F @A��%��) zI��%�� {��? ;��?��k�� })�� j<
#r�1�') ,#��$� iK�,�� '�[�� � _ YW #r W�[� L
��1�E ,z�I��%�� @��h�$%]X TF��?��� ��$1�: �FO
���$I$��%�� @�'�[���� 0��kF ���,$�F i��?��h * TF���?���
5�$] U�F #r��h�$%]� ��k�%�� #��9%�� ��>?) ,�=�%J��
� &'�V%F !�E C�BW4) ,����=�� ®)�=�� &�W��F ,{���,�
��$��=�� ��K'AI�� G�$%]X� 0kF c�~O i?��h * UV�
R�%�� '��<���) @�$,9%�� �E�:) ,&�$l� aB') TN,I��
'�<9�� x� ¦�,� M�n ��H * W�[: L ���>? j<:�)
zI��%�� #��9:− ���>,�� ;��=�� 7�$=,%�� U�F ¶£:� An
;<=��− ��k� l� @����X� �1n��F) ,v�,%��) }�Im��
UF UV� ,(��?f� @�=�I #��9%��) ,��'��I%KX� 5$]
#���9%�� ��>? ®��'4 ;�=�� 7$=,%�� �1bO c�~O �Nh UF
P���%� A$�E ��S�~ y� ��% ��$I$��%�� �q$��) zI��%I��
�$�<=�� @�'�1%~X� L
�6�w)) ,;<�=�� ���>,�� @�$?��$�� @ S')
#��-' #$��I�%�� }^��~ U��F 8����� ���$�D361798103
¡�'����:)13�10�1436 TF����� Y���W ��I%m����� ,�����
@��9$1B%��) ,�$=���%�� ����� G�%?4) ,�q$N%��) �� �%KX�
y7� UF Yk�� &��Ef� � _ � UV�) ,y��) �$?)V�f�
,��� R��I$��%�� M� ��$�� ���E��F j���w ����$%? ,���$?��$��
�NE» ah)� #��9%��) ���%�� �9?) L G��%¤ #�b UF)
W4 34 TF�?��� 0$�9%��) T��,�� x� c�%d * �>,�� &��
���>? * ��>,�� &���W4 ��7�n) ,'��V%�� 87�]) ,�N,F
U�F X � �]�) ;<�E '��1%~� Y�W �A%WX�) #��9%��
0�F����) @��$,9%�� \�$� �E��: UF P96%��) ,U�'�1%~�
��K' �� 0�~�� ��$1�' : @� ]) C�,) ,7$=,%�� �F(^��
: YW) ,�$�Æn ��>,�� YW \�$I� ���>,�� * T��,�� P$1B
��»�,W� ,�$[��' : @�$�$:��K�) ,c�%d) ,8� �O
#��9: i$��KO)� ��1-��F TF��?� 34 ��7�n G��%¤ An ,
A�n ,TF��?��� ;��=�� P�$1B%�� 0Im�� 0� �:) ,#W�)
,��$?��$�� ���H * A� ��N�]��F PE) �B�� 7$=,: 0Im�
�NE» ah)O)L
-�J5��� ����� :� 8 � P�$9_ 34 ;<=�� ��>,�
���$`� %X� z%�]����� * 0��S�l� �����B%�� \��F ���FC����
���>,�� R�I���� c��%6�� * ��H �V�?�) ,�BK�%��)
![Page 148: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 530 –
,�N$�4 �W� R%�� �k� l� ��' %�� @�$�$:�K�) ,;<=��
v��,:) ,��N$�W c��%]� R�%�� �=�%J�� �V=%�� @�'�NF)
,a:�$�$:���K�) a��$E #����9%�� i$����KOz[��_) a��I>?
j$�:) ,a:�)�O) a��`�%? * z[�_ @��$�IW #��%���
i$���KO) ��K�'� \��F P�=%� ��7�� ���) ,��' ��%��
(Bridich, 2015) * RI$��%�� {^Sf� �bO @ nO R%��
�^B�� #��: z[_ L
T���,F U�F y I%�� A ;<=�� ��>,�� MO 34 �E�w4
�61�� @�'�NF TN,F ,}�k�� 0$1K YW ,�N,F�9%��) 5
�1 �)�2 �����k��) })�� c�%[���� * �������� �� ��Wf� �
��9%��) 5��61�� @�'���NF)�3 � 5����k�� c�%[���� *
v��,%F #���9: U�F a�Im� A) ,�'��f�) ���� '�[I��
C���K @A��%��� @�'�NF �$I,: * #��K \�'�m�� 0Im�
�N1[��nO) ,������� @�'���NF )O ��9%��) 5��61�� *
�$] @�'�NF @�'��N�� j�$�: 34 �E�wf� ,�$�IW �$:
��B~ ��I%�u� 5$] ,;<=�� ��>,�� T��,F * �$:�$l�
���$9$1B%�� @�'���N�� Y��W ;<��=�� ����>,���1 �)�2 � *
����k��) })�� c�%[���� �������� �� ��Wf�� @�'���N��) ,
����$9$1B%���3 �)�4 � ,\�������) 5�����k�� c�%[����� *
���$9$1B%�� @�'���N��)�5 �)�6 � �F����� c�%[���� *
�E��wf� ,�'��f�) RI����) ���� '�[I�� ���[��)
���>,��E ,��$WA%h� �$[�=?) ���'��4 c��~O @�'�NF 34
��]�:4 * #���K ;<�=�� ����� U�F !��=�� ��$I,%�
@�'�N�� �F(^�� @�'�NF UF �N1[nO A ,�I%[�� #��%��
���N�� 0$Vm�: * M��,��� ��� P��ZO) �=�%¬ ,��$I$��%��
��FO �Nw�W) ,@A��%�� �� ��: R%�� &'�<�� ��(��?4)
�����l� ���]�:4 34 �E���wf� ,�����E�� U��F ���W�I�
Ur���%,F) \�I%��� \�F @��n�e �9W * @A��%I��
��q$N%�� Y�W W��K �7�� �F�� ,� d ��� * UNw�W)
,&�$6�� �FC����) @�1�B%F \F ��W @�h�$%]�) 0�I���.
7�)0$�=: 34 c�O � ')� #��%�� * �$�IW #��%�� \�E')
c�%[F v^B%�K� a�$�4 '�uO �F ��) ,a�W�=:) a%n'�mF
,U�N�F @^��9�� a�: nO) @�1��B��) @A��I�� �O���
;<�=�� ���>,�� �B~) L ;<�=�� ���>,�� P�9] ��7�)
0�$� U�F 0�V� ����9: a�$�4 '�uO �7�� �,��� )H #��%��
���F)(Hill, Mass, 2015) P�$9_ * a�%$�O ¶�w))
P�E�) A�n ,��$����� @��-�%�� P$9_) #$��%�� * �$�W�=��
'���IVF ���K�'� T`���%? ��7��nMcMurrer,2012)�
* {���,�� P�$9_ 5�$] UF RI$��%�� {^Sf� @^l
,�^�B�� �n'�m�F &����( * 0kI%�� RI$��%�� {^Sf�
#��%�� #N%$�E�� &���() L#$��%�� {�:O An ;<=�� ��?�k��
P�9¤ 5�$6 ,@�'�[�� * \��,%�� z�I��%I�� !��E
'�$%~X� PE) #N<`�<~ #r�' -) #��$F)L
8� ���� ��F�IW P�9] ;<=�� ��?�k�� #$��%��E� �99_ - 8� ��� x� M�V: - UV� ,�� \w) R%��
��? }�k�� 0$1K YW ,�� �W�w��� &'�<�� �$� UV�
![Page 149: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 531 –
5� _ zE �� �#$��=� @����) �$I$��%�� �NI$>,:) A
®�[:X� P9¤ \F #$��%�� t�K�� @��1�B%F) #��%���
�F(^�� �]�:4) ,�$<<J%�� ���I�� ���� U�F !��=��
�$I,%� @�'�N�� �F(^�� ,�I%[�� #��%�� �q$N%��) ,&�$6��
�FC����) ��W @�1�B%F \F �$�� U�V� ��99_ - 0I���
=�� &'�<�� �9?) ,\$w���� * '��V%�� ��$%? �� �w
��1��) ,��>,%�� YW U���$%W�) ,@A���� ,W i�' %��
@�'�9�� x� * ���>,�� \$w����L
78#�� Kc��� �5��:
��(�O UF ,T`�%,�� UF �W�I�I 561�� G�~:
1− P�9_ Y�W @��1��B�� UF �K�' �� �,$W �9E��F
�B�� �$<Ju �$I,: '�d @�'�1W�1� �3.56�, #W� '�d)
#��%�� �$�IW �3.41�¸�7�� #��%�� #W� '�d) , �3.49� ,
#��%�� #��9: '�d) �3.56 L� U�F ��K�' �� ��,$W �9E��F
��1��B�� �$<�Ju �$I,: '�d @�'�1W P9_ YW @A����
�3.65�#��%�� �$�IW #W� '�d) , �3.56� #�W� '�d) ,
¸�7���� #��%�����3.78�����9: '���d) , #��%���� #�3.58� ,
�$K�' �� �B�� '�d)�3.69L�
2− ��qE * �$�K�' �� ��B�� '��d @�'��1W v�-)
��6�� @�1��B�� �>? �Nh) UF �3.02 L�
3− ��q$1�� ��q$r) ,i�' �%�� j$kV%� �h�] ��h)
U�F 0�-O MO 34 T`��%,�� @'��uO 5�$] ;<=�� ��>,��
@A���� j<?45.3 % � �]�) ����?� M7�~O - ,¥�9E
¥9E MO) 7.5% Y�W &�1n �h' U9E�) - @A���� UF
i�' %�� &E ���=nL
4− @A������� \���F @^����9�� T`����%? @'����uO
���k� ;<�=�� ��>,�� * &�- ¨�9? ��h) 34 @�1��B��)
UVI%���) ,@A��%��� �$<Ju �$I,:) ,v�,%�� #��9%�� *
�V=%�� @�'���N��) ��9%��) 5��61�� @�'���NF U��F ����
¸�7�� #��%��) ,�=�%J��L
5− ¨���9? 34 ��7��n @^���9�� T`���%? @'���uO
* ����k� j���w &���kn i1[�� P������ #����9%�� ����>?
��E�kn) ,;<�=�� ���>,�� �$�D {�w) � W) ,@A$[9%��
,�N�$��w��F '����V:) �$��K�' �� T����,�� x��� c���%d
i�' %�� j�w ��$%? �$I���� &���� * �>,%��)L
6− �m� x�� 34 ;<�=�� ���>,�� ®�$[�� #��9:
0kF '�<9�� : ,#��%��� @��h�$%]X #$�$9: ���h) � W
� �W) ,������) �+�1�� 0�F�V%�� �$N�%�� G�$%]X�)
0� �%��) #��9%��) ���%I�� 0F�V%F ��>? ��hL
7− 34 ;<��=�� ����>,�� @^~ ���� #����9: �m���
,��9$- �� �r^$<�=:) �B�� �$��Iu �N��?�) R�,F��� �
\��(�: * ��kI%�� @�$��Vuf� x� h�: UV� ,� 6��
'�)��� @��$�IW MO A�n ,&� d �$,F( @�= �� � _)
MO 34 �E��w4 ,��N,F }�F¯��� c�%[��� UV: � i�' %��
P�$1B%�� C��w * 0� ��%��) ,i����%�� \£� � �B��
R1���%�� L
![Page 150: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 532 –
8− ;<=�� ��>,�� @�$�I��� #��9: �m� P$1B: 34
8�<�:�) ,a� &'�9�� �$,F��� �B�� i[] ;<=�� ��>,��
U�F �m�� A�n ,v��,%��) }�Im�� zI��%�� #��9: ��>?
j��w) ,��$?� $�� �91[��� �q$N%�� � W 34 c�~O �$]�?
���>,�� U�W �^Wf�B , ��B�� Y�W @��>]^F ���h)
N,I�� �$�-���� �$��=�� �K'AI�� G�$%]X�) ,�$K�' �� ,T
�$,9%�� '��<�� �E�:)L
9− 34 ;<��=�� ����>,�� @���h�J�� #����9: �m���
P�9_ U�V� ,��� \�w) R�%�� 8� ��� ,�F�IW ,a9$9_����B�� &'�<�� UV� � 8� ��� x�L
-� N����:
1− � _ 5$6 TN,�� \$w��� �$1[? M�()O � _ ¿ §
� Ci���� UF 0�9�) ,�N$�W �n����) ,@����)��¿ § �1[�,�
�K�' �� T`�%? a$�4 @'�uO �7�� TN,�� �E�kn 34L
2− ,a:�'�NF) ;<=�� ��>,�� YW i�' %�� j$kV:
@�'���9�� z�� 0��F�V%�� P��$9_ ���$=$n Y��W UN1�' ��:)
j��w 34 ��K�' �� @'��uO 5�$] ,�=�%J�� �$K�' ��
a%��=n � W) i�' %�� L
3− 0��F���� �� J%��K� Y��W @A������ \$�m��:
��%��)TN,�� @�1�B%� �9$9_ �'L
4− �� ��9: * ���$I���� ����61�� T`���%? ���K�'�
{^��Sf� 7��$=,:) #$I<��:) ,���$I$��%�� @���h�$%]X�
RI$��%�� #$I<%�� * �=�%¬ @�qE ¦�e4) ,RI$��%��L
5− ��$I$��%�� @�'�NI�� \�%:) c F �E�=<F C�,
Y�W W�[�� ��± ,����?�k�� ���]�I�� �$K�' �� T��,I��
� ��,$W ��N$�4 @'��uO R�%�� T���,�� * @�'���V%�� i,
@�1��B�� UF �K�' ��L
6− �����F 0Im�: 5�$6 �$�K�' �� ��B�� ���B:
��B�� ��?)�F Y�W W�[�� ��± ,��1��B�� ��knO ��'�$%~�
@�1��B�� �=�%J�� ����=�� ®)�=�� �N9$9_)L
7− ,����>,�� @���$�D ¶$��w�:) ,R��F^Wf� +��,��
YW �$n�� � W)¥9E TN,�� ¶$w�:L
8− ®��Z ¶$�w�: * W�[� �I��I�� 0$�� �E�:
@A��%I�� TN,�� 0$S�: L
9− ����� U��F P��1B� ,;��n #����9: ����>? #$I<��: ² §
#��9%�� #��9: 0Im�) ,RI$��%�� #$I<%��L
* * *
B 3A���� 0�c�TPJ�5��
SB�s :0 �54�� PJ�5��:
0$�~ ,��l� �1434�� L�¢�~ C��O c�%[F * ��?�k�� #$��%�� R
�$�K�K�� ��$E���� @�'�N��) @�' 9�� * �V�I�� L ����K'
,������ ,�=,�� #�W) �$��41 ,144 −125L
�� ,� N�� ;#K�- ,��l� �1433�� L� ��V�I�� #$���%�� ���>?
}�F¯��) \-���� �����[�� �$���� L������ : u��� �1%VFL
& E�' ,����l��2012� L�������� #���9% : ,a�%$�O ,a�F�N=F
a=`�)) ,aE� �O LMAW :\�(�%��) +,�� T��,�� '��L
U[] ,�))� ���2012� L� ��?�k�� #$��%�� ��>,� �$h'��� &C�=V��
![Page 151: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 533 –
{�9F '�<�: �����[���� ��$���� ��V�I�� ������ L �����K'
��Ff� ��F�h ,�$WA%hX� ������ �$�n ,&'�m,F �� y�'�%n�
�� ��Id�$F^��Kf� �����K U : ���$���� ���V�I�� ,��������
�����[��L
�$� ,¡F�m���2004� L� ��]��� * #$��%�� v�B9� �$�~� �� &C�=V��
���V�I�� * @���,1�� ���$F�Vl� �'� ���� * ���F���� �����?�k��
�����[��� �$���� :��$?� $F ��K�'�L ��� &�'��%n� ����K'
��F�h ,�$WA%hX� ������ �$�n ,&'�m,F U� �Id ���Ff� �
���K :�����[�� �$���� �V�I�� ,������L
�:�6u L U[]�2003� L� #$��%�� ���B: �6? &� �%F ����: ®�ED
019%[���) \�-���� z� ������ UZ��� * L&����9�� : '� ���
�$?�,1��� �����L
}��W ,)�Vu �2018� L� x� C�w * �$1$� * ��?�k�� #$��%�� ���B:
@�����$����� L ,�E����) &C��9�� ���200 ,158 −196L
�W) 1F ,�)�Z�Z �2012� L� z[�_) ��$I$��%�� �I>?�� #��9:
#$��%�� L ,�$�� ��W ���39�13� ,127 −162L
Id ,��F���� �1438�� L���?'�9�� �$�� 34 0~ F LMA�W : '��
\�(�%��) +,�� �%��� L
MAkW L #�,�� 1W�2007��0��O L� @�<�<�) @�'�[�F \��,:
��$���� �9B,�� * ��?�k�� #$��%�� L \����� ������ c �%,��
#$��%��) �$���@���s�� ��6 L�MAWL
��<W ,��D ;;W ,;W �2008� L� * ��?��k�� #$��%�� @�'��4 ')�
M���[��� ����?�k�� ���]�I�� R�I$��%�� ¥$BJ%�� : ��K�'�
�$I��9: �$�$�_L' ,��$�� �$�n ,&'�m,F �� �%[h�F ���K
�$F^Kf� M�F'� �O ��F�h :M���[�� L
@A$�W L ¶��S�2010���'�F L� �� ��F #$���%�� &��h ����F
��?�k�� t�K�� L #$���%��) ��$�� C�'(��� \�[��� ��s��
����� :t�K�� � �F #$��%�����?�k�� � \���,:) y����B:
a:�'�[F LB�K ,¥9[FMAW �, L
j$B��� ��1W ,G���E�2004� L� ���$WA%hX�) ���$E�9k�� @����$�%��
T��,F) ��+1�� �$I,%�� @�$£%9F)
�����[��� ��$���� ��V�I�� * ��?�k�� #$��%�� : ��K�'�
�$I��9: L,�E����) &C��9�� ��� ,�F 38 ,154 − 203 L
j$B��� �1W ,G�E�2009� L���V�I�� * #$���%��) ��$�� ���>?
�����[�� �$���� LM�'�� :\�(�%��) +,�� 0`�) '��L
�����K ,����kV�� �2005���$��� ,� L� �^��Z @�������) C�'D
}���] �������� ���,� I ��?���k�� })�� j<���� @���1��Z)
� p� ��?�k�� #$��%�� TN,F ��� L ���[�� RI���� ��s��
º�E���� \I%� * ��?�k�� #$��%�� ���B:) �n'�m��¼LF �L
�Id {�1<�F ,���V�� �2004� L� ��?��k�� #$���%�� @^Vm�F
@A���� �Nn' : An ������ �,� I @�,1�� L @��K�'� ���
R�F�p� #$��%�� * ,7 ,256 − 300L
#$��%�� YW�� ����� �2008� L�#$��%�� ���B: : R,Z��� ���9%��
�B- ��) � L�B- :#$��%�� &'�()L
$�K C�,K ,���[F �2009� L� @�'��9�� '��$%~� ���>, ��K�' ��
��?�k�� #$��%�� * �$K�' �� :@�1�B%��) ¨)+�� L 019%[�F
,�F ,����� �$��60� 16� ,63 − 152L
}��? ,�=B<F �2010� L�#$��%�� * #��9%�� @�$�$:�K� LMAW :
��� 1�� '��L
z�n�F L@�)' �2001� L���?�k�� #$��%�� {^S4 −��F�W &�>? :
®��B�� ®��=F �,W ��?���k�� #$���%�� L ,@�$�19%[��F �����
,�F ,�V[?�$�� @�W�1BF1� 31� ,45 −52L
�����[���� * #$����%�� &'�() �1435���� L� ����>,�� P��$1B: #$��I�:
#-' ;<=��351770423 ¡�'�:) 8�10�1435�� L
![Page 152: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
^�� �O j$B��� 1W �, �^]O: #��9%�� GH�I? �� J%K� ;<=�� ��?�k�� ��>,�� #��9:CIPP
– 534 –
�����[�� #$��%�� &'�() �1436�� L� ���>,�� * #��%�� #��9: 0$��
;<=�� L������ :#$��%�� &'�() @�W�1BFL
�����[���� #$����%�� &'�() �1436���� L� ����>,�� * ���K' �� 0��$��
��?���k�� #$����%�� ;<��=�� L�������� : &'�() @���W�1BF
#$��%��L
������ TF�����) T���,�� ���n)�1436��� L� * ��K' �� 0�$��
��?�k�� #$��%�� ;<=�� ��>,�����k�� '� Sf� L�������� :
BF#$��%�� &'�() @�W�1L
� ��hs :0 #�JG� PJ�5��: American Institutes for Research (2002). Case Studies in
Secondary Education Reform. Retrieved October 11,
2016, from
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacp917.pdf
Bridich, S (2015). The Invisible Schism: Teachers’ and
Administrators’ Differing Perceptions of Education
Reforms. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 24
(87). 1-22.
Di Carlo, Matthew (2015). The Evidence on the "Florida
Formula" for Education Reform. Policy Brief.
Retrieved from the ERIC database. (ED563782).
Donahue, T., & Hsiang-Yah, H., & Knotts, A (2015).
"Making Time for What Matters Most." I3
Development Project: Year 5 Evaluation Report.
Retrieved from the ERIC database. (ED562043)
Hill, P., & Maas, T (2015). The Case for Coherent High
Schools. University of Washington, Center on
Reinventing Public Education. Retrieved from the
ERIC database. (ED556237)
kellaghan, T; Stufflebeam, D (2003). International
Handbook of Educational Evaluation. London:
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS.
McMurrer, J. (2012). Changing the School Climate Is the
First Step to Reform in Many Schools with Federal
Improvement Grants. Center on Education Policy.
Retrieved from the ERIC database. (ED533561)
Padgette, H. (2009). High School Reform in Colorado: A
History of Efforts and Lessons for the Future.
Retrieved from the ERIC database. (ED538946)
Stufflebeam; D; & Coryn, C. (2014).Research method for
social sceinces: Evaluation Theory, Models &
Applications. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
* * *
![Page 153: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 535 –
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3�! ! , 535 − 560 ������ ,�2019��1441���
������� ��� ���� ������ ���� ������� ���� ��� ! �"�# $��%� :
�'��(� ')*��� +� ������ ,���
������ +�-�� ./0 1 ' � �2315� ,7����� 89��2 1 ' , �:325
���$ %��� ��&�' � ( )*�� � +20�07�1439;��)*�� ./+0 ( 14�05�1440���
<�=����:1 2 34 �$�5 �� .���67�� 5��8�& 9��*: ( �;050<� =��&�>� .��67�� ?@�AB CDE =�;�;:�$4 F& ?��A7$G��E0 ��;���� ?@��AH�� CD�H�6�� I���� J;��7�� =�D$K�L �$�5 �� M& N7$�OPQ�R��� OAS��� TU/�� VW*& LM�X��7$� ���� Y��Z M���'[ O�7�� \��U/�� ��$�5 �� =���&�>�
<�]^ �& ( �;50 :.` ��� 5��8& 9��*: ./$0 ,=��&���� �;���� �;�aP7$G�0 ,.��67�� 5��8& L \a�R b��;c0 =�d�;e ��$�5 �� M�X��7$� %��f ���;50<� =��&�>� .��g ( ?@�AH�� h;PU7� � N7D: =�;�;:�$4 :@��<� ic JQ�P�� .��67�� ,=��&�>� V&� ,d;67�� .'[ F& .��67��L ��$�5 �� = �S5 J�R
�;���� �2@�AB CDE =�/�j7&0 ,�H�6�� I���� J;��7�� =�D$K& .��g 9+�0 L M��S�: ,��;050<� =���&�>� .���67�� ?@��AB CDE =�;�;:�$4 @�X (0�;�/P7D�� \�U/��0 �����D�� =��&����0 J;��7�� ?5�k�� =�;S�7�� F& �c�6� 34 �$�5 ��.
>9���� ���� �#: ,.��67�� .��g J;��7�� ,O�&�>� J;��7�� I���� ,O&�Hl� m�Ano� ,O6;��7�� .Q� .��g J;��7��L _________________________________________________________________________________
Governance of funding diversification and enhancement of financial efficiency in
universities: lesson from the European experience
)2(Eisa-and Einas Al,
)1(Aqeel-Sinaa Al
King Saud University (Received 06/04/2018; accepted 19/02/2019)
Abstract: The study aims to extract recommendations to enhance funding efficiency in the Saudi universities from the European
experience. The study starts by describing the funding mechanisms, financial autonomy, and measures to foster income diversification in
European universities. Then, the study presents the practice, challenges and pitfalls of three strategies used to improve funding efficiency in
European universities: performance-based mechanisms, institutional mergers and excellence schemes. After that, the study describes the
funding mechanisms and the requirement for improved funding efficiency in the Saudi universities. Based on the European experience, the
study concludes with some recommendations to the Saudi Ministry of higher education, universities, and future research.
Key words: Funding, higher education funding, public higher education, educational spending, funding alternatives _________________________________________________________________________________
�1� ���$ %��� ��&�' ,�� ;8�� �;�B ,f�7$[L
������ ,�����D�� �;���� �H�6�� ,!L b�376316� p �q�� d&��� ,�11335L� (1) Professor, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy,
King Saud University. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box (376316) Postal Code (11335).
r0H�o� �q��: [email protected] e-mail:
�2 � �;�B ,f�7$[���$ %��� ��&�' ,�;P;/j7�� �;/j�� ������L (2) Professor, Department of Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University.
![Page 154: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 536 –
�.��:
�����D��� �;���� �H�6�� ( @�5k��� x�� 5 S[ ic �Py����z �����D��� ��;���� ��H�6�� ��{52030| (
����� }�'5 �W�~ F�& )�c F&���� C*RG� ��� �7D�'1437 h��y���� ����25 .����[ 2016� ����W*& s���H7� �
��H�6�� ( p�6*7��0 p��87+G� .6��� h��� ��5�`0������D��� ��;���� �H�6�� ��{5 2003, 2017 L� M�;*�
����{��� �����O��� ,50���� ���RaR i��c : ,p���;Z 9��67���6� F�00 ,���d& ��87+�0L 50��U�� ��� .&�H7:0
J;����:0 ����{��� 1� ���[ h��;PE .;/��$ ( �W���� 9��& ,���W*& ?��A7��$G� F��& � ��c i��c ����{��� =���7Z� t��B
=��K��&0 ,=�y W7D����0 ,�;�;:���$o� 1� ���<� .�B �WP;PE ( ��� O7�� =�&�d7�G�0 ,VQ�7*�� u�;P�
OU��� ��0 !���0 ����� w�jP�� F& L ���� ����0��{��� s0K���� x��� ��+[ ?� ��7& ����;A*: V&��� 34
T;Z ,a&�H7&0 G��y �6B�Z 5��4 �;6*7��0 ����87+G�� � � �;�;:���$o� 1� ��<� F�& �@d��' V&��n� .�B h�P�� F�& �� c x���� x$[ tB ,��{��� �&���� =�W'�7��0� ����{��� V&���� ma���o ,���6c� ��0 ���*H6�� ?d��W'<�
0 ��W6��P:0 �W7��7&0 ma��40 ��W;y =����A�� �� E����W*& ,a/P7D���& �;y����X4 V&������ : ?5��o� }���7H&
?d��W'<� @��[ u���;P� O*������ d��B���0 ,�;�;:���$o�����0 ,�&����. V&�n� @�'0zO*����� Y�U7�� | J���B
��{��� ���;A*7�� V&�q�� 1� ��<� F�& �� c F6�7��0 ,����;�Z�& =�y W7D��6 ���j/:��� �;�;:���$o�� ������� 34
2020 ?5�k0 ��W*& ,�;&�HZ =�c�j+ ? c ��7D& ic �J;��7�� L ( J;���7�� ?5�k��� �;�;:�$o� 1� �<� F&0
���� w��X�6 ��+a��� =�f O*����� Y��U7�� V&�n��$�5 �� : 9�D�� 1 ��� ?��H7/& .���g 5��8�& 9���*:
J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 L� 5��8�& 9���*:07�� I����� J;���7�� w��jP� ��;���� ?@��AH�� CDE0 .��6
��;n�j�� .�& �& P7�� Y0 �� F& � ��� �;�4 M�$ 1 ��UK Universities, 2013 � �;����$[0(Australian
Government, 2017), =��$�5 �� F& � ��� =)n0� I������ J;����7�� ���;���� ?@���AH�� x;��P: O��7�� ���;/*'<�
L(Wolszczak-Derlacz, 2017; Wolszczak-Derlacz
and Parteka 2011)L J;���7�� =�D$K& ( �;���� ?@�AH�� w�X�& .*� �0
�;���� I������Z� � s[ G4 ,��$�5 ��0 T�U/�� F�& ���/B� T�;Z ;I����� J;��7�� .��g M�0�*: =�$�5 �� F& �� c� ( I����� J;���7�� .���67� �HD�n�;�� ��$�5� ���P: 5�~[
� �;���� Y0 ��2018 � J;���7�� ( 5t�7�$G� Y �& s[ 34���;���� Y0 ���� ( s ��7& ���*c V:���*�� ��Q����0� L � ��Z4
I����� J;��7�� ic m�Ano� �6n s[ 34 M8�` =�$�5 �� �y���7� b����j�� Y ����� F��& .��+[ ������� ������� ( M��'��: �+ .���67�� ���AB s[0 ,�;6;��7�� =�'�;7ZG�
![Page 155: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 537 –
MU/S[0 vj$��� �0 l� s0��,��5 2000 L� Y0��*:0 O+ ���2015 �=�$�;$ .��g J;��7�� I����� ( F�����
����� ( @�X =���7��� ����8�7+G�0 ��;�67��� O�7��
��W7y�c ��Pj*�� ( �P��� ���� ����0 ,��`<� F�&
=�;��H��~o� h����7:� I������ J;����7�� =�;�;:���$�
,�:����0[0 =�+����0 7��O Y�E s0� h�;PE 1� ��<�
�&�$��� @�P:5a� �.M�+�n0 I����� J;��7�� .��g �+50 ���& (0 s���*/�0 ��5���$0 s�5<�0 xn���:0 b������
)2010, Galal& Kanaan ( O��7�� .B������ =� ��Z0�WW'���L ��� J� �P: =��$�5 �� F�& � �c M�0�Z0
��$�5� .��& ������ ������ ( .���67�� =aH�� Y��l� �<��2003 � ��� ;�P7�� ��� .Q� �/�� M�X��7$� O7��
F�& ��d& i�c Y�8�l� =��;� 0 ,I���� J;��7�� .��67� ( .���67�� 5��8�& ���j: =@��'40 ,O&�Hl� .��67��
,���;���� =����&�>� OP������� ���$�5�0�2002 � O��7�� .���g 5��8�& !��N =�ZP�� F& �� c MX��7$��
0� ( I���� J;��7�� 50� .�;�A7B O�;��� s��7�� x�� YI���� J;��7�� ( �7B5��& Jc�0 !��� w�jP��L
J;���7�� .���g �����D��� =�;�<� M�0�*: %��B ¡Q�S �$�5� M& Py ,I�����2000 � =��ZP& �c�6�
.�& .��67�� 5��8& 9��*7� : @���n40 ,=��cq7�� 9;���:�W'�0 s��H7� ;=�5���7$G�0 \��U/�� ���& ���5��4 �
;���S���0 ��;&�Hl� 9�67��� =�D�$K& ���&[ ��y0��&
��;�&�>� �;6���� =�& �� h��D: ic .6�7� L M�S0[0 O��/;7��� ���$�5��2004 � =���)��7�� 5� ��S4 ?50¢��
�Py0 5t�7$G� �;�6� ��;P�� =��&�>� Y�£ O7�� �;n�n�P��� F�c T�U/�� �S�y ¤;7� t0 �¥ �j;U�� �¦;/�� �;S�8� w��jP�� FHg O7�� .Q�$��� TU0 ,�c�*7& .��g 5��8& ];8�£0 ,\�U/�� dB��& .��g ( ��W$o� F& !��� J;���7�� V&��� i�c m��An§� }Q�¢���0 ��$��� ��
I������ L ����l� ���$�5� M��Z+�0�2015 � .Q� �� ? ��c�W*&0 ,�����D�� =��&�>� .��67� : ,Yt�c<� =�*�X�Z
� ¨����B ( 9��$�7��01���+0G�0 \���U< L M8���`0 ����$ F� 6� ��&o� ��&�' ( O6���� x���� �$�5�
�;&a��$o��2004 � �5����& ���;6*: ( ����R[0 ©��+��� F��c ic ©+��� Oc� .;S�: ��ª4 ic ;B�7�� 34 =��&�>� ����j: i�c .6���0 ,�A�7N�� �/n��' ( O6;��7�� Y����
J;����7�� .����g ( ©��+��� };����$[ L0 J��WA� ����0�� ( F�H6� ©�;B0 I����� J;���7�� .��g ( �;����� b5��7�� .���g 5��8�& =��$�5 �� ��� Mn5�+ �W*& ?��A7$G�
���;n�j��0 ���H�6�� ( I������ J;����7���,����l� 2007� ,� ,O+�����j��2007� ,�,O���;6>� 2015 L� My W7��$�0
OH���� �$�5��2006 � p��8�7+G� �Q���� Y ��& u�;+ �����*�� =��;�H�� � � E ,O�&��>� J;���7�� ( 5t�7$a��
F��& �����D���� ���;���� ���H�6�� O���y1994 34 �1997,� ( 5t�7��$G� F��& ����8��7+� �0 ��' ����*� s[ = �'00
![Page 156: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 538 –
��7D��� ic x;�0 p��A�� ��7D�� ic O�&�>� J;��7��Oct7'G�L OH���� �$�5�0�2013 � .���g ��&k[ M�0�*:
�7�� ( O&�Hl� I���� J;��7�� .��g 9+�00 ��c .H� J;� =��K�& J��[0 ,!�` .H� �����D�� �;���� �H�6�� I����� J;��7�� .��67� �Z�7�� .Q� /�� J�[0 ,J;��7�� .��g
�¥�;c0 .Q� /�� ��� ���d& ����4 9& ,O&�Hl�L ?-/�� �@A:
���7�$� O7��0 ,�P�D�� �;���� \�U<� = B[ ������ ( .���67�� };���$[ ���'��& 34 ��'�l� ,�W¬[ .�;�P:0 ,.���67�� 5��8& 9��*: ( @ /�� �;¬[0 ,����� ���� M��X��7$�0 O&���Hl� Jc ���� i��c �t7��cG�
���� /�� .���67�� J�n =�$�5 �� L ��$�5� ��n � F�H� ��;50<� ���7��0 ,�&�6c �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE M�0�*:�
: ( �S�8`� ?@��AH�� CD�E0 .���67�� 5��8�& 9���*�&0 ,�;���� ,=���S0 hQ��c F& ���7�� ��� }Z�S
�&0 F�& ��+a��� =�f ��;50<� \��U<� ��� M8��` ( ����7�� ���� F�& ?��A7$G� FH6� ©;B0 =�;S�:
���H�6�� L ����0�*: ( ���;��l� ���$�5 �� ���;¬[ F��6H: ����� �� ( I���� J;��7�� .��g w�X�� ��;A;B0 ,�;50<� Y0
9y ��0 �U'�*�� =�$5t�� @��R4 ( �W*& �H�6�� ?��A7$� ��{5 =�/�j7& }B��� t J;��7�� ����2030L
?-/�� ��B� :
�H�6�� ( J;��7�� ?5�k0 s4 ( TU/�� ��H�& dB:
.���67�� 5��8& 9��*7� �W;�$ 5��4 (0 �����D�� �;�����;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 Y0��*7: =��$�5� 34 �$�& �'�U ,
���W*& ?��A7��$G� ���;A;B0 ���;����� b5����7�� L �����7��y �;50<� ��;���� ?@��AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: (
���R �y�:0?5�k��� �W*& ;A7D: s[ FH6� �$05�0 VQ�7n�L
��& i��c @��*0 ����� ��H���& �� E F��H6� h/��$�;:� ��¦$<� �$�5 ��:
�& 0 ?�;50<� =��&�>� ( .` �� 9��*: 9+� ?@��AB CD�U7� �& N7D��� =�;�;:��$o� �&
��&0 ��;50<� =���&�>� ( .��67�� .�B =�d�;e O��;�;:�$4� ?�¥�;c0 F& �W8�N7Dn s[ FH6� O7�� =�;S�7�� J�[ �&
=��&�>�0 J;��7�� ?5�k0 �W*& ;A7D:0 �;50<� ���7��?�����D��
C�.DA?-/�� :
34 TU/�� 1 ¯: 1 � .` �� 9��*: ./$0 .��67�� 5��8& ����7$�
�;50<� =��&�>� ( �;���� �;�aP7$G�0L 2 � M& N7��$� O��7�� =�;�;:���$o� ©�����7���
( �5��8�& 9���*:0 I����� J;��7�� .��g ?@�AB CDU7��050[ L
3� ?@���AB CD��E =�;�;:���$4 F��& ?��A7��$G��67�� ( ���;050<� =����&�>� .��� ���� !aN7��$�
![Page 157: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 539 –
�;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .` �� 5��8& 9��*7� ,=�;S�7�������D�� =��&����L
?-/�� �*E �:
OA��S��� T��U/�� VW*��& ���$�5 �� M& N7��$� ������� ?�������� 9��+�0 ©��S�� 1 ��¯ p����� OPQ���R��� }�;° O7�� C��q��0 ���<� ±�7*7$� Ya` F& �W7$�5�
ic��¦$[ �[ M�n�B �;�S[ 5��8��0 hQ�R��� F& TU/�� 0[ ?5����*& �����n�R ?5����*& ����� ,1�D�����1996 L�
F�H6� O7�� I���� J;��7�� =�D$K6 ?�0 � �$�5 ��0�;U5 ��0 �;&�HZ �WA;*8:L
�y���Xo� 50���� ��/��$ F��& ���$�5 �� s���H7: 1 ��� h�PE T������0 r����0 Y0<� 50�U�� ,�& P6��
<� J;���7�� .���g 5��8�& ����7�$� �$�5 �� F& Y0 �;�aP7$G� �'5�0 ,.` �� 5��8& 9��*: 9+�00 ,I���� 1 ��� hP� 9���� 5�U�� ,�;50<� =��&�>� ( �;���� CD�E =�;�;:��$� ©���7�� ��0 �$�5 �� F& r���� ���;50<� =����&�>� ( �& N7D���� .����67�� ?@���AB
&��� ���7D�0 J;��7�� .��g ¤&a& J�[ u��D��0 x � �P� �`<� 5�U��0 �����D�� �;���� �H�6�� ( I���� =����&�>� .����g 5��8��& 9����*7� T��U/�� =�;��S�:
�����D��� u05 ���� i�c @���* ��;���� ���2@�AB CD�E0 9����� 1 ��� h�PE O7�� �;50<� ���7�� F& ?��A7D��
a�� %�f ²� ,�$�5 �� F&�S L F G��� ������� ���H'���A:
�c�6� � 8P� �*� .��67�� ¤�j8& �5����� ��;����
?��S��� ��;6;��7�� =�D�$K6�� h�;PU7� 1� ��[ ,?� ��FH6�0 Ya�` F�& ��050[ ( I����� J;���7�� .��g ©S0
C;�$�$[ F�5��� ic @���� ³;�D: :0[ .���67�� 5��8�& ,.` �� 6;��7�� m�Ano�0O (Estermann & Pruvot, 2011),
(Eurydice, 2008), (Pruvot & Estermann, 2015)L I�AJ :������� ����:
.��67�� s�D;Q5 s�5 8& ��*� :O&�Hl� w�jP��
!��� w�jP��0 L Y0 >� ¤X��0�1 � .B �/Dn ³$�7&=��&���� ²H�� .` �� 34 .��g 5 8& L
K�.L315:�� ���� /�M N2��� �'��(� >��%� F O��� �P.�� Q: �����R
������� �M /� ��
O&�HZ .��g 72.8% �/�j�� =�¬�D&��$�5 �� ��$50 ;P�� ��$5� 9.1%
!��� w�jP�� 9& +��7�� 6.5% =�/��0 =�cq7�� 4.5%
�;�0� =� c�D& ��50<� ��EG�� 3% !�` .��g
� F& µ�f .��g?5��7$G� =�& ` J� P: .�& ��&�> 4.1% �.��� :(Estermann & Pruvot, 2011)
![Page 158: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 540 –
A− $���T� ����:
.�g =�8�8N��� � F�& ��;������&�Hl� (public
fund) p�*�$ .H�� ��;6;��7�� =�D$K�� ���P�7: O7�� �;���4 �U*& .H~ ic(block grant) x;Q���� 5 8���
I���� J;��7�� .��67� �/D�n ³�$�76 ��050[ ( �73 �% ����&���� ²��H�� .` ���� 34 O&���Hl� .����67�� F��&
F��& �/D��*�� =0���A7:0�40 �% F��& ����B[ 34 ����Hn4 (�80 �% ,�D��n�y0 ,�5tn ����0 ,V�0���*��0 ,� *�D���[ (
�;n��[ =����P& ��0(Pruvot & Estermann, 2015)L j O&�Hl� .��67�� I��o� ¡�/�� � �� t�B ��A�7¶ m�
.H��� ( ¤X�& ���2� �&�Hl� C �0�A7�� ��*Wy , i�c ��$�;+ ? �� >� ��;n�d;�� ic �;6;��7�� =�D$K��0� ��Pc ,.��g ��;S ,�P�D�� =�;n�d;�� ( �c�y �� ¡��/��
�0��A7� T�;U ,·��*��� ��� C 96ª �/���0 @��<�� � � � �� E0 ,.���67�� ¡�/& F& @d' ic i�c ��$�;+ @d�'�
��;�S Ya�` F�& ¡��/& ];8�£ 0[ �P�D��� =�;n�d;��@��<� ��Pc 0[ .��67�� (Pruvot & Estermann, 2015)L
( ��PZG .;8A7�� @��<� ��Pc0 .��g ��;S �)7$0�.��67�� ?@�AB CDE 5�� L
9��k�7� ��`<� m�j�� .6��: O&��Hl� .���67��z9�5���� .��g|*�6� p��� �0 ,¸�y�*: .H�� ¤z .���67��
1 W7D��|.��& ��*;�& 1� ��< ]8�^ p���� : .���g w0)&�I���� J;��7�� ( 5�H7G�� 0[ ,? �U7�� ��H�6�� (
w0)��& .���g����U'�n u��5�����H ���'5� � ,�D��n�y (0zd;67�� .��67��| 5��U�� ( ��B[ .;8A7 �);$ p���0
�+5��� ��� F& 9�����Pruvot & Estermann, 2015L�
��U315:>��=�� ��MA V ����V ����T�V
�.��� :(Pruvot & Estermann, 2015), 8�W#/�� ��.0A +� �2)��
- �� ���H
3Block grant5
C.E���� ������� (Targeted funding)
���(� X0 �Y��� �������
Z)PA
[����� �������(Funding for excellence)
���B�� X0 �Y��� �������3 (Project based funding unding
���(� ���0
\���� ���H3>L)=�� >�]^�5
\���� ���H3>_P.�� >�]^�5
`����� � ' X0 >�M�[��� �'���
![Page 159: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 541 –
a− bc� �������:
³�$�7�� ( !���� w��jP�� .��g .H���20 �% �;�$�5 �� ��$��� .H�:0 ,�;50<� =��&�>� .`� F&
0 ,�5��8�& J��[0 Y0[ �/�j�� .;�D7� ��5��o� ��$��� F�& �W7/Dn =0�A7:0 C� =���&���� I���o� .` ���
=�����P& ���0 ��D��0 � *�D�[0 V�0�*�� ( �AS ���Hn4 ( T����� 34 ��;n��[(Pruvot & Estermann,
2015) LF& µ�� !��� .��67�� r���� 5 8��0 s0��7����� w�jP�� 9& p��� ! 34 9�5���& .���g F�& ±5 7�
��2�B� ���a` F�& ��&�>� @¹*: �H7/& ±f�6n �+0 ��;*&k ?�A � �� �Z�0 w0)�& ��7D�& i�c s�H� ,���&�>� .�6�& 0[ JD+ ��� � V&�n� 0[ ,�;/Dn ?�8+�
� �� .��� s0��: 0[� F& ��B[5=��*$ � ��7D�& ic ��&�>��Borrell-Damian, 2014 L�� w�jP�� 9& s0��7�
��f��� F�& F�H�0 ,=��&���� ?�/B ���d& �y�� !��� �;c���X�&0 �;�aP7��$� !����� w���jP�� 9��& .��&��7�� � ���� i��c s0����7��y ,����&�>� ���¯�° O��7�� \��U<� ������� \��U I��� �+ !���� w��jP�� 9�& �8P��
�;$�$<�(basic science) (0 ,����� F�& .+[ �&t7�� ��)���� .Q�D���� =�� ��E ����*: ��+ .��'<� ������� =�B
�;n�n�P�������HA�� �;H��� m�PZ � }��jB ,��6B�l� 0[ ,���&�>� @��*&[ x��� ( ����6�� ��W��� C��e ��'0©;º�7�� �$�;D h��7: .Q�D6 !��� w�jP�� .` :0
=��&�>� ( (Estermann & Pruvot, 2011) L J�[ FH�� ��WW'��: O7�� =aH��� w��jP�� .�;& O�� =���&�>
O�Qd>� .���67�� 34 !����co-funding � 9�5���6�� .` : ��&�>� FH� ,�j�n<� F& qB[ � c .��g 1 ¥ s[ ��W;�c C��7� T�;Z ,%���� ���;7n ����A& �P�Z ( 34 %��f p�K�� +0 .��67�� ��`[ 5��8& Fc TU/:
��PA�� @d>� �;j�: ��&�>� ��0�� N .��67�� F& 0[ h�y���� ( 5t�7�$G� J�Z �A
C�&������(Smith, Estermann, & Kanep, 2008) =���&�>� �j�5 M�X0 .��67�� F& w�*�� ��¥ �&t7��0� ,�;050<� �;c�*8�� \�U/�� �j�5 9& s0��7�� �;50<� ,���;'���*H7��0 T��U/�� =t�*��� ���;050<� ���j����0
.�Pn }:�H� �;050<� �H/���0 ��6�*& �c��+ ,��y�����!���� w��jP��0 =��&�>� C s0��7�� (EUA, 2009)L
C�� s0����7�� ��7D��& u���;P� =��K��& =� ��Z t��B !��� w�jP��0 =��&�>��Borrell-Damian, 2014L�
.���67�� ��� !��� .��67�� F& T����� 5 8��0 p������Philanthropic funding � �@d��' .H����0�
` & F& ���S��;50<� =��&�>� Y� L =�cq: .6��0 ,������� =���;�6>�0 =�D��$K�� =���cq:0 ,�����y<� Y���g O��7�� ������� =���¦;�� F��& ?�5������ =�������o�0
¸��y�*: �/��~ u���$[ i��c \���U/��(Estermann &
Pruvot, 2011) L ��;50<� =���&�>� F�& � ��� =[
![Page 160: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 542 –
Cª����� 1 W7D��: =���cq7�� 9��6> �j���n[ �����j: ( J;����7�� =�D��$K� wq��7�� ���y�PR q��7�:0 ,J�����0 ,��;H��&< ? �U7�� =���G��� F�& �5���7n� .+[ �050[� F�H� @��j��� ./P7: �;50<� �y�P��� s[ =��DA7�� Z[0 G0 p������ wq��7�� }����0 Y�KD��� ���y�PR J¯ ��� x;��
5t�7$�B �� s0��*� (Estermann & Pruvot, 2011) L ��& 5 8�& ��` ���� !���� .����67�� 5��8�& F
J� ��P: 34 ����&�>� @���> h����� F��c µ������ .����67�� �Pc0 ,=�5���7$G� J� �P7B I��& �0��& �� =����n .H��0 ,hy���� �'�: .�& =�& �� �y�:0 ,=�$�5 ��
k0��7: G �j;D �/Dn .��67�� F& w�*�� ��� �5 �% F�&²H�� =��&�>� .`� (Estermann & Pruvot, 2011)L
�MdJ :$������� e�Mf�:
��W¬[ ,?� ��7& ���* F& O6;��7�� m�Ano� s�H7�.6��:0 ,�7���� ©;��H7�� : ,r��/��0 »�5<� ©;���H:
.6���:0 ����50 �� ©;����H7��0 ,\���R<�0 ?d��W'<�0
@��WH��0 @��� ©;��H:0 ,�n�;8��0 ,5�'<�0 }:�0��� L<�0 }:�0��� * ic m�Ano� .H�� q�B<� @d�>� 5�'
m��Ano� O���R ³$�76 �;50<� =��&�>� ©;��H: F& C� �0��0 ��&���� I��o��44% � 34�73%�, µ���
%�f � r��/��0 �;7U7�� �;*/�� �n�;S0 5��¦7$� ©;��H: =��&�>� �a7&� }DZ �5� P& ©�7^0 ,�W6HZ (�&0
��5��¦7�$� 0[ �W;n�/& (Pruvot & Estermann, 2015) L h�/j: 1���� ��'0[ .�;�P:0 m�Ano� ?@�AB CDU7�0 ��W¬[ ,=�;�;:��$o� F& �c�6� �;50<� =��&�>�
Y0 >� ( ¤X�&�2�, �;�;:��$4 ���� i�c Y��6B0 �n�;�S0 ��*;6��� ?dW'<�0 .&��6�� ���� �� N7$G� 0[ �D�6*�� ( =���&�' ? �c ���~� ,���;P��� =� ���
v6D���&�The Vienna Scientific Cluster� �Z[ ( p�7� p��� hy����200 �c¼��� I��c �:��;/6B k��W'
�Vienna Scientific Cluster, 2019L�
K�.L3 2 :5 �'��(� >��%� F $������� e�Mf� ���" ��� >�*�!�g2:R
����"(� >�.#��� ���D ��0::;D/�� ��5��o� ��H;�� .;g ��5��o� ©;��H7�� .;�P: 34 �jL �[")�� >�.c� : C;'5��� =�& �� O& P& 9& ��P��� ;~�:0 F��5��� 9& �0�A7�� ( =�;�H�� F& .�y[ ��&�>� ( ��dB��� ?5��o��=�&����� ?5��4 =�& `0 hy���� ?5��4 L�
>�.=�� �L�P ����' M��2I� :$�$<� �� �j�n<� ����&���� ��A¶ �A�H7 �;'5�` =�W' �¥ ��P� s[ FH6� ,F&<� =�& ` .�& ,�;L >�.c� ��] �2�! :.�& =�& �� O& P& F& �;Q�)�� ?�P�� ?���d� �6B 967°0 ��& s0��7: =��&�>� F& �� c s[ ��Q���� �$5t��0� � � :F&<� ,baj�� FH$ ,r�/�� �n�;S L hgB�� i�.=�2I� ��W�� >�.����: F6��� ���� =� ��� �n�;S0 @�� ( =��&�>� C s0��7�� L jk�)�� F h�gUI� : =�c�$ ±5�` =�Z�D��0 hy���� F& i��� ?��A7$a� �;6;��7�� �� =�B)�� 9& s0��7�� 0[ =�& ��0 hy���� �� N7$� ( =��&�>� F& � c ��~� ������� �� N7$G��N7$�@�D�� ( =�5�;D�� ©+��& �'�:0 ,=t*;DB =�½�U�� =�c�+ �� �
�.��� :(Estermann & Pruvot, 2011)
![Page 161: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 543 –
�D;Q��� =�n�H��0 .��67�� 5��8& ����7$� � µ� 5��U�� s��y �;50<� =��&�>� ( m�Ano� �'0< =���&�>� ���� O��$ 9�y�0� ���7D�;$ TU/�� F&
� ./D��0 .` �� 9��*7� O�7�� h�Q�����0 %��� �& N7D��WW'��: L
�'��(� >��%� F �P.�� ��� !:
��050[ ( I���� J;��7�� Fc =�$�5 �� F& � ��� .` ���� 5��8��& 9����*7 �t7���G� ���;¬[ 34 M8���`
�income diversification� =��&�>� �;�aP7$� d�d�:0 c�D�� t� O6;�*7�� �W�H;�0 �W76B�Z ��'��&0 i�c
.` ���� 9����*: )2010, de Boer( , )2010, Ritzen(
(Aghion, 2008), (Eurydice, 2008)L .` ��� 9���*: .���g 5��8�& Ya` F& (�X4 .`� ��ª4 � 8P� �*� .` ��� ���H;� sk���7�� h;PE ( JWD: �6Q�+ 0[ ? � '
��&���� ²H�� (Estermann & Pruvot, 2011)L =���y0�0 s�&��$� }D��Z(Estermann &
Pruvot, 2011) ��;50<� =���&�>� O��$ 9�y�0� J�[ .���67�� �8�Z �;�A£ ��� .` �� 5��8& 9��*: �Un ����8��7+G� ���&k<� }/D�� ���2���k � ��c 0[ O&���Hl� ���;50<� Y0 ���� ���&���� =���nk���� i��c ³������0
����N�� ? �Z F& ©;AN7��0�risk mitigation � O�7��Pn 5��67$� Fc V7*7$O&��Hl� .���67�� ] L 9y�0 ���
����7G�0 .��67�� ( �n0��� Fc TU/�� .6�: ��`<�
� ��B ,O&��Hl� .���67�� }Z�8�� p��� ��6>� Fc,��;�`�� ©;���H7�� ��* C ��+�*�� ic ?5 P��� ��'�Z0
@�X ( �;Dy�*7�� �25 + CDU7� �;��& �5��& 34 ��&�>� J;���7�� i�c }�j�� ( 9$�7�� .�P*: ���W�$0 ,I�����
,��W'5�`0 ��;50<� Y0 ��� C baj��0 C;6���B<�Jc �� �&ka�� �5���� �y�: ( =��&�>� �/�50 9�$�7��
�D$K�� ���$5 (L J+5 Y0 ' ]N���3 � =��> O�7�� =�;�� J�[
F& ?�P7D& .` �� w�*: d�d�7� �050[ ( =��&�>� �W;�4 M�6~ �n�/7$�100F�& ���&�' 27,�050[ �� F�&0
=���&�>� ��¥ ��P: G =�;�� ��� s[ 34 ?5�~o� JW�� =��n�H&4 �y��: ��W*H�0 .` �� 9��*: 1 ¥ ?50¢��
.` ��� ;��: (Estermann & Pruvot, 2011)L @���n4 F�& ��c�6� 34 p�K�� a�& ������ =�Z�00 =�B)���
0 ,�;�U/�� =�5 P�� d�d�7 �P��7�� ���d�� ³�0���� h�;R�: ,���0 �� ��8�7+� Jc�0 ,!��� w�jP�� F& @�B)�� 9& F�& 67D�� (�Xo� .` �� �+�y �y�� �DAn M+��� (0�
=��7*& 34 �W���E0 ,\�U/�� Ya�7$�L �Z[����&<� ( �5�AD�B[ ���&�' ��B� ��;�� ���� i�c �U'�*��
���;n�j���Oxford University Innovation � O��7��02 i�c ba�j��0 x�5 7�� �¦;� @��c[ ? c�D& 34 1
���;ct7'� ��Q��y h��PE =���P;/j: 34 JWR���U[ .����E ���5��7�� =�5��W�� J� �P: h���� Fc 9$0[ ����87+�0
![Page 162: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 544 –
��Py0 =�P;/j7�� p���� Q���� J$�P7�0 ,�&ka�� �5����0� ���&�>� ¤Q���� L ��c (2016 �;��& � Q�c �B)�� MPPZ � �
b5�P�22 ��W*& ���c O*;��$4 �;*' s�;�& 9.6 s��;�& �*&0 ,�W;y C�Z�/��0 ��&���� �;*'�WQ��n4 ���c 1997 �
�W*c h�n��spin out � ��B� Y �6 �B� �¦& F& ��B[
F��W�~ .B�2017 ,Oxford University InnovationL� V&��� J� �P: ��� .` ��� 9���*: =��;� i�c �` Y��&
F&0 ,�67D�� J;��7�� d�B�& Y���� ��� ( ?d;67�� ���&<� ��&�' �WH�g �B� ��0 �67D�� J;��7�� OH*D�� ��&�'
� *�*y ( OH*D���University of Helsinki, 2017�L
K�.L335: �'��(� >��%� F �P.�� � ! [�[�! >��l i�.=�2� /�M R
��m� /� ��
=�B)�� .;H�:������ =�Z�00� science parks (spin-out companies & 70.2% �67D�� J;��7�� V&�� J� P: (lifelong learning activities) 65.5%
²`� �� .��67�� (Internal funding allocation mechanisms) 64.3% .` �� 9��*: �;¬[ Fc ��&�>� ��D*& �;c�: 58%
�;6*7�� }7H& \� U7$� 55.8% $K& @��n4 �;A+0 �D�foundation� 49.4%
�.���: (Estermann & Pruvot, 2011)
=����&�>� ���'��: .` ���� 9����*7� �W;���$ (0 ¾��Pn \a�R ( ��$�5� �W78�� h�Q��c ? �c �;50<�
�;$�$[�Estermann & Pruvot, 2011:�
A− E����D� �������� >�2^�� �"�#R
>� ��6B�Z F�& ���*: h�Q��c ? c ��*� =���&�.�& ,�W7�H;�0 : �;�;:��$o� =�5���P�� f��£� ���S
,���&ka�� =���n�;/�� �y����: � ��c0 ���;���+0�/�� }/D�� �2� �Z00 ���dB��� ��&�>� ?5��4 C .S��7�� ���S0 c�D��� .�6��� ¤�X�0 5���4 ���'0 � �c0 ,��A�7N��
9����*7�� �;�0KD��& JW;���c 9��P: F������ C6�����B<� (.` �� L
a−�E� �n #��� �0.�� >��l� ��%� o�� � >�R
34 C�5��40 C6���B[ F& =��&�>� ��D*& �P7A� ��;A*7� �ka�� Oc���0 ��5��o� =�5�W��0 �;y�H�� ?q�� 5t�7�$� Y��� ( ?q��� ]P*B ,.` �� 9��*: =�;�6c
!��� w�jP�� 9& s0��7�� F& I��� Q���� L p− o�� � >Dq� �P.�� ��� ! �-M ��%�R
=������°��attitudes � F���& �����&�>� ��D���*& s[ F�& JWy0�¶0 ,.` �� 9��*: �Un C�5��40 C6���B[ �+ !���� w��jP�� 9�& ��+a���0 .` �� 9��*: �;�6c JW7�6W& Fc JWy�: 0[ �;6���B<� JW7;�aP7$� %W7*:
J;��7��0 TU/�� Y�� ( �;$�$<�L
![Page 163: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 545 –
��7�� ic @�*0 =�y0�0 s�&$� �+� �;50<� � ��;�6c ����n ( JWD�: s[ FH6� O7�� =��j�� F& �� c�
.` �� 9��*:�Estermann & Pruvot, 2011:� [ − ,��&���� �;�;:�$o� �j�� w�*7�� �;�6c ³5
��;�$0 F�H�0 ,��:�f �U �y � .` �� 9��*: s�H� G0�G� h;PE0 ��&�>� ���$50 ��{5 h;PU7��;���� �&� 7$L
b− ��;�6c ���n b�/$[ J�[ Z[ ����A�� ?��;P�� J$5 ( �5�8� x;� ��&�>� ?��;+ 50�0 ,.` �� 9��*:� Jc ��� ic Y�8l� ( ��W$o� 34 76� . w�*7�� �j` ��W;y 5t�7�$G� !��y0 ���&�>� ©���7��0 ,O'5���
��d;g Y��0 �W& P: s[ FH6� O7�� =�& �� Y��0 F�c =��&�>� F& ����, ��&�>� ��D*& ���4 F& B�7��0
.` �� 9��*: �;�6c h;/j: ( L
±− CAº�&0 C;*W& F& ��)/�� �5���� b�jP7$� 34 �y��Xo� I����� J;���7�� m��jn ±5��` F& @�q`0 =�q���0 =�5�W�� ic ��&�>� OAº�� }�5 7�� V&��
��;���� =a&��7�� ( �&ka�� m���0 ��;n�n�P�� 5��&<�0 .�& ��`[ �c�*7& =�5�W&0 I��� 5t�7$G� : ,�0��A7��
��5��P7��0 Jc ��� }�� =�ZP& ��7B ,=�cq7�� 9�=��gK�� Pc ,�6c� �� �W��� L
�− Jc ��� ����5��4 .��B�;�0 =� ��Z0 \� U7��$� 9��0 .��67�� Fc TU/��0 .` �� 9��*: =�;�;:�$4
=�cq7�� L
��− �7�� ��D�*&0 �;���� ?5��o� C ²`� �� .S� .` ��� 9���*: ��;�6c ( 9�;6>� JWD� T;U ,��&�>� ,��W;�4 Y��S��� ./$0 �W*& 1 �� ���5� ic s�n�H�0 C6����B¿� �����A�� dy���l�0 =Ày�H6�� ���n 9X00 =������4 9��k�: Y����� .;/�$ ic ,=�;�H�� =Ày�H&0
�W;�c h��D7��L
0− �� ��� E ����&�H�� ©;����H7�full costing � s�B �f4 �& �y��& ��&�>� 9;j7D: v7Z �;�&�>� �j�n¿� ���� w�y ���� ¾����*�� ©;����H: O��j�� .����67�� 5 8��& F�& ?5�D` 0[ �Z�5[ hPE �D$K�� Mn�B �f40 .��67��� ¾����*�� ����� ���;A*: ( %�)���� 9��& ¾����NnG� Ya��`
(Smith, Estermann, & Kanep, 2008)L
'���A F ���� >��%� ��_��2�:
.H����� ¤��X���2 � �;�aP7��$G 9��5<� 50���U��=������&�>� �university autonomy :� ,O����6;�*:
u�;+ =��K& 5�� .H�0 ,©;º�:0 ,O6���B[0 ,I�&0 9��5<� 50���U6�� ���Wc�6� ¡���/��30� (Pruvot, &
�Estermann, 2017L ac ��'0 34 \�U<� ��: ��'5� C� ��;�ª4 �+
,�;���� �;�aP7$G� �'5�0 ��&�>� .��g ( 9��*7�� ��*Wy¾�/:5� ���&�>� ?5 �+0 .` ��� 9��*: C Á�U�& ��ª4
JW$<� ( 5t�7$G� ic0 F�& ��+G�0 ,�;���� m�D�� ��+ac ��*� %��B ,�;���� �Q��A�� Á�A7ZG�0 ,��*/��
![Page 164: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 546 –
Y�8l� ��&�>� ?5 + C ���Pc Ya�` F& .��67�� ic ( ��WH�7g O�7�� �;�aP7�$G� 5� �P&0 !��� w�jP�� 9&
1����� ����* C�� ����+�*��0 O&���Hl� .` ���� 9���k�:�Pruvot, & Estermann, 2017L�
��U32 5�'�(� >��%� K_��2� ��r
�.���3 :Pruvot, & Estermann, 201752)�� , 8�W#/�� ��.0A +� �
M�6�~ ��$�5�29 ��;50[ ���&�' (Pruvot, &
Estermann, 2017) �� N7$� �;���� �;�aP7$G� M6;+ � ,��K& )c Z[�6 ���A: O7�� ��$��� �+ac �� �W*&
=��K��� �;P0 ,�A�7N�� �$�5 �� .Z��& ( �/�j�� ic�� ,O&��Hl� .���67�� �;*&d�� ?50 �� x;P: i�c ?5 �P
i��c ?5 ��P�� ,����+G� ,O&���Hl� .����67�� 9���k�:r��/�� %�g ,�;n�d;�� F& �Q�A�� Á�A7ZG�L = �'00
�W7;�aP7��$� ���'5� ( =0���A7: ���;50<� =����&�>� s[
��;���� �;�aP7�$G� ( ��;��c �'5� MPPZ O7�� Y0 ��0±5�/6DB�� O�,? �U7�� ��H�6��0 ,�;A:G L ²�� t;�y0
U*$ �;���� �;�aP7$G� ( =�ya7`G� J�[ ];N�: Y0���$�5 �� ��� ( =�50 O7�� L ( J;���7�� ��6�n[ ���
C*������� i��c �;��$�5� ����$5 p[ ����A: G ���050[� *�*y0 �5tn ��B L F�H6� �&�$5 ��A: O7�� �6�n<�0�
34 �;�$�5 �� ���$��� 5� �P& �� E ic �25 + J;DP:,�D;Q5 ±ftn �RaRY0<� : .�/+ F�& ���U ��$��� � E�
,K���(� �s X0 ��.���
,K�� `�gt�� ,u/�� v�H�
�2��.�� i�2)�� .�.��
G��
Financial
���t ���P� w���� ��)x
.�.� X0 ��.���� ��%�
u�Mt 8�" y�.-�2�� ���n�
$��z ���
Organiational
���P� w��� ,a_��� �.0
{��|�� y�.-�2� ,a_���
{��|�� Z��r ,EY\�: �A
������ >L�.��
$���"(�
Academic
�_P:� }!��)��� ~������
������� �tg��� C)���
����"(�� ~������
Staffing
![Page 165: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 547 –
T������ ,���$��� 5�P: �&�c �j�$ r���� ,�WDAn ��&�>����$��� 9X0 ( s0��7: =��&�>�0 �j�D�� L s��B s40
�� E ( q�B[ �;�aP7�$� ��� �;50<� =��&�>� J��& }n�'<� �/�j�� ��$����C;50<� �� L�
�P�7: O�&�>� J;��7�� =�D$K& J��& .���67�� v =0��A7: FH�0 ,���*$ �;���4 �U*& Ya` F& O&�Hl�� ���* C� ���+�*��0 .���67�� 9��k�: ���Z ( =��&�>� ���6�n<� ©8��n ���/��P7y ,���2�'�;7Z� }D��Z 1������ ��;�`�� .���67�� 9��k�: ( ��;���� ���l� �¯ � �;6;��7���
V�0��*��0 �5tn ���0 ��Hn��B ?� �� ��;+ s0� L J��n =���&���� ¤6D�: �W�;� �$�5 �� �W7�6~ O7�� J;��7�� ( ��;+ s0 O&�Hl� ����� .��67�� �Q�A Á�A7ZG� ��� ���'0 9�& 0[ ,�5tn ��0 �Dn�y0 ��Hn�B Y0� ����;P�� .6���:0 ,Y����:q��0 ��D����B Y0� ( ����;P�� 9�X0 ,��;'5�` �j��$ �Py��& ic Y�8l� 34 �'�l�
� E 0[ ,Â+[ ZO�7�� �j�n<� w�n h�A*� s[ F�H6��Q�A�� �W;�c L ,��+ ��&�H� ���D�& ���+G� .��
���0 �5tn ��� .�& �;6;��7�� �6�n<� F& .;�+ � c0 s0� ���+G� =���&���� ¤6D�: ��;n��<� =��G���
���;/�����0 ,?� ��� ����;+ ����y ����;P�� ���� ����A:�+a� ��8�+ ����¦& �/Dn � E �c�;~ ����B[0� ,��
��� (0 ,��&���� �j�D��� F�& �Py��& ic Y�8l�0 ��+G�� =���&���� ¤6D� ��D��0 �;n��[ =��y��
���0 �� �B��6�� ��*/�� ic 5�8U�� L ��c�6� ¤;�7:0 F�H� ,r�/�� %�g =��&���� �50[ ( �6�n<� F& ?�/B 0[ ���W�; i��c ?5 ��P�� O��*��G h��y����0 r���/�� %���g
�����'�:L �5tn ����0 ��Hn���B Y0 ���� ���� ����*�0 ,����U =�5��P��� 9�; ��W;y =��&���� FH6� �;��j�40 ��;'5�` ��Py��& .H�~ i�c ��;P�� �W;y h/j: �;/�����0
�Pruvot, & Estermann, 2017L� �& N7D��� .` �� 9��*: ./$ J�[ ����7$� � ���� ( ��WW'��: O�7�� h�Q�����0 �;50<� =��&�>� (
�� ��;���� �;�aP7�$G� �+ac0 ,�¥ Ã��� Y��l�0 Y�� T�U/�� F�& µ� 5�U�� s�y ,.` �� 9��*: ( ���*��
µ� Y�KD��� Fc ��'o� Y0�U;$ :�& =�;�;:��$o� ��;50<� =���&�>� .���67�� ?@�AB CDU7� �& N7D��
?�¥�;c0 �;�;:$� .B =�d;e�&0 ���" ��� >�*�!�g2:�������:
F��c ������P: ���;050<� =����&�>� ���j�5 =)��n� w0)&�DEFINE � =�;�;:��$4 i�c 1���: p�����
h��� Fc �;50<� Y0 �� ( ��/7�� .��67�� ?@�AB CDE 9�& ���5K/�� ��P*�� =�c�6�0 =a�P��0 =�50���� 34 �y����Xo� ,=����&�>� C�0KD����� F��& ��� ���
.��;�E0 =�n�/7��$G� 9��'����0 =���A�K��0 \���U/�� s���� ��¥ �S��� �;6���B<�(Pruvot, Claeys-Kulik,
Estermann, 2015)
![Page 166: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 548 –
=�;�;:��$4 \a�R ���*� ���P7�� ��� }DU0O�0 ,.��67�� ?@�AB CDU7� �D;Q5 : ic JQ�P�� .��67��
.��'[ F��& .����67��0 ,V& ����0 ����H;�� ?����c40 ,@��<��: ²� t;y0 ,d;67��=�;�;:�$o� ��¥ ©�� L
1 5���(� X0 �Y��� �������:
�D��$K�� i��c C���7� ��W� ³/:���� @��<� ����WA&���&��� VQ�7*�� 34 Y�S��� � ��;P�� �;6;��7�� L .���67��0
@��<� ic JQ�P��(performance based funding) \ � C7;� Ya` F& : F�H6�0 ,@��<� ���Pc0 ,.��67�� ¡;S
� s[ C�7;�� C� ¨��$<� m�A�� ,��& tW;�B tW&� N7$� x;P: .��67�� ¡;8y ,�A�7¶ �;*&k �jPn F& [ /: tW*& aB�
@��<� ���Pc t*�; ,�P�$ �;*&k ?y ( ��&�>� =a` &
�;�/P7D�� =������0 1� �<� ic dB�:�Pruvot, 2015 L� A− ������� ���:
.�����67�� ��;��S�funding formula � ������ ( ]8��N�� .����67�� 5� ��P& ��� U7� ���;� O��� m�;D���� F6��7: �;�X��5 ��;S �� N7$� I���� J;��7�� �D$K�
O�7�� %�: �W¬[ ,=��K��0 =���7�� F& �� c� x;�P:.��& ,�;6;��7�� �;�6��� =a` & : ba�j�� �� �c[� (
�7D'���0 u��5���H/�� � ,T�U/�� ?���' =a` �&0.�& :c O'5���� Jc ��� 5� �P&0 ��5�7B ��� V&��� �
\���U/�� �Pruvot, 2015 L� .����67�� ¡;��S M���`�[0� ��W7�: V�0�*��0 �5tn �� .�& Y0� ( =�;*;�D7�� Ya`
.�Q�0[ ( ��D��0 �Dn�y .�& Y0�2000� L M& N7�$� ��W7A+0[ JR ,.��67�� F& @�d'[ � E ( ��;8�� �D6*��
� =���X0�A�� �W7� /7��$�0 �;n�/��$4 (0 ,@��<� ����P }/D�� ��;8���� h����� F��c .����67�� O����[ Y����:q��0 T�;Z ,©�P7�� =�@��'�0 �;����0 ����87+G� =�&k<�
];8N7�� 34 �&�Hl� =�> �c�y �� ¡��/�� ic �$�;+��P�D���� =���;n�d;�� (L ��;��S � N7D��: O��7�� Y0 ����0
.&�H�� �W;�c 67�: Y0� F& ©�7£ .��67�� .�& �/��P: � .H�: O7�� Y0 �� 34 �;n��[ ( �D;�0 Å5�/n n�� O7�G0�D�n�AB ��;&�Hl� ��U*�� F& ���S �@d' ��;8�� �W;y� �
�Pruvot, 2015L� a− ���(� ���0:
@��<� ��Pc�performance contracts � m�A:� O� ���&�>� i�c C�7� O7�� �;�/P7D�� 1� �<� � E Y�Z
,�WP;PE ���&�>� ��S�` 1� ��<� s��H: s[ FH6�0 ���B[ 1� ��[ F�& �P7��& 0[ �W7;�;:��$4 9& �PD7&0 ,���0 �� ( I����� J;���7�� =�$�;D� �+ac �� �;&�6c ��WP;PE b���j& VQ��7n .H�~ ic 1� �<� ©S�:0� VQ��7*�� ���� Y��S��� ��;A;B 5��P: s[ ��&���� ��0
O�*&k 5���4 ( ���/7�� =�@��'o�0 s[ F�H6�0 ,� �� !��y �y��: ,Y����� .;/�$ ic ,�;c�n 1� �<� s�H: �����;P�� }S�*�� 34 Y�S��� @�D*��0 Y�'��� ��0�D7&@�D�*�� F�& ?�:��$<� � c ?���k .�& ,�;6H�� �Wj50[
![Page 167: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 549 –
�Pruvot, 2015L� w��*7: ,1� ��<� ��;/� ic ��t7c�0 �0��A7:0 ���k��n4 F�& h�PU7��0 J��P7�� =�@��'4 ( =
�� ;P�:L Y0 ��� C� =0�A7& @��<� ��Pc �� N7$� � &0
�;50<��Pruvot, 2015���c a�& ,� 2006 ��11�% F�& h���� Fc O� �5tn �� ( �;&�Hl� �;���� =�88N�� �/D*�� ��� =��k0 ,�;�U/�� �;�6��� �P��7�� @��<� ��Pc
34�27 �% ��c (2012� L ���c ( �;��j�4 1 22020� b5�P��& 34 @��<� ��;8 .��67�� �/Dn ?���k 34�30 �%
²H�� .��67�� F&, Y�k��& �;50<� Y0 �� }��[ ( FH� ��0 � @��<� ³/:��� .��67�� �� N7$�� L
O��7�� =�� ��U7��0 !���A�� F��& ��� ��� ����*�@��<� i�c JQ��P�� .��67�� }Z�8: �Pruvot, 2015� L
� �� ��j/:��� @��<� ����& s[ �n x�5 7�� Y�� OAy Cª����±�N7�� Y �& x;�0 � �/Dn ?���d� �dy�Z �y�:�
�� �c[ � E ( ���l� �¯ � O7�� =��&�>� � � Y�/P�� �/�j�� Jc� ./$ �y�: 9& ,�050[ ( ��;�+ O�0 ,�/�j�����;'�7�� .���& q��B[ �c¼�� ±���N7�� ( �& ��+ Æ��6���
���0 � 9& �/�j�� Y�/+ ��d: .�P�� ( FH� ,��~5o�0J;���7�� ?���' ic �/�$ �RK: + ?�:�$<�0 hy�����. (0
��;'�7n4 x;�P: O�7�� =��K��� � N7D�: TU/�� Y�� � �c0 ,O'5���� .���67�� 5� �P&0 ,�W;�Z�0 �D$K��
1 ��¥ �����Un0 ,!����� w���jP�� 9��& ����P��� ?���y�H&
�;��c \�U/�� \��U/�� VQ�7n �� N7$� 9;��:0 ?��>� p�K�� + ������ ��� ic d;B�� FH� ,967��� � ^ t ?����' ������& Y���¬40 O��6���� T��U/�� �t7���G� 34 ��e )�*�� .'[ F& C;6���B<� ic ³���� 0[ ,J;��7�� \��U/�� d;;g 0[ ,)*�� ( �;*W& �� =�$5�e �*c V7*�
i�c �;P;/j7�� 1��U'4 0[ ,�;�$�$<� ������� \��U Y ��& s��H� ��& ?��c O7�� �;n�Dno� ������ =�88£
��;6���� =�8�8N7�� F�& .+[ O�U/�� ��)n L %���B .���g 34 p�K�� ��;�U/�� �;'�7no� 9& @��<� .��g ³5 =���&�>� b�D�Z ic �;�U ?d;67�� J;��7�� =�D$K&�
�;�U/�� =�;n�H&G4 34 �P7A: O7�� ��S�y F�& �W&�� �e����j7��0 CDU7�� L c�D�� �+ ?5��o�0 ��6B�l� (0
� �^ t� ���W>� d�;B�: i�c @��<� ic JQ�P�� .��67�� �5���7: �+ 1� �<� ��� FH�0 �;�;:�$o� 1� �<�
�;6;��7�� �D$K�� �;�aP7$� 9& L =�;�;:��$4 ? c ��*�0 JQ��P�� .��67�� Q��y O*' ic c�D: ©�A£0 @��<� i�c
.6��:0 �����¶ F& : ,.���67�� ����n ( �;y�A���� st�X ?� �� @��<� ic JQ�P�� .��67�� F& �8Z ic Á�Al�0 .���67�� F�& ��c�j7+� � �c0 ,�;y��X4 Y��&[ .H~ (
,?���>� st�X d�d�:0 ,u�$<� �;�aP7�$G� st�X0I���� J;��7�� =�D$K� �;���� �Pruvot, 2015�L
2 5>��%� {��:
��c F&2000 ��c 34 �2015 ��/��P: M�g ���92 �
![Page 168: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 550 –
MZ0��: ,�050[ ( �;6;��7�� =�D$K�� C V&� �;�6c34 *�D��[ .��& �� ( ? �Z�0 V�&� ��;�6c F& �16�
1 �¥ �Dn�y ( V&� �;�6c ��;6���B<� ?���>� CD�E 9�6° Ya�` F�& ,�;�;:��$o� 1� �<� ��W*��0
�q�� ,? �Z�0 ����& M�E �;7U7�� �;*/��0 �;6���B<� = ��� h�;PE0 ,��;*;/�� \��U/�� .�6c !��y ?���k0 ba��j�� � ��c ?�����k Ya��` F��& ���;���� }��$�H�� 9��& �0���A7�� ��*c ?���P�� ?�����k I���7��0 ,?�:���$<�0
,.���67�� �8�Z ic =�j�D�� ( ��;'�0�kG� }�*°0V&�q�� (Pruvot, Estermann, & Mason, 2015)L 0 ��050[ ( =���&�>� V�&� =�;�6c w��n[ JWA�
O�0 ,±�& nG� �;�6c d;g O7�� =tD�� ¤;X�: F& G =���$�5 �� � ��Z4 �W78��� t��B =t��$ 9��5[(Pruvot,
Estermann, & Mason, 2015)L=��;�6��� ��� �6$ Y0[ M��g �f���y ,���;*��� =�D��$K6�� O/D��*�� J���l� O���
K& C V& �� =�;�6c v6D�: ,.R�e J�Z =�f =�D$ V& ��zOPy<�| V& �� t*; ,z¨[���| V�&� i�c Y ��
��& �/���0 ,��S[ ��`[ �D$K& 9& �;/Dn ?�/B �D$K&� �C��& Y��� ( �8�8N7& �D�$K& s�H:L .;/�$ i�c
Y������ : C�� O��Py[ V��&� =���;�6c MR ��Z �D��n�y ( V& ���� F��& w���*�� �����0 ,����Rt7& ���;6;��: =�D��$K&
�W7D� C� 96>� �;A;B Fc Y�KD�� ���0 ?��B �5��& % ����&�' .��H ���S��� ���&a����brands � ���;�6c ���
V& �� L±�& n� �� ¨[��� V& �� ic Y��6B0 F�& � c ����&�' 9��& �8��8N7�� �������0 \���U/�� d��B��&
University College London ������c ( 2014�, �B M�;P q�B<� ��&�>� �S��� �&a���0 9�& ,O�� t
=���;�6c s���y %�����0 ,?��8���� �D��$K�� b��;7��$� b��;7���$G� J���$� ����W;�4 5������ ������ ±�& ���nG�
�absorption �s�;Z<� �� (. w�n O� �;n���� �6D��0 ]Q�8��` ���� .��� ,���;�6��� ( �B5������ =�D��$K�� =���;�6c ( ?���;�;6H: 0[ �¥����7& �;D��$K& w���X0[0
O� O7�� =��&�>� C V& �� � c '�� �W��/� ��6H& �R��7�� I�7��0 ,C7�&�>� C ?5�H7�� V&�q�� F& .;�+
a;�+ s�H� =��&�>� ��D*& �� c[ ic� L ������� �6D��0 =�D�$K�� 5��P: �+ a��& ,.�&�H7�� ��;�6c h6c O��
.&��~ .�&�H: 5�;7`��comprehensive integration � .&�H�� V& �� F& G �(full merger), s���A7� T;Z
m�jn ME s�'5 *� JW*H�0 .P7D�� r�n�P�� JW�X� ?��A7�$G� ��� ��E� ±f�6n ( 9$0[ ���& 0[ �6�*& ?��c �¥ 9�j�:0 ,�5���� J$�P: 0[ �;�;:�$4 ?5��4 F&
=�£� Y��6B0 ,�;y���' �5�P7& =�D$K&�6 =�D$K& �E� @���n� �5��+ �;��j�4 b�*' ( �;6;��:� ( O�&��' ��
��c2011,0 ( Y��� s��&�5 ���&�' M¦��n[ �;n�/$4 ( ±�& �n� F& Mn�H: O7��0 �n��~�10?���S ����& L
?���c4 ��;�6� V& ��� ���S ��'0 O� ������ �6D��0
![Page 169: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 551 –
��0 �� I���� J;��7�� �&��*& m�jn ic ��H;� L �+ a��&� �a�S4 =�5���/6 ��+ac ��� x;�� V& �� �;�6c s�H:
�7�� ( ���5�7H;y ��&�' C V& �� %�f ic Y��6B0 ,J;� ��;'���*H7��0 ������� D��n�& ��&�' W�&0 D�n�&
( D�n�& ��&�' .;H�7�2004 q�B[ F�& s��B p��� ,? U7�� �H�6�� ( =�' O7�� O�&�>� ±�& nG� =�;�6c L
( 50� ��� s��H� �+ �&���� =�j�D�� ,��`[ �;Z�n F&�;�6c d�d�: W��& ( �a�S4 h;PU7� ?���B ±�& nG� =
%�f ic Y��&0 ,I���� J;��7�� : ���&�' M¦��n[ � *�*y (�Aalto � V& 3 F& @d�B �A�7¶ =�88£ �� =��&�'
�� *�*A�� =��&���� I0 �� d;67�� d�d�7� �;&�HZ ?5��/&
�(Pruvot, Estermann, & Mason, 2015 L 0;50<� ���7�� F& ]�N7Dn V& ��� �;�6c s[ �
����5�0 �;' ³;�j£ 34 ±�7E �;6;��7�� =�D$K�� C J���P: ���S F& J���� ic0 ,? � ��� ���*�� .&��� ��;���� =���/7��0 V& �� �;�6�� ��67U�� �;��A�� ?@�AH�� ¤/8�7� =��*�$ m��7D�: ��Ç< ,Y��U7�� ��� �;P;Pl�
�� ©;��H7�� b�DZ F& G ,�&�g �UX�0� �;�6�� ��+�7 ��� ��67U�� 9y�*�� @�X ( ?5q& �� Mn�B �f40 V& �� ,�& �+ Æ�g s[ O��/*� G V& ��� ��;�6c s��y ,�;�6���� ���� ( ��;*��� =�D�$K6�� .��y<� 5��;�� s�H;$0 =Gt7��Z� F��& ����&�B ���c�6� ( ����*�� ?����c4 �����l�
h;D*7��0 s0��7�� L
3 5[����� �LA +� �������:
� d�;67�� .'[ F& .��67�(funding for excellence) O� 34 1 2 =�;�� F& �c�*7& �c�6� d�;67�� d��d�:
��;���� =�8�8N�� ��;'�: Ya�` F�& ,=��&�>� C i�c d�B�� ,¸�y�*: u��$[ i�c =��&���� �;&�Hl�
J�$� ��W;�4 5��� �;D$K& =�;�;:�$4 ���j:� ³�j`d�;67��� (Pruvot, Estermann, 2015) L =��;�� ����
��$�$[ d;67: �Ç< ,p����� ¸y�*7�� .��67�� Fc ©�7£� �Ç�z�;Q�*�7$�| ��8�A*& =�@��'��B .` : �Ç[ v*�6 ,
M�+0 ( ��0 �� s�H�0 ,�6Q�P�� .��67�� =�;� ±5�`� ����*�� h�;PE Y��Z ( ?5��/�� � ° �;n�H&4 9& ,C�&
Dy�*7�� .��67�� =�;�À �n5�P& ( ���j: O�7�� �������� �;5�H7& u�$[ ic =G�l� F& ��B L F�c ©�7£ �Ç[ tB
;A7D: O7�� =�¦A��0 �W+�jn ( p����� ¸y�*7�� .��67�� 1� W7�$� 34 .�;6� p������ ¸�y�*7�� .���67��y ,�W*& F�& .���67�� 1 W7D�� t*�; ,T�U/�� m�y 0[ C�Z�/��
j7�0 ��;6;��7�� �D$K�� d;67�� .'[ ?���;P�� ��d�7�� }���;D�$K�� (Pruvot, Estermann, 2015)L s���H� �+0
.��& ,O��U/�� d;67�� 9& �j/:�& d;67�� .'[ F& .��67�� r��j�q�� O��U/�� d;67�� 5��4(Research Excellence
Framework) .���& x�5 ��7�� ( d��;67�� 9��& ³/:���� 0[ (�� w0)��&�IDEFI � w0)��&0 �D��n�y ((Quality
Pact for Teaching)�;n��[ ( L
![Page 170: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 552 –
d�;67�� .�'[ F�& .��67�� �&���� =�j�D�� 5�7£0 ��c�*7& b�/�$<(Pruvot, Estermann, 2015), ( t�
,��;*��� =�D$K6�� �;�0 �� ��6D�� d�d�:0 h;PE %�f ������ �P�j&0 ,?��>�0 x�5 7��0 \�U/�� CDE0
I���� J;��7�� m�$ ( }�j��0 L³�j` 1 �20 d�;67�� � c �'0[ ���k4 h��� Fc ,.��67�� ?@�AB ?���k 34 ���[�
1���� ( ?@�AH�� L d�;67�� .�'[ F�& .���67�� ¤;�7�0 F�c a��y ,�;y��X4 �j��n� ���;P�� (�H�� I��� Jc ��� ( JWD�� ��e ,�;����� =�n�H&o� p0f CAº��� ©;º�:
�50 ���0 �D$K�� �W�7*: O7�� \�U/�� ?��' 9y5 +}�5 �7��0 J;���7�� �j��n[ i�c ��;�ª4 5��R �� s�H� L
h��;/j: ���;�6c s[ ���;50<� �����7�� F��& ]�N7D��n0 �'0[ ��*Wy ,=��&���� �A�H& d;67�� .'[ F& .��67�� ,d�;67�� ¤*�& ic J� P7�� ��U7�� .�& ,1��� ?��B O�6;�*7�� �W>� F�& ���H�� }��j7� ¤*�� ?5��4 %��B
C6;P�� �y�7B�C;�0 �� L F�& .��67�� s[ Yt7Z� ��*�0 �5���7� ��e ��*;�& �;6�c =�88£ Jc � d;67�� .'[ ? ��c J���: O��7�� ?���/H�� =����&�>� =���W'�: 9��&
=�88£ L � �� .��67�� F& w�*�� ��� %�f 34 �y�X4 ¤*�& ic J� P7�� *c p50¢�� F& %��� ,C�& M+�
�: ���*� s�H� s[ d;67�� .'[ F& .��67�� ¤�X�0 5�8 @���W7n� ��� �&� 7��$G�0 ±0����� ���j� ����&�>� ��*c
.��67��L ?���B s��;Z[ ( .���67�� h�;/j: Oc 7D� +
�+ ����0 ��;6;��7�� �D$K�� ?5��4 .B�;� �$ *� ?��c4h�^ ��;¬<� F�& s��y I�7��0 ,.`� �� ( ���+ �&0�P&
9�& .�S��7�� (��H�� �t7��G� ?���;P�� I��: s[ s�H6�� ( JW7B5���& d��d�: 34 O�D��� F�c a��y ,C�D*�
±ft�n ���+G =�D�$K6�� 1�B Y�� �Z�:40 �;�6����
�W8Q�8` 9& �@a7: O7�� �6B�l�L CDU7� =�;�;:�$4 \aR 5�U�� ��� ���7$� ,���;50<� =����&�>� ( M& N7��$� ���;���� ?@���AH��.���H� �����+�7�� =���8�����0 ,�����67U�� ���Q��A��0
�;�;:�$4 L ���7D�7$ T�U/�� F�& ��&��P�� 50�U�� 9��*: =G0��0 ,�H�6�� ( I���� J;��7�� .��g 5��8& ���� ����+� .��/+ ,�����D���� =����&�>� .` ���� ����7�� F�& ���7�$� ��& ic @�* �/$�*�� =�;S�7��
�;050<�L ������� �')��� ����� F G��� ������� ���H ����:
;����7�� J;����7�� ?5�k0 M¦���n[ ����$��� I������ J J���+5 O���H���1�236 ( 8 Y0<� ������� 1395 �����
�1975� � J;����7�� ( ���H�6�� ���$�;$ ���;A*: 3���77� J;��7�� ��k0 ��0 ,O�&�>� ��$�;$ ��;A*: Fc G0KD&�
J;��7�� Y�� ( �&�Hl�. È�5�709 r���� 9;5 1436 ����2015� �� �&<� 5 S[ J+5 OH���67 V& � »��P��
?5�k0 ( J;���7��0 ��;�� ?5�k00 I����� J;��7�� ?5�k0 5 �S �5��7�� x�An (0 ,J;���7�� ?5�k0 J�$� ? Z�0
![Page 171: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 553 –
[ J�+5 O�H��� �&<��69 I����� J;���7�� x��� @����� ,J;��7�� ic<� x����0 =��&�>�0 ( M¦��n[09 pf
��l�1436e 3��7: ��7+K& ��*> �� =�;Za�S ��$5�I���� J;��7�� x�� L ?5�k0 1): J;���7�� =���&�>� i�c ��;&�Hl�
O7�� ¡�� ��� �c ���c1438 ���� 26� ���&�' ��ck�& ����&�>� 34 �y���Xo� ,���H�6�� h����*& C�� ���;y���'�
��;n0H�G� �����D�� ��0 , 50 �S ��Py��& x���
i�c @�5k���� s[ 3��7: ?5�k0 J;���7�� I����� 45� �S
w�jP�� ];`�� !���� @���no ����` =�D�$K&
�;6;��7�� ����¿� m�y J;��7�� ,p�n���� =[ ����;��<� =�D$K�� @��n� =�;�B �;��[ =��&�'0 ¡��
��� c ��c1438 ��� 11 ���&�' 0�38 ��;�B ( ©�7¶
=����y��0 h����*& ���H�6���I������ J;����7�� ?5�k0, 2017L�
FH6� ©;*8: g.��� J;���7�� I����� ( ��H�6��
�����D�� 34 Cc�n: O&�HZ ���0 ,O&��HZ T�;Z
M8�n� ?����� �53� F�& ����n x��� J;���7�� I�����
� J+5 OH��� ��$��� 5��8�� =��&�>�0�8 �5�:0 4 r���� ����1414s� �� s�H: =������4 .�B ���&�'
µ�B:
− =��t7cG� O7�� ]8£� �� ( d;&�;n� ��0 ��L
− =�cq7�� ¤*��0 ���S���0 1�+0<�0L
− 9�5 �WBa&[ �&0 V7*� Fc 1�7��� �W;yL −V7*: =�����4 Fc ��;P�� =�c0)6 \��U/��
=�$5� �� 0[ 0[ =�& �� �;6���� F��`É�L .H����� ¤��X��0�1 � O��7�� =��t7��cG� J���Z
F& I���� J;��7�� M88`200434 � 2018�L � & s4 �����D��� =���&���� ��;���� �;�aP7$G�
,��;050<� =��&�>� �;/��� 9& =��K& ? c ( ���7� .��B0 ,��+G��� �����D���� =����&���� ¤6D��� a��y u��$[ i�c ��¥ ��S��� ��;n�d;�� w0)& ¢E ��&�'
�;:� b��<� }DZ �2�y0�& =��� P:: 1 � =�/:���,=G ���/��0 5����'<�0 2 �y0������ �;�;�����7�� =� ,��5��o�0 �;BaW7$G�03 � �n�;8��� V&��� =�y0�&
,.;��7��04 � ? �� >� =�@��no�0 9�5����� ��UQa��=��&�>� ( �;���� s0K��� �6�*�� L�s�H:0 =a+��*��
F�& 5���P ��;n�d;�� w0�y0 Y�8y0 ��D+[ =��t7c� C�W;y ¤6D� �*;�& =G�Z ( G4 �;���� ��k0 ��&�>� �� �
C�0 ,�;�;���7�� =��PA*�� ���* C� =a+��*�� @��'� ����&���� F��H6�G0 ,9�5������0 V&�q���� =��t7��c�
��;n�d;�� �Q�A Á�A7ZG� L %��g ���&���� F�H6�0 0[ �WND�y 0[ 5�ªo� ��Pc � °0 ��&�>� =�H�7e �'�:
,���� F& =�5�P��� 0[ s�;c<� 5��¦7$�0 ��K�& �&[ = ���'0 � �� �;��l� ?A�� ( h/j*:ay �;$�5 �� ��$���
�;��$�5� ����$5 L �����n ?��D��& ( =���;�ªo� F��&0
![Page 172: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 554 –
O�7�� ������ ?���� �n !�8�� ��¥ �P�� =��&�>� ic ]*:� ��P7D�& ����*�& �;8�N� ��&�' .B 9767:
5t�7$G�0 1�7��0 %�67�� hZ �W;j�: �;��& �&f =�f�0 »�P7��0 ,��;6�c ��7�� YaP7$G� ���*�� ��� �� .AH�
��5��40 ,�;��&0� � L� ������� >��%� F ������� ���� ��� ! Q: LT�:
=����&���� ���;���� �&� 7��$G� �t7���G� 9��y�0� 9��y�0� 9��& �����7: ���W�`� 5��8��& 9����*:0 �����D����
���;050<� =����&�>� L p��8��7+G� m�;D���� ����*WyD& b��:0 =������4 i�c ��R��:0 ³A*�� 5��$[ =���7
5 8�& .H�: O7�� �;���� ��0 �� �nk��& I�7��0 ,�H�6��=����&���� x;Q����� .����67�� L ���;�t7Z� 9��& .��&��7��0
F& ©;AN7��0 a/P7D& O&�Hl� .��67�� �8Z �;A£����N�� ? Z�risk mitigation � F�& ��/B �t7��� ��*�
*7 �����D�� =��&�>�.��67�� 5��8& 9��L
��U33 5 }��.���� ������� �t X0 e�Mf�2004 −20183 ����2 K�� ����5
�.��� : ���� �����aspx.default/Pages/Budget/docslibrary/sa.gov.mof.www://https
��*�[ ,I����� J;���7�� i�c }��j�� ( ��d: ����
s[ ÊZa� I���� J;��7�� =�;Q�8Zo 9/77��y I��4 �/DnF� ;P�� ( J;��7�� I���� ( ��H�6�� ��;���� �����D���
��`�: v�U*& �� c�8�:� � �c a��& ,�c5�D�7&� � ��/�j��
![Page 173: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 555 –
¨�5 ��� ������ ��;&�Hl� =���&�>� 9�;� ( F� ;P��2514�1426 ���590353 � u5 �48 % ²�H�� ��� F&
�495431 � ��c0 x�5���H/�� �'5�1435�1436 ��k �� 34 � ������1400297� u5 ���93 % ²��H�� ����� F��&
�1305636 � x�5���H/�� �'5��,I����� J;��7�� ?5�k0 2017L� C����D��� F�& �H�6�� s�H$ �/;B�: }DU0
s�y 30 % �&�c )c �D6�� �6�� s0��&0� ��&���� �¦;�� ,@�8Z§�2017� J;��7�� ic }�j�� ��d: s[ O*�� �e ,
�&��+ =��*$ ? �� �67D;$ p�n���� ��& L O&��*7�� ��� }�j�� ( ?����d� =���&�>� i�c �;�67� ����X h�^�
( ?����k ��W/B��� � �f4 O�7�� Y��/P�� �;��;7�$G� ��D�� �/�$ �RK: + ��&�>� �5��&�J;���7�� ?��' ic L %���B
�� �c[ ( ?����k O*�� O�&�>� J;��7�� ic }�j�� ?���k }:�0��� ( 9'��:0 ©;º�7�� !�y F& � �e Cª��� J;��7�� ( 5t�7$G� ic Q���� �A` I�7��0 ,5�'<�0
³/:�� p��� ¸�y�*: m��$ ( .�6��� F�& ��A�� .` ��D�� ���j/�� Y �& ��d: 9& �S�`F�� 12.5% ���c (
2017 �� ,@�8Za� �&���� �¦;��2017� L %�f 34 �y�X4 ���{5 s��B5[ F& s�y2030 5 ������ m��Ano� ?@��AB 9�y
5 ��� F& l�0 �5���� �� N7$� ( ?@�AH�� h;PE0 t�B 5���P�� O�n�S �c � ���0 �& P�� ( %��� �n�[0 h/$
���'��& 34 I���� J;��7�� (�$[ ��;���y};�� .���67��
�:@�AB0L
������� >��%� F ������� ���� ��� ! >��l:
M��X0 ��H�6�� F�& �� �c� =��;�� ��;6;��7���
�;6;�*7��0� h�� �5��& �;��& O&��Hl� Jc ��� �;y�X4 L\� Z4 �W¬[� m0 *S J;���7�� ���c ( I�����2001 ,�
m0 *8�� 34 =��&�>� Y�E0��WPPE O�7�� ¡��/�� F�& � =Ày�H& ;~�:baj�� F��P�� ( JWQ��[ ,¨�5 ���
F&0 ? ��� JW*�& k0��° ��;&��*�� 0[ s��PU7�� F�����
=��&�>� Ya` .8A�� OA;8��� L3��7�0 m0 *8���
5t�7$� =�cq:0 =�/� F& �� � P� �&0 �:�����4 F& @d'!���� w��jP�� F�& LM���0 =������o� ����Ç v�7Z
2009 pk��� �& ��,472,143,1991 � ����Ç v7Z0 ,Y��52009 pk���� �& Y�& �� ��236 � ��;���4 ¡���/6 �c0)�&�
��5 +1,002,606,348 =���&���� 9�5���& ic Y��5 �;�$�$<� ��W7;*0 �W��� Jc�0 �;6;��7�� �2�D& � £
m0 *8�� 1� �[ 5��4 (�,O�&��>� J;���7�� m0 *�S 2017 L� tB=��&�>� F& � c M�X0 =�;� �����D��
.��67�� µ���� F& =�5���7$G� ���&0 ,©+��� �W¬[�=�& ��` � ��P: O��7�� ¤��8��� ?5����7$G� =�D��$K&
m���A:� 0[ ��Pc }��'�6 ���;��<�0 ���;&�Hl� 9��67��� .P7D�& b�D�Z ( w���:0 ©;���H7�� .8E0 b�7H& ¨���H��0 ,?� �U�� 1���� ��'0[ i�c ��*& m�An§�
�;�U/��� ]8^ T;Z� �¨�B Jc � \�U<� �;6���� ( Y�� � � ic s[ .��67�� s�H� F& =�D$K& w�jP��
![Page 174: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 556 –
����� Y�'50 Ytc<� .�P& ma�4 J$� ,Y�6�� 0[ F&
���� ic ¨��H�� Y���� ? �& ¨���B Y0[0 ,.���67�� ���c ,s�����0 Y0/�� Wy %��� ��&�' ( s�B TU/��
1996 34 � ����� .��S00 ,250��$ ( ¨���B �*2011 ��,d����A¬0 ²;��P��� 2012L� @����n4 ���� ���` Y����&0
���&��B =��&�' ? c ( O6���� TU/�� Jc� m0 *S,����$ %���� ���&�'0 ,s������0 Y0�/�� Wy %���
1 W7D�� p���0 !���� w��jP��0 ����y<� =�¬�D�&� .��67� ��;c�*�� Y���l� � �P: O7�� �;�U/�� =�c0)�
�'��: O7�� =aH�6�� �����D�� =�B)��0 =�D$K�� �;D��y�*: ���P��j ���;*���� ������0<� =�f \���U/��0 L
����`[ 5��8�& \� U7�$� ��67D�& �t7��G� Y�k��&0� �����n ?��D��& ( %���f ¤���7�0 ,=����&�>� .����67� �W�+�& ic J;��7�� ?5�k0 �:)n p��� � >� =��&�>�
�5���7 r0��H�o�23 ����l� pf 1438 �����2017�� 0 =���Z�+G� J� ��P7� C8��7N��0 C��67W�� M��c�
=��Za��0 LY��6B : ?�����57 � =���&���� MU6�$ x��� ���P� �;��& �5��& p[ F& =�����4 ic Y�8l�
?����0 ,@�*&<��58 � ���&���� s[ C/: ���*�� ?��D& F& 0[ ����&�>� =���H�7e ( 5t�7��$a� =���B� @v���*: s[
��&�>� %�g0 ,���� 9�& �B5���� 0[ .&�H�� �B)�� ?������0 ,���S�` 0[ ���;&�HZ =���W'�60 � MU6��$
V&���� F��c �;��$�5� �&���$5 ���P7: s[ =����&�����
}n�'<� �/�j�� F& %��B0 �;���� =�$�5 �� L 9����*: 9��+�00 .����67�� 5��8��& ����7��$� ��� ���*� s4 Y��P�� 9;j7Dn �����D�� =��&�>� ( .` ��
�Un ?��' =��j` ,��;���� ?@�AH�� ?���k0 .` �� 9��*: ��;50<� ����7�� M��+�n O7�� =�;�<� ��'��& �0 =��&�>� ( ?@�AH�� CDE =�/�j7& !aN7$� FH6� ?@��AH�� CD�E0 .` ��� 9���*7� =�;S�:0 �����D��
TU/�� F& C;��7�� F�5�U�� ( ���5�n L ��%� F ���� ������ ��� >/���� ������� >:
( ����;50<� ������7�� F���& ?��A7���$G� F���H6� ?��AH�� CD�U7� �;�$�$[ =��/�j7& \a�R !aN7$�
O�0 �H�6�� =��&���� �;���� :[ � =���&�>� �;�aP7$� 9;j7D: v7Z �;��&� ��S��� .���67�� �5��& 9�k�: ?��c[
�W7'�Z }DZb , ���� .S��7�� ./$ d�d�: C� ²`� �;���� ?5��o� F�& 1 ��� JWA����7� ;��&�>� ��D*&0
,��;�4 Y��S��� ./$ ( JWB��40 .` �� 5��8& 9��*:± � ��;�&�>� �j��n¿� ��&�H�� ©;��H7�� � E ( @ /��
�Z�5[ hPE �D$K�� Mn�B �f4 �y����L �P.�� ��� �� >���!� >#g������ ���H ���"
����� F G��� �������:
( @�X $ 5��8�& 9���*: ��Un J;��7�� ?5�k0 O�.��67�� ?@�AB CDE0 .` �� �D;$�:0� i�c u05 ���
?��A7D�� F& ���7�� ? c �$�5 �� ��� �5�: ,�;050<�
![Page 175: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 557 –
.��g ?@�AB CDE0 .` �� 9��*7� =�;S�:0 =�ZP&�H�6�� ( I���� J;��7�� L
������� ������ >���!� >#g�� :
Jc� ?���kP7$�Ya p��� 5 P�� �;��& =��&�>� � p[ F�& ?��A7�$G�0 .` �� 9��*: ic .6��� �� ¤6D� �;y�A���� F6��: O7�� �;n�n�P�� ��<� F6X �;*° .`�
��@�D��0 L }�n�>� ���� ( =�;�S�7�� F�&0 ( ]*���²���& i�c ��P�� =���&�>� ���*� ���;A*7�� c��P�� :
?5��4 ( =���&�>� �;�aP7$�,��Wy�+0[ ( ���&�>� h�Z ��;���� =�$�5 �� �/�� ic ��A7$ O7�� ��$��� � E .��H� }���j��0 ������� x��H��t }��n�'<� ���/�j��0
��&�' L
*c ³;jN7�� JQ�P�� .��67�� };��$[ �� N7$G �/D�n .���67�� ��� .H�� s[ ?�c��& F& G @��<� ic
=��&�>� .��g F&� ���� F& �c�j7+� � c0 .���67� }�:�05 O�� ©;��H7�� F& �;����� �/D*�� s< ,O&�Hl� ��;*/�� �n�;S0 5��¦7$�B �7�R ©;��H:0 CAº��� 5�'[0
p50¢��� F& %��B ,@��<� ³/:�: G0 �;7U7�� ���4 F�H6� O�7�� @��<� �����& �� E ( =���&�>� O���;+
@��<� ��Pc ( =���76B �W$�;+ L
?5�k��� ?5��/&z� ( ���j7��0 O6���� TU/�� Jc=��&�>�| v7Z Y��5 =�5�;�& �7$ �Un �� S5 O7��0 ,�
����c 2020 �;�;:���$4 � N7D��: s[ F��H6� �z Jc ����
d;67��| t� ,?5���/�� ���� ?5��o �;���� ?@�AH�� CDU7� p����0 O�U/�� ��d;g Y�� � E ic ��&�' .B c�D�
�� �� N7$� ?���j: ic .6�7$?5��/�� � L
Jc�=���&�>� F�& .���67�� i�c Y�8�l� ( ;���&�H�� ��A�H7�� u��$[ i�c ����0 !���� w�jP��
���� .��67�� ���¶ }*�7� L
9X0 c��P�� =���&�>� C� s0���7�� ��6�*�� T�;U ��8�A& �c��P�� ���� s�H:0 !��� w�jP��0 F�& ��8�P�� ?��A7�$G� h�;PE i�c =��&�>� c�D:
:!��� w�jP�� 9& JÇ0��L >��%� Z���� X0:
,��&���� �;�;:�$o� �j�� w�*7�� �;�6c ³5 ����$50 ��{5 h;PU7� ��;$0 .` �� 9��*: s�H� T;U
�;���� �&� 7$G� h;PE0 ��&�>� L
./D��� ³;��jN7�� ( =����&�>� ��D��*& ���4 ?@���AB CD��E =�;�;:���$40 .` ���� 5��8��& 9����*:
7�� ������A�� dy����l�0 =À��y�H6�� �����n 9��X00 ,.����6 =������4 9��k�: �*c =��;�H�� =À�y�H&0 C6���B¿�
h��D7��L
\� U7��$� 9����*: =�;�;:���$4 Jc ��� ? ��Z0 9�& O'5���� .�S��7�� ��;�6� ��P: ,�25��40 .` �� Y����0 ����&�>� �j���n� JWA�����7� !����� w���jP��
Y��0 �W& P: s[ FH6� O7�� =�& �� ����� Fc ��d;g
![Page 176: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 558 –
Y�����&<� 9���6� v���*�: �����`[0 ,=�����&�>� F���&��fundraising�L
@ /�� �j�n<� 9;6> ��&�H�� ©;��H7�� � E ( b�D�Z �P��� ic =��&�>� ��D*& }�5 :0 �;�&�>�
�U;U8�� ©;��H7��L
��/����� y�-/�� >������� >#g���:
u�;+�$� �����D�� =��&�>� �;�aP7$� �� N7 ��j�5 .�/+ F�& �& N7D���B ? 67��� �;����� =��K��
�;50<� =��&�>�L =��&�>� ( .` �� 5��8& 9��*: };��$[ S5
���� �>��& ./$0 �WP;/j: hQ��c0 �2�����40 �����D��hQ�����L ���$�5� !����� .����67�� 5��8��& ?5��4 ±ft��n
�� ¤;~� ;�;����� =��&�>� ( 1�+0<�0 ��W*& }�$�*�����D�� =��&���� L
�� N7$� ,�n�/7�$G� .��& ?� �7& �;�U };��$[ ( �����l� ���$�5�0 =a���P��0 ,?d��B��� =���c�6���0 ��¦�$[ F�c ���&�H7& ��'4 34 Y�S��� Z���� TU/��
I���� J;��7�� �P��7�� \�U/��L �_c�:
��7�� ����+ ��B[ F& q7�: J;��7�� .��g �6B�Z J; =���&���� ��;���� �&� 7�$G� �t7��G�0 ,G ' I����� �&� 7$G� �Un v�D: ����� Y0�0 ,? c .&��c �W7X�y
@�*�7$� MD;� �����D�� �;���� �H�6��0� L ( ��;50<� ���7�� TU/�� ��� ( �*X��7$� +0
50��� Ya�` F�& ��;���� �&� 7$G� Fc TU/�� : 9���*:7�$� ,.` ��� 5��8& h�;PE0 ,��;���� =���&�>� �;�aP.����67�� ( ?@���AH�� L ����� ( ���;*� ���;050<� �����7��
s[ 34 ��W�6� ( ���: �*;�S5 \��U� MPR00 Y����Ì ±��7� .` ��� 5��8& 9��*:0 .��67�� ( ?@�AH�� h;PE
;' ³;j£ 34 L ����7�� ����7�$� F�& �*8��N7$�06� O7�� =�;S�7�� �� �;050<� J;���7�� ?5�k��� F�H
5��8�& 9���*7� ³;�jN7�� *c �¥ u�*¦7$G� �����D�������D�� =��&���� �;���� ?@�AH�� ?���k0 .` �� L
* * * �L�)��� ����� �Yt
I�AJ : �')��� �L�)��:
���[ st;���$ ,.��;���2004L�����R[0 ©��+��� ( �5����& ���;6*:=����&�>� L�����$ F�� ��6� ����&o� ����&�'�;&a��$o� L
�����D�� �;���� �H�6�� ,������L , �<� s�n c �2003 L�.Q� �� �� ;�P: .��67� J;��7�� I����
�7��AB 9y50L ����� �;�� �;����,(2)23, 29 −60L @�y0 ,O�;6>��2015 L� .���g ( ?·����� ��;����� =����°G�
I������ J;����7���r���j�q�� ±f���6*�� :�����{5������n L ����c�;�� ,16(52),L182-97
��6� ,����l��2015 L� ( J;����7�� .����67� ���ZP& .Q� �� �����D��� ��;���� ��H�6�� ��;&�Hl� =��&�>�z ���&�'
��'f�6n[ ���$ %����| L��W* ���&�' −��;�� ��;�B ���� ,
![Page 177: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 559 –
26�103�, 141 −172L
,��l� 6��2007L� .��g J;���7�� I����� ( ���H�6� ��;���������D�� �H�6��0 ? U7�� :�$�5� ��n5�P&. %���� ���&�'
���$ −�;�B �;�� ,1 −25L F� ��� 5�n ,O+ ���2015q6D��� , L�.���g J;���7�� I����� (
F���� ����� L�gK�� ( �& P& .6c �+50 x&���� )�c
@�5k��� C�0KD�� Fc J;��7�� T�U/��0 I���� O�6���� ( �F��� ����� L�;���� �& ��5�W' ,��5 *H$o� L +���j��O Y��n ,�2012 L�5��8& .��g J;��7�� ���I� ( �H�6��
�;���� �����D�� �;n�j��0:�n5�P& �$�5� L=��$�5� ����
�;�c ( �;�� J�c0 xA*�� ,24�1� ,263 −287 L ,²;�P��� ,d���A¬0 ,·��n FA;7�$� 2012( L¨���B T�U/��:
�����D��� ����7�� @��X ( =��$5t�� ��;����� L������
�����D�� J;��7�� I����, 8, 23-11 L ,O/;7��� ��*& (2005) .���g =�D�$K& J;���7�� I����� ( Y0�
�;���� V;��� C� ���W>� ��;:���� ��d�7�G�0 O��67���L ����� �����D�� I���� J;��7��, (2)1 ,73−98L
¤��S ,1�D���� 1996 L��;B��D�� ������ ( TU/�� 34 .` �� L������ :s�H;/���L
,OP����� FDZ�2002 L�9��*: 5��8& .��g J;���7�� I����� ( x�� Y0� s0��7�� Y0 �� V;���� ��;����L ��+50 .�6c
�& P& ?0 *� .��g J;��7�� w�j+ I���� ����+0 b��;7$G�
( �:�D$K& L ,OH���� ,� /c �0F , �;/c ��[2006)L� �Q���� p��8�7+G�
5t�7$a� ( J;��7�� O�&�>� ( �H�6�� �;���� �����D��L ��� ����87+� \�U �;�c, 36, 97 −117 L
,OH���� � /c� 2013 L� ( O&�Hl� I���� J;��7�� .��g .Q�
6��������D�� �;���� �H LI����� J;��7�� �����D�� �����,
10, 113 −147 L @�8��Z§� ���&���� ���¦;�� L È�5���7 9'D��&17�2�2019 F��&
www.stats.gov.sa ,��5 s��jn[�2000 L�����AB .���g J;���7�� I����� ( Y0 ���
�;����:./�$0 �Wc��X0[ �W*;D�EL ��+50 .�6c ��& P&
���;6���� ?0 �*�� �/Z�8��� ?50 ��� 33x���� ���E�
=��&�>� ,�;���� ,=0�s�*/�L �����D���� ���;���� ���H�6�� ����{52030 L �5���7 9'D��&
17�2�2019 F& vision2030.gov.sa ,¡Q�S �/c F������2000.���[ , L�.���g J;���7�� I����� (
�H�6�� �����D�� �;����:����[ �;��P�� ���0 .Q� �/��
�*H6�� L�+50 .6c �& P& �;6���� ?0 *�� �/Z�8�� ?50 ��33x��� ��E� =��&�>� ,�;���� s�*/� ,=0�L
O�&�>� I���� J;��7�� m0 *SL �5��7 9'D�& 17�2�2019 F&hef.gov.sa/our-resources
��;���� Y0 ��� ( ��;�� O�6;�+o� �HD�n�;�� }7H&�2018 L���� Y0 �� ( I���� J;��7�� .��g�;� Ls�*/� ,=0�L
���n x�� J;��7�� I���� L �5�7 9'D&17�2�2019F& boe.gov.sa/ViewSystemDetails.aspx?lang=ar&SystemID=7
4&VersionID=91 J;��7�� ?5�k0 Lw0)& =���&�>� ����n −��P& L F�& 9'D�&
È�5�7 ?5�k��� 9+�&22 −09 − 2017 J;���7�� ?5�k0 LO�&��>� J;����7�� =�@�8�Z4 L È�5���7 9'D�&
17�2�2019 F& departments.moe.gov.sa/PlanningDevelopment/RelatedDep
artments/Educationstatisticscenter/EducationDetailed
Reports/Pages/default.aspx �MdJ : �/ L(� �L�)��:
Aghion, P., Dewatripont, C., Hoxby, A., Mas-Colell., Sapir,
A (2008). Higher Aspiration: An Agenda for
![Page 178: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
.;P��� FDU�� /c M* @�*;$0 ,� st;�$ M* u�*�4vD;��: J;��7�� w�jP� �;���� ?@�AH�� CDE0 .��67�� 5��8& 9��*: �6B�Z O�&�>�LLL
– 560 –
Reforming European Universities. Bruegel Blueprint
5. Brussel, Belgium.
AlAhmed, A. (2003). Untraditional approaches for funding
higher education and enhancing adequacy (In
Arabic). Arab Journal of Education, 23(2)،29-60. AlAqeeli, N;& Humphrey, S. (2012). The Saudi experience
of research chairs in light of the international
practices (In Arabic). Saudi Journal of Higher
Education,8,11-23.
AlHarbi, M. (2015). Proposed Alternatives to financing
public Universities in Saudi Arabia "King Saud
University as a Model (In Arabic). Benha
University-Journal of Faculty of Education, 26
(103),141-172.
AlHarbi, M. (2007). Funding higher education in Saudi
Arabia and United Kingdom: A comparative study.
King Saud University-College of Education, 1-25.
AlJomai, W. (2015). Proposed alternative for funding
higher education in Saudi Arabia (the British Model):
a theoretical vision. Education World, 16(52),97-182.
AlMalki, A;& Bin Obeid, A. (2006). Return to investment
in higher education in Saudi Arabia (In Arabic). Arab
Economic Journal, 36,97-117.
AlMalki, A. (2013). Alternative funding approaches for
higher education in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of
Higher Education,10,113-147.
AlOtaibi, M. (2005). Funding higher education institutions
in the Gulf countries between personal efforts and
community commitment (In Arabic) . Saudi Journal
of Higher Education,1(2),37-98.
AlTuarki, N. (2012). Higher education financing resources
in Saudi Arabia and Britain: a comparative study (In
Arabic). Arabic Studies in Education and
Psychology, 24(1),263-287.
Australian Government. (2017). The Higher Education
Reform Package. Australia.
Borrell-Damian, L., Catrunfo, M.,& Smith J. (2014)
University Business collaborative research: goals,
outcomes and new assessment tools. European
University Association Publication. Brussel,
Belgium.
Estermann, T., & Pruvot, E. (2011). Financially
Sustainable Universities II: European universities
diversifying income streams. European University
Association Publication. Brussel, Belgium.
European University Association (2009). Responsible
Partnering: Joining forces in a world of open
innovation: Guidelines for Collaborative Research
and Knowledge Transfer between Science and
Industry. Brussel, Belgium.
Eurydice. (2008). Higher Education Governance in Europe.
Policies, structures, funding and academic staff.
Brussel, Belgium.
de Boer, H., & Jongbloed, B., Enders, J., & File,
J. (2010). Progress in higher education reform
across Europe, Funding reform. Center for Higher
Education Policy Studies (CHEPS). Enschede, The
Netherland.
Galal, A., & Kanaan, T.(2010). Financing higher
education in Arab countries. Economic Research
Forum policy research report (PRR No.34). Cairo,
Egypt.
Pruvot, E., & Estermann, T. (2017). University autonomy in
Europe III: The Scorecard 2017. European
University Association Publication. Brussel,
Belgium.
Pruvot, E., & Estermann, T. (2015). Funding for excellence.
European University Association Publication.
Brussel, Belgium.
Pruvot, E., Claeys-Kulik, A., & Estermann, T. (2015).
Designing Strategies for efficient funding of
universities in Europe. European University
Association Publication. Brussel, Belgium.
Pruvot, E., Estermann, T., & Mason P. (2015). University
mergers in Europe. European University Association
Publication. Brussel, Belgium.
Smith J., Estermann, T., Kanep H. (2008). Financially
sustainable Universities: Towards full costing in
European Universities. European University
Association Publication. Brussel, Belgium.
Ritzen J. (2010). A Chance for European Universities.
Amsterdam University Press. Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.
Oxford University Innovation (n.d.). Retrieved From:
innovation.ox.ac.uk/about/ on 17/2/2019
University of Helsinki Centre for Continuing Education (n.d.).
Retrieved From: hyplus.helsinki.fi/en/ on 17/2/2019
Universities UK. (2013). Working for a smarter, stronger
sector: Efficiencies and effectiveness in higher
education. London, UK.
Vienna Scientific Cluster (n.d.). Retrieved from vsc.ac.at/
on 17/2/2019
Wolszczak-Derlacz, J. (2017). An evaluation and
explanation of (in)efficiency in higher education
institutions in Europe and the U.S. with the
application of two-stage semiparametric DEA.
Research Policy 1595–1605.
Wolszczak-Derlacz. J., & Parteka, A. (2011). Efficiency of
European public higher education institutions: a two-
stage multicounty approach. Scientometrics, 89, 889-
917.
* * *
![Page 179: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 561 –
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3�" " , 561 − 587 ������ ,�2019��1441���
���� ��� ��� ����� ������� �������
����� �� �� !" ��#$1&
��&�' (��� ��) � * +,�� � -29�12�1439;��+,�� /0-1 * 11�07�1440���
'()�*+� : 2�& �3�04�5� 6�7811 ,��9�0:1 �;- �< 2�& =>?4��1 @1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG H�I- J��K L�, MN �5�D �� 6O ��75 � P�D �Q * JD��07 R7 STU� E�AI��391 � ������ * ��) (��� ��&�' 2& @1A�B� V��4�� * L�WU� C�D Q �XI� L�Y7K 2&�1436���� R�7 /Z�[1 ,�149 � \]4�A& ��D^ ^
�5�D �� �,I7 (�_ /`]I� a @1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG H�I- J��K L�,0�1*�bA45c� d&���� /I�?4�� e�'K �O���Q 2& =>?4�� � �5�D �� �,I7 E���45� R7 ;f>I0gQ h1i 1K �N jG /&��& �]I- 6k� lI[KMO �,I��� ���FA� �0.92 � 6��Qm0� e�G n�& �]I-1Bartlett’s E��3�I0�� ���1�A� �818 � ���c� o�4p�]1
�0.01�O �>��q �� r45� n& *�bA45c� d&���� /I�?4�� L��'N 2& 2A& �s ,t CG�&mVarimax /�&����� u��r4�5c ��0b��� E�D��0��� R�7 D1��?�� ��1 4� �E���FA��� n0bQ MN Pv�4,�� 6Z�)1 ,w�73 � /&��7 ��05 * JD�07�E���FG �xy� =O1 : �IZrb�� E�D�;���10 � C�D �4�� ��& >&1 ,E�D��07�14 � ,JD��07
V��4�� {� �K1�7 � V��>4��1 ,E�D�07�15 ���1 ,JD�07 |���g�� n�& /7�F4��1 �I]I��4�� ����11 � VI���4�� �gb�3K1 ,JD��07�10 � V��4��� V�7�1 ,E�D��07�6 �E�D�07 a S�} P�D Q * H�I>�� * JD�07 /G �� >Q n&� 2&1 MN 5 � 2& H�I>�� E�'D� 6[1��Q (�~1 ;E�'D��73 � MN ��3�K �? �'D��365 � ��'D�
R7K ? a � < 2& =>� TG� w H��I>�� ����K �� ��&m0�5 h��0QDc� /�&��& �O�FZ�& ����� H��I>]�� d)� �� ��pQc� |p[ � Z�� jFO ;fQ�0:1 H�I>�� �����& �� r45� H�I>�� E�0: 2& =>�1 ,�Iv�Z[N ���� VI>�� nI� 63�G1 ,�I�A�� �'D ��1� w ^���0&1�G �F�K � f4]I- 6k�1�0.93a�
-����� .(��� : V��4��d&���� /I�?4�� ,C�D 4�� �XI� L�Y7K ,J���� ,@1A�B�a _________________________________________________________________________________
The Development and Validation of a Measure of Online Teaching Competencies
Abdullah Yahya Almohaya(1)
King Khalid University
(Received 09/09/2018; accepted 18/03/2019)
Abstract: The study aimed to develop and validate a tool to measure e-learning competencies. In (2016) e-learning competency survey with
(75) statements in 5 points Likert scales was distributed to (391) expert faculty members in e-learning at King Khalid University, and (149)
completed responses were collected. To develop the e-learning competency scale, exploratory factor analysis was carried out after checking its
conditions, the value of the KMO was (0.92), and Bartlett's square for the data sphere (818) at a significance level of (0.01), after that factor
analysis with Varimax rotation method was conducted and all (75) statements were loaded into seven factors (competencies) according to the
following: personal skills (10) statements, teaching introduction (14) statements, learning objectives (6) statements, evaluation (15) statements,
content and interaction (11) statements, teaching activities (10) statements, and learner support competency in (6) statements. Each statement on
the scale estimated in a five-point (from 1 to 5); the total scale score ranged from (73) in minimum to (365) score at the maximum. The validity of
the scale was determined by the Spearman correlation coefficient between the dimensions of the scale and the total score was statistically
significant, and the reliability of the scale was calculated using the' alpha-Cronbach' formula and was (0.93).
Keywords: online learning, quality, faculty professional development, factor analysis,
_________________________________________________________________________________
�1� ��) (��� ��&�' , 7�p�� VI��4�� E�I,>Q _�45Ka
��K ,�����p�� �I���� �A�]�� ,"a ��960� e �W�� �&��� ,�61421a� (1) Assistant Professor of Educational Technology
Abha, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box (960) Postal Code (61421).
@1A�B� �W��: [email protected] e-mail:
![Page 180: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 562 –
-/�0+�
���`� �� E������c� 2��& @1��A�B� V��4���� ����w �]4��� V��4��� 2�& �L ,e��� ����� * �],�� ����^
��]�3K1 6�33B� R�7 �]4��� V�: ,|5��� R7 JD��N E�A0b���� R��7 ��]4��� V��4���� MN c���<1 ,V��4����^ ����?4�c� ����v�� ���I31A�B� E�D���>��1 ,���I7T4'c�
Massive Online Learning Courses (MOOCS) �-1 �;O�7��� 8��D�1D : � �7 �� @1A�N V��Q E�D�>&
,��]��4�� �I�\>4�5� R�7 ,4p�Q1 ,�\�g�� 2& /v���1 ,V;7�,Q1 �gb�3K R7 ]4�Q TG ,V;�7�FQ1 ,V;[�4F3
���;;I'�Q J����7N1 ,���;FIIAQ1 ,V��4���� �D����& n��I]�ta �Rodriguez, 2012� 6k� - ,��� fI�N D��K �& =O11 ,
�9�L�Z[N�81��I�& � ���7 * /�p& |��q�2017� � n& �3D�>& ,��Y�� ���]3 �81��4&^ ^�35��I�& � |���q
����� *�2015 a��Shah, 2018� a /Ab� ����4� f�3K � @1A�B� V��4�� n044��1
vD Ec��� ��:\: 2& CIvDj�� ,�p�I : ,��I,>4�� ��I,I0��;C�D 4��1 ,o�4?�� VI]ZQ1 ,��I,>4�� ��I,0�� ��� jFO
��;,7 P4�3 ��I��7 m����& T;IO �O��4Q o�4?�� VI]ZQ1 ��3 * E�D��>�� _���1 J���� �0� IQ H�I- E�1�Kt w *1 ,@1��A�B� V��4���� ���]�3¡ �& r4p���� E���I,>4��
* j���]I��4�� o����4?�� VI]Z���Q V��4����� E�D����>& ����� c @1�A�B� C�D �4�� ��� 2A�1 ,@1A�B�
�0�� ��IFIG ¢�Y��B1 ;fQ��' �0� * ��Ab& f'��� * ��I��7 m���& '�Q ,VI]Z4��1 �I,>4�� ��� * J����
/����`& ,����I,>4�� : e� £ eK�API � D�Z����4)� j�����1���Application Programming Interface � �;'�1 eK
��� * e �3���31 ��IO �;?��1 j�4�� E�>I0g4�� t��� �D�FpG1K H�&�-: ¤ 2�& ��7�]� 2]Y4Q �;'�1
�I���5�[ ����3� 2�A¥ j�4�� ,E�L���'B�1 �v��¦���^ ^ w ���)� £���5�[ =��I0gQ /��)�� MN u������� 2��& ���^,I�& §
�Butterfield & Ngondi, 2016, p. 21� D��I�& j��1 , n�& /&�A4�� 2& @1A�B� V��4�� E�>I0gQ 2A& j��7¨ /�]��� 2& � r4p�� 2A¥ j;O (�~1 ;©�0�� �;Y�t w
f�Q�3�I ª�F[ n�& fp�F3 6�-��� * =�I0gQ 2& �`GK * a/`& ,V��4�� JD��N ���3 � ���� (�_ ��`&1 : �D�0G\
/��`& ,���I31A�B� E�D���04)c� �����31 ,�����& 1K : «D���& 2b��5�GQuestion mark ��Z��F�� �����31 ,
/��`& ,�I����Oc� : 6���D�c�GCollaborate ���;IO1 , JD��N ����3 MN C�D �4�� ��XI� �Y�7 1K |��g�� /) � n�'���1 E��3\7B� n��4�1 o 4,�� JD��� ��>IO V��4�� ,��)� =�I0gQ * �I31A�N �D�04)� e�� V: 2&1 , �W��^ w
O� /ZF =?4�� V: nI�1 ,l��: =I0gQ * j,&��Q ¬� /I�p�4 C�D �4�� ��XI� �Y�7 1K |���g�� f�]4� (�_w /�G n& u1�U�1 ��) �� MN �'��� �1� [�& ��)� * /Y�F�� �����1 ;J� �4�� E�>I0g4�� �~� * �� r45�
![Page 181: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 563 –
E�1�K ��;I�7 6�I, ��I��7 ��I,>Q m���& ��'1 MN (�_wA�B� V��4�� ~IF,Q 2& 2A¥ H�I-w���;51 I @1 a
e~��� j�]I��4�� o��4?�� J���' �0�� ��� *1 j��1 D��>�� L���'K �1¡� ,���4p& MN f]Ip>Q 2A]� E� ��[��� ���;I�7 =���g�1 o���4?�� * J ��[1 �k��<K
�I]I��4��Learning object f�IO V�,�� ��)y� o�4p��1 ¨ wo��4� K��� �1¡� jFO ;\&�G @1A�B� D�>�� o�4�t w ^
��;I�7 =�g� Jmk< V��Q E� [1 MN @1A�B� D�>�� �I]I��4�� E� [���Learning Object 2�7 JD��07 j�1
n��Q ,�� IO 1K JD�< 1K j]� >Q ��7 ��& 1K ®3 ��I]-D E�7��4p& *Repository, m����& ���'1 n�&
2& �I31A�B� E�>I0g4�� 2A¥ �¯ H�I- E�1�K1 �I��7w �~��� n��& /��&��4�� ���;�I]�4� ���I]I��4�� E� ��[���
�Y71 |��g�� /0- 2& �;&� r45� J��7N1 �;&� r45�1 m����& ����� �~� * �I����� m����� 2&1 ,C�D 4�� �XI�
�D�A5 j]-��� o�4?�� V���SCORM D�Z�4)� ��1 ��� "Sharable Content Object Reference Model"
4?�� �GD�b& �I��>� j�'��� u_�],�� E�1�K ��¯1 ,o���I]I��4�� E� �[��� J���' �0� 2& 2A¥ H�I- a *1
* @1A�B� D�>�� E���4� L��'K V�,Q �)y� o�4p��¨ w E�1�K ��¯ VI]Z�Q u_T�3 f��1 ,@1�A�N S�D� D�>& ,@1�A�B� D��>�� VI]ZQ J��' �0� 2& 2A¥ H�I-
8�Q���& j4I�����G u_���]3 ���;,&1Quality Mattersf���1
���¯1K ,H���I- E�1�K °\��: : J������ VI��I>4� f��'�&t E�p5±& * �I31A�B� E�D�>�� VI]ZQ * J 7�p��1 Ec��� ��I3T: 2�& ����4Q H�I- J��K f�1 ����� VI��4��
2]Y���4Q�43 � JD����07�Quality Matters, 2014� ,���;I3�:1 : VI]Z��Q * J 7�p����1 J������ VI��I>4� f��'�&t
�g�5�4�� HD� ��� * ��I31A�B� E�D�>��1 ����3�`��a �Quality Matters, 2016�, �;`��:1 : J 7�p]�� V]Z&t
L���5 ��;]II>Q1 @1�A�B� |�D 4�� P&�� VI]ZQ *^x�~��� |�D �4�� R�7 J �]4��� �K �D & R7 J ]4���a
(CPE Rubric | Quality Matters, 2015) (��_ 2�&1 ���I4?4�� ���I,0�� �K ������F& ���<\) MN /��<�4�� 2��A]� 2�& �I31A�B� E�D�>�� * j]I��4�� o�4?��1 ,�I,>4��
lI[ : J���7N1 ,ª�F��1 ,VI�,4��1 ,u�43B�1 ,VI]Z4��2�A¥ H��I- E�1�K ��¯ �O���4Q �� r45c�t w �0�� 2�&
J���' �0�� * ��&�¥ ��4² ���� �K �[ * ,�9��'^ ³@1�A�B� C�D 4�� a {\4�)� (��_ * |0p�4� ��s1
D��K TG ,f'�� �;'1 C�D 4�� 27 @1A�B� C�D 4��^E���I�¡� 2��& � ��7 (��_ MN a(Baran, Correia, &
Thompson, 2013; Hiltz, Shea, & Kim, 2010;a
Van de vord & Pogue, 2012), �K MN ���I& D��K TG m�Ik4�� �~�� 81��4� 2� �& ��pI� C�D 4�� �XI� L�Y7Kt w m�Ik4�� 2�7 ��I>I>[ E�&���& MN �'�? V�1 ,¢��,
@1�A�B� C�D 4�� |[�Z� e~��(Major, 2015, p. 9),
![Page 182: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 564 –
´�>Q1 E����>47� �1�1 C�A�D�102 � ���]���� 2�& V��4��� * �0�D �Q 1K JW�) ���A�4]� c 2�s �\g��1^ MN V;'����I4[� MN Pv����4,�� 6Z����)1 ,@1���A�B� C�D ��4�� ��� E���O\4)c� 2��7 ���>I-� E���&���&
��A�B� �~��� n��& /��&��4�� ���IFIG1 ,f��'�� ���;'1 @1^ @1�A�B� C�D �4�� * /7�F4�� |�gQ1 ,E�O\4)c�w /�7�F4�� o�4p�& @ �4� ��4A�� * WGK � ;' V���� 2&^ W��GK E���&���& n��� VI��I>4�� |���gQ1 ,j��7T4'c�w
���5DN n& |���q /�A� ����� ���'�D ���~kQ V����� �Rakes & Dunn, 2015�a
������� 1(2���:
C�D �4�� E����FG H�I- J��K MN ��<��� |�g4� ;H��I>�� L�, �;,7 =`0,� j4�� ��<¡� �O��& @1A�B�
f�Q����31 ,f�Q�1�K1 ,@1�A�B� V��4��� ����4 �L ^ a �1�1 25D 3K fO�7 TG @1A�B� V��4��Ot¤ 2�& P���&³
B� E�1�¡�1 E�A0b���1 ������ |I��5¡� ��I31A�V��4���� =��I>� { ��� V�,��& =p��3 * /��]�Q j��4�� §
�Anderson & Dron, 2016, p. 540� a �;��K 2�&1 �Z��4,& ~��,& EK �� j��4�� @1��A�B� V��4���� E�1�K V��4���� JD��N �����3 2�+����� ����>�� * E�I,I�p��4��
Learning Management System (LMS) e~����1f�3� ��I3�& fO�7µ t : V� �>Q * � r4p�� @1�A�N ����3w
W�7 E�D��>�� V� �>Q1 ,f�QD��N1 V��4�� n04Q1 ,VI��4��
��]��4�� �� �1���4�� ¶]pQ ®v�Z) n& 633B� �Mahnegar, 2012� a 2��& �1¡� ��>��� �Z��4,& *1
R�7 �]4��� @1A�B� V��4�� E�>I0gQ E�;¦ �IF�¡� |�����2.0����;�K 2&1 : |���� E�D��1 ,E�31 ��
jGD�b4��� jA����wiki���I7T4'c� E�A0b��1 , a V�: ���?4�c� ���v�� �I31A�B� E�D�>�� E�D��0& E�;¦
MOOCsN �]�3K j&�;F& � P& Q j�1 ,V��4��� JD��
E�D����>�� � ���>Q l���I? ,����I7T4'c� E�A0b�����1t w ��D�Z�4-� 2�& c ��v�� �I7T4'� �A0� * �I31A�B�^ R�7 ��;IO V��4��� ]4��1 ,�\g�� 2& �1 � � 7 R7
2& /G n& �\g�� /7�FQ : �A0��1 ,o��4?��1 ,�Z,��D�>�� * j]I��4�� n]4���a
������ 1(2��� ��345�:
�Q���F& 2�& @1A�B� V��4�� ¶�gZ& ��A4� : @1�A�B� o�)¡�1 ,V��4�� �·c1K�j�,>4��� 2�&1 ,
���·N1 j�,>4�� |�3��� R�7 ��IG�� ��v�b�� L�g)¡� ���>�� V���Q ��� @1�A�B� V��4��O ,e��� |3��� V��4�� E�'�[ R7 |Z,� �K |� fIO �IG��1 ,�1¡�t
1 ,fZv�Z)1* JD��;�� 2�& f�]b�� T� V����� �� 7N : VI]Z�4��1 ,C�D �4�� ���q1 ,V��4��� E�����3 =I0gQ
@1�A�B� V��4�� E�XI * VII>4��1 ,j]I��4�� a «��,�1 �~�¯ ®�>Q j�FO ,������ �~�� * E��5�D �� * ®>3
���3 ��- ������Nolen o�4� /I�?4 �758� ��5�D�
![Page 183: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 565 –
� * E+��3 VI����4�� E���I,>Q * J��F��2003−2007� ; �K �;,& Pv�43 MN 6Z�)1�5.6�% E��5�D �� 2& �>O
V��4�� E����31 VI��4�� E�I,>Q 6b-�3 a�Nolen, 2009� ,TG n����� D� �<B� 2�& �1¡� /Z�F�� * (���� D��K
���'1 MN VI���4�� E��I,>Q °��?K * /&�b�� n'�]�� VI���4�� E�I,>Q1 V��4�� E����3 ��� * �I�0�1 I>�Q
E�<�Z4)c� e� �4& ���� T��G a �<��� ®��¹1 J �7 * VI���4�� E�I,>Q ���1 V��4�� E����,� j¹D�4��
�;,& h�>3 : ��'1 E�>I0g4��1 º��0�� 2& ©&�» �I�) h��0QD�1 ,VI���4�� E�I,>Q1 V��4�� E����3 � ���� * E��&����� �����] VI���4�� E��I,>Q1 V��4��� E����3 J�gI�5 2�& VI���4�� E��I,>Q ���1 ;�O���� ��p4G�1 VA?4���1 V��4��� V�A� MN j]I��4�� P&�3W�� 1K V����
«b�����g��1 V������ ���j��]I��4�� P&���3W��1 |���� ��Lowyck, 2014�, VI�����4�� * ����I���F�� =���I>�1 t
(�_ /G |�g4� lI[ ;@1A�B� E�����3 n�& f�gD * �����3 L�,0� �Iv 0& �D�ZQ 25D 3K n�1 -1 ,V��4��^ ^ �� r4�5� f�3� f�O�7 u_��]3 =�O1 @1�A�B� V��4��t ,¼�,7 �:\: � /7�F4�� ��¥B @1A�N ��ZQ� �I51
j��� :o���4?��1 ,|����g��1 ,V������ a ����DK L���� *12& /G R7 �G�]4�� V��4�� E�� � : ,|��g�� ,o�4?��1
j�]I��4�� n]4���1 ,VII>4��1 a�Anderson, 2008,�a T�G VI5�D�� 6];5KHarasim ��7 �2012 � V��4��� ����,
@1A�B� @1��4��Online Collaborative Learning
theory (OCL)VI�5�D�� 27 \>3 C4I �D1K lI[ ^ : �K �\�g�� f�IO n�b�� V��4��� �'_�]3 �O�Q ����,�� �~�¨ w ^ ��-�q ��Fb�4AI� ��O���� u��43B ���& /�]��� ��]7 �1^ ^
A4\� L��, /�'K 2�& VI��F�� mkQ (�_ �\) 2&1 ,D�t w �D1� V����� e�±� �;IO1 ,E\Ab�� /� �&8\�� �O����^ |���g�� �� ��Z�Q� �I�511 �ZZr4& fF<� �IpIvD^ ^
,�O���� n]4�1 @1��4�� @1A�B� V��4�� ����3 G±Q1j�� ,/�[��& °\�: * ° �� D��� ��I43 V��4�� �K :
O¡� I��Q j��1 D�AO¡� �D�>Q1 ,D�AO¡� VI�,Q1 ,D�A�;Y�OD 1K ��¯�0>� D��AO¡� ��;IO ½-��,Q j4�� ��[���wa
(Bates, 2015)a ������� �������:
C�D �4�� E���FG H�I>& L�, MN ��<��� |�g4�� C�D 4�� ����Q (�~G ;@1A�B� ��qK1 ,@1A�B
JD��Z�� @1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG Vv��-1 ,�I&�;F����`[�0�� �¯ ®�) j4�� (�Q1 ,�I,;�� E�I�]�� 27a
@1A�B� C�D 4��OOnline Teaching fO�7 TG �1�D�'1 25¤V���� ~IF,Q � D�>� C�D 4�� �XI� �Y7
3B� �\�) 2& /&�G 1K ,jv�' @1A�N /Ab6�3§ �Senn & Gordon, 2007, p. 949� ����4¹ ����1 ,
��]��4�� �1 ,V��4��1 V���� � @�A& /<�O ��'� * T�G j�,&8 /�<�O «��,� ��A� -1 ,©�0�� V;Y�
![Page 184: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 566 –
���'1 |��g4� T�G ,j�,&��4�� m�» @1�A�B� V��4�� ��s ,V��4��� ��I�]7 ���¥B ��I,>Q E�1�K1 ��ZQ� �I51 * f��Q���FG1 V������ D�1�K * m��IkQ °� ��[N MN e�±���
�@1�A�B� C�D 4� a n��1 * 2�D���0�� /�v�1K 2�&1 ��p�I& @1A�B� C�D 4�� �I&�;F& C5KMason *
D�1�K f�IO � �[ �-1 ,2�+���� ��>�� E�I,I�pQ ��� j�� ,�v�1� °\: nq�>Q �>g,& * C�D 4�� �XI� �Y7 :e��AF�� D1 ���1 ,j7T4'c� D1 ��1 ,j]I�,4�� D1 �� a
�p�� f� ®�) �& ��1 Paulsen(�~�G a(Garrison,
Anderson, & Archer, 2000), u_���]3 R��7 L���,1 ^ �����Shulman 2�& PQ�3 f3� C�D 4�� fIO � [ e~��
��· 2�D�� nq�>Q : ,C�D �4�� ���<� V����� ��O��&
������G1 �+��I& {����K ��>O ;o�4?���� f��4O��&1 *��I,>4�� f�4O��& ���1 ��`��: � �� @1A�B� C�D 4��^ ^ w a
�Mishra, P & Koehler, 2006� , ��p��D�' D��q TGL�Z�>45c� V��4��� �����3 �D�qN �1�)�1^ ^�7T4'c� j
Community of Inquiry (CoI) e~���� V��4���� �F� ��v�1� ��:\: nq��>Q 2�7 ���,�� �[�p�� f3K @1A�B�t
V��4���� D�Y��� :j��]I��4��1 ,*������1 ,j��7T4'c�a (Garrison et al., 2000) ��5�D H1 07 ��- (�~G1
D��qB� MN ��;IO ®��) @1A�B� C�D 4�� E�I�K *@1��A�B� C�D ��4�� * �����FA�� =��I>?4� j��v��'B�
(Abdous, 2011)a * ����I&�;F�� ����q¡� ®I���r�Q1 �1 �� ¶��& @1A�B� C�D 4���1 a�
!��6$1 :&������� ������� 7 -�/89�+� 3:;�<
=>�
Berge
3���� ?8@��5�� ?8*���6
Garrison, Anderson& Archer
3(A8�� �B�/
Mishra & Koehler
?8@�/� C*�8�
Paulsen & Mason
����
Abdous
e��Q e��Q D�Y[ �I�� �O��& j]I�,Q VI]ZQ1 �Ig�1 �� 7N j7T4'� j7T4'� D�Y[ o�4?�� �O��& j7T4'� ��'�D ��~kQ1 /7�FQ1 C�D Q eD��N *��& D�Y[�®Z�� �I,>4�� �O��& e�AO J��F4p& H1D� j,>Q
(Abdous, 2011; Anderson, Rourke, Garrison,&Archer,2001; Berge, 1995; Mishra, P & Koehler, 2006)
�� 2& ¶Y4�1�1 �1 � �����G1 �+�I& u_��]3 �K
�4����,�� º���0& =�O1 @1A�B� C�D 4�� �`GK |5�,& �~�� * j�7T4'� |�3�' ���'1 � ��� �IO����1 �IG��p��
2�& /�G u_T�3 �K �[ * ,u_�],�� : ��p��D�'1 ,um�
�Iv�,0�� �4���,�� =I0g4� ��-K ��5�&1 ,�p�1 ,�1�)�1� * �I��ZQc�1 �I7T4'c� �~�� ���G @1�A�B� C�D 4�
�K ª�[\�1 ,j�7T4'c� ��0�� 6�]4��� �I&�;F�� �q¡� /Ab� jFp��O 1K e���3 � R7 �AQ�� c H1 07 D�qN
![Page 185: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 567 –
/�[��& �Z�� j�v��'N j&��;F& D��qN ��� /� ,CIvD H1 �07 �T4��� MN (��_ ���� -1 ,@1A�B� C�D 4��
� V��4��� ��G�& 2�7 �1±p�� f3�G /) �� �~� @1�A�B ����I,I&1� ���1� ����&�' *Old Dominion University
a(Old Dominion University, 2018; Online
Learning Consortium, 2010� ��qK mO�4 V4;& �;O ,w * |�D 4��1 J����1 JD��B�1 E�5�Ip�� * �;I�N ,4p�
@1A�B� C�D 4�� a * ��I&�;F�� ��q¡� 2�& ®�¹1w �1 ��� * J�D����� @1A�B� C�D 4���1 � D1��� �K
��XI� �Y�7 E����FG 6�� uD ,Q @1A�B� C�D 4��C�D ��4�� :b���IZ��r������AO1 ,���IO��&� �������1 ,
�o�4?�� 2]Y4Q� ��D��B�1 ,�I7T4'c�1 ,��I]I�,4��� ,�I,>4��1a
������� ������� �����:
,{D������ 2��& ����< E�_ ���7�]� j��� �����FA�� L��¡� 2�& ®rb��� 2A¥ j4�� E����c�1 ,E�D�;��1� µ w
��>��g ,��& ��FI¦1 1K ��,;& �gb�3K * ���F�� t 1K j�0�Q ��,;�� �~� * ��-�4�� m����� 81��4Qa �Spector, 2001�a
��G1 ��'�D1 3�& �D �D1K1(Redmond, Ragan, &
Ko, 2012) ��,Q��- @1�A�B� C�D 4�� * °�?¡� �K j�� ���4�5c� ��7�1 �b�,�� VI��4�� �K ��>47c� MN C�D �4�� ��XI� �Y�7 ��;'�4� j�4�� �I�5�5¡� JD�;�� ��`GK 2�& J [�1 j�1 ,@1A�B� C�D 4�� * ¢��,�� * V;,�& � � 7 n-�� �s ;(�~G f;'��Q j4�� E�� ?4��^
L�b3N �IFIG 27 ��¼ ¾��F��1 �b�3 j�]I��Q D�Y[�I31A�B� �I5�D �� ��ZF�� * fI�7a1 * ��I�5 n5�Q
,/&��7 ��DK * ,@1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FA� � � �j� : JD��N1 ,��I]I��4�� ������ u��43�1 ,VI���4�� VI]Z�Q
D���>�� * V;,��I1 �\��g�� n��& j��7T4'c� /��7�F4��3�3�>�� �7��>�� =I0gQ1 ,@1A�B� T� ��I-\)¡�1 ��I
�I<�ZU�1 ,½k�� �?O�A&1 �IA��� ��>[ 2& f�]b��Sales, 2005� a/&��7 * ��� [ 2& «�,�1a
�6!�$ 2 :& ����DE ��2FG� -��9+� -�HH)��� >I -�J�3�� 7 ������� �������<
-9G� ������� 1(2��� KL�M� -F4�/
$OLC&
-�2FG� -������ 1�(2�(� ������� 7
1�(2��� N�� O2/�G� $iNACOL &
P������ >��2+ Q���� �(R+�
1�(2���� $ibstpi& PA�8+� 3�8ST -�2U$ ATD&
1@�
���D��
V��4�� J��' E�5D�s@1A�B�
D�>& C�D Q E���FA� ��7 D�qNP& & @1A�N
@1A�B� |�D 4�� E���FG |�D 4�� * E���FA�� u_�]3
@1A�B� V�R+�
��������
�94 � * JD�07�10 �j�1 E���FG : 1 aD�>�� VI]ZQ 2 a m����& n& =O��4��1 ��<���
4���I����� �I,>
6,]Y�Q Ec�� ��DK�12 � ����FG1�41 �D�I�&a
!�;� !�WWWWR+�: ,m����AF4�� �����]3 fQ���FG:
�94 � * fF,Z& JD�07�17 � ����FG *�5 �j�1 ,Ec�� :
!�;� !�WWWR+�: ,����I,;�� C���5¡� fQ���FG1:
+��7 ����D� R��7 /]4b��Q �c����JD�;&a
!�;� !�R+�: �Ip�I5�4�� E�D��;�� �4Q12& �� :
![Page 186: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 568 –
X��T Y!��6$ 2&<
-9G� ������� 1(2��� KL�M� -F4�/
$OLC&
-�2FG� -������ 1�(2�(� ������� 7
1�(2��� N�� O2/�G� $iNACOL &
P������ >��2+ Q���� �(R+�
1�(2����$ibstpi& PA�8+� 3�8ST -�2U$ATD&
V�R+�
��������
3 aV��4�� E�'�² 4 a4?��o� 5 a|��g�� E�FI�AQ 6 aC�D 4�� �XI� �Y7 D�1�K 7 a �I�O�� ����Q1 D�>�� E���>3
V��4�� 8 a D�>�� n]4� L�, 9 a��ZQc�
10 a �]4p�� �p?4��
1 aV��4��1 VI��4�� J � ' ��¿D�:5 �m���&
2 a u_T���3 V� ���>Q1 m���Ik4�� j���,0Q2��)À�� :5 �m���&
��Z�� !�R+�:�FG1 J���� �9��: 3 a��D�I�& �¯1 J��`�� 4 a��D�I�& �¯1 �IO�Fb�� 5 a��D�I�& f�1 �1��4��
[WW��Z�� !�WWR+�: ���IA4�� E�D���;& �9���FG1 :
6 a/&�4��� :3 �m���& 7 a f��1 �]4p��� �p�?4��1 D�A4c�
��D�I�& 8 a��D�I�& f�1 ��ZQc�
X��3�� !�R+� :�9���FG1 �I,>4�� : 9 a�I0�� =I0gQE�3� :5 � m���&
10 aC�D 4�� E�I�IQ�5� P& ���: m�� 11 aP& �� V��4�� E�W) JD��N� :4 �
m���& 12 a�I,>4�� E�1�K� :3 �m���&
1 a�I���F /<��4�� a 2 a�I,;�� E�D�;��1 {D���� l� � a 3 a ����I-\)¡� m������]�� �����`4&c�
�I3�3�>��1 a 4 a��1 ���I,;& �I-� Z��& L�b��3N ¾���F
�;I�7 a ��Z�� !�R+�:fQ���FG1 ,�Igr4�� :
5 a E�I�IQ���5�1 o���4?�� �I�g�VI��4�� a
6 a=0p�� mY?4�� a [��Z�� !�R+�:fQ���FG1 ,VI��4�� ��q :
7 a L����>N1 V��4����� ����I�O�� JD����:Nf4GD�b& a
8 a���F�� ����� E�D�;& D�;¦Nt a 9 a V����Q mp��IQ * JD���;��1 ���I���F��
g��|�� 10 a��X5¡� * JD�;&1 �I���O D�;¦N a 11 a��'���� ��~k4��1 ¢�Y�B� V� >Q a 12 a V��4���� {D����& L���> ������Q
fQ�D�;&1 a 13 aE�D�;��1 {D���� />3 ����Q a
X��3�� !�R+�:fQ���FG1 ,V��>4�� : 14 aL��¡�1 V��4�� VII>Q a 15 aVI��4�� �I���O VII>Q a
�/�\� !�R+�: fQ���FG1 ,JD��B� : 16 aL��¡�1 V��4�� 8��Q �XI JD��N a 17 a ��I,>4�� �� r4�5� VI��4�� JD��N
|p3¡�
1 a�T7¡� JD�;& 2 aj����� mAF4�� �]3 3 a�O���� �7�,< 4 a�I7T4'c� E�D�;�� 5 a�IZrb�� E�D�;�� 6 a|�D 4�� * �I,>4�� �I¦�Qa
��Z�� !�R+�:4Q1 ,E�WU� 2& ���: 1 aj]I��4�� VI]Z4�� a 2 a|�D 4�� V� >Q a 3 a�9� �4p&1 �I,>4�� * JD�;&^ a 4 aV��4�� JD��N a 5 a |����� JD��N��D 4�� a� 6 a�O���� JD��N a 7 amIk4�� JD��N a 8 aL��¡� �p�
-]���
-^�9�*+� C�D 4�� �XI� L�Y7K �E��&�' � /0- VI��4�� * ��]����j�&�� "�U� ��g>�� * ��D ��
(Association of Talent Development, 2014; ibspi, 2003; Powell, Rabbitt, & Kennedy, 2014)
![Page 187: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 569 –
�1 ���� * ¶����& ���� T��G o���)K �2 � 8���¡ * ª�[\�1 ,�5�D �� ��� * �I,;�� ET�,�� E�D� <N
B� |�D 4�� u_�]3 |������ ����gQ ��I�� 2& @1A�ATD C����� 2�& @1�A�B� |�D �4�� E���FG *1 ,
VI���4��1 |�D 4�� m���� �1 ��ibstpi ���;'�& T��K ,t w�F¦���]�� @1��A�B� |�D ��4�� * �D ��]�� a T,��I
V��4��� {\4�v� 2�& @1�A�B� V��4�� J��' E�5D�s @1��A�B�OLCI� L�Y��7¡ ���;'�& * C�D ��4�� ���X
E����&��� a D���>& C�D ��Q E�����FA� ������� D���qB�1 @1�A�B� V��4��� �I�1 �� �I�]�� 2& P& & @1A�N
iNACOL j�&����� /��0- VI����4�� * ���]��]�� f��'�& C�D 4�� n& �O��N @1A�B� V��4�� ��& r4p� 2�~��^ E\IY�FQ =�O1 V��4��� ��>��g1 �Z��� ��7�- /)��
V��4����Personalize Learning aTG /���IQ��I � ���[ �¿\��&81(Bigatel, Ragan, Kennan, May, &
Redmond, 2012) * @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� E�����FG R7 �I?p& �IF<1 �5�D��260 � C�D �Q ��XI� �Y�71��A�B� V��4���� * m��0) ���4��5c� �0p��3 6��k�1 @
�76�% ���9��K 6,]Y��Q1 ,�64 � C�D ��4�� * JD���07 C�D ���4�� E������FG �K MN 6Z����)1 ,@1���A�B�w
j��� ,@1��A�B� : ,JD��B�1 J����I>��1 ,�b��,�� V��4���� ,/Z�F�� �0�1 ,J� �4�� �v�5���1 ,�b,�� C�D 4��1
�I]I��4�� E�5�Ip�� =I0gQ1 ,�I,>4�� E���FA��1 a�[ *
D�4AI0�51 ��1� �5�D� 6O �(Bawane & Spector,
2009) * C�D �4�� �XI� �Y7 D�1�K E����1K � � MN E���FG �T: 2& J��¡� 6F��Q -1 ,@1A�B� C�D 4��
1 �p��IvD�27 � R��7 J��¡� 6��781 ,���I7�O �����FGt�30 � |IQ�Q MN �;�v�43 6Z�)1 ,@1A�B� V��4�� * �m0)^
d��� T��G ���I·¡� =��O1 @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� E�����FG : �1 � ,e����Q�2 � ,j��,;&�3 � ,j��]II>Q�4 � ,j��7T4'� �5 � ,j��,>Q�6 � ,e�����DN�7 � ,eD��N�8 �j��`? a T��G
�1��)�1 ��I� ��5�D� 6O �(Liu, Bonk, Magjuka,
Lee, & Su, 2005) ��XI� L�Y�7K E����>47� Á�>Q MN um� u_��]3 =�O1 @1�A�B� C�D 4�� 27 C�D 4��
Berge 6�3�AQ ����>& L��'� j7�,�� P;,�� �;IO =0q ,� w 2&�27 � E�0: /&��] c�±5^�0.89� R7 ,�28 � �Y�7XI� /Ab� HD �� JD��N m4p�'�& P&��3� * C�D Q �t w
���XI� L�Y��7K ���IG�Q �K Pv���4,�� 6Fb��G1 ,���I31A�N^ ���DK 2]Y�Q e~��� e���� ��0�� * R�7K C�D 4��
j��� ,D�1�K : ,j��,;�� h�0Y��3c�1 ,j��]I��4�� VI]Z��4��2& /G /7�FQ ����Q1 ,��'���� ��~k4�� L�g7N1 : |��g��
& |��g��1 ,o�4?�� n&V���� n& |��g��1 ,|��g�� na * C�D �Q ��XI� L�Y�7K 2�& L�W) �45 n& ���>& *1 �K MN �1���)�1 ��D��� /��<�Q @1��A�B� C�D ��4��
j��� ,@1��A�B� C�D ��4�� * ���?'�,�� E���5DT�� : �1 ���� �7N1 o�4?�� �O��&,� 2 � ,VI��,4��1 VI]Z�4��
![Page 188: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 570 –
�3 � ,�\��g�� E���'�[ =��O1 D���>�� L���,�4 ���Q ���� ,|���g��1 V���� E�-\7�5 � ,�\�g�� V���Q ����DN
�6 �1 ,E�D�>�� VII>Q�7 �V����� D��;¦ R�7 ¾��F��a �Baran et al., 2013� j�G�� ��5�D� 6O �1�2009 �
@1��A�B� VI����4�� E�����FG �O����Q ���'D� H���I- MN (���� ���&�' * C�D �4�� �XI� L�Y7K o � �;45D�s1
2& �,I7 R7 ���5�190 � l�I[ ,C�D �Q ��XI� �Y7 � [�37 ��DK * @1A�B� V��4�� * ���FG Ec��� �
j� :|�5��� J���I- ,@1A�B� V��4�� �O�>:�ICDL� , E�A0�� J���I-1 ,��;'�43N1 J� ��4�� �v�5��� VI]ZQ1
633B� a ����FA�� 2�& ��7 o�4p& ��'1 MN /<�Q1
l���`�� ������ * ©Fr,�&1 ,@��`��1 �1¡� ����� * C,��� E�m�k4� o���Q ����� �1�O '�Q Â1 ,n����1
JWU�1 ��0Q��� * ����� �1��O ���'1 n�& ,®Zr4��1 _�4�5K n�& ��3D�>& «D�b& _�45K1 _�45K ¶��Z� �I]����
7�p��& a ����' ���5�D� 6O ��� T��G�2007 � ��� � MN ��XI� L�Y�7K o �� @1�A�B� V��4�� E���FG o�4p&R�7 jF<��� P;,�� 6>0q1 ,�[�0�� ��&�' * C�D 4��
�150 � V;,& ���45� ��Y7^�53�1 , Pv��4,�� 6,]Y�Q* 6��`¥ @1A�B� VI��4�� E���FG �K : V��4��� C�5K
V��4���� �����3 JD��N1 ,���I>I0g4��1 ������,�� @1��A�B�VII>4��1 ,j]I��4�� VI]Z4��1 ,@1A�B� a 6O �� T�G
Ip��1 ]� �5�D��2014 � E����FG R�7 MN {���4��t
� C�D 4�� �XI� L�Y7K o � @1A�B� VI��4�� �K ��&�o�>�� a �I�5�5K E����FG C�} 6,]YQ �3�045� 6>0qwj�1 : ,j�]I��4�� VI]Z�4�� ,JD��B�1 �I�gr4�� ,�I,>4��
V����>4��1 E�D���04)c� ,���]��4�� n��& /��<��4��. ��-1 ,C�D ��4�� ���XI� L�Y��7K n��I� R��7 ���5�D �� 6��>0q� w
V;,& ���45�1�159 a� �O���Q MN ��5�D �� 6Z��)1B� VI��4�� E���FG C�D �4�� ��XI� L�Y7K o � @1A�
� �7 MN 6Z�) TG ,�g5�4& �'D o�>�� �K ��&�� ����� �1�O E '11 ,C,�� mk4& * ���� �1�O ��'1 ��3D�>& ������1 ��I]���� ¶��Z�� ®Zr4�� mk4& * ¶��Z���� 6���33B� JW���) *1 ,�I7+�����1 ����I����
JW) �`G¡� E�7�]���a � �K =0��5 ���s ¶Y��4� J�����8 * @1��A�B� V��4���
�7D�p4&�Shah, 2018� 2�A]� @1A�B� V��4�� �K1 , ��I,>4�� j�FO ;o��4?��1 j�,>4�� f�I��� * fQ��' �0�
J� �� m���& �O��4Q�Butterfield & Ngondi, 2016� , j�]I��4�� VI]Z�4�� * J� �� u_T�3 «�,� o�4?�� *1
�Quality Matters, 2014� C�D �4�� n�1 �K �[ * , J���' �0�� * ��Ab�& �1 �s ,�0�bQ �`GK @1A�B�¨ ^
�D ��4�� V��4���� ������3 ED����K l��I[ ,@1��A�B� C /�G � /7�F4�� �I·� MN �1�)�1 25D 3¡ @1A�B�
2& :o��4?��1 ,|��g��1 ,V����a �Anderson, 2008� D���� �\) 2& �O���� u�43N �I·K E GK o�)¡� 2A�µ ¨
![Page 189: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 571 –
��Z�Qc� �I51 D1 C�D 4�� �XI� �Y7 f ��>� e~�� ���D�>Q1 ��;]I�,Q1 D��AO¡� I��Q *�Bates, 2015� a
C�D ��4�� * ���I&�;F�� ���q¡� � ���Q (���_ MN {�Y��� ��XI� �Y�7 E���FG �;�]� * 6�]4�� j4�� @1A�B�
|���3���� * ,C�D ���4�� :��1 ,�IZ���rb�� ,��������I,>4��1 ,���D��B�1 ,��I7T4'c�1 a(Abdous, 2011;
Anderson, Rourke, Garrison, & Archer, 2001;a
Berge, 1995; Mishra, P & Koehler, 2006) , 27 JD��Z�� @1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG 6ZZ� TG C�D ��4�� f��'�& ���;,& ��[��O ;���I,;�� E���I�]��
j�&����� VI����4�� * @1��A�B�(Online Learning
Consortium, 2016) j�&���� /�0- C�D 4�� * �)�1 ,�Powell et al., 2014� E�������FG * ������,:�1 ,
����g>�� * |�D ��4�� ����� * @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� "���U�(Association of Talent Development,
2014; ibspi, 2003) a T�G ��5�D� E��I�¡� 6,]Y�Q 4�� E���FG � ?4� J [�1 @1�A�B� C�D(Bigatel
et al., 2012) D���qN R�7 L���, 6�¥ J ��[�1 ��5�D�1 ,^ @1A�B� C�D 4�� * j&�;F&�Liu et al., 2005� * ,
2��& /��G E���5�D� �K ���[ :j��G�� �2009�1 ����'�2007�1 , Ip��1 ]��2014� �O���Q o�4p& E� [
���XI� L�Y��7K o ��� @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� E�����FGC�D 4�� al[�0�� �;'��& MN (�_ o�K -1 * ��Ab�&
J���' �0�� * ,@1�A�B� V��4�� J�T7 * f�]7 L�,:K �0��5�,�� E�1�¡� �O����Q � ���� @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� «�,� / ,�>O l[�0�� �;;'���  ��Ab�� �~�1 ,(�~�
j,q��� o�4p�� R7 ����'1 MN mb� �& a @ �Q |0p0O {��>�� VI���4�� JD�81 2�7 D���- D < J���� o�4p&
������p��� �I���� �A�]�� * � 27 VI��4�� P&�� nI �e &�k��, 2018� a * J��K mO��Q �5�D �� 6O ;45� �~�
2�& =�>?4�� n�& @1�A�B� C�D �4�� E����FG H�I-�����p�� �XI0�� R7 ��&�AIp�� �;Zv�Z)a
� ��OK -1 �� �7N * ��5�D �� E��I�K 2�& l[�0� �q¡� R7 L�, @1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG 2& �O�FZ&^ ��p��D�'1 ,um 2& /A� @1A�B� C�D 4�� �&����
,�GD�1 ��5D 3�11 ,��5�&1 �p��1 ,����G1 �+I&H1 ��071(Abdous, 2011; Anderson, Rourke,
Garrison, & Archer, 2001; Berge, 1995; Mishra,a P & Koehler, 2006) 2�& � �7 6���1 V�: 2�&1 ,
J��' E�5D�s * �D1 �& =O1 ,���FG /G 6� E�D�0���� V��4�� @1�A�B� V��4�� {\4v� �]�,& 2& @1A�B
�OLC� 2��7 @1��A�B� V��4���� J����' E���5D�s1 , j�&����� /��0- @1��A�B� VI����4�� ���I�1 �� ���I�]��
�iNACOL� f�v\&81 /�IQ��I ��5�D�1 ,(Bigatel et
al., 2012) a @1�A�B� C�D �4�� E���FG J��K 6F��Q1 * E���FG @T: 2& �Iv 0���76 �j�� ,JD�07 : E�D��;��
![Page 190: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 572 –
�IZ�rb���13���& >&1 , C�D �4�� �10�{� ��K1 ,
V��4���5�V��>4��1 , �12�V��4��� ����& �� �7N1 , �7� ,V��4�� �gb3K1 �12�V7�1 , V��4�� �6��I,>4��1 , �11a�
-@����� -(�_/:
2�& @1�A�B� V��4��� R�7 |�g�� J����� ��I43^�XI� L�Y7K �� 7N � 71 ,�;' �~�� 81���4� C�D �4�� �
2��7 ���I>I>[ E���&���& MN V;4'���[1 ¢����, m��Ik4�� 2�& @1�A�B� V��4��� |[�Z��� C�D 4�� * mIk4��
���I& (��_ MN D���K TG o�)K �;'(Major, 2015) , V��4���� ���]�,& ��7��- ����) (����� ����&�' =��I0g4�1 * /�&�A�� 1K P& �� @1A�B� V��4�� ¶I4Q @1A�c�
25 % ����43c� �\q P&�� E�D�>& 2&� R�7 ��T4�7�5�4�� J���� �� 2�7 VI���4�� ��?vc 2�& ��� V��4���1 ,
�? �I7�0�5K �q�b3 ~IF,Q hb� /&�A�� @1A�B�^ ®IZ���1 ,���3�K�40 �% �gb��3Ã� E�'D ���� 2��&
=I0gQ hb� P& �� @1A�B� V��4�� *1 ,�I31A�B�w �<D n�& ��3�K ? �I7�05K [�1 h�b3 ^�25 �% 2�&
���I31A�B� �gb��3¡� * E�'D ����� V��4���� J�T��7@1��A�B� ,2012� a C�D ��4�� E�����FG {\4��)c1
fI�N ED��K TG f'�� �;'1 C�D 4�� * �;,7 @1A�B�^E��I�¡� 2& � 7 a(Baran, Correia, & Thompson,
2013; Hiltz, Shea, & Kim, 2010; Van de vord &a Pogue, 2012� E����FG H��I>� E�1�K �O���Q � ��1 ,
���1 ,l�[�0�� V��7 �[ R7 �I�� @1A�B� C�D 4��^ 2�& @1�A�B� C�D �4�� * J���� �0� E�I�� f0�g4Q ��,,>�� ��&�AIp��� ®v�ZU� �;IO �O��4Q E�1�K �O��Q �5�D �� �~� 6QK �~� ,����� �~� * �����p�� �XI0�� R7
G H�I- J��K L�,0�@1A�B� C�D 4�� E���Fa -@����� K��A:
E�����FG H���I- J��K L���, MN ���5�D �� 6O ��� ���9�0:1 �;- ��< 2��& =��>?4��1 @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� L�Y�7K 2�& @1A�B� C�D 4�� * L�W) R7 �;>I0g4
��) (��� ��&�' * C�D 4�� �XI�a -@����� -�`:
K J 7�p�& * ��5�D �� J��K V;pQ - ��XI� L�Y�7 D�1�¡� � �� ����G @1�A�B� C�D �4�� * C�D 4�� - TG ,@1A�B� V;p�D Q * ��~IF,Q V;I�7 |� j4�� J���' * D���>�� e~r4&1 �T47c�1 J���� E�;' IFQ
/��&�A�� f�I7�, @1��A�B� V��4��� P&���� ��� 2�7 � E�F���<����1 h1+����� �� ��7N * \`���]4& P& ����1^
��4��1 * C�D �4�� �XI� �Y7 2& ��~IF,Q |'���� ETI@1A�B� fp�D Q a C�D �4�� E���FG H�I- J��K �K TG
1K ,�Z�4r�� ��I�?�� �I,;�� ET�,�� IFQ - @1A�B� m������� D� ��<N * @1��A�B� V��4���� j,q����� ���G��� E��;' �IFQ �- T�G ,@1�A�B� C�D 4�� * �I,q���
|�D 4�� ��&1 ,@1A�B� C�D 4�� * |�D 4�� ��� *
![Page 191: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 573 –
@1A�B� V��4�� ���, V��4�� �& ) 2& fI�7 |Q�a -@����� -(]@:
�I��4�� ��X5¡� 27 ��'B� MN �5�D �� ��pQ:
�1¡� ��±p�� :@1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG �&? @��`�� ��±p�� : C�D �4�� E����FG H��I- J��K ��&
?@1A�B� ��l��`�� ��±p : J��K * E��0`��1 � Z��� �'D� �&
?@1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG H�I- -@����� ���a:
H��I- J��K �� 7N R7 �I7����� �1 �� 6�]4�� E�����FG j��gkQ j��4��1 @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� E�����FG �Y�7 o �� �IZrb�� E�D�;�� * @1A�c� C�D 4��
��& >&1 ,C�D �4�� �XI� K1 ,C�D �4��{� �� ,V��4���V�7�1 ,V��4��� �gb3K1 ,V��4�� ���& �� 7N1 ,V��>4��1
���I,>4��1 ,V��4���� a C�D ��4�� * L�W��) R��7 6��>0q1� w S�D ���� ������� * ����) (����� ����&�' * @1��A�B�
�1436 �� − 2016��a
1�A��+�� �J(SH+�:
�p�Iv��� VI���F��1 E�?�gZ��� ��5�D �� /]bQ�I��4��:
�����FA�� : «����� ���<�>& * ���;F���Q �D1ERIC * m����� �1 ��� C����� 2�7 \�>3 @1A�B� C�D 4��^
�����FA�� �K ,VI����4��1 L��¡�1 |�D ��4�� : E�_ ���7�]�
2�A¥ j�4�� ,E����c�1 ,E�D�;��1 ,{D���� 2& ��<� µ w ,��FI¦1 1K ��,;& �gb�3K * ����F�� L��¡� 2& ®rb��t
1���4Q 1K j0�Q �>��g��,;�� �~�� * ���-�4�� m������ 8 �Spector, 2001�a
@1��A�B� C�D ��4��Online Teaching :¤ ���� /Ab�� D���>� C�D ��4�� ���XI� �Y��7 1K V������ ~��IF,Q
6��33B� �\��) 2��& /��&�G 1K j��v�' @1��A�N§a �Senn & Gordon, 2007, p. 949�a
@1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG : «��,� �K ��I5 o��j��� ,C�D ��4�� ���XI� �Y���� E�D���;& n��DK : VI]Z��Q
/��7�F4�� JD��N1 ,���I]I��4�� ������� u���43N1 ,VI����4�� ,@1�A�B� D��>�� * V;,�I1 �\�g�� n& j7T4'c� f�]b��� T�� ���I-\)¡�1 ���I3�3�>�� ��7��>�� =��I0gQ1
�� ���?O�A&1 ���IA��� ����>[ 2��& �I<�Z��U�1 ,½��k �Sales, 2005�a
@1A�B� V��4�� :¤ ������ |I���5¡� 2& P��&�� �I31A�B� E�1�¡�1 E�A0b��1 =p�3 * /�]�Q j�4
V��4��� =�I>� { �� V�,�&§a (Anderson & Dron,
2016, p. 540)a V��4�� JD��N ���3L MS : ,V� �>4� � r4p�� ���3
fQD��N1 V��4�� n04Q1 n�& 633B� W7 E�D�>�� V� >Q1 ��]��4�� �� �1��4�� ¶]pQ ®v�Z)(Mahnegar,
2012) a
![Page 192: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 574 –
-@����� b9�/:
=��I0g4 (���_1 ,j?p���� jF��<��� P;,���� =��0q �O���Q 2�& =�>?4�� �� *�b�A45c� d&����� /I�?4�� E����FG J��K R�7 �5�D �� ���OK E���45� R7 fq1i J��¡� � ��< 2��& =��>?4��1 ,@1��A�B� C�D ��4�� ���9�0: 2��&1 ,��&m0��5 h���0QDc� /��&��& �� r4��5�
�G �F�K /&��& �� r45���0&1a
-��2��� XF�R+�:
C�D �4�� ��XI� L�Y�7K 2�& �5�D �� n]4� ���Q C�D �Q ���5DT�1 �>��5 JW�)1 |�D Q VŠ� 2�~�� ��) (��� ��&�' * �� & 1K ��&�G �I31A�N E�D�>&
S�D �� ����� *�1436���−2016� � V�� �71�391 � C�D ��4�� * ���I��7 JW��) V��¯ ,C�D ��Q ���XI� �Y��7
A�B� V��4��� * ��I&���N �0�D �Q �18��4'� V;�I�1 @1^ ^ @1�A�B� V��4��� ��]�,�� �7��>�� �~IF,Q @1A�B�^ 8��I4'� hi �,]Y�4��1 ,���&��� C��� ����-K j4��1 1K /�&�G @1�A�N D�>& C�D Q �>O��& ��¥B |�D 4�� V��4�� l��`�� �¥±�� * �v��' V;,& ��05 =>[1 ,P& &
A�B� �� 2�7 VI��4��1 @1� V��4��� j,q���� ��G��� � 27 VI��4��1 @1A�B� ,2011�a ���,:� /Z�[ TG
R7 V;,& �1� E���&�' R�7 �v���' 65 2& �Q�v�' �I���� PI�U� �1 � �1��4�� C��� �1 � �&���� �3�&¡�
��I���� PI�U� �1 � �1��4�� C� ,2013� /Z[ TG ,
�����OK �;��5D � j��4�� ���I31A�B� E�D���>�� 2��& � ��7t Æ µ w 8�Q��& j4I����G j������ J���� �T47� R7 �5�D ��QM
���&�' ��) (��� ,2015� a � �7 V;,�& ���45� -1�149 ��5�D �� �,I7 ���`]� ��Y7^ a ��,I7 ��Q (�~�1
C�D �4�� * L�W�U� R7 EÇ4-� �� Z- �,I7 �5D� �� (���� ���&�' * C�D �4�� ��XI� L�Y7K 2& @1A�B�
��)a ���36E -@�����:
n�DK R�7 @1�A�B� C�D �4�� H�I- J��K 6I,w��&xy� �?,�� R7 (�_1 ,/[ :
M1¡� ��[��� : E���FG �]v�>� �I�1¡� JD�Z�� L�, * E����FG @T�: 2& 6F��Q j4��1 @1A�B� C�D 4��
�76 ��9�0:1 �;- < 2& =>�1 ,JD�07a �I3�`�� ��[��� : C�D �4�� E���FG �]v�- J��K =I0gQ
·¡� �'D� � ?4 �5�D �� �,I7 R7 @1A�B� /A� �I JD�07�� ' ©Fr,& MN � ' ��7 2&^ ^ � ��±p��� ���'B�1¡� : {~��� ?@1��A�B� C�D ��4�� E�����FG ���&
/-K 1K �5�4& �I·¡� o�4p& E�_ E�D�0���a ���`��`�� ����[��� : C�D ��4�� E�����FG H���I>& L���,
J��K R�7 *�b�A45c� d&���� /I�?4�� L��'� @1A�B�0p� e~��1 ,�5�D �� =�I0gQ h1i �O���Q 2�& =>?4�� f>
1K �N j�G D��04)� L��'� d&���� /I�?4��KMO,1 e��G 6�Qm0�Bartlett’s, h1+��� =>� R7 Pv�4,�� 6�� �_N1
![Page 193: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 575 –
���� E�D��0��� R7 *�bA45c� d&���� /I�?4�� L��'N V4��75 � �I5�5K /&��7 MN �;��8�4��E���FG� ���04�5� n& ,
� =>�  JD�07 eK J��K L��, V4� (�~1 ,/I�?4�� * n0b4�@1A�B� C�D 4�� H�I-a
�������� ����[��� : C����>& � ��< 2��& =��>?4�� d&����� /�I�?4�� 2�7 ���Q e~�� @1A�c� C�D 4�� ��p�? CI��>�� E�0: 2&1 ,��&m05 /&��& ��p?
��0&1�G �F�� /&��&a -@����� ���:
9D�< * �5�D �� J��K E 7Kt w��I�1¡� � , ��& =�O1µ 2�7 D��Z��� @1�A�B� V��4�� J��' E�5D�s * �D1
@1��A�B� V��4���� {\4��v� ���]�,&�OLC�,1 D� ��<N ��I�1 �� ��I�]�� 2& @1A�B� V��4�� J��' E�5D�s
j�&��� /0- @1A�B� VI��4���iNACOL� ��5�D�1 , fv\&81 /IQ��I�Bigatel et al., 2012�6F��Q1 , 2�&
2]Y��4Q @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� * E�����FG @T��:�76 �JD�07a
��Z��: /�&��& �]I- ��p? �5�D �� J��K E�0: 2& =>�� w T�G �I7\g4�5� �,I7 R7 J��¡� =I0gQ � ��0&1�G �F�K
�1 ��� 2& ¶Y4�1 ,� Z�� ��p[ * 6?�1K �5 � ���0&1�G ��F�K /�&��� ��]I- ��3�K �K�0.89 � ����FG *
�&C�D 4�� �& >� ���\7K1 ,�0.93 � ����FG *� �gb�3KV��4�� � ���0&1�G ��F�K /&��& �]I- 6k� /AG J���1
�0.95 � ¶��& �� TG ,�5�D �� ���»¡ jFQ Pv�4,��1�1 �� * �3a�
!��6$3&: d��/�3� ��� ��Z�� N/�2/ $?=25&<
f -������ d��/�3� −��� f -������ d��/�3� −���
1 ���IZrb�� E�D�; .90 5 V��4�� ���& �� 7N .90
2 C�D 4�� �& >& .89 6 V��4�� �gb3K .93
3 V��4�� { �K .90 7 V��4�� V7� .90
4 V��>4�� .91 8 �I,>4�� .92
-�(��� -6���� .95
h�H��:
��� ��I�1¡� �9D�< * �5�D �� J��K 6�5DKÆ w�14 �JW) (�4]� 2s TA�^ t w ,@1�A�B� C�D �4�� * ��I��7
E�D�0��� 2& � 7 6�>3 �]A?�� �I0�»K eKD R7 L�,1^
�»�I�< * E\� ��Q 6���'K T�G ,o�)K MN ���FG 2& R�7 =�FQ� j�4�� E�D��0��� 6O~[1 ,E�D�0��� 2& � 7
2& J��¡� 6F��Q1 ,�]A?�� �I0�»K �;O~[�8 � E���FG1�76 �,JD�07 �� * ¶��& �� TG�1 �4a�
![Page 194: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 576 –
!��6$ 4 :& ����� ������� �������<
f -������ ��� ����2�� f -������ ��� ����2��
1 E�D�;�� �IZrb�� 13 5 �� 7N ���& V��4�� 7
2 �& >& C�D 4�� 10 6 �gb3K V��4�� 12
3 {� �K V��4�� 5 7 V7� V��4�� 6
4 V��>4�� 12 8 �I,>4�� 11
�I7\g4�5� ��5�D� ���¥� � Z��� 2�& =�>� TG 6�k� �Iv��b�7 ��,I7 R7 �5�D �� �3�045� =I0g4�30 �
�XI� L�Y7K V�1 ,�5�D �� n]4� 2& C�D Q �XI� �Y7 1K /��&�A�� @1��A�B� V��4���� ����5DT�� C�D ��4��
�D1 ,P& ��t�25 � h�0QDc� /&��& ��c� 6pI-1 ,V;,& �'D� n& JD�0����0�� � � �� TG ,f� j]4,Q e~�� ���FA��
�1 ' * ¶��& �5� ��� h��0QD� E�D��0��� 6>>[1 , V��-D JD���0��� L�,`4��5��2 � ,��� m��» f��q�0QD� /��&��]O
��Iv�;,�� �9D��< * ��5�D �� J��K ��A4� ,{~[ (�~� 2& �F�±&�8 � ��� E����FG�75 � VI-��Q �I7K1 ,JD��07
f0'�] E�D�0��� /p�pQa
!��6$5&:�9��E OF��� O��� -������ -6��� ����2�� C� ?8@>� i��T�V� N/�2/ -�V� $?=25&<
-���� :-�H)_�� ���9+� ������� -/�0/ -���� 1(2��� K��A -���� 1�80��� -����
����2�� i��T�V� N/�2/ ����2�� i��T�V N/�2/ ����2�� i��T�V N/�2/ ����2�� i��T�V� N/�2/
1 **0.64 14 .43* 24 .88** 29 .68**
2 0.34** 15 .59** 25 .83** 30 .49*
3 .59 16 .51** 26 .78** 31 **.65
4 .65** 17 .65** 27 .83** 32 *.49
5 .75** 18 .78** 28 .61** 33 **.76
6 .60** 19 .72** 34 **.74
7 .70** 20 .78** 35 **.71
8 .83** 21 .77** 36 **.74
9 .77** 22 .76** 37 **0.83
10 .64** 23 .77** 38 **.67
11 .71** 39 **.73
12 .71** 40 **0.74
13 .75**
![Page 195: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 577 –
X��T Y !��6$5&<
-���� : 1(2��� ��8/ ����E 1(2��� -S_5 -���� 1(2�+� 1�� -���� -��0��� -����
����2�� i��T�V� N/�2/ ����2�� i��T�V� N/�2/ ����2�� i��T�V� N/�2/ ����2�� i��T�V� N/�2/
41 **0.77 48 **0.74 60 **0.69 66 .77**
42 **0.90 49 **0.73 61 **0.71 67 .79**
43 **0.54 50 **0.88 62 **0.90 68 .67**
44 **0.64 51 **0.71 63 **0.87 69 .81**
45 **0.84 52 **0.57 64 **0.86 70 .86**
46 **0.77 53 **0.75 65 **0.72 71 .68**
47 **0.75 54 **0.69 72 .65**
55 **0.54 73 .42*
56 **0.80 74 .77**
57 **0.73 75 .69**
58 **0.79 76 .84**
59 **0.81
** ��� !��0.01 * ��� !��0.05
-@����� k��ST:
JD��N ����3 * �\7�� ��5�D �� J��K ���D /5DKÆ w * ,� ��[ R��7 ���5�D �� n��]4� 2��& ����O /��A� V��4���� ;/�&�A�� @1A�B� V��4�� �>��g �&N ,HD Q E�D�>&¨ t w,���3�K ��? �I7�0��5K �q�b��3 ~��IF,Q hb��� ����1^
®IZ����1�40 �% �gb���3Ã� D����>�� E����'D� 2���& e~��1 P& �� @1A�B� V��4�� �>��g 1K ,�I31A�B�
n�& ��3�K �? j7�05K [�1 h�b3 =I0gQ fIO hb� w <D�25 �% ��I31A�B� �gb3¡� * D�>�� E�'D� 2&
�@1�A�B� V��4�� J�T7 ,2012� ����5D (��_ \�Q1 , �1����� ����N ��1 ,�7�05K � mG~Q�179 � ��;,&
�30 � jv���;,�� � ����� ¶0Z��I� ,/��]4A& m��» ��DÊ�149 � �1 �� ¶���1 ,�5�D �� �,I7 /`¥ ���45��6 � n�8�Q
,�I]���� �0Q��� =O1 �5�D �� �,I7®Zr4��1 a
!��G�$6&:-�F(2�� -�T3�� k^� -��2�� X�l8T ,'H)���� <
-�F(2�� -�T3�� ��2�� &%$ 'H)��� ��2�� &%$
n��@ 5 5.4 -�5�*5E� -���� f8(� 67 45.0
o��_/ n��@ 13 26.2 P:� -��: f8(� 34 22.8
![Page 196: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 578 –
X��T Y !��G�$6&<
-�F(2�� -�T3�� ��2�� &%$ 'H)��� �� ��2 &%$
���*/ n��@ 83 55.7 -@��A� f8(� 12 8.1
p�# 39 8.7 q3r 36 24.2
��2/ 8 3.4 Q�U�� 149 100 q3r 1 0.7
Q�U�� 149 100
-@����� -(]@:
!�;� !�s*�� :?������� ������� ����� �/
��I·¡� ��'D� H��I> ��±p��� �~�� 2�7 |I'KE�����FA�� ����� E�D���0���1 @T`���� �75 � C�D ��4�� *
,@1A�B� 6>>[ lI[ �72 � �I·K �'D� JD�07¤ ��7
� �'^§ ��I·K ���'D� E�D��07 °\��: 6�>>[1 ,¤����7§
L��, E�D�04)� * �¯�)�B E�D�0��� nI� 6I>K (�~1@1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG H�I- J��K a 6�>>[ (�~G
�A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG nI� ��I·K ��'D� @1¤ ���7
� '^§ , �1 �� ¶���1�7 � E��O��?3c�1 E�g�5�4�� C�D ���4�� E������FA� ����I·¡� E����'D�1 �����D�I���
@1A�B�a
!��6$7&: ������� ������� �����(� -�`;� -6��� u���2+� K�3J5V�� v�*w� x@8�+� $?=149&<
x@8�/-������ ����2�� ��� x@8�+� V�u���2+� K�3J5 -�`;� -6��
�IZrb�� E�D�;��Skills and Mind Set 12 4.47 .47 � ' ��7^
C�D 4�� �& >& Teaching Introduction 10 4.4 .49 � ' ��7^
V��4�� {� �K Learning Objectives 5 4.52 .55 � ' ��7^
V��>4�� Assessment and Evaluation 12 4.48 .47 ��7� '^
V��4�� ���& �� 7N Learning Content 7 4.50 .50 � ' ��7^
V��4�� �gb3K Learning Activities 12 4.35 .56 � ' ��7^
V��4�� V7� Learner Support 6 4.32 .64 � ' ��7^
�I,>4�� Technology 11 4.40 .54 � ' ��7^
/AG J��¡� �5�4&� :@1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG� 75 4.42 a45 � ' ��7^
��WZ�� !�s*�� : ����W��� �W���� �W�� ��� �W/
?�������
|I'K d&����� /�I�?4�� L��'�� ��±p��� �~� 27
��±p�� 27 6�43 j4�� E���FA�� �]v�- R7 *�bA45c� MN ��0b�Q 6�>>[ j�4�� E�D��0��� n�8�Q Z> ,�1¡�^
/��&��7�E�����FG�H���I>& ����4� (�~��1 , C�D ��4��
![Page 197: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 579 –
2�& =�>?4�� L���'B� �~�� =0p��1 ,@1A�B� �O���Qx�� TG ,d&���� /I�?4�� =I0gQ h1i :
c1K^ : 2�& =>?4�� �O���Q /�I�?4�� =�I0gQ h1i*�bA45c� d&���� :
6k� 1K �N j�G /�&��& �]I-KMO� 0.92� ��s , e��G n��& �]I- 6k� TG ,�,I��� |?5 JL�FG MN mb�
����� :m0� 6����QBartlett’s E����3�I0�� �����1�A��818 � ���c �� o�4p]1�0.01� �O�FZ�& �K �IFQ f�4�c�1 ,
,J �[��� �O�FZ�& ���3 2�& 6pI� h�0QDc� E\&��& VI�- ���AQ j�4�� E�O�FZ�� ��3 2& 6pI� ��K �,�]
e1�pQ ¼�,��� �I>1 [���� ��1�p& �¯ ���g>�� ��\U�0gQ h1i 6>>� (�~1 ;�FZ�� d&����� /�I�?4�� =I
*�bA45c�a �I3�:^ : R�7 *�b�A45c� d&����� /�I�?4�� =�I0gQ
�,]Y��4�� @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� E�����FG ���]v�-�75 � V-D �QD�0��� �K f,7 P431 ,JD�07�2 ,61 � T�¯ ° � Â
��� n0bQ /Z[1 ,n0bQ�73 � ,/�&��7 ��0�5 * JD��07 �1 ���� * �;Z��r�& ¶������1�8���<�FQ1 , * �;�I
�1 ���9 a�
!��6$8& :7�_��@V� y/�2�� N�(J��� : N/�82��$ ������� & !�z N� 7 ����2�� 1���$?=139&<
N/�2�� �30���
�1¡� 33 ,34 ,36 ,37 ,38 ,39 ,40 ,47 ,53 ,54 ,55 ,56 ,58 ,59 ,60 @�`�� 13 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,21 ,22 ,62 ,67 ,68 ,70 ,71 ,72 ,73
l��`�� 20 ,35 ,41 ,44 ,45 ,48 ,49 ,50 ,51 ,57 ,74
n���� 23 ,42 ,43 ,46 ,52 ,63 ,64 ,65 ,66 ,75 C&�U� 1 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12
H��p�� 3 ,15 ,24 ,25 ,26 ,27 ,28
n�p�� 14 ,29 ,30 ,31 ,32 ,69
�1 ���� 2��& ¶Y��4��8 � E�����FG H���I- J��K �K
B� C�D 4�� 678�Q1 ,E���FG n05 2& 6F��Q @1A��1 �� * �;&�-DK ¶���� E�D�0��� �;I�7 �8 �x�� TG :
M1¡� ���FA���15 � �I3�`�� ���FA��1 ,JD�07�14 � ,JD�07 2�& ���`��`�� ����FA��1�11 ��������� ���4��FA��1 ,JD���07
�p&�U��10 � �5��p��� ����FA��1 ,T;,�& /�A� E�D�07�7��D�07 ���p�� ���FA��1 ,E �6 � �]p�451 ,E�D�07t w
,����FG /�G * J�D����� E�D��0��� R�7 L��, ����FG /G^ �1 �� * �?����1�9a�
![Page 198: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 580 –
!��6 $9&:7�_��@V� y/�2�� N�(J��� : N/�82��$ ������� &����2�� X�_T -6���$ <?=139&<
N/�2�� �30��� X�_���
]�� "�O J 7 ¶IQKVÅ � V��4�� D�gQ o & �O��� �]��4a 0.50
V��4�� E�'�² j0�Q ��K 2& G�4�� ��D1� D�>�� �<�U� �gb3¡�1 ��;�� n'�DK 0.46
E�3�I0�� 2& �7�,4& �7�]� � r45����D��B�1 �I]���G¡� E�&����� � E�mIk4�� fI'�Q1 V��4�� �I���O VII>4� D�A4& /Ab1 ���43� �?3�]4p�� �p?4��a
0.61
J���� �TY� V�4,& /Ab V��4�� E�'�² n'�DKa 0.52
�;4I���O �TY� �I]I��4�� E�I�IQ�5c� �]4p& /Ab VI-Kta 0.62
m���& L�� * �\g�� � >Q �]4p& /Ab VI-Kt{� �K1 |��q /G u�4� j4�� E�7����� � ?4� ,¢��11 �- J� � E�'�²1 �;IO MNJD�;& 1K ��;F& ��>QN |��g�� =>?I� *��N V7� a
0.51
C�D 4�� ��q 27 �\g�� eKD �\g45� �\) 2& ��'���� ��~k4�� n�K{� �¡�1 o�4?��1 |I��5K1 V��>4��a 0.59
e~�� P;,�� E�D�I) "�Zr D��>�� n,< *1 ���g4�� * «�K��-Kfp�D 4 a 0.52
��4�� E�XI Ëb3K ��~k4�� n& /7�F4��1 ,Ji�0�� ��[\��1 ,|��g�� V��4� �I�� E�3�I0�� R7 ]4�Q1 ,�IZrb��1 �31��� Vp4Q j4�� V�\g�� 2& ��'����a
0.54
,|���q /�G E����gQ1 E��&T4��1 ,J��>��1 ��Y�� h�>31 ,E��k`��1 ,����F�� E�D�;�� V;F� �I7�,��1 �I]A�� E�3�I0�� �� r45� r45�1V��4�� E�W) R7 Árb�� n�g�� L�F�B E�&����� (�Q ��a
0.64
� r45� * E�3�I0�� �]�3K 2& (�_ * T ,J� �4& D��Z& 2& E�3�I0��E�1�K V��Q R7 {��4�� ��]A& �>��g1 ,@1A�B� V��4�� ����O /Ab |��g��1 E�3�I0�� f� mbQ �& L�� * V��4�� E�7�]� VIp>Q �0�a
0.62
� r45� * E�3�I0�� �]�3K 2& (�_ * T ,J� �4& D��Z& 2& E�3�I0��E�1�K V��Q R7 {��4�� ��]A& �>��g1 ,@1A�B� V��4�� ����O /Ab |��g��1 E�3�I0�� f� mbQ �& L�� * V��4�� E�7�]� VIp>Q �0�a
0.62
Ëb3KK �D �;IO V4� ,�\g�� n& �ZZ² �I]I��Q E�D�p& E\IY�FQ =�I>?4� V��4��� E�W) * 2��04�� ¶��Q jA� V��4�� {� �V�L��K E���4p& =O1 �F�4r�� �]��4��a
053
fQ�&T4��1 fQ�'�I4[�1 ����F�� V��4�� {� �K =>?4� �I]I��4�� E�I�IQ�5c� =0qK1 j]I��4�� o�4?�� V]<Ka 0.45
!�;�:
1�80���
E�& )1 E�5�I5 D�>�� ETI��Q * f'1K1 ¶�1K�<�U� E�'�I4[c� e1_ ��<1 V7 � �p5±�� a .49
/]�� c 1K /]�� �� T �]4p& /Ab E��[\�� �1�K�E�3�I o�4p& R7 ,VI��4�� E�I�IQ�5N1 E�>I0g4��1 ,E�I,>4��1 ,|��g����'���� ��~k4��1 �(�_ L�� * /]��� �g) � [�1a
0.44
�1 "�Z, 2�7K /�<��4�� /v��511 ,@1�A�B� ��W��1 ,��I31A�B� E�b�-�,�� * ��� ���4�c� n-�4�� 7��>��1 ���y� �?�o�)¡�a
0.70
E�&����� D��Z&1 E�>I0g4��1 �]�3Ã� j-\)¡� �� r45c� E�5�I5 ¶�1Ka 0.52
2�7K1K n�K� ��&��� � D�>�� E�5�Ip� �?��1 "�Z,� @1A�� ��D �� ���4�c� V��4�� 2& n-�4� j4�a 0.65
�;&� r45c ��D1Ì�� ETI��4�� V� >Q n& �I,>4�� E�0�g4�� 2& �3�¡� �� ¶�1Ka 0.50
��Z��:
-/�0/
�������
@1A�B� VI��4�� ��b E��-�4��1 j4GD�b� �?��1 m���& n�K− E��0'���� 2�7 ���'�D ���~kQ V� �>Q ,���4�5c� 2&8 /`& ��ZQc� E�&���&1a
0.60
![Page 199: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 581 –
X��T Y!��6 $9&<
N/�2�� �30��� X�_���
�]��4]�� ¶�1K�@1A�B� V��4�� * L 0�� /0- � 7��> ���4�c�1 �IQ�~�� �I�O� �� ��A�4]� ��3�G �_N �& � ?4� D�>�� 27 E�&���&@1A�B� V��4��a
0.50
� V7 �� D�>�� ETI��Q * ¢iK1 ¶�1KfI�7 ��Z�� �IFIG1 ,� >�� j,F�a 0.60
1 D�>�� E�I,>Q nI]� ��<��� �I3�A&N ��[ E�&���& � -KN��� |�g4]G �;&S�5K|��g�� R7 a 0.49
JL��>�� ���;5 2]Y� /Ab D�>�� E���4� V]<Ka 0.40
D�>�� * ���g�� �I,>4�� MN /;p�� �\g�� ��<1 =>[Ka 0.53
* j7�DKE�>I0g4��1 /Ikb4�� �]�3K 2& � ��� W7 �\g�� ��<1 ���;5 D�>�� * E�I,>4�� eD�I4)�a 0.57
�]��4]�� �7�,4�� E�'��� j0�Q E�»�I< J � �I]I��4�� D��Z�� M� ��<��� ��� /v�51 D�>�� * �O1Ka 0.40
��Z��:
-/�0/
�������
V��4& ��<1 ���;5 =>� 2& G�QK M� �<�U� E�'�I4[c� e1_��� �I]I��Q E�I�IQ�5� �I]I��4�� ����� 0.54
�I]I��4�� �I�]��� �gb3¡ J���� E�0�g4& �gb3K � -Ka 0.37
|5�,�� 6-��� * ��mO�Q n& f4�X5K 271 ��;�� 27 ��'�D ��~kQ |��g�� � -Ka 0.57
;pQ �I]I��Q ���& � -KE� [���1 D�>�� o�4p& R7 V��4�� {� �K =I>� * Va 0.60
�:� �� �I]I��4�� ����� �Z4Q �K R7 "�[Ka 0.44
D�>�� * �,]Y�� �I]I��4�� ����� * ��3Ka 0.43
V��4�� {� �K =I>?4� V��4�� �F� �I]I��Q �gb3K mO�Q R7 "�[Ka 0.52
�O �O�Q �I]I��Q �gb3K � -K�b,�� V��4�� V7 � /7�F4�� J � 7 �<a 0.62
�\g�� /7�FQ E�0�g4& ¢��� 2�7Ka 0.63
©�0�� V;Y� n& �\g�� /7�FQ1 ,j�& �\g�� /7�FQ �K1 n��Ka 0.41
@1��Q V��Q E�7�]� * 1K />4p& /Ab /]��� 2& V;,IA¥ n& o�4?�� ��]��4I� �\g�� �D���� ©� �O1Ka 0.51
[��Z��:
��8+�
-�F�(2���
N�������
P��S�� X/
��1� 4&1 �`� [ D�>�� * �& r4p�� E�I,>4�� �K 2& G�QKa 0.49
/`& C�D 4�� ��� * �'���� G �gb3K * �\g�� «iK :©�0 V;Y� �\g�� ����Q1 ÍF, ����4��a 0.57
gb3¡� * �;&� r45� �IFIG1 �I]I��4�� ����� ���»¡ �?��1 �[i �O1K^ ^�I]I��4�� �a 0.52
D�>�� * �& r4p�� �I]I��4�� D��Z��1 ����� nI� � I' �>I:�Q =:1K^ ^a 0.55
��D�I4)c� �����1 ���g�� ����� �II]4� �?��1 �[i �O1K^ ^a 0.62
���F�� l?0�� �05�,�� |I��5¡� * E����DN �]��4]�� � -Kta 0.48
�� ETI��Q * f'1K1 ¶�1KD�>�� * ¢��,�� £\g�� V7 �� D��Z&1 E�& ) J 7�p& R7 ��Z�� �IFIG D�> 0.62
D�>�� E�I,>Q nI� �� r45� * V;]7 � �5D� �� �IQ�_ �I]I��Q H1D�1 �����DN E�;I'�Q �O1Ka 0.66
@1A�B� V��4�� ��b ���1�D n& �7�I� �`G¡� �]��4�� ��X5K �O1Ka 0.66
q V]<K�� r45c� ���;5 =>� �>��g D�>�� E�3�A& ¶FZQ1 ��7 �>��a 0.50
�\g�� V��Q V7 � �?�Z�� ��?<K 2& V�m»1 ,C�D 4�� �XI� L�Y7K1 ,�\g�� n& �[�4F& ��ZQc� E��,- R7 ªO�[K1 Ëb3Ka 0.70
X��3�� :
-S_���
1�(2���
�;4I���O �TY� E�1�¡�1 E�I,>4�� �]4p& /Ab VI-Kt wa 0.54
![Page 200: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 582 –
X��T Y!��6 $9&<
N/�2�� �30��� X�_���
J��I>��1 ,��IU�1 �� B�1 ,JD��0�� ¢1D (�4&Ka 0.53
�IQ�_ �;'�4& �]��4&1 ��>4p& �]��4& ��3�A� �K R7 2��)y� n��K1 u_�]3K /`&K^ wa 0.61
x�_ � �1 D�A4�1 �I���O1 ���I? ��;5Î� �I,;�� �I�1±p�� �;¦KVI��4�� �gb3K * a 0.63
���Y>�� /[ * �¿�F4��1 ,�>`��1 ,J��`�� * ��`�� � -K1 ªO�[Kwa 0.72
���AO ¶4F,& E�� ?4��1 ��F)B�1 ¢��,�� E�W) ���0Q * �]4p&1a 0.51
Pv�4,�� nI� * �I7���] ��3Kw��I0�p��1 �I��B��(�_ 1~[ R7 2��)y� 7�5K1 ,a 0.63
Kw����� * 2��)� L�WU� n&1 2& V��4�� l?0�� * D��a 0.52
@1A�B� VI��4�� �5D�s �p� ��<��� L\&���1 ,�\g�� ���O� �1�D n� * �IO�Fb1 D��Kwa 0.52
�]��4�� 2& �;�� V4� j4�� ��'���� ��~k4�� Pv�43 =0qKwa 0.58
�/�\� :
���9+�
-�H)_��
�I,>4�� � r45K �D�A4� �&� r45�^ ^JL�FG1 �I���O �`GK C�D 4�� /�� �O���1 �^a 0.49
V���� ��[ D�?]4�� VI��4�� 2& c ,V��4�� ��[ D�?]4�� VI��4�� =0qKwa 0.46
f4I,1 D�>]�� CIv��� ��k�� �]��4�� {�7Kt wa 0.50
D�>�� E���FG 1K ,�I]I��4�� D�>�� {� �K ÉI<K �W�� 1KH�I>�� ���- V��Q E�'�² �Z4� P&�3a 0.62 |��g�� ��3 �;'1 2& �;»�<K1 ¢��� �I]I��4�� {� �¡� nI� |4GKa 0.62
�?��1 �»�I< * D�>�� �gb3K1 V��4�� {� �K � �-\��� ¶�1Ka 0.58
D�>�� o�4p& n& |5�,4� /Ab D�>�� {� �K V]<Ka 0.59
��*��:
1(2��� K��A
CI>Q VII>Q /v�51 7K³{� �Ã� V��4�� =I>� o & 0.56
�7�,4�� D�>�� E�3�A& '�Q 2�K1 D�>�� * L 0�� �IFIG ¶��Q ETI��Q Ëb3�a 0.42
{� �� V��4�� =I>� o & CI>Q VII>Q /v�51 7Ka 0.46
D�>�� * E�'D �� <D �5�I5 ¶�1Ka 0.74
4� �,,>&1 J� � m���& � -KE�'D �� �� >Q �5�Ip �0Q�Q lI? V;4GD�b&1 �\g�� L��K VII>a 0.72
6]I- j4�� �T7¡� |5�,Q1 �7�,4&1 �]�4,& VII>Q E�1�K D�4)Kta 0.63
X��*��:
1(2�+� 1��
D�>�� * �,]Y�� �v�5��� �� r45� ���;5 =>[Ka 0.50
��1 �� 2& ¶Y4��8�1 ,�9 � ����FG D��;¦ � 7
678�Q / ;��>4p& �I,>4��^ n0p��� Ec���� � �9�D�07�1 ���� * �?������ �9� H���I- J��K 6��F��Q (�~��1 ;
/&��7 ��05 2& @1A�B� C�D 4�� E���FG�E���FG � 2]Y4Q�73 � S��} P�D �Q �¯1 ,JD�07� 2�&1 MN 5 �
H�I>�� E�D�07 nI]� E�'D� ��]�]�365 � ,�'D� �1 �� ¶���1�10 ��D �4�� ����FG H��I- ®r�& C
n�5�4I5 H��I>�� =�I0gQ ���[ * f3K T�7 ,@1A�B�^�1 �� * E�D1 TG ,JD�07 /G ��p� H�I>�� �9 a�
![Page 201: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 583 –
!��6$10&:������� ������� ����� ��� ��� 7 �9�6��� -���� N�� ����2�� ���� -������ <
-������ ����2�� ��� -6���� -������ ����2�� ��� -6����
;�� �IZrb�� E�D� 10 50 |��g�� n& /7�F4��1 �I]I��4�� ����� 11 55
C�D 4�� �& >& 14 70 �gb3KVI��4�� 10 50
V��4�� {� �K 7 35 V��4�� V7� 6 30
V��>4�� 15 75 ���B� 73 320
[��Z�� !�s*�� : ��� 7 �W�Z��� h�HW�� -6�� �/
?������� ������� ����� ���
Î� � Z���� 2��& =��>� ��±p���� �~��� 2��7 ����'� w /�&��& ��p�? d)� �� ��pQc� ��p? jv�Z[B� /�&��& ��p�? E��0`�� 2& =>�1 ,��&m05 h�0QDc�� w
xy� �?,�� R7 ,��0&1�G �F��:
V�{ :h�H��: =>� � w J��¡ jv�Z�[B� � Z�� 2& 2��& =>?4���� @1��A�B� C�D ��4�� E�����FG H���I-
��p��Qc� /��&��& �O�FZ��& ������ H���I>]�� d)� ���� ��&m0��5 h���0QDc�Spearman H���I>�� �����K ���
�1 �� =O1 �I�A�� �'D ��1 �11a�
!��6 $11&: ?�/>�@ i��T�V� N/�2/ Spearman -�(��� -6����� ��0+� ��2� C�<
�2��� !�;� ��Z�� [��Z�� X��3�� �/�\� ��*�� X��*��
!�;� 1
��Z�� .85* 1
[��Z�� .84* .97* 1
X��3�� .84* .97* .98* 1
�/�\� .39* .32* .28* .29* 1
��*�� .83* .74* .74* .29* .37* 1
X��*�� .83* .96* .98* .97* .25* .74* 1 N�� ��0+� .93* .98* .98* .98* .98* .83* .96*
* q8�*/ ��� !��$0.05 &
�1¡� ���0�� h���0QD� /��&��& �K =0��5 ���s ¶Y��4�
e1�p� /AG H�I>���0.93� ��0�� h��0QD� /�&��&1 , /�AG H��I>�� @�`���0.98� l���`�� ��0�� h��0QD�1 ,
1�p�� /AG H�I>��e� 0.98 � ��0�� h��0QD� /�&��&1
![Page 202: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 584 –
o1�p� /AG H�I>�� n�����0.98� h��0QD� /�&��&1 , H�I>�� C&�U� �0�� e1�p�� /AG�0.38� /�&��&1 ,
e1�p�� /�AG H��I>�� H��p�� �0�� h�0QD��0.83� , e1�p�� /�AG H��I>�� n�p��� ��0�� h�0QD� /&��&1
�0.96��Iv�Z[N ���0>&1 ���� VI- �;�G1 ,^ t a �~�� mb��1 fp�I>� e~��� fp�F3 L��� CI�>Q H��I>�� ���K �K MN
1 H�I>�� � < R7 � � �s ,/AG H�I>������Ka
��5�|{ : ��Z��: �� r4�5� H��I>�� E��0: 2& =>� � w�1 ��� ¶����1 ,���0&1�G �F�K /&��& �12 � /�&��&
6�k�1 ,@1�A�B� C�D �4�� H��I- J��K D1�� E�0: ����& �� �7N1 ,C�D �4�� �& >& j4��FG * �¯ �]I- R7K
6k� lI[ /7�F4��1 V��4���0.93 � ���3�K1�0.86� * ���FG H��I>�� E��0: /�&��& �]I- 6k�1 ,V��4�� V7� /AG�0.92 �|5�,& E�0: /&��& ��1a
!��6$12&: ������� ������� ����� ��� ���; d��/�3� ��� ��Z�� N/�2/ $?=149&<
f -������ d��/�3� N/�2/−��� f -������ d��/�3� N/�2/−���
1 �IZrb�� E�D�;�� .89 5 ��& �� 7N /7�F4��1 V��4�� � .93
2 C�D 4�� �& >& .93 6 V��4�� �gb3K .91
3 V��4�� { �K .88 7 V��4�� V7� .86
4 V��>4�� .92 -�(��� -6���� .92
��� E�D�0���1 ��0p�� E���FA�� �;43D�>& ,7�75 �
�1 �� * J�D�����9 � C�D �4�� * J���� E�5D�s n&JD��Z���� @1��A�B� @1��A�B� V��4���� {\4��v� 2��7
�OLC, 2016��� �����FA E���I¥ ����K ª��[\� t w E�D���; * J������ ������ D��qB� 2�& 6>4��� j�4�� �IZrb�� V��4���� ���I�1 �� ���I�]�� 2��& @1��A�B� C�D ��4��
j�&���� /�0- VI��4�� * @1A�B�iNACOL �K T�G ,�����p��� ��XI0�� * 6�>0q �5�D �� �~� J��K a 6�>FQ�1
V����& n��& ���5�D �� �~��� * E�����FA�� ���]v�- D�1�K@1A�B� C�D 4�� ��1�� �5�D� * J�D���� (Bawane
& Spector, 2009) j4�� l[�0�� D1� * �;�& 6F�4)�1 D�1�K * �����1¡� l�I[ 2�& Jm�)¡� ��0Q��� * 6�[¨
���@1A�B� C�D 4�� * V� a6>FQ� TG c���N Pv�4,��^ j�4�� ¶'�,�� @1A�B� C�D 4�� �I3T`�� E�5DT�� n&
2��)�1 ��D� �5�D� �¯ 6Z�)(Baran et al., 2013) * E����FA�� W�GK /IZ�FQ ����� �;,7 6F�4)�1�75 �
JD�07 a E��5�D� 2�7 ��5�D �� �~�� 6F�4)�1 j�G�� ؛��2007 '��؛��2009Ip��1 ]� �2014� { ¯� *
o �& H��I- MN 6O �� °\`�� E�5�D ��O ,n]4���1 �O����Q ���XI� L�Y��7K o ��� @1��A�B� V��4���� �����FG
![Page 203: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 585 –
J��K �� �7B ��I���� ��5�D �� 6O � �[ * ,C�D 4��4��1 @1�A�B� C�D 4�� * E�D�0���1 E���FA�� =�?
* n�]4��� /]4��� �-1 ,��&�AIp��� �;Zv�Z) 2& m�0U� C�D �4�� �XI� L�Y7K nI� R7 �:\`�� E�5�D � n�]4� Ç4-� �[ * ;@1A�B� V��4�� * m0U� m»1 C�D �4�� ��5DT�� L�W�U� R�7 ��I���� �5�D �� �~�
@1A�B� a �9�>��5 27 �5�D �� �~� 6F�4)� c��N1^� ��� TG @1A�B� V��4�� * ��&�� ����3 �qK ���T47
��1 �� * ¶��&�11 2 a� |��»K EÇ�4-� ��[ * ��5�D� j�FO ,c�]�� /-K ����Q /)� & R7 E�I�¡�^ C�D 4�� * n0p�� º��0�� R7 E ]47� 2��)�1 /Q��I
(Bigatel et al., 2012) a �1��)�1 (�3� ��5�D� *1u_�]3 R7 E ]47� P��� Brege a(Liu et al., 2005)
�Ap�3�I�� D��qN R7 D�4AI051 ��1� �5�D� E ]47�1 ��Z�Qc�1 E��&����� �I,>Q *(Bawane & Spector,
2009) a ��I�]�� 2& P& �� V��4�� E���FG D�qN ,45�1 @1��A�B� VI����4�� ���I�1 ��iNACOL V��4���� R��7
�IZ�rb�� E��'�?�� ��;'���Personalize learning V��4��� HDT��� V���]�� f�'�& f�3K T�G ,|��g�� o �
j�&���� /0- VI��4�� * P& �� @1A�B�(Powell et
al., 2014) a1 J��K L���, MN ���5�D �� 6Z���) (�~�� �;- ��< 2��& =��>�1 ,@1��A�B� C�D ��4�� E�����FGt w
* �pIvD E���FG ��05 2& H�I>�� ���Q1 ,�9�0:1�73 �
2& S�} P�D Q * JD�07 /G VII>Q 2A]�1 ,JD�07� 2&1 MN 5 � 2& H�I>�� �]I- uD 4Q1 ,E�'D��73 � ��]I>
MN �3�K�365 � �]I> �'D�H�I>�� /&�A� �]�7a ��D8���:
V� �>Q 2�A]� ,Pv�43 2& �5�D �� fI�N 6Z�) �s�IQy� E�I<�4��:
− L��, @1�A�B� C�D 4�� * |�D Q P&�� L�,^@1A�B� C�D 4�� H�I- J��K R7 a
− E�D���>�� C�D ��Q VI��I>4� ���5�D �� J��K =��I0gQ�I31A�B�a
− * �5�D �� J��K 2& J��OB� J����� h1i n�1 @1A�B� C�D 4�� *a
− m�����& �� ��7N * ���5�D �� J��K 2��& J����OB�j,q��� o�4p�� R7 @1A�B� C�D 4��a
-�ZJ� �a�0/:
− C�D 4�� E���FG H�I- J��K * E�D�0��� VIp>Q�& >4&1 ,�I5�5K MN @1A�B�� a * ��I&���N �I5�5¡�
�1 ,@1��A�B� C�D ��4�� J������ E���0�g4� ���& >4�R7¡��a
− 2�& �� �7 /]b�Q1 W�GK �,I7 R7 J��¡� =I0gQ^E��&���a
− C�D �4�� J���' VI�I>Q * �5�D �� JD��N =I0gQ@1A�B�a
![Page 204: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 586 –
X6�3+�� ���H+� -FM��
V�{ :-��32�� X6�3+�:
���I���� PI���U� �1 ��� �1����4�� C���� �1 ��� ���&���� ���3�&¡� a�2013 a��v�' E�D�>�� ���gQ1 VI]ZQ * �&���� �3�&c� J
j�I�U� �1��4�� C�� �1� o�4p& R7 @1A�B�a
Retrieved September 3, 2015, from
http://gccaward.uob.edu.bh/winners.html
jG�� , �T`7�2009 a��O��Q �'D� @1�A�B� V��4��� E����FG�D �4�� ��XI� L�Y�7K /0- 2& �;45D�s1 (���� ���&�� C
���5 aVI��4�� �I'���,AQ ���.Ç& ,19�3� ,121–138.
��' , ]��2007 a� E���FG 2& C�D 4�� �XI� L�Y7K 2A¥ o &��[�0�� ���&�' Ð @1A�B� V��4�� aVI���4�� ��I'���,AQ ,
17�2� ,87–110.
���) (��� ��&�'� a2015 a�J��;�� QM ������ ��&1�>& D��>�(·225 * �5 ,¯� �I�Ga
Retrieved September 3, 2015 from
http://engineering.kku.edu.sa/ar/content/747
@1��A�B� V��4���� J�T��7� a2012 a� V��4���� ���]�,�� ��7��>�� ��) (��� ��&�' * @1A�B�.: ��) (��� ��&�'.
Retrieved August 12, 2015 from
http://oldelc.kku.edu.sa/node/1775
e &�k�� ,�� 07� a2018 a��pI��� : VI���4��1 ��p�43c� {�>�NJ���� ����4� E��&��� � 27 a¾�A7 ,1.
Retrieved November, 15, 2015 from: from
https://goo.gl/2v9hrb
]� ,��ÅN a Ip��1 , ]��2014 a� @1A�B� VI��4�� E���FG C�D �4�� ��XI� L�Y7K o �o��>�� �K ���&�� a E��5�D�
CF,�� V�71 �I�� * �I�7, 2�51� ,333–370. �� 2�7 VI���4��1 @1�A�B� V��4��� j,q��� �G���� a2011 a�
� 27 VI��4�� �?vc a������ :����� VI��4�� JD�81 Retrieved Ocobrt, 11, 2015 from: https://goo.gl/jnu4xK
��5�|{ :���6V� X6�3+�-: Abdous, M. (2011). A process-oriented framework for
acquiring online teaching competencies. Journal of
Computing in Higher Education, 23(1), 60–77.
Anderson, T. (Ed.). (2008). Towards a Theory of Online
Learning. In The Theory and Practice of Online
Learning (Second edi, pp. 45–90). Edmonton, AB:
AU Press, Athabasca University.
Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2016). The Future of E-learning.
In C. Haythornthwaite, R. Andrews, Jude Fransman,
& E. M. Meyers, The Sage handbook of e-learning
research (2nd ed., p. 579). NY: Sage.
Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W.
(2001). Assessing teaching presence in a computer
conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous
Learning Network, 5(2), 1–17.
Association of Talent Development. (2014). The ATD
Competency Model. Alexandria, VA, USA.
Baran, E., Correia, A. P., & Thompson, A. N. N. D. (2013).
Tracing Successful Online Teaching in Higher
Education . Teachers College Record, 115(March),
1–41.
Bates, T. (2015). Teaching in a Digital Age. Vancouver,
B.C.: Tony Bates Associates Ltd.
Bawane, J., & Spector, J. M. (2009). Prioritization of online
instructor roles: implications for competency‐based
teacher education programs. Distance Education,
30(3), 383–397.
Berge, Z. (1995). The Role of the Online
Instructor/Facilitator. Educational Technology, 35(1),
22–30.
Bigatel, P. M., Ragan, L. C., Kennan, S., May, J., &
Redmond, B. F. (2012). The identification of
competencies for online teaching success. Journal of
Asynchronous Learning Network, 16(1), 59–78.
Butterfield, A., & Ngondi, G. (Eds.). (2016). Dictionary of
Computer Science. Oxford University Press.
CPE Rubric | Quality Matters. (2015). Retrieved from
https://www.qualitymatters.org/qa-resources/rubric-
standards/cpe-rubric
Garrison, D., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical
Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer
Conferencing in Higher Education. The Internet and
Higher Education, 2–3, 87–105.
Hiltz, S. R., Shea, P., & Kim, E. (2010). Using focus groups
to study ALN faculty motivation. Journal of
Asynchronous Learning Network, 14(1), 21–38.
ibspi. (2003). Instructor Competencies. International Board
of Standards for Training, Performance and
Instruction. Retrieved October 12, 2015 from
http://ibstpi.org/instructor-competencies/
![Page 205: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 587 –
Liu, X., Bonk, C. J., Magjuka, R. J., Lee, S.-H., & Su, B.
(2005). Exploring four dimensions of online
instructor roles: A program level case study. Journal
of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 9, 29–48.
Lowyck, J. (2014). Bridging Learning Theories and
Technology-Enhanced Environments: A Critical
Appraisal of Its History. In J. M. S. • M. D. Merrill &
J. E. • M. J. Bishop (Eds.), Handbook of Research on
Educational Communications and Technology (4th
ed., pp. 1–20). New York: Springer.
Mahnegar, F. (2012). Learning Management System. 14th
Annual Conference of Doctoral Students, 3(12), 144–
151. Retrieved from
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_Management_
System
Major, C. H. (2015). Teaching online: A guide to theory,
research, and practice. Teaching Online: A Guide to
Theory, Research, and Practice. Batimore,
Mayrland: John Hopkins University Press.
Mishra, P & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological
pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for
teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record,
108(6), 1017–1054.
Nolen, A. L. (2009). The content of educational
psychology: An analysis of top ranked journals from
2003 Through 2007. Educational Psychology
Review, 21(3), 279–289.
Old Dominion University. (2018). (2018). M’Hammed
Abdous. Retrieved May 17, 2018, from
https://www.odu.edu/directory/people/m/mabdous
Online Learning Consortium. (2010). M’hammed Abdous |
Online Learning Consortium, Inc. Retrieved May 9, 2018,
from
https://secure.onlinelearningconsortium.org/node/194
331
Online Learning Consortium. (2016). Quality Course
Teaching & Instructional Practice: Course
fundamentals. Newburyport, MA. Retrieved from
https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/consult/olc-
quality-course-teaching-instructional-practice/
Powell, A., Rabbitt, B., & Kennedy, K. (2014). iNACOL
Blended Learning Teacher Competency Framework.
International Association for K-12 Online Learning.
International Association for K-12 Online Learning.
Retrieved from https://www.inacol.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/10/iNACOL-Blended-
Learning-Teacher-Competency-Framework.pdf
Quality Matters. (2014). Standards from the QM Higher
Education Rubric , Quality Matters, 2014.
Quality Matters. (2016). K-12 Secondary Rubric | Quality
Matters. Retrieved May 11, 2018, from
https://www.qualitymatters.org/qa-resources/rubric-
standards/k-12-secondary-rubric
Rakes, G. C., & Dunn, K. E. (2015). Teaching Online:
Discovering Teacher Concerns. Journal of Research
on Technology in Education, 47(4), 229–241.
Redmond, B., Ragan, L. C., & Ko, S. (2012). A Key
competency for online instructors,. In Academic
Impressions. Houston, Texas.
Rodriguez, O. C. (2012). MOOCs and the AI-Stanford Like
Courses: Two Successful and Distinct Course
Formats for Massive Open Online Courses.
European Journal of Open, Distance and E-
Learning, 15(2), 13.
Sales, G. C. (2005). Developing Online Faculty
Competencies. In Encyclopedia of Distance Learning
(pp. 547–562). New York, NY: IGI Global.
Senn, P., & Gordon, E. (2007). Embedding e-learning.
British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(5),
943–955.
Shah, D. (2018). By The Numbers MOOCS in 2017.
Burlingame, CA. Retrieved from https://www.class-
central.com/report/mooc-stats-2017/
Spector, J. M. (2001). Competencies for online teachers.
Finding Your Online Voice Stories told by
Experienced Online Educators. Syracuse, NY.
Van de vord, R., & Pogue, K. (2012). Teaching time
investment: Does online really take more time than
F2F? The International Review of Research in Open
and Distributed Learning, 13(3), 132–146.
* * *
![Page 206: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
�� 07 2 �I� �� �I�: L�, J��K H�I- E���FG C�D 4�� @1A�B�
– 588 –
![Page 207: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 589 –
� �
� �
��
��ض�������� �
��
��
![Page 208: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
�" #$ % �#& '�(�) :+�,- %& ��&
– 590 –
![Page 209: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 591 –
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3�. . , 000 − 000 ������ ,�2019��1441���
��� �� ���
����� ���������� :
�������� : 0�12�� 3 ����1�� 4�(5����� 6�7 8 4�97�: ;(1<8 =��>? @�A�9 - 12�
Implementing Effective Mathematics Teaching Practices in Grades 9 - 12.
����� ��� :��B(��CD� �E���F
������� � ! :��(G %1(,9 ,H(#9 I��)7�G ,'���� J�7 ��K ,%L9� �M(�(GF
"#$�%$�&�'� :10�4�2017�F
�����( )#�����:
����L8 NO<�G PQ�,9� J�@R ,S#���� T � ����1�� 4�(5����� 6�7 8 4�97�: ���L8 U? +�,V�� �;� 0 WX<OG�97Q�� Y& Z[�\ F����C�]�� ���^��� P�2�K 3 �(M�7 ,�� 4�97Q�� _;� ��(`a +�,V�� b\�<�, ��(1(- c�5��R
�K�5D� ,�� (1�� d7�2��R �(2C �CR �� �(12�� 4�e\�<��R 4�=��>D� �(<) ��]G" f(�gR ��& Phi %G �Oj(`L8k+hL�� �(j(j^ PQ&" U?F
(G�Vl� m����� 0 noe�� p�9q� � 4�(�5����� 3�Common Core State Standards for Mathematics� ��& �(V��Gr� d s,�� 4��t��� 3 47 u X,��2010 X�,�� �(9�9r� �K��#�� �-eG d &�\ =�eC? U? PRr� ��j�� 3
v �O<V�R ,�(V��Gr� 4��t��� p7� G w�,x 3 +hL�� T � �K��,8 '" yz f2� '" �{hi %G %V#� 4�(�| }j8 +hL�� ~(� U?�(5����� �K���� _;� F ��K�E�� f�i�� �(M��7 ,�� 4��97Q�� P��^ 4��^jG ���" �,g v J�@ Y&R
���
&*+ �( �*��(� ,�-�.
�$��/0�12#$&% 3�45 �-6�#��� 78�9�
,��-:-� �#;5 ��. ����<
�-#���� =&>� � �#;���
![Page 210: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
�" #$ % �#& '�(�) :+�,- %& ��&
– 592 –
�(12�� F ,�(12��� ��K�E�� f�i�� �(j(`L,�� �(M�7 ,�� 4�97Q��R ���<�� ~�L�� 4�@ m����� S d��1�� �> 0 �R 6����� 7 �u" ��(V��Gr� d �s,�� 4���t��� 3 4�(�5����� X�#��� X<a�����NCTM�(National Council of
Teachers of Mathematics) +�,- �4�=��>D� ���`G :~(#��� ������ }��<�� 'Q5� (Principles to Actions:
Ensuring Mathematics Success for All) ����� 3 2014,� O(>�8 ����`G �,�9 w2�(� 4�(�5����� 6�7 �,� ��(X� �(97 ��� :1 �Z��,��R Z(��,��F� 2 �Z��,��� 7��2�� y���L�� P��uR ��(C�VG?R d�R�M��F� 3 ��(�9�7 �� N���<��F
�4 ��(>���<V,��R 4�R�r�F� 5 �Z��j,��F� 6 ��(<O�� F �r �(9�9r� ��<��� ,+�,V�� yMs ,�,M�� ���`�� _;� f]� Z(��8 ���C�� %j,G��4�(5� F ���`�� _;� �G jG 3 '�- \R�Z��,��R Z(��,��� 4��97�: Y�& +��,V�� ��G�\" �;���
4�(5����� P�2K 3 X`���,�� Hs`�� %G ��j& N[�,C U? ���<,9� '�1���� ��7�,i� 'Q� �(M�7 8k ,X�:
?�% @�&8� A65 �-6�#��� ���% :
�R �(#��8 �K� �" P��1�� 4�(5����� 6�7 8 � �k ,Z�O#��8 =��<�" +h�L�� _���� �;��� � �j,�� y�9�<8 �s58R�(M�7 ,�� 4�7��j�� �(>�,� 0� �r� _;� f#�,MF
��B2 � CD �$�1�5 E���� F?�% �-6�#$ G�1� H-�9%:
���M�� f^ 4�7�OGR ������ mV1,�� �B�8 f[�MG f^ 3 +hL�� o��? 4�(5����� P��1�� 6�7 ,�� %#�,�8R ,�O,e\�<GR�&�<,G f^ 4�(�(8�9� c(,F
I*-8�� � J�$/'� KLM �� �-N��<'� �OLP�� ��9( :
;X#(���1�� o�7�D� %�G ���\ p��9" Y�& +h�L�� T � �([��>D� �\hL�� 4�(5����� P��1�� 6�7 ,�� X<`�(\�(9 f[�MG f^ <& �CR�# 4�=��>D� _;� PQ�,9� 3 %����G I\��� 7R�G ~G +hL�� c`2(Kd���R �F
�Q/�8 ��R�� S�4 :
����9r� %�G �1�,x �&��C" 4�(5����� P��1�� 6�7 ,�� f#�,M�k 3 4�����8 Z(�(j,� ,�(12��� 4�e�\�<�� =��<�"�O#&�R �(5����� 4�\h���R 7�VKr� P�^ XjL<�� Z�mV18R +hL��F
G�&T���U�V( �1W�( �1P($5 =/&�� � �-6�#��� L-X*��� :
,�� f#e� 3 +hL�� o��? Y& 4�(5����� P��1�� 6�7�� �,9� ,��O<( �����R d� �,�� �(5����� 4h(]#,�� R" �(5����� 4�=��>D�R Z(��1#�� ZO-�7�? �(#�8 f>" %G J�@R �OG� �,9� ���M�� fl 4�R��-F
![Page 211: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 593 –
=��9V�� �-6�#��� �:O�9 � C-12% :
�(1u 4�e\�<G 4�(5����� P��1�� 6�7 ,�� c(,� �(�5����� 7��VKq� oe�G Z�OK =��< f�>" %G +hL�� S �1�,��� �(5����� Zn����8R Z{��l ZO,C7�jGR ZO�(�g Phi %G J�@R ;ZW �F
�5 �LP�� E�% Y� ��/� Z�V9���[��&T�� :
,M�R +hL�� mV18 Y& ���" 4�(5����� P��1�� 6�7 ,�� �`<,M��OG � ZOG j8 Z((j,� 3 Z�O1�� R" ,�������~9�8R Z��,�� Z& 8 ��L �O<(MgR 6�7 ,�� �(�#& �`�� �\�LCF
��/ &1\� �-6�#��� ���% ] 7�9 � :
3 ����Ch� �u�K +hL�� P��1�� 6�7 ,�� �K��k O> f[�M�G f�s ZO1(��V8 Phi %G J�@R ,N,<G ���7 X&�� R" ���K fVe �(���� mV1,�� 4�7�OGF
�(�" %G Z)��� +�,- �4�=��>D� ���`G :~(#��� ������ }��<�� 'Q5� d���1�� ��> _��� d�Li �C�V� ;�(12�� �K�E�� fi�� �(M�7 ,�� 4�97Q��R m����� S�K 'Q]��� �(M��7 ,�� 4��97Q�� ��(`L8 �(1(V� �1uR � j� v �Ck
X,����\ " `G �O(�& �Z��,��R Z(��,��� X<a��� 6���� w�- J�;� , �(V��Gr� d s,�� 4��t��� 3 4�(5����� X#����NCTM� ��(`L8 ��(1(V� h(218 ��,g y,- ��h� �� &� 4�(5����� X#��G f(��8 P�� 3 S]^�`�� %G ��K �h�k
+��,- �O^\� X,�� 'Q]�� �(M�7 ,�� 4�97Q�� %G f-�4�=���>D� ����`G :~�(#��� ������� }���<�� 'Q�5� 3 f^���� ��M�M y,V�� _;� IK�&R �h]�� �(97 �� �4�=��>D� @�A��� Taking Actions F� �(1(- 0h,it ���CRk
�h]��� �(�9�7 �� f�^���� 3 'Q]��� 4��97Q�� _;� �(`L8�����C�]��R �L�9�,��R ��([� ,t��; PRr� +��,V�� � �\ ¡,^ �97 �� f`\ �G 0�12� 4�^jG w2�� ,6G�¢�S^ 3 ¡�,^ p��M�� %G 0�12�� Y& £�]�� +�,V�� B-7
¤& £�]�� ¡,^ ~9�,�� %G 0�12�� Y& H��]�� +�,V��R ,%G�]�� F ��M�9 I�]G�4�=��>D� @�A�� S �(CR��8 � O> k k dm�`- ��`,VG B�-��� �KR @? ;¥m`M,( ��G�¦ ~�,�� Z��,�� ���L8R ��s" B-�GR 4�(5����� §7 � X<a��� 6����
��M�9 P�21� �(M([7 �C�VG I�V¨ �(j(j^ �(M�7 8 4�97Q� �� (1�� ~a�jG %Gk k�4�=��>D� @�A�� F
Y& ����� �;� B-�� 3 H��]�� +�,V�� ����C�]�� ���^�#�� ©2�x ���R ,�M�M�� _;�R 3 =��>250 �s1�u P�2K d¤& Y& �&��G F Z(���,�� �(�#�� �(V��Gr� 4�(5����� X#��G �(�� �O,<`8 X,�� ��ª��� PRr� f21�� ����
��& ;<G �O<& 47 u X,�� 4�(5����� m���G «MC ~(� 31989� F�- b\��<(K ��(�8 X�,�� �(CQ]�� P�21�� �G"f¬��O<G
![Page 212: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
�" #$ % �#& '�(�) :+�,- %& ��&
– 594 –
– ���eG �j��L – 7 ,�� 4�97Q�� %G d ^�R� �;� P�2K y(8�8 Y& '�1���� .�^ \R ,_h&" d7�-;�� 'Q]�� �(M Z���#�� +��,V�� � �j� Q�- ,��#� 'Q]�� �(M�7 ,�� 4�97Q�� ZOK Y& S#���� &�M� XjL<G fM�M8 �KR +�,V��
#���R ���<�� y�7 ,�� %G S��,MG:
5��K: ¡�,^R £��]�� P�2�1�� %�G f�- 3 ��]-" R" S,(M�7 8 S,�\�R ��& Phi %G Z��,��R Z(��,�� f(�g f21�� J�@ �Oe\�<� X,�� �(M�7 ,�� �97Q�� ~G �OG��MC� T G 7�j�R ,�M1< Z���� �O��s(� ,~9�,�� F ~[��\��� ��,g
��OG Y& f2K f- 3 �(M�7 ,��® �1�,x �(5��7 �O97�¯#��G �1�,x '�Z��#�� c#M� �G ��R ,' –+�,V�� "�j� �;��–
��`,�� �(M�7 ,�� 4�97Q�� �(`L8 3 d�j��R w���� %a��G ��^hGR ,4�C7�j�� j� F f�(�g �(M�7 8 ��\�R f- � X>@�#C°��(>@�#C ��>? ���(�g ~G �±7�j�R �M1< ~[�\��� f(�s, ��j� '" � Z���� �(�& ~�L� F
X��5^�: %�G _�#��8 �G �(`L8 �u�K S97Q�� S#��#�� +�,V�� c(,� @? ;§�7 �� f21�� fi�� 4�=��>? @�A� f�- B�-�8 ,d� �$ ���OG Phi %G �(12�� ZOK�) 3 �,�]G" f(�gR +�,V�� d=��\¬ 4��97Q�� %�G d �^�R Y�& ��O<G
4�R�r� Z{ � j� Q- ,+�,V�� �Oe\�<� X,�� 'Q]�� �(M�7 ,�� 6�7 �,�� �Li ²@Q<- ,}��< ��O�� _;� ;(1<,� �G�h�� d�#]G '�V8 ¡,^ �OO(>�8R �(12�� 4�e\�<�� �`�� 4�97�: ZO(�& }j�R ,��O�� f(�g ���"RF
J�9Q,G f#& 7�a�- �OG j�R ,�^j�� 'Q]�� �(M�7 ,�� 4�97Q�� S ��� �;�� ����� f21�� +�,V�� Z,³��1�� 6�7 ,�� fVe�� 3 �O�� Q- P1F
C:��1 : �OL��� !V# C*� $�4_,�X�� �-2#$&��� ��$� � !(
![Page 213: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
�� �������� ���� ���� ,31 � ��� ,�3� ������ ,�2019��1441���
– 595 –
fVe�� 3 �O�� Q-R1 '" ��G�K ;��\ 6�7 �,�� _��� � g �s5�R �(#��8 0� �" ~5� P��1�� 6�7 ,�� " `� , mV1,�� 3 +hL�� o��? ���a %& X#(��1�� o�7�D� ���L8 Y& p7 �� B-�� Y�& B�-�� R" ,���M��� f^ 4�7�OGR
�j`MG _���L8 Z8 �;�� X#(��1�� o�7�D� %G ��\ p�9" Y& �([��>D� �\hL�� ���L8kF
� �S,(M�7 ,�� S,97Q�� S8�� S �(�G�V,�� �\h��� S9"��� R@ ZOM�� � F S f&�1,�� m`V�� f(L,M�� �O�� Q- PQ�,9�R ,�K��{� ���9r� }�a Z&�R ,�{Q�,9�R +hL�� mV18 ���" ��`<,9�R ,µ�` �O�� �7R d� �,G 4h(]�
O¦�d=�<`�� �(5����� 4�e\�<�� f(OM8 3 ~7r� 4�97Q�� _;� ���MG �(1(-R N,<�� F
X�� ��#OG ����8 ���" ��h� }�5� +�,V�� ��" Q- ���� ����Equity� ����{�R ,�Identity���u���R , U? P Z��,�� 7��2G�Access� �(M�7 ,�� 4�97Q�� %G f- �(`L8 <& ����� ���r� _;� B�B�8 �(1(- �(�#& �j��L SR ,®
�^j�� F ;�(12��� ��K�E�� fi�� }��< �(M�7 ,�� 4�97Q�� �(`L8 3 &�M8 ��[�¨ f#& �a" ���" +�,V�� f#�,9�k3 hG�¨ h(�� R `� ���> �G ��Rk k 6�7 8 �� Y��K ,~�>���� %G m]- %& �[7�\ X<E� ���C�]�� ��^��� +hL� 4�(5���¶
�� �&? %�G ���R ,��n7��?R d=��<`�� �(�5����� 4�e\�<�� f(�1,� f#& 7�a? PQ�,9� ~�M�� f21�� }\� ;P�]�� f(`9%��,9R H(#9 �2011�]^�`��R S#���� y9�<8 �M�9 �E� +�,V�� .�2C IE(u \R , Z)���R ,=��9 ^ Y& S
;�8�^jG B�B�,� 4�9�7 �� %G m]V�� _��Oe,9� %G�K_��,$ �(j ~G Z�M<8 �M�9 �E� ���7R" �CF
+h�L�� 4�(�5����� � j� �;�� }�#L�� 6�7 ,�� �97Q# SGB,��� S#��#�� PRr� ��j�� 3 +�,V�� �;� &" d�� > �O<V�R ,���uR TBEG 4�@ �O1u��Q,�t�FJ�@ ~GR , �C�K %�G '����� '�]^�`�� (1,M� '" %V#�� %G
+�,V�� �;� 3 d�7���� ����1�� �(#(��,�� 4�97Q�� �j��,�� 4�e\�<�� FR jK ;�1�,x ��L +�,V�� �;� PQ�,9� %V#�7Q�� +�z Z� ,}jG �� Q- �(M�7 ,�� ~[�\��� f��R �(8�@ +�,V�� Z��G "�j�k °��2K 3 �^j�� �(M�7 ,�� 4�9 FR Q7
Z�� ;d �^ Y�& ZO<�G f- �G�OG ;(1<8R +�,V�� �;� d=��\ 3 S97Q�� S#���� %G �&�#� ���<� '" ��1C �]-" '�V�k �(M�7 ,�� ~[�\��� Znh(�g ��e\�<� 3 �;�� PQ�,�9� %V#� Q- ,J�; I\��� c#M� �G <& R" ,ZMj�� 4�&Q,>� =�<�"
V��X<O�� ���L,�� ·7R 3 R" ,�(�G�¦� S#���� f(��8 4�\�MG 3 �(���1 +�, F
* * *
![Page 214: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
Journal of Educational Sciences, Vol. 31 , Number (3), pp. 401 - 595 Ar., Riyadh (2019/1441)
Contents
Content
Foreword: Associated Editors ..................................................................................................................................
Arabic section
401
Impact Of An Active Learning By Using Dialogue And Discussion Style On The
Development Of The Critical Reading Skill among Ninth Basic Grade Students In Wadi
Al-Seer District
Eman A. Ababneh, & Ahmad M. AL-Masaffah..........................................................................................................
421
Leadership skills support for academic achievement for university female students of
Qassim University in the light vision Saudi Arabia 2030
Fatma Abd Al-Moneim Mohammed Moawad.............................................................................................................
451
The reality of applying the 360 degrees leadership among the leaders of middle schools in
the east of Riyadh city
Imtithal Ahmad Alsaqqa, & Nahiyah Awadh Al-Otaibi ...........................................................................................
475
The requirements of enhancing the culture of knowledge sharing in Qassim University: A
field study
Ibrahim Hanash Alzahrani ..............................................................................................................................................
505
Evaluation of Secondary Quarterly System Using CIPP Model
Ahlam Abdullatif Ahmed Almulla..................................................................................................................................
535
Governance of funding diversification and enhancement of financial efficiency in
universities: lesson from the European experience
Sinaa Al-Aqeel, & Einas Al-Eisa .....................................................................................................................................
561
The Development and Validation of a Measure of Online Teaching Competencies
Abdullah Yahya Almohaya ..............................................................................................................................................
589 Review book (Implementing Effective Mathematics Teaching Practices in Grades 9 - 12).................
��� �
![Page 215: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
![Page 216: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
14. The researcher must add a transliterating (Romanizing) form of the Arabic references and must be
included in the English references list according to their alphabetical order.
Example:
Al-jabr, S. (1991). The Evaluation of geography instruction and the variety of its teaching concerning
the experience, nationality, and the field of study in intermediate schools in Saudi Arabia (in Arabic).
Journal of King Saud University- Educational Sciences, 3(1), 143-170.
15. The Arabic references list should be at the end of the manuscript followed by the English references list
according to the APA Style.
16. The manuscript must be accompanied by a statement that the manuscript has not been submitted
simultaneously for publication elsewhere.
17. All accepted manuscripts become the property of JES, and must not be published in any other vessel
whether in paper or electronically without a written permission from the editor in chief.
18. Opinions in the manuscripts do not express JES view; rather they express only the researchers’ views.
19. The editors’ board has the right to set priorities of publishing the research.
20. Manuscripts are submitted electronically through the e-mail address: [email protected].
��� �
![Page 217: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
Instructions for Authors
1. A Manuscript must not exceed 30 pages, including Arabic and English abstracts and references.
2. A Manuscript must include Arabic and English abstracts, each of them must not exceed 200 words.
3. Each abstract is followed by not more than five Key Words -that do not exist in the title of the
manuscript - for indexing.
4. Margins of the manuscript pages (top, bottom, left and right) must be 3 cm and the line spacing should
be single.
5. The size and style of the Arabic font in the manuscript must be 16 (Simplified Arabic) and for the
English font must be 11 (Times New Roman).
6. The size and style of the Arabic font in the tables must be 11 (Simplified Arabic) and for the English
font must be 8 (Times New Roman).
7. Numerals in the manuscript must be (Arabic 1-2-3…).
8. A Manuscript should include page numbers at the middle bottom of the page.
9. The title of the manuscript, the name of researcher/ researchers, the affiliation institution and the
corresponding address must be typed on a separate page, followed by the manuscript pages where the
title of the manuscript is typed at the top of the first page.
10. Name/names of the author/authors should not be openly expressed in the manuscript or expressed by
any indication that might reveal their identity; however, the word (researcher/researchers) may be used
instead of the name in the manuscript, citation and references list.
11. The manuscript must be organized as follows:
- A) Empirical Research: Starts by an introduction that presents the background of the research, the
need for it, and justifications for conducting it. Related studies should be integrated included in the
introduction without allocating sub-titles. Then, present the problem followed by the objectives and
questions or hypotheses. Afterwards, method that includes: population, sample, materials, and
procedures. Data analysis should be included followed by the results and discussion including
recommendations. References should be at the end of the manuscript according to the APA Style.
- B) Theoretical Study: Starts by an introduction that paves the way for the central idea to be
discussed by the research and illustrates the literature review, importance and its scientific addition
to its field. Then present the method followed by sections of the study. Each section must reveal a
certain idea that represents part of the central idea. The manuscript should be ended by a
comprehensive summary that includes the most significant results that the study concluded.
References should be at the end of the manuscript according to the APA Style.
12. JES adopts the American Psychological Association (APA) Style- 6th ed.
13. It is the responsibility of the researcher to make sure that the manuscript is free of linguistic,
grammatical and typo errors.
![Page 218: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
Development of the Journal of Educational Sciences
• 1397 (1977) The first issue was published under the title 'Studies'.
• 1404 (1984) The title was changed to: 'Educational Studies' Journal of the Faculty of Education,
King Saud University.
• 1409 (1989) The title was changed to: Journal of King Saud University 'Educational Sciences'.
• 1412 (1992) The title was changed to: Journal of King Saud University 'Educational Sciences
and Islamic Studies'.
• 1433 (2012) The journal was divided into two journal: 'Journal of Educational Sciences' and
'Journal of Islamic Studies'.
• 1434 (2013) The first issue of the 'Journal of Educational Sciences' was published.
��� �
Contact us
(Journal of Educational Sciences)
P.O. Box: 2458, Postal Code: 11451
College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Tel: (+966) 11-4674454 Fax: (+966) 11-4679965
E-Mail: [email protected] Website: http://jes.ksu.edu.sa
��� �
Subscription and Exchange
King Saud University Press, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
P.O. Box: 68953, Postal Code: 11537
Price: 15 SAR or its equivalent (excluding postage).
��� �
© 2019 (1441H.) King Saud University
All rights are reserved to the Journal of King Saud University. No part of the journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or via any storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the Editor-in-Chief.
��� �
![Page 219: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
Journal of Educational Sciences
The Journal of Educational Sciences (JES) is a refereed periodical concerned with research in the field of
Educational Sciences. It is published by the King Saud University; three times a year in February, May and
November.
The JES provides opportunities for researchers all over the world to publish their researche and studies in the
feild of educational sciences; that are characterized by originality, novelty and committed to the scientific ethics.
The JES publishes manuscripts, in both Arabic and English languages that have not been previously
published. Those include empirical researches, theoretical studies, literature reviews, conferences reports, and
theses abstracts. The JES also welcomes reviews of recently published books in the area of educational sciences.
��� �
Vision:
To be a leading journal that is classified among the most famous international databases specialized in
publishing refereed research in educational sciences.
Mission:
Publishing refereed research in accordance with distinguished professional international standards in
educational sciences.
Objectives:
1. To be an academic reference for researchers in educational sciences.
2. Meeting the needs of researchers at the local, regional and international levels for publishing in
educational sciences.
3. Contributing to building the knowledge-based society through publishing high quality educational
research that would contribute to the development and progress of the society.
��� �
![Page 220: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
Journal of Educational Sciences
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Jabber M. Aljabber
��� �
Editing Manager
Dr. Ismael Salameh Albursan
King Saud University, (KSA)
��
Associated Editors
Prof. Riyadh Abdulrahman Alhassan,
King Saud University, (KSA)
Prof. Ali N. Almogbel, University of Taiba, (KSA)
Prof. Waheed Elsayed Hafez, Benha University, (Egypt)
Prof. Monirh Abdulaziz Ali Alhorishi,
Princess Nourah bint AbdulRahman University, (KSA)
Dr. Khaled Abdullah Saleh Almatham, Al Qussaim university, (KSA)
Dr. Sarah Abdullah Almengash,
King Saud University, (KSA)
Dr. Wedad Abdulrahman Abahusain, King Saud University, (KSA)
��
Secretary
Mr. Fahad Isa Abdullatif
Mr. Abdo Noman Almufti
��� �
Technical Design
Mr. Ayman Awad Zaky
��
� �
Consulting Editors
Prof. Abdelwahab Mohamed ElNaggar
National Center for Assessment,
(KSA)
Prof. Omar A. Almofadda,
King Saud University,
(KSA)
Prof. Salman H. AlAni,
Indiana University,
(USA)
Prof. Rafe'a A. Zghoul,
Yarmouk University,
(Jordan)
Prof. Maher M. Abu Hilal,
Sultan Qaboos Uinversity,
(Oman)
Prof. Abdulaziz A. Albabtain,
King Saud University,
(KSA)
Prof. Yahya K. Alnakeeb,
Newman University,
(UK)
Prof. Ahmed Ali Suleiman, University of North Carolina,
(USA)
Dr. Abdul Mohsen Ayed Al-Qahtani,
Kuwait University,
(Kuwait)
��
![Page 221: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
![Page 222: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
Journal of Educational Sciences
Published by
King Saud University
Periodical Academic Refereed
Volume 31, Issue No. 3 NOVEMBER 2019 AD RABI'I 1441 H
ISSN: 1658-7863
http://jes.ksu.edu.sa
![Page 223: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
![Page 224: ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ - KSU...ﻦﻋ ﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﺩﻮﻌﺳ ﻚﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ود אد א ن אود א א E ! 1441 F لو˝א˛ ˚˜ Eم 2019 F 1658-7863 ﺪﻣدر"#](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071609/61478022afbe1968d37a17ea/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful