ii year - manonmaniam sundaranar university i part ii/ii year - dj1h2 - part i... · manonmaniam...
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MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION
TIRUNELVELI 627012, TAMIL NADU
II YEAR
DJ1H2 - gFjp 1 nghJj;jkpo; (From the academic year 2016-17)
Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel
For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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,sq;fiy ,uz;lhk; Mz;L
DJ1H2 : gFjp I jkpo; nghJj;jkpo;
ghlj;jpl;lk;
Paper - II nra;As;> ehlfk;> ,yf;fpa tuyhW nkhopg;gapw;rp
myF I – nra;As; - Iq;FWE}W (341> 342) - FWe;njhif (28> 120) -
ew;wpiz (155> 156) - mfehDW (82) - fypj;njhif (Rlh; njhbNfsha;
.... mf;fs;td; kfd;) - GwehD}W (4> 86) - gjpw;Wg;Gj;J (Ie;jhk; gj;J>
guzhpd; ghly;) - ghpghly; (14) - jpUf;Fws; (xg;GuT mwpjy;>
fs;Sz;dhik> Gytp EZf;fk;)
myF II - ehlfk; - rhg tpNkhrdk; - K. uhkrhkp> NCBH, nrd;id.
myF III - ,yf;fpa tuyhW - rq;f ,yf;fpak; - rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;
- gy;yth; fhyk; - Nrhoh; fhyk;
myF IV – tsh; jkpo; - fpwp];jth;fs; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L -
,Ryhkpah;fs; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L
myF V – nkhopg;gapw;rp - nghUs; ,yf;fzk; - Kjy; nghUs; -
fUg;nghUs; - chpg;nghUs; - mfj;jpizfs; - Vo - md;gpd;
ie;jpiz iff;fpis - ngUe;jpiz - tiuT fw;G - mw;NjhL epw;wy; -
Gwj;jpiz - ntl;rp - tQ;rp - copiQ - thif - ghlhz; jpizfs;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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I.nra;As;
1. Iq;FWE}W
,sNtdpw; gj;J
,sNtdpy; vd;gJ gpd;gdpf; fhyj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; rpj;jpiuAk;
itfhrpAkhfpa fhykhFk;. ,jd; fz; ,aw;if midj;Jk; GJg;nghypTld;
G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk;. caphpdk; midj;Jk; GJg;nghypTld; fspNahL Js;spahbj;
jj;jk; Jizia tpUk;gpg; ngw;W ,d;GWk;.
ghiyj; jpizf;F chpajhd ngUk; nghOJfs; gpd;gdpAk;
,sNtdpYk;> KJNtdpYkhfpa MW jpq;fl; nghOJfs; MFk;. vdpDk;>
,sNtdpNy Vf;fj;ij kpFtpf;Fk; vOr;rp kpf;fJ. vdNt> mJ nghUshf
mike;j gj;Jr; nra;As;fs; mike;j ,g;gFjpAk; ,sNtdpw; gj;J vd;W
tpsq;FfpwJ.
gUt tuTk; fhjyd; tuTk; ,ize;J mikapd; fhjypd; ,d;g
tho;tpNy vf;fspg;G epyGk;. gUt tuT te;J> mtd; tuT jilg;gbd;> mts;
Vf;fk; kpFjpahfpf; nfhOe;Jtpl;L vhpjoyhfpj; jfpf;Fk;.
,r;nra;As;fs; ,uz;Lk; „jiytd; gphpe;Jopf; Fwpj;j gUtk; tuf; fz;l
jiykfs; nrhy;ypaJ‟ vd;Dk; xNu Jiw gw;wpNa mike;Js;sd. „nghONj‟
vd;W nghOijf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mjd; fhuzkhfj; jhd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
Jauj;jpidj; jiytp $w;whf mikj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whH Mrphpah;.
1. Fapw;ngil mfTk; nghOJ te;jNj Jiw
Jiw: jiykfd; gphpe;Jopf; Fwpj;j gUtk; tuf;fz;l jiykfs; nrhy;ypaJ.
Jiwtpsf;fk;
jiytd; jiytpiag; gphpe;J tpidNkw; nfhz;ltdhfr;
nrd;wpUf;fpd;whd;. mtSk; gphpitg; nghWj;Jj; jd; Nehia Gwj;Nj
Gyg;glhthW kiwj;J xOfpa gb ,Uf;fpd;whs;. mts; jpUk;Gtjhf; Fwpj;J
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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,sNtdpw; gUtKk; te;jJ. Mdhy;> mtd; Fwpj;Jr; nrd;wgb> ,sNtdpw;
gUtk; njhlq;F Kd;Nd jpUk;gp te;jhdy;yd;. mtd; „nrhd;dgb te;J
Nruhj Vf;fk; nghq;fp vOe;jJ> mtis thl;b tijf;fpd;wJ. mts; jd;
Njhopf;Fg; nghOijf; fhl;bf; $Wtjhf mike;j nra;As; ,J. mts;>
jhNd jd; neQ;Rf;Fr; nrhy;tjhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
“mtNuh thuhH jhd;te; jd;Nw
Fapw;ngil ,d;Fuy; mft
maph;f;Nfo; Ez;zwy; Elq;Fk; nghONj” (341)
Fapypd; ngl;ilahdJ> jd; ,dpjhd FunyLj;Jf; $tpaiof;f>
epwKw;w Ez;kzyhdJ fhw;whNy vLj;Jj; J}tp miyf;fg; ngw;Wf; FtpAk;
nghOjhfpa> ,sNtdpYk; ,Njh te;jJ; ek; fhjyNuh jhk; nrhd;dgb
te;jhhpyNu!
2. Eztk; fkOk; nghOJk; te;jNj
(JiwAk; Jiw tpsf;fKk; Kd;dNj nfhs;f)
“mtNuh thuhH jhd;te; jd;Nw
fUk;Gfspj; jhYk; ,UQ;rpidf;
fUq;fhy; Eztk; fkOk; nghONj” (342)
RUk;gpdk; kJTz;L fspj;J> thdj;Nj gwe;J MbagbapUf;Fk; nghpa
fpisfisAk;> fhpa mb kuj;ijAk; nfhz;l Ezhtpd; kyh;fs; eWkzk;
fko;e;j gbapUf;Fk;> ,sNtdpw; nghOJk; ,g;NghJ te;jJ> mth;jhk; ,d;Dk;
te;jdh; ,yh;.
2. FWe;njhif
mwpahJ JQ;Rk; CH
ghbath; : xsitahH
jpiz : ghiy
Jiw : tiutpil Mw;whsha;f; ftd;w Njhopf;Ff; fpoj;jp
ciuj;jJ
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Jiwtpsf;fk;
jiytpia tiutjw;Fhpa nghUspid <l;b tuf;fUjpj; jiytd;
jiytpiag; gphpe;J may;ehL nrd;Ws;shd;. mtd; tuT ePl;bf;fTk; Njhop
ftiyg;gLfpd;whs;. mtSf;Fj; jiytp $WtJ ,J.
“Kl;LNtd; nfhy;? jhf;FNtd; nfhy;?
XNud;> ahDk;; XH ngw;wp Nkypl;L>
„MR! xy;‟ vdf; $TNtd; nfhy;?
mykuy; mirtsp miyg;g> vd;
caT Neha; mwpahJ JQ;Rk; CHf;Nf” (28)
Row;rpAlNd mire;J tUfpd;w njd;ww;fhw;whdJ> vd;
tUe;JjiyAila fhkNehapdJ. nfhLikiaj; jhdwpahNj te;J vd;id
miyf;fpd;wJ mjid mwpahNj ,e;j CutUk; cwq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,g;gb
cwq;Fk; CUf;F vd; epiyia vg;gb mwptpg;Ngd;? Kl;LNtNdh?
jhf;FNtNdh? ahd; vjidAk; mwpNaNd! my;yJ xU jiyf;fPl;il
Nkw;nfhz;ltshf Mntd;Wk; xy;nyd;Wk; cuj;Jf; $TNtNdh? ahd; ahJ
nra;Ntd;.
fUj;J : CH JQ;Rk; NtiyapYk; ahd; Japy; ngwhjtshf tUe;JkhW
mth; gphpe;jdh; vd;gjhk;.
mhpad; mts;
ghbath; : guzh;
jpiz : FwpQ;rp
Jiw 1. my;y Fwpg;gpl;L kPSk; jiykfd;> jd; neQ;rpw;Fr;
nrhy;ypaJ
2. ,aw;ifg; Gzh;r;rp Gzh;e;j jiykfd; gphpe;jtopf;
fyq;fpaJ}ck; Mk;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Jiwtpsf;fk;
1. Fwpj;j ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Wk; jiytpiaf; fhzg;ngwhj jiytd;
jiytpapd; ngww;fhpjhd jd;ikia epide;jtdhf> ,g;gbf;
$Wfpd;whd;.
2. ,aw;ifg; Gzh;r;rp ngw;Wj; jiytpiag; gphpe;J nry;gtd;> me;j
gphpit vz;zpf; fyq;fpatdhf ,g;gbf; $Wfpd;whd;.
“,y;Nyhd; ,d;gk; fhKw; whmq;F
mhpJ Ntl;lidahy; - neQ;Nr! – fhjyp
ey;ys; MFjy; mwpe;jhq;F
mhpas; MFjy; mwpah NjhNa” (FWe; 120)
neQ;Nr! tWikahsd; xUtd; ,t;Tyfj;J ,d;gj;ij mila
tpUk;gpdhw;Nghy;> ePAk;> miljw;fhpajhd xd;iwNa tpUk;gpid Mtha;. ek;
fhjw;Fhpats;> ekf;F ed;ik jUgtshjit mwpe;jhw;Nghd;W> ehk; tpUk;Gk;
nghOnjy;yhk; ngWtjw;F mhpats; MFjiyAk;> ePjhd; mwpahJ
NghapidNa.
fUj;J: jiytpiag; gphpahjpUf;f kze;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhk;.
3. ew;wpid
eifj;jhs;> fyq;fpdhs;
ghbath; : guhadhH
jpiz : nea;jy;
Jiw : czh;g;Gtapd; thuh Clw;fz; jiytd; nrhw;wJ. (m/jhtJ
Cly; ePq;fhj; jiytpaJ epiyfz;L jd; neQ;rpw;Ff;
$Wthd; nghyj; jiytd; $wpaJ)
„xs;spio kfspnuhL XiuAk; Mlha;
ts;spjo; nea;jy; njhliyAk; Gidaha;
tphpG+q; fhdy; xUrpiw epd;Nwha;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ahiu Nahepw; nwhOjndk; tpdTJk;
fz;NlhH jz;lh eyj;ij njz;jpiug;
ngUq;flw; gug;gpd; mk;h;e;Jiw mzq;Nfh>
,Uq;fop kUq;F epiy ngw;widNah?
nrhy;ypdp> kle;ij! vd;wndd; mjndjpH
Ks; vapw;W KWty; jpwe;jd;
gy;ypjo; cz;fDk; gue;jthy; gdpNa”. (ew;. – 155)
xsp epiwe;j mzpfs; mzq;FfSld; $b Xiu tpisahl;ilAk; eP
Mltpy;iy. nghpa ,johy; Md nea;jy; kyh; khiyAk; #ltpy;iy.
flyUNf cs;s kyh;e;j kyh;r; Nrhiyapy; epw;Fk; khNj> eP Nehf;Fthuhy;
nflhj eyj;ij cilats;. cd;id tzq;fpf; Nfl;fpNwd;. eP njspe;j
miyfis cila flw;gug;gpy; tpUk;gp thOk; nja;tg; ngz;Nzh? fUj;jfop
mUfpy; epiyj;J tjpAk; xU ngz;Nzh? NtW ahtNsh? ,g;NghNj nrhy;
vd;W $wpNdhk;.
mg;gbf; $wpaTld; ms; Kl;Nghd;w $hpa gw;fsplj;J eif Njhd;wpaJ.
<hpikAila fz;fspy; ePH mUk;gpaJ Mjhy; ,ts; Kd;G vd;dhy;
jOtg;gl;ltNs> ,g;NghJk; Kaq;fw; Fwpg;igNa fhl;bdhs;.
,utpy; thuhNj
ghbath; : fz;zq;nfhw;wdhH
jpiz : FwpQ;rp
Jiw : ,uTf;Fwp kWj;jJ.
(m/jhtJ jiytd; ,uT tUk;NghJ NeUk; ,Lf;fz;izf; $wpj; Njhop
tiuT flhtpaJ)
“ePNa mbawpe;J xJq;fh MhpUs; te;njo;
fbAil tpay;efh;f; fhty; ePtpAk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Ngud; gpidNa ngUq;fy; ehl!
ahNk> epd;Dk;epd; kiyAk; ghbg; gy;ehs;
rpWjpiz fhf;Ftk; NrWk; mjdhy;
gfy;te; jPNkh gy;glH mfy!
vUit ePba ngUtiur; rpWFb
mhpay; MHe;jth; MapDk; nghpah;
ghbkpo; tplh;Kif Koq;f
MLkio ,Wj;jJvk; NfhLah; Fd;Nw. (ew; 156)
nghpa kiyehl;bw;F chpatNd! eP tUk; topia mb itj;jwpe;J
nry;Ytjw;F $lhj epuk;gpNa ,uTg; nghOJ mJ mg;nghOjpy; fhty;
epiwe;j vk; khspifapd; cs;Ns fhtiyf; fle;J te;jha;. mjdhy; eP
vk;kplj;Jg; Ngud;G cilad; Mdha;. nfhWf;fr;rpr; nrbfs; mlh;e;Js;s
nghpa kiyg;gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ vk; rpWFb. mq;Fs;sth;fs; fs;is epuk;gg;
gUfpg; ngUk; Nfhgk; cilauha; csh;. Mq;F Nkfk; Koq;Fk; ,bNahir
gpsTgl;l kiyf;Fiffspy; gl;L vjpnuhypf;fpd;wJ. vkJ Fd;wpd; cr;rpapy;
Nkfq;fSk; te;J jq;Ffpd;wd. mjdhy; eP ,utpy; te;J vd;idf; $Ltjw;F
thuhNj. ahk; cd;idAk; cd; kiyiaAk; ghb nfhz;Nl gy ehssTk;
jpizg; Gdj;ijf; fhty; fhf;f ehisNa nry;YfpNwhk;. vd;Dila gy
Jd;gq;fSk; mfy eP ,dpNky;gfw;nfhOjpy; te;J Kaq;Ff.
4. mfehD}W
tpwypapd; Njhd;Wk; kapy;
ghbath; : fgpyh;
jpiz : FwpQ;rp
Jiw : Njhopf;Fj; jiytp mwj;NjhL epd;wJ.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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“jd; fUj;J ntspg;glhJ jd; nka;f;fl;Nlhd;wpa GJikiaj; jiytp
tpae;jhs; Nghyj; Njhopf;F mwj;njhO epd;wJ. „Gyh;FuNydy;...NsNd‟
vd;gJ> fz;Japy; kWj;jy;” vd;Dk; nka;g;ghl;bw;F cjhuzkhapw;W vd;gh;
Nguhrphpah;.
“mtid Maj;jhH gyUk; fz;lhnud te;Njhd; Kl;bathWk;> mtUs;
nefpo;NjhNshd; ahNd vdj;jhNd $wpathWk;” fhz;f vd;gh; er;rpdhHf;fpdpah;.
(fhjy; gpwf;Fk; mjpraj;ij tUzpg;gJ ,g;ghly;> gy ngz;fs;
xUtidf; fz;lNghJk;> mtd;ghy; xUj;jpf;F kl;LNk cs;sj;J <LghL
kpFjpahfpd;w tprpj;jpuj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ ,e;j ghly;. ,aw;ifapd; mikjp
vq;qdk; mjw;F cjTfpwnjd;gJ ,jd;fz; fhzyhk;.)
“ML mikf; Fapd;w mtph;Jis kUq;fpd;
Nfhil mt;tsp Foypir Mf>
ghL,d; mUtpg; gdpePH ,d;,irj;
NjhLmik Kotpd; JijFuy; Mff;
fzf;fiy ,Ff;Fk; fLq;Fuw; W}k;nghL
kiyg;G+Q; rhuy; tz;Laho; Mf
,d;gy; ,kpo;,ir Nfl;Lf; fyprpwe;J>
ke;jp ey;mit kUs;td Nehf;ff;
fiotsh; mLf;fj;J> ,ayp MLkapy;
edTg;GF tpwypapd; Njhd;Wk; ehld;!
cUtty; tpw;gw;wp> mk;G njhpe;J
nrUr;nra; ahiy nry;newp tpdhma;g;
Gyh;Fuy; Vdw; GioAil xUrpiw>
kyh;jhH khHgd; epd;Nwhw; fz;NlhH
gyh;jpy; thop-Njhop-mtUs;
MH,Ul; fq;Fy; miznahL nghUe;jp>
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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XHahd; MFtJ vtd;nfhy;
ePHthH fz;nzhL nefpo;Njh NsNd? (gh. 82)
Njhop! tho;thahf! mirfpd;w %q;fpypd; JisAs;s ,lq;fspNy>
mofpa Nky;fhw;wpdhy; vOk; xypahdJ Foypd; ,irahfTk;> ,d;ndhypAlNd
tPOfpd;w mUtpd; ,dpa XirNa njhFjpAila Kotpd; ,irahfTk;>
fiykhd;fspd; $l;lk; jho xypf;Fk; fLq;Fuy; ngUtq;fpaj;jpd; xypahfTk;
kiyaj;Jg; G+Q;rhuypNyAs;s tz;Lfspd; hPq;fhuNk ,dpa ahopirahfTk;>
,q;qdk; ,dpa gythfpa ,irfs; fhdj;jpNy tpsq;Fk;. mtw;iwf; Nfl;L
ke;jpahfpa ey;y jpus; Muhthu kpf;fthapd. tpag;GlDk; mtw;iw Nehf;fpd.
%q;fpy;fs; tsh;e;jpUf;Fk; kiyaLf;FfspNy cyhtp MLfpd;w
kapypdq;fs;> fsj;jpNy GFe;J MLk; tpwypahiug; Nghyj; Njhd;Wk;.
mj;jifa kiyehl;ilAilatd; xU jiytd;. GJkyh;fshyhfpa jhhpid
khHgpNy mzpe;jtd; mtd;. mr;re;jUk; tpy;ypidf; ifapNy gw;wpatdhfr;>
rpwe;j mk;Gfisj; njhpe;J vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> jd;dhy; mk;G va;ag; ngw;w
ahidahdJ nrd;w newpapidf; Fwpj;J tpdtpatdhf> Kjph;e;j
fjphpidAila jpidg;Gdj;jpd; thapypNy> xUGwkhf te;J epd;wdd; mg;gb
epd;w mtidf; fz;Nlh;> Fwkfsph; jk;Ks;Ns gyuhth;.
mth;fSs;> mhpa ,Us; nrwpe;j ,utpNy> mizNahL KfQ;Nrug;
nghUe;jpf; fple;J> ePH nrhhpAk; fz;nzhL> nkype;j Njhs;fis cilNadhf>
ahd; xUj;jp kl;LNk tUj;jKwy; MfpaJjhd; vd;idNah?
tpsf;fk;
vq;Fk; ,d;gk; xypf;Fk; ehl;bidAila ahd;> gyiuAk; tpLj;J
vdf;F kl;LNk Jd;gQ; nra;jdd; vd;W nrhy;Yjypd; %yk;> jhd;
mtd;ghy; kdk; <Lgl;ljidj; Njhopf;Ff; $wp mwj;njhL epw;fpd;whs;
jiytp.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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5. fypj;njhif
eiff;$l;lk; nra;jhd; fs;td; kfd;
“Rlh;j;njhB,! Nfsha;! njUtpy; ehk; MLk;
kzw; rpw;wpy; fhypd; rpijah> milr;rpa
Nfhij ghpe;J> thpg; ge;J nfhz;L Xb
Neh jf;f nra;Ak; rpWgl;b> Nky; XH ehs;
md;idAk; ahDk; ,Ue;Njkh> „,y;ypNu
cz;Z ePH Ntl;Nld;‟ vdte;jhw;F md;id
mlh; nghw; rpufj;jh thf;fp> Rlhpoha;
cz;Z ePH Cl;b th‟ vd;whs;> vd ahDk;
jd;id mwpahJ nrd;Nwd;; kw;W vd;id
tis Kd;if gw;wp eypa njUke;jpl;L
„md;dha;! ,td; xUtd; nra;jJ fhz; vd;NwNdh
md;id mywpg; glh;ju> jd;id ahd;
cz;Z ePH tpf;fpdhd; vd;NwNdh> md;idAk;
jd;idg; Gwk;G mopj;J ePt> kw;W vd;idf;
filf;fzhy; nfhy;thd; Nghy; Nehf;fp eiff;$l;lk;
nra;jhd; mf;fs;td; kfd;”. (fypj;njhif 158)
Jiw
“Gfh mf; fhiy Gf;nfjph;g;gl;Lopg; gfh m tpUe;jpd; gFjpf;fz;”
jiytp Njhopf;Ff; $wpaJ.
Jiw tpsf;fk;
jiytd; jiytpiaf; fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;W MirAw;whd;. mjdhy;
jhd; GFjw;Fj; jFjpapy;yhj gfw;nghOjpy; jiytd;> czT Neuj;jpy;
jiytpapd; tPl;Ls; GFjy;> mt;thW GFe;jtidj; jiytp tpyfhky; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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tpsf;fk;
xspAila tisaiy mzpe;j NjhopNa! ehd; nrhy;tijf; Nfl;ghahf!
njUtpy; ehk; kzyhy; nra;j rpwpa tPl;ilj; jd; fhyhy; fiyj;Jk; ehk;
$e;jypy; #ba kyh; khiyia mWj;Jk;> thpia cila ge;ij vLj;Jf;
nfhz;L> XbAk; ehk; tUe;jj; jf;f nray;fisr; nra;Ak; rpWtdhf
fl;Lf;flq;fhjtd; Kd; xU ehspy; jhAk; ehDk; tPl;by; ,Ue;j NghJ
te;jhd;. „tPl;by; ,Ug;gtNu cz;Zk; ePiu cz;z tpUk;gpNdd;” vd;whd;.
mt;thW te;jtDf;F> jha;> “tpsq;Fk; mzpia mzpe;jtNs! cz;zPiuj;
jfl;Lg; nghd;dhy; Md fyj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Ngha; mtid cz;zr;
nra;J tpl;L th! vd;wds;. mq;qdk; mts; nrhd;djhy; te;jtd; rpW
gl;baha; ,Uf;Fk; jd;ikia mwpahky; NghNdd;. nrd;wNghJ vd; tisay;
mzpe;j Kd; ifiag; gpbj;J tUj;jpdhd;. mjdhy; ehd; tUj;jp> “jhNa!
,td; nra;j xU nraiyf; fhz;gha;” vd;W ciuj;Njd;. jhAk;
mywpf;nfhz;L Xb te;jhs;. mtd; nra;j nraiy kiwj;J ahd;” ,td; ePH
Fbf;Fk;NghJ tpf;fy; vLf;f mjdhy; tUj;jpdhd;” vd;Nwd;. ehd;
ciuj;jij Nfl;Lj; jhAk; mtdJ KJifg; gyKiw jltpdhs;. mg;NghJ
mf;fs;td; kfd; jd; filf;fz;zhy; vd;idf; nfhy;gtd; Nghy; ghHj;Jj; jd;
kfpo;r;rp jUk; Gd;KWtyhy; vd; cs;sj;jpy; GFe;jhd;.
6. GwehD}W
jhapy;yhf; Foe;ij
“ths; tye;ju kWg;gl;ld
nrt;thdj;J tdg;Gg; Nghd;wd!
jhs;> fsq;nfhsf;> foy; giwe;jd;
nfhy;y Vw;wpd; kUg;Gg; Nghd;wd
Njhy;> Jtj;J mk;gpd; JisNjhd;Wt
epiyf;F Xuhm ,yf;fk; Nghd;wd
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khNt> vwpgjj;jhd; ,lq;fhl;lf;
fWo; nghUj nrt;thahd;
vWj;Jtt;tpa Gyp Nghd;wd;
fspNw> fjT vwpahr; rpte;J cuhma;
Ejp kOq;fpa ntz;Nfhl;lhd;
caph; cz;Zk; $w;Wg; Nghd;wd
ePNa> myq;F cisg; ghP, ,Tspg;
nghye; Njh;kpirg; nghypT Njhd;wp
khf;fly; epte;njOjUk;
nrQ;Qhapw;Wf; ftpid khNjh
midia Mfd; khNw>
jhapy; J}thf;Fotp Nghy
XahJ $ck; epd; clw;wpNahH ehNl (Gwk; - 4)
jpiz: tQ;rpj;jpiz
murd; xUtd; giftDila ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w epide;J tQ;rpg;G+
#bg; NghUf;Fr; nry;Yjy;.
Jiw: nfhw;wts;is
murdpd; ntw;wpiaAk; mtd; gifehl;L mopitAk; nrhy;yp tUe;Jjy;.
ntw;wpiaj; jUk; ths; FUjpf; fiw gl;L nrt;thdj;jpd; epwj;ijg;
Nghd;wjhapw;W. NghHf;fsj;jpy; njhlh;e;J NghH nra;jyhy; tPuh;fsJ fhy;fspy;
cs;s tPuf;foypd; mUk;G Ntiyg;ghLfs; kiwe;J fhisfspd; nfhk;Gfisg;
Nghyhapd. mk;G ijj;jyhy; Nflfj;jpy; Jisfs; epiwe;J cs;sd.
FUjpf;fiw gbe;j Kff;fUtpia cila Fjpiu khidf; nfhd;W cjpuk;
Fbj;j Gypia xj;jJ. Nfhl;il kjpy; fjTfisf; Fj;jp cilj;J kOq;fpa
je;jj;NjhL tUk; ahidfs; $w;Wtd; Nghy; ,Ue;jd. Fjpiu G+l;lg;gl;l
Njhpd; kPJ tUk; eP QhapW Nghd;Ws;sha;. ,t;tsT gilg;ngUf;fk; cila
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cd;idg; gifj;jth; ehL> jhapy;yhf; Foe;ij grpahy; XahJ mOJ
Gyk;GtJ Nghyj; JaUw;Wg; Gyk;Gk;.
#hpaDf;F xg;G Mfhjtd;
“itak; fhtyh; topnkhope;J xOfg;
Nghfk; Ntz;bg; nghJr;nrhy; nghwhmJ
,lk; rpwpJ vd;Dk; Cf;fk; Jug;g
xLq;fh cs;sj;J Xk;gh <iff;
fle;jL jhidr; Nruyhjid
ahq;fdk; xj;jpNah? tPq;F nryy; kz;byk;
nghOJ vd tiujp; Gwq;nfhLj;J ,wj;jp
khwp tUjp; kiykiwe;J xspj;jp;
mfy; ,U tpRk;gpd; MDk;
gfy;tpsq; Fjpahy; gy;fjph; tphpj;Nj” (Gwk; - 86)
jpiz: ghlhz;
ghlg;gLfpd;w Mz;kfdpd; Gfo;> nfhil> typ> msp Mfpa gz;Gfisg;
Gfo;e;J ghLjy;.
Jiw: ,ad;nkhop> G+itepiy
1. murdpd; gz;Gfis vLj;Jiuj;jy;
2. kdpjiuf; flTsNshL ctkpj;Jf; $Wjy;
gpw ehLfisf; fhf;Fk; kd;dh;fs; jj;jk; ehL jkf;FhpaJ vDk; nghJr;
nrhy;iyg; ngwhjhtd;. vjph;g;gth;fis ntd;W ehl;il tphpTgLj;jp MSgtd;.
nry;tj;ij thhp toq;Fk; ts;sy;. Mw;wy; kpf;f gilfis cilatd;
fLq;Nfh thopahjd;. kpf;f nrytpid cila fjputdhfpa eP vt;thW
NrukhDf;F xg;ghtha;? gfw;nghOJ kl;LNk tpsq;Fgtd;. jP epyT Njhd;Wk;
NghJ mQ;rp GwKJfpl;L xspfpwha;. njd;jpirapYk; tljpirapYk; khwp khwp
tUgtd; eP. kiyf;F gpd;Nd kiwe;Jk; nfhs;tha;. gfypy; kl;Lk; Njhd;Wk;
eP xUfhYk; NruDf;F xg;ghfkhl;lha;.
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7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
Ie;jhk; gj;J
ed;Djy; tpwypaH
nfhilapidAk; mf;nfhilf;F tUthahfpa giftiuf; NfhwiyAk; cld;
$Wjy;
“ml;L MNdhNd> Fl;Ltd;> mLnjhWk;
ngw;W MdhNu> ghprpyh; fspNw;
tiu kpir ,opjUk; mUtpapd;> khlj;J
tsp Kid mtph;tUk; nfhb Elq;F njUtpy;>
nrhhp Riu ftUk; nea; topG cuhypd;>
ghz;by; tpsf;Fg; g&cr; Rlh; moy>
ed; Ejy; tpwypah; MFk;
njhy; efH tiug;gpd; mtd; ciu MdhNt” gjp:5
Jiw: nre;Jiwg; ghlhz; ghl;L
tz;zKk; J}f;Fk; : xOF tz;zk;> nre;J}f;F
ngah;: ed;Djy; tpwypah;
Fl;Ltd; jd; giftiuf; nfhd;W mJ NghJk; vd;W mikjpaila
khl;lhd;. mt;thW mtd; nfhy;Yk; NjhWk; ghprpyh; fspWfis XH
mstpd;wpg; ngw;wdh;. kiyapd; NkypUe;J tPo;fpd;w mUtpiag; Nghy
khlj;jpy; fhw;wpdplj;Nj tpsq;Ffpd;w nfhbfs; mirfpd;w njUtpidAila
efhpy; nrhhpag;gl;l nea;iaAila jphpf;FohahdJ jhd; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l
me;nea; NkNy tope;J guTjyhy; fhiyAila tpsf;fpdJ gUikAila Rlh;
xspia tPRfpwJ. mt;nthspapy; mofpa new;wpiaAila tpwypah; MLfpd;w
gioa efuq;fspd; vy;iyapy; Nruidg; gw;wpa Gfo;r;rpaike;j thHj;ijfs;
nrhy;ypy; mlq;fh.
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8. ghpghly;
“fhHkyp fjo;ngay; jiy, Naw;w
ePh;kyp epiwRid G+kyh;e; jdNt
jz;zWq; flk;gpd; fko;jhJ CJk;
tz;L tz;L ,kph; Fuy; gz;iz Nghd;wdNt
mbAiw kfsph; MLk; NjhNs
neLtiu mLf;fj;J Nta; Nghd;wdNy
thif xz;G+g; GiuAk; cr;rpa
Njhif ahHFuy; kze;J jze;Njhiu
ePld;kpd;> thUk; vd;gth; nrhw;Nghd; wdNt
ehz;kyh;f; nfhd;iwAk; nghye;jhH Nghd;wd
nky;ypzh; Ntq;if ,ayiwj; jhapd
mOif kfsph; FOit nrg;g
ePuaw; fypj;j nehpKiff; fhe;js;
epiunjhWk; thHFiy mtpo;e;j ts;spjo;
tpLnfhbg; gpwe;j nkd; jifj; Njhd;wpg;
gtoj; jd;d nrk;G+j; jh ma;f;
fhHkype; jd;Wepd; Fd;W NghH kype;J
#HkUq; fWj;j Rlh;g;gil NahNa
fiwapy; fhHkio nghq;fp ad;d
eiwapd; eWk;Gif edpakh;e; NjhNa
mWKfj;J MwpU Njhshy; ntd;wp
eWkyh;g; ts;spg; G+eae; NjhNa
nfoP,f; Nfsph; Rw;w epd;id
voP,g; ghLk; ghl;lkh;e; NjhNa
gpwe;j Qhd;Nw epd;id cl;fpr;
rpwe;NjhH mQ;rpa rPUil NahNa
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,U gpwg;G ,Ungah; <uneQ;rj;J
xU ngah; me;jzh; mwd; mkHe;NjhNa
md;id Mfypd; mkh;e;jpah epd;idj;
Jd;dpj; Jd;dp topgL tjd; gad;
,d;Dk; ,d;Dk; mit MFf
njhd;KjpH kugpdpd; GfopDk; gyNt” (ghp : itif: 14)
vd;gJ> gUtq;fz;L mope;j jiykfs; Nfl;g KUfNtisg; guTthsha;>
,g;gUtj;Nj jiykfd; tUk; vd;gJ ghlj;Njhop tw;GWj;jpaJ.
NftdhH ghl;L
NftdhH ,ir
gz; Nehjpwk;
KUfNtNs! “kpf;f kioia Nkfk; nga;jyhy; epiwe;j Ridfspy;
G+f;fs; kyh;e;jd. Fsph;e;j flk;gkyh;j; jhij CJfpd;w tz;Lfspd; Fuy;fs;
gz;fisg; Nghy ,Ue;jd. kiyg;gf;fq;fspYs;s %q;fy;fs; mbAiw
kfsphpd; Njhs;fis xj;jd. thifg; G+itg; Nghd;w nfhz;ilAs;s kapy;fs;
$Tq; Fuy;fs; jiytpaNuhL mstshtpg; gphpe;J nrd;wth;fis Nehf;fp>
“,dpj; jhkjk; nra;akpd; kPz;L tUf” vd miog;gth;fSila nrhw;fisg;
Nghd;wd.
nfhd;iw kyh;f; nfhj;Jfs; nghd;dhyhfpa khiyfisg; Nghd;wd.
moifAila Ngij kfsph;f;Fj; jha;khHfs; Gyp Gypnad;W nrhy;Yk;gb
ghiwfspy; Ntq;if kyh;fs; gue;jd. neUq;fpa nkhl;fisAila fhe;js;fs;
kyh;e;jd. mtw;wpilNa nrq;fhe;jspd; G+f;fs; gue;jd. ,q;qdk; epd;
guq;Fd;wk; fhHfhyj;jd;ik kpf;fJ.
mRuh;fisf; Fyj;NjhL mopj;j Ntw;giliaAilNaha;!
fhHfhyj;J ntz;Nkfk; vOe;jhw; Nghd;w mfpy; Kjypatw;why; Gifj;j
J}gj;ij tpUk;gpNdha;.
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gphpj;j jiyth; te;J Nrh;e;J gpd;G ePq;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;L kfsph;
ahio thrpj;Jg; ghLfpw ghl;il tpUk;gpNaha;> jpUmtjhuk; nra;jTlNd
,e;jpud; KjypNahH mQ;rpa rpwg;GilNaha;! ,uz;L gpwg;igAk; mg;gpwg;ghy;
te;j ,uz;L ngaiuAk; md;G nghUe;jpa neQ;rj;ijAk; cila
me;jzh;fspd; mwj;ij tpUk;gpNaha;!
mj;jd;ikfis cilaha; Mjypd; ehq;fs; tpUk;gp epd;ghw;
nghUe;jpg; nghUe;jp topghL nra;fpd;Nwhk;. mq;qdk; nra;tjd; gadhfg;
gpd;Dk; gpd;Dk; epd; GfopDk; Nkyhd gythf mt;topghLfs; MFk;gb mUs;
Ghpthahf.
9. jpUf;Fws;
mwj;Jg;ghy;
xg;GuT mwpjy; (22)
1. ifk;khW Ntz;lh flg;ghL khhpkhl;L
vd;Mw;Wq; nfhy;Nyh cyF
cyf kf;fs; jkf;F kio toq;fp cjtp nra;Ak; Nkfj;jpw;F vd;d
ifkhW nra;aKbAk;? me;j Nkfk; Nghd;w cah;e;NjhH nra;fpd;w cjtpfSk;
ifk;khW vjph;ghHg;gJ ,y;iy.
2. jhs;Mw;wpj; je;j nghUs;vy;yhk; jf;fhHf;F
Ntshz;ik nra;jy; nghUl;L
ey;y topfs; gytw;wpYk; Kad;W xUtd; Nrh;j;j nghUs; vy;yhk;> jhd;
thOk; ,lk;> fhyk; #oypd; eilKiw mwpe;J> jFjp cilNahH
vy;NyhHf;Fk; cjtp nra;tjw;Nf MFk;.
3. Gj;Njs; cyfj;Jk; <z;Lk; ngwy;mhpNj
xg;Gutpd; ey;y gpw.
jFjp cilathpd; Njit mwpe;J cjtp nra;J thOk; xg;Guitg;
Nghd;w cah;e;j ed;ikfis tpisf;Fk; NtW mwr;nray;fis> ve;jg; Gjpa
cyfj;jpYk; ehk; thOk; ,e;j cyfj;jpYk; ngWjy; ,ayhJ.
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4. xj;jJ mwpthd; caph;tho;thd; kw;iwahd;
nrj;jhUs; itf;fg; gLk;.
xg;GuT vd;Dk; cyf eilKiw mwpe;J jFjp cila kw;wth;f;Fk;
cjtp nra;J tho;tpd;wtid caph; tho;gtd; Mthd;. mt;thW thohj
kw;wtd; nrj;jth;fSs; xUtdhfNt fUjg;gLthd;.
5. CUzp ePHepiwe;J mw;Nw cyFmthk;
Ngh;mwp thsd; jpU.
cyfk; xg;Gutpdhy; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gp cjtp nra;fpd;w
ngUikkpf;f mwpthspapd; nry;tk;> Chpy; tho;NthH ePH cz;Zk; Fsk; ey;y
ePuhy; epiwe;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;wJ.
6. gad;kuk; cs;SHg; gOj;Jmw;why; nry;tk;
ead;cil ahd;fz; gbd;.
cyf eilKiw mwpe;J cjtp nra;J thOk; cah;e;j gz;G
cilatdplk; nry;tk; Nrh;e;jpUe;jhy;> mJ gad; jUk; kuk; xd;W Chpd;
eLNt epiw gOj;j goq;fisj; jhq;fp epw;gJ Nghd;wJ.
7. kUe;JMfpj; jg;gh kuj;Jmw;why; nry;tk;
ngUk;jif ahd;fz; gbd;.
cyf eil mwpe;J cjtp nra;Ak; ngUik kpf;f jFjp cilatdplk;
nry;tk; Nrh;e;jpUe;jhy;> mJ jdJ vy;yh cWg;GfSk; kUe;jhfg;
gad;gLtjpy; jtwhj kuj;ijg; Nghd;wJ.
8. ,ld;,y; gUtj;Jk; xg;Gutpw;F xy;fhH
fld;mwp fhl;rp ath;.
cyf eil mwpe;J cjtp nra;Ak; flik czh;e;j mwpitg;
ngw;wth;fs;> jk;kplk; nghUs; tsk; ,y;yhj Neuj;jpYk; kw;wth;f;F cjtp
nra;tjw;Fj; jsh;r;rp milakhl;lhHfs;.
9. ead;cilahd; ey;$He;jhd; Mjy; nrAk;ePu
nra;ahJ mikfyh MW.
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cyf eil mwpe;J cjtp nra;ak; ,ay;Gila gz;ghsd; tUik
miljy; vd;gJ> jtwhky; nra;a Ntz;ba cjtpfis kw;wth;f;Fr; nra;a
Kbahky; tUe;Jfpd;w ,ay;G MFk;.
10. xg;Gutp dhy;tUk; NfLvdpd; m/JxUtd;
tpw;Wf;Nfhs; jf;fJ cilj;J.
cyf eil mwpe;J cjTtjhy; ,og;G Vw;gLk; vd;W nrhy;Ygth;
,Ue;jhYk;> mj;jifa xUtd; jd;id tpw;whtJ ngw;W nfhs;Sk; jFjp
cilaJ MFk;.
fs; cz;zhik (93)
1. cl;f glhmh; xsp,og;gh; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
fs;fhjy; nfhz;LxOF thH.
mwpitj; jphpf;Fk; fs;isg; Nghd;w Nghijg; nghUs;fis tpUk;gp
cz;L kfpo;gth; ve;jf; fhyj;jpYk; vtuhYk; kjpf;fg;gl khl;lhH. mJkl;Lk;
,y;yhky;> Kd;dh; ngw;wpUe;j rpwg;gpidAk; ,oe;J tpLth;.
2. cz;zw;f fs;is czpy;cz;f rhd;Nwhuhy;
vz;zg; glNtz;lh jhH
mwpT cilath; vdg;gLNthH mwpitj; jphpf;Fk; fs;isg; Nghd;w
Nghijg; nghUisg; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. rhd;NwhuhYk; gpwuhYk; kjpf;fg;gl
Ntz;LtJ ,y;iy vd;NghH Ntz;Lkhdhy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
3. <d;whs; Kfj;NjAk; ,d;dhJMy; vd;kw;Wr;
rhd;NwhH Kfj;Jf; fsp
Nghijg; nghUshy; mwpT jhpe;j kfidf; fz;lhy; ngw;W tsh;j;j
jhapd; Kfj;jpNyNa ngUe;Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; vd;why;> Fw;wq;fisf;
fbj;Jk;> jz;bj;Jk; jpUj;Jfpd;w rhd;NwhH Kfj;jpy; vj;Jizj; Jd;gj;ijj;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
4. ehz;vd;Dk; ey;yhs; Gwk;nfhLf;Fk; fs;vd;Dk;
Ngzhg; ngUk;Fw;wj; jhHf;F
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vy;NyhUk; ,fo;fpd;w mw;gkhd Nghijg; nghUshy; mwpT jphpe;J
miyAk; Fw;wk; nra;jtiu> ehzk; vd;Dk; ey;y gz;G tpl;L ePq;fp
ntFnjhiyT nrd;W tpLk;.
5. ifmwp ahik Ailj;Nj nghUs;nfhLj;J
nka;mwp ahik nfhsy;
xUtd; nfhUis kpFjpahfr; nrytopj;Jg; Nghijg; nghUisg;
gad;gLj;jpj; jd;id mwpahj msTf;F mwpT jphpe;j epiyapy; miyjy;>
ey;nyhOf;fk; gw;wp mwpAk; mwpahik cilaJ MFk;.
6. JQ;rpdhH nrj;jhhpd; NtWmy;yh; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;Rcz;ghH fs;cz; gth;
J}q;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gth; mwpT ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gjhy; nrj;jtiu tpl
Ntwhdth; my;yH. mt;thNw> fs; cz;gtUk; vg;NghJk; mwpT ,y;yhky;
,Ug;gjhy; eQ;R cz;gtNu Mth;.
7. cs; xw;wp cs;SH efg;gLth; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
fs;xw;wp fz;rha; gth;
Nghijg; nghUis vtUk; mwpahky; kiwthfg;g ad;gLj;jp mwpT
kaq;fpf; fplg;gthpd; epiy czh;e;J> Chpy; thOk; kf;fshy;> nra;jp
gug;gg;gl;L vg;NghJk; eifg;Gf;F chpatuhf MthH.
8. fspj;JmwpNad; vd;gJ iftpLf neQ;rj;J
xspj;jJ}ck; Mq;Nf kpFk;
Nghijg; nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jgth;> ehd; Nghijg; nghUis vg;NghJk;
gad;gLj;jpajpy;iy vd;W $Wtij epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. jd; neQ;R mwpe;J
ngha; $wpa Fw;wk; kPz;Lk; Nghijapy; kpFjpahf ntspg;gLk;.
9. fspj;jhidf; fhuzk; fhl;Ljy; fPo;ePHf;
Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JhP, mw;W.
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Nghijapy; kaq;fpf; fplg;gtdplk; “FbFbiaf; nfLf;Fk;” vd tpsf;fpf;
$wp njsptpf;f KaYjy;> ePhpy; %o;fpa xUtid kw;nwhUtd; jPg;ge;jk;
nfhz;L NjLtijg; Nghd;wJ MFk;.
10. fs;cz;zhg; Ngho;jpy; fspj;jhidf; fhZk;fhy;
cs;shd;nfhs; cz;ljd; NrhHT.
Nghijg; nghUs; gad;gLj;Jk; xUtd; mg;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jhj
epiyapy; Nghijapy; kaq;fpa NtW xUtidf; fhz Neh;e;jhy; Nghijahy;
Vw;gl;l NrhHe;j epiyia vz;zpg; ghHf;f khl;lhNdh?
Gytp EZf;fk; (132)
1. ngz;,ayhH vy;yhUk; fz;zpd; nghJcz;gh;
ez;Nzd; guj;jepd; khHG.
guj;ijah; njhlh;G cilNaha;! cd;idg; ngz; jd;ik cila
vy;NyhUk; jk; fz;fshy; nghJg; nghUshfg; ghHj;J Efh;th;> mjdhy;> mth;
ghHit vr;rpy; gl;l cd; khHgpidj; jOtkhl;Nld;.
2. Cb ,Ue;jNjkhe; Jk;kpdhH ahk;jk;ik
ePLtho;f vd;ghf;F mwpe;J
mtNuhL ehd; Cly; nfhz;L NgrhJ ,Ue;jNghJ> ehd; mtiu Clh;
jPHe;J „E}whz;L tho;f‟ vd tho;j;jpg; NgRNtd; vd epidj;Jj; Jk;kpdhH.
3. Nfhl;Lg;G+r; #bDk; fhAk; xUj;jpiaf;
fhl;ba #bdPH vd;W
mof;Ff;fhg; G+r; #bdhYk; $l> „NtW ahNuh xU fhjypf;Ff;
fhl;Ltjw;fhfr; #b ,Uf;fpd;wPH vd;W nrhy;ypf; Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhs;ths;.
4. ahhpDk; fhjyk; vd;Nwdh Cbdhs;
ahhpDk; ahhpDk; vd;W.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
22
„fhjyh; vy;NyhhpDk; kpf;f fhjiy cilatuhf cs;Nshk;‟ vdf;
$wpaJk; fhjypah; gyiutpl cd;dplk; kpf;f fhjy; nfhz;Ls;Nsd; vd;W
$wpajhff; fUjp ahiutpl? vdf; Nfl;L Cly; nfhz;lhs;.
5. ,k;ik gpwg;gpy; gphpayk; vd;Nwdhf;
fz;epiw ePHnfhz; lds;.
md;G kpFjpahy; „ ,e;jg; gpwg;gpy; ahk; gphpakhl;Nlhk;‟ vd;W $wpNdd;.
mjdhy; kW gpwg;gpy; gphpNtd; vdf; $wpajhff; fUjp fz;fs; epiwa ePH
nfhz;lhs;.
6. cs;spNdd; vd;Nwd;kw;W vd;kwe;jPH vd;Wvd;idg;
Gy;yhy; gyj;jf; fds;
„gphptpd; NghJ epidj;Njd;‟ vdf; $wpNdd; mt;thnwdpy; epidg;gjw;F
Kd; vd;id kwe;J ,Ue;jPNuh vdr; nrhy;ypj; jOtpf; nfhs;shky; Cly;
nfhz;lhs;.
7. tOj;jpdhs; Jk;kpNdd; Mf mopj;JmOjhs;
ahHcs;spj; Jk;kpdPH vd;W
ehd; Jk;kpNdd;> mts; tho;j;jpdhs;. clNd kdk; khwp> „ahiu
epidj;J ePH Jk;kpdPH? vdf; Nfl;L mOJ epd;whs;.
8. Jk;Kr; nrWg;g mOjhs; Ekh;cs;sy;
vk;ik kiwj;jpNuh vd;W
Jk;kpdhy; Cly; nfhs;fpwhNs vd;W Jk;ky; te;jNghJ mlf;fpf;
nfhz;Nld;. „ck; fhjypah; ck;ik epidg;gij vdf;Fj; njhpahjthW
kiwf;fpd;wPNuh? vd;W nrhy;yp mOjhs;.
9. jd;id czh;j;jpDk; fhAk; gpwh;f;FePH
,e;ePuh; MFjph; vd;W
Cly; jPHf;f Ntz;bg; gzpthf Ntz;bdhYk;> „gpw ngz;fsplKk; ePH
,t;thW jhNd ele;J nfhz;bUg;gPH‟ vdr; nrhy;yp rpde;J nfhs;ths;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
23
10. epidj;J,Ue;J Nehf;fpDk; fhAk; midj;JePH
ahHcs;sp Nehf;fpdPH vd;W
NgRtijAk; gzptijAk; tpl;L> mts; xg;gw;w moifNa epidj;Jg;
ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> „vd; moFf;F ,izahf ahiu epidj;Jg;
ghHf;fpwPH?‟ vdf; Nfl;Lf; Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhs;ths;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
24
II. ehlfk;
rhgtpNkhrdk; - K. uhkrhkp
Kd;Diu
K. ,u hkRthkp ,aw;wpa rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;Dk; E}y;> 1. rhgk;!
tpNkhrdk;? 2. Gul;rpf;ftp 3. MGj;jpud; vd;w %d;W ehlfq;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ. rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;Dk; ehlff;fUj;jpidf; Fwpj;J
fPo;f;fz;lthW fhz;Nghk;.
ftpijf;fhjyp
rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? ehlfj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; MLfsg;gpuk;kd; vd;w
fjhg;ghj;jpuk; kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahH jd; „ftpijf;fhjyp‟ vd;Dk;
ftpijapy; nrhy;ypr; nry;Yk; xU rpd;df;fijia kJiu ep[ehlf
,af;fj;jpd; rhHgpy; rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;w ngahpy; ehlfkhf epfo;j;jpf;
fhl;Ltjhf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.
fijf;fU
caHe;j ];jhdk; vd;W jhd; fUJfpw ,lj;jpypUe;J> re;jh;g;gtrj;jhy;
jd; fUj;jpy; fPohd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhYk;> njhlf;fj;jpy; mij Vw;f
kWf;fpw kdR> gpd; mjNdhL rkurk; nra;J nfhz;L me;j ,lj;ijNa
nrhHf;fk; vd;W epahag;gLj;Jfpw Nghf;fpy; ,jd; fij nry;Yk;.
fij khe;jh;fs;
rq;fKdpth;> Jq;fKdpth;> Njte;jpif> jahgud;> rPlh;fs;> G+rhhp
MfpNahH ehlfj;ij efh;j;jpr; nry;Yk; fijkhe;jh;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
Njte;jpifapd; Vf;fk;
rq;fKdpth; 12 Mz;Lfs; fle;J jtk; Kbf;f ,Uf;Fk; Ntisapy;
Njte;jpif vd;Dk; Kdpgj;jpdpahdts; ,fNyhf czh;r;rpfs; kuj;Jg; NghFk;
gbf;F tho;e;j jd; fzth; Jq;fKdptuhy; Gj;jpughf;fpak; fpilf;fhjh vd;w
Njlypy; G+rhhpiar; re;jpj;jhs;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
25
fdp nfhLj;jy;
G+rhhp XH fdpia Njte;jpifaplk; nfhLj;J Fspj;Jg; G+ir nra;J
<uj;JzpAld; cd; fztdplk; cz;zf;nfhL vd;whH.
rPlh;fspd; tUif
12 Mz;Lfs; fLikahd jtk; Kbe;J fz; tpopf;f ,Uf;fpw jq;fs;
FUehjUf;fhf rPlh;fs; czitj; Njbr; nrd;wdh;. Njte;jpif kuj;jpdbapy;
itj;Jr; nrd;wpUe;j fdpiaf;fz;L „,J ek; FUehjUf;nfd;W nja;tk;
je;jpUf;Fk; czT‟ vd;W $wp vLj;Jr; nrd;wdh;.
kdjpy; khw;wk;
rq;fKdp fdpia Urpj;Jr; rhg;gpLfpwhH. gpd; nky;y nky;y mth;
epiyapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jid>
“ngz;zhir ngWkpd;
Nghpd;gk; ngU ntspia
ngz;zplNk ngWkpd;
ngz;Nz ,d;gk; mts; fz;Nz Nghpd;gk;
vd;fpwhH rq;fKdp. rPlh;fs; jpifj;J epw;fpd;wdh;.
Njte;jpif Gyk;gy;
Njte;jpif „tuk; Ntz;b ehd; ngw;w nja;tf;fdp xd;W fhzhky;
Ngha;tpl;lJ. ahNuDk; fz;lJz;Nlh? vd;W tpdTfpwhs;. rq;fKdp mtsplk;
jtwhf elf;f Kay;fpwhH. mjw;F Njte;jpif „khw;whd; kidtp ehd;.
khKdpapd; gj;jpdp ehd;‟ vd;fpwhs;.
Jq;fKdpapd; rhgk;
Njte;jpifapd;f zth; Jq;fKdp> jttho;tpy; NrW G+rpa %lNd.
ehis #hpNahjj;jpy; vy;NyhUk; fhZk;gb „kyk; jpd;Dk; gd;wpahf eP
Nghff;fltha;> vd;W rq;fKdpia rgpf;fpd;whH. jq;fs; FUehjiuf;
fhg;ghw;WkhW rPlh;fs; Jq;fKdpthplk; Ntz;Lfpd;wdh;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
26
ngsHzkpad;W re;jpNuhjaj;jpy; cq;fs; FUehjiu thshy; ntl;bf;
nfhd;why; gd;wp cU xope;J mth; cq;fs; FUthfj; jpUk;g tUthH vd;W
$WfpwhH.
rq;fKdp jg;gpr;nry;yy;
#hpNahjaj;jpy; rq;fKdp gd;wpahf khWfpwhH. ngsh;zkp tiu
fhg;gjw;fhf mtiur; Rw;wpr; rPlh;fs; Nfhl;ilf;fl;b fhty; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
gd;wp cUtpy; ,Uf;Fk; rq;fKdp rPlh;fs; Mo;e;j cwf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;ifapy;
jg;gpr; nry;fpwhH.
NjLk; Kaw;rp
rPlh;fs; gd;wpKdpia NjLk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;. gd;wp Kdpiaf;
fz;Lgpbj;j rPlh;fs; mthpd; rpuj;ij ntl;l tUk;NghJ> mjid jLj;J
gd;wpKdp jdf;F gd;wptho;f;if gpbj;jpUg;gjhff; $wpdhH.
rhgNk tuk;
gd;wpKdp> gd;wpfs; $l;lj;jpy; nkJnkJNt fye;J kfpo;r;rpaha; gd;wp
tho;f;ifAld; rkurkhfpg; NghdhH. rq;fKdp rhgj;ijNa tukhf;fpf; nfhs;s
gofpf;nfhz;lhH.
KbTiu
,t;thW cah;e;j ];jhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J> fPohd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lij
njhlf;fj;jpy; mij Vw;f kWf;fpw kdR> gpd;mjNdhL rkurQ; nra;J nfhz;L
me;j ,lj;ijNa nrhHf;fk; vd;W epahag;gLj;Jfpw Nghf;fpy; fij nry;fpwJ.
Gul;rpf;ftp
Kd;Diu
K. ,uhkRthkp ,aw;wpa rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;Dk; E}ypy;
mike;Js;s „Gul;rpf;ftp‟ vd;w ehlff; fUj;jpidf; Fwpj;J fPo;f;fz;lthW
fhz;Nghk;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Gul;rpf;ftp
ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrdpd; „Gul;rpf;ftp‟ vd;Dk; fhtpaj;ij kJiu
ep[ehlf ,af;fj;jpd; rhHgpy; Mlw;FOtpdUk;> ,irf;FOtpdUk; ,ize;J
ehlfj;ij epfo;j;Jtjhff; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
fijkhe;jh;fs;
murd;> mikr;rh;> kf;fs;> cjhud;> mKjty;yp MfpNahH ehlfj;ij
efHj;jpr; nry;Yk; fijkhe;jh;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
cjhud; jd;ik
cjhud; vd;gtd;> kf;fspd; ftpQdhff; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. mth;fs;
jUk; czit cz;L mth;fSf;fhf Ntiy nra;fpwhd;. kf;fsplk;
ciuahlypy; rpwe;J rfyfiy ty;ytdhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. „mtid
xg;ghH ahUkpy;iy‟ vd;W nrhy;Yk; msTf;F kpf ftpj;Jtk; ngw;wtdhf
fhzg;gLfpd;whd;.
mKjty;ypapd; tUj;jk;
,sturpahd mKjty;yp jkpopyf;fpaq;fs; midj;Jk;
czh;e;jhshapDk; mts; ftpij Gidaf; fw;ftpy;iy. mfj;jpy; vOe;j
ftpijiag; Gwj;jpy; gpwh;f;Fg; Gyg;gLj;Jjw;Fr; nra;As; ,yf;fzk; njhpjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vz;zp murDk; mKjty;ypAk; tUj;jj;Jld;
,Uf;fpd;whHfs;.
mikr;rh; tUif
murhpd; epiyawpe;j mikr;rh; cjhuidf; Fwpj;J nrhy;yj;
njhlq;fpdhd;. cjhud; vd;gtdpd; njhopy; ftpij. mtd; Gjy;tpf;Fj; jf;f
cghj;jpahad;. cjhuid mioj;J mKjty;ypf;F Mrhd; vd epakpg;Nghk;
vd;W mikr;rh; murdplk; $Wfpd;whH.
mikr;rhpd; #o;r;rp
murdplk; Fykfis cjhuNdhL fw;ftpl;lhy; Fiwte;J Nrh;e;jhYk;
Nrh;jy; $Lk; vd;W mikr;rh; $wpdhH. ftpij fw;Fk; fhyj;jpy;
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mKjty;ypia mtDk;> mtidg; ngz;Zk; njhpe;J nfhs;shjthW
jpiutpLf;f Ntz;Lk;. kq;ifaplk; cjhuDf;Fg; ghHitapy;iy FUL vd;Wk;>
cjhudplk; mKjty;yp F\;lNuhfp vd;Wk; vr;rhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vr;rhpj;jhy; jhd;
gQ;Rk; neUg;Gk; gf;fj;jpy; tuhjpUf;Fk; vd;W #o;r;rp nra;J murdplk;
$Wfpd;whH.
tFg;G vLj;jy;
jpiuapd; xUGwk; mkh;e;J cjhud; mKjty;ypf;Fr; nra;As; ,yf;fz
tFg;G vLg;gij>
“njhl;lidj; J}Wk; kzw;Nfzp khe;jh;f;Ff;
fw;widj; J}Wk; mwpT”
vd;W jpwk;gl ahg;G tFg;G vLj;J tUfpd;whd;.
,uhg;gs;spf;$lk;
,uhg;gs;spf;$lj;jpy; kf;fs; midtUk; cjhuDf;fhf fhj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. kf;fSs; XH nghpath;> cjhud; uhrh kfSf;Fg; ghlk;
nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fg; Ngha; tpl;ljhy; ,q;Nf tUthuh vd;W vjph;ghHj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhH. mg;NghJ cjhud; tUfpd;whd;. ,uhg; ghlNtisia
fptij kzk; nghq;f mioj;J nry;fpwhd;.
cz;ik ntspg;gly;
cjhud; tFg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ>
“ePythd; Milf;Fs; cly; kiwj;J
epyhntd;W fhl;Lfpd;wha; xspKfj;ij” vd;w ftpij thapyhf
mKjty;ypf;F re;Njfk; vOe;J jpiu tpyf;fpg; ghHf;fpwhs;. cz;ikahdJ
ntspg;gl;L epd;wJ.
mofpy; kaf;fk;
„thdpNy ,Ue;jpl;l XH khkjp kq;ifaha; vd;ndjpNu te;J tha;j;jNjh‟
vd;W cjhud; mKjty;ypia fz;L mofpy; kaq;fpdhd;. „Nrhjp epyhTf;Fk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
29
khRz;L ,r;Re;juNdh fiw xd;wpyhd;‟ vd;W mKjty;yp cjhudpd; moif
th;zpj;jhs;. ,UtUk; moif th;zpg;gij khwp khwp ghpkhwpf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
cjhud; kWj;jy;
mKjty;yp cjhudpd; mofpy; kaq;fp mtd; kPJ fhjy; tag;gLfpwhs;.
Mdhy; cjhud;> ehd; jkowpe;jjhy; kl;LNk cd; je;ij vd mioj;jhH.
jd;khdj;ij rpijf;Fk; tifapy; FUnld;whH> F\;lnkd;whH. vd; kf;fs;
tpopg;gila vdf;F ngUk;gzpfs; ,Uf;fpwJ. MfNt ngz;Nz epidg;ig
mfw;wptpL vd;W cjhud; kWj;Jf; $Wfpwhd;.
mKjty;ypapd; fhjy;
this cUtp te;J kd;dd; vdJliy ntl;b eLf;flypy; Nghl;lhYk;
,j;ijay; csk; khwhJ vd;W jd; fhjypy; mKjty;yp cWjpaha; ,Ue;jhs;.
rjpj;jpl;lk;
cjhuDk;> mKjty;ypAk; NgRtijf; fz;l murh;> mikr;rUk; Nfhgk;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ek; #o;r;rp njhpe;j cjhuid ifJ nra;J ,ufrpaj;ij
ntspna njhpahky; ghJfhg;Nghk; vd;W mikr;rh; $WfpwhH. cjhuidf; ifJ
nra;J ,Oj;J tUfpd;wdh;. murhpd; M];jpiaf; ftu epidj;jjhy;
cjhuDf;F jz;lid mspf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;W mikr;rh; midthplj;jpYk;
$Wfpd;whd;. rpur;Nrjk; nra;f vd;W kd;dd; MizapLfpwhd;.
mKjty;yp jLj;jy;
mKjty;yp Nrhfj;Jld; ntspNaWfpwhs;. Cnuq;Fk;
giwabf;fg;gLfpwJ. kz;lgj;jpy; midtUk; mkh;e;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.
„vopYilahd; gpio ,iof;ftpy;iy‟ vd;W $wp Xbr;nrd;W fhtyh;fisj;
jLf;fpwhs;. J\;l rpWf;fpiaf; fhtw;rpiwapy; milg;gPH vd;W $wpaTld;>
rhjy; vdpy; ,UtUNk rhf Ntz;Lk;. jtph;tnjdpy; ,UtUNk jtph;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;W jd; fhjypd; typikia mKjty;yp midthplj;jpYk;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhs;. gpd; „,UtiuAk; nfhiy nra;f‟ vd;W murh;
MizapLfpwhd;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
30
KbTiu
,t;thW jhq;fs; nra;j jtiw kiwj;J ngha;ia epahag;gLj;Jfpw
Nghf;fpy; fij mike;jhYk; ,Wjpapy; XH ngz;zpd; fhjypd; cWjpia
rpwg;ghf fij efh;j;jpr; nry;fpwJ.
MGGj;jpud;
Kd;Diu
K. ,uhkRthkp ,aw;wpa rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;Dk; E}ypy;
mike;Js;s „MGj;jpud;‟ vd;w ehlff; fUj;jpidf; Fwpj;J fPo;f;fz;lthW
fhz;Nghk;.
MGj;jpud;
cWkp> FWq;Foy;> Fe;jsk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfis ,irj;jgb
fijnrhy;ypfs; ,ize;J ehlfj;ij epfo;j;Jtjhff; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
jhapd; Ntjid
rhyp vd;w ngz; newpjtwp XH Foe;ijiag; ngw;nwLf;fpwhs;.
CHkf;fs; mtis gop J}w;Wfpd;whHfs;. kpFe;j ftiyAld; ifapy;
Foe;ijia itj;J nfhz;L>
„gr;ir kz;izg; ghHj;jTld; tpl;Ltu kdkpy;iyNa
jq;ff; Foe;ij ,ijj;js;s kdk; tutpy;iyNa‟
vd;W rhyp Gyk;Gfpwhs;. gpd; Foe;ijia ghHj;J> „cd; jha; cdf;F je;J
NghtJ ,e;jf; fz;zPHf; Fspay;jhd;‟ vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L rhyp
Foe;ijia tpl;Lg; gphpfpwhs;.
kf;fspd; myl;rpak;
jtwhd topapy; gpwe;j Foe;ijia tpl;Lr; nry;y vq;fs; Chpy;
,lkpy;iy. ,e;jf; Foe;ij vq;fs; Chpy; tsu Ntz;lhk; ngw;w jhNa
gphpe;J Nghdgpd;G ekf;nfjw;F tPz; jaf;fk; vd;W> kf;fspy; xUtd;
myl;rpakhf NgRfpd;whd;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
31
gRtpd; ,uf;fk;
Foe;ijapd; mOFuy; Nfl;L> Ie;jwpT nfhz;l gR xd;W Foe;ijapd;
mUfpy; nrd;W ehthy; ef;fp mjd; mOifiag; Nghf;FfpwJ. ,jid>
“mg;gd; rhpapy;iy
Mj;jhSf;Fk; Jzptpy;iy
jg;gpg; gpwe;jtNd ..... eP
jha;g;ghYf;fOfpwpNah
vd;W gR Foe;ijia MWjy; nra;fpwJ. ,jidf;fz;l kf;fs; $l;lk;
gRit tpul;l Kay;fpwhHfs;. gR mth;fis Kl;br; rha;j;J Foe;ijiag;
ghpTld; mizj;jgb gLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
Foe;ijghf;fpak;
,sk;G+jp> Ntjh vd;w jk;gjpapdh; ahUNk neUq;f Kbahj me;j
Foe;ijia vLj;J nfhQ;rpdhHfs;. eP vj;jid md;igg; nghope;jhYk;
cd;dhy; tapw;iw kl;Lk; jhd; epug;gKbAk;. ehq;fs; mwpitAk; epug;GNthk;
vd;W ,sk;G+jp gRtplk; $Wfpd;whH. nja;tk; gR tbtpy; te;J> Foe;ij
,y;yh vq;fs; Fiwiaj; jPhj;jJ vd;W fz;zp ,UtUk; kfpo;Tld;
nrd;wdh;.
me;jzh;fspd; nfhLik
Nts;tp nra;J caph;f;nfhiy nra;jtw;fhf ghHgdh;fs; rpyh; khl;il
tpul;br; nry;fpd;whHfs;. gRtpw;F ,j;jidfa nfhLikfis me;jzh;fs;
jUfpd;wdh;. gpd;G mth;fs; tpul;b te;j gRit> rhyp tpl;Lr;nrd;w
Foe;ijahd MGj;jpud; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;.
MGj;jpud; jLj;jy;
gpwe;jehs; njhl;L cyfpw;Nf ghy; je;J tsh;j;J tUk; ,e;jg; gRNthL
cq;fSf;F gif Ntz;lhk;. Nts;tp nra;Aq;fs;. topgLq;fs;. kdj;jpd;
khR mfw;Wq;fs;. Mdhy;> caph;f;nfhiy nra;ahjpUq;fs; vd;W
me;jzh;fis MGj;jpud; jLf;fpd;whd;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
32
kf;fspd; Kof;fk;
,sk;G+jp nghpa itjPfthjp. MGj;jpud; me;jzd; ,y;iy. ,wf;Fk;
jUthapy; $l vd; nghpa je;ij „me;jzd; eLtpy; xU mayhd; tsh;fpwhNd‟
vd;W nehe;Jf;nfhz;L ,Ue;jjhf kf;fspy; xUtd; kpFe;j fLikahf
NgRfpwhd;. gpwg;gwpah cd;NdhL ,dp ehq;fs; cwT nfhs;sg; Nghtjpy;iy
vd;W kf;fs; Kof;fk; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
jha;ghrk;
ngw;w Foe;ijia mizj;J tsh;g;gJjhd; jhapd; ,ay;G.
fz;nzjpNu tsUk; gps;isiaf;$l jha; rpy Neuk; kwg;ghs;. fhzhky;
tpl;Lg;Nghd vd;id vd; jha; xU NghJk; kwf;fkhl;lhs; vd;W me;jzh;fsplk;
jha; ghrj;ij ntspf;fhl;b MGj;jpud; gRit kPl;Lf; nfhz;L tUfpd;whd;.
GfhH nra;jy;
kf;fs; midtUk; ,sk;G+jpaplk; MGj;jpuidf; Fwpj;J GfhH
nra;fpwhHfs;. MGj;jpuid Ciu tpl;L tpul;l Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy;
cq;fs; FLk;gj;ijNa Ciu tpl;L tpul;b tpLNtd; vd;W me;jzh;fs;
$Wfpd;whHfs;.
,sk;G+jpapd; khw;wk;
Ntjq;fisAk;> rh];jpuq;fisAk; ehd; kjpf;fpNwd;. mij vy;yhk;
Gwf;fzpf;Fk; mtd; vd; gps;isNa MdhYk; ehd; mDkjpf;fkhl;Nld;. Ntjh
kpFe;j kd tUj;jj;NjhL Gyk;Gfpwhs;. „kdij fy;yhf;fpf; nfhs;‟ vd;W
,sk;G+jp Ntjhit Njw;Wfpwhs;.
gpr;ir vLj;jy;
tPl;il tpl;L ntspNawpa MGj;jpud; gpr;ir vLf;Fk; epiyf;F
Mshfpd;whd;. kf;fs; mtDf;F fy;iyAk; kz;izAk; Nghl;L
,opTgLj;Jfpd;whHfs;. ,e;j CH vd;id vg;gb ,fo;e;jhYk; vdf;Ff;
ftiyapy;iy. ehd; cq;fSf;F cztspf;fpNwd; vd;W MGj;jpud;
typikNahL $Wfpd;whd;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
33
%jhl;b tho;j;jy;
ViofSf;F cztspf;f gpwe;jpUf;Fk; eP „ey;yh kfhuhrdh ,Uf;fZk;‟
vd;W %jhl;b xUth; MGj;jpuid tho;j;JfpwhH. Jd;gj;jpNy vd;id <d;w vd;
jha; Jd;gk; Jilf;fg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W %jhl;baplk; MGj;jpud;
$Wfpd;whd;.
fdtpy; Fuy;
MGj;jpud; Nfhapy; kz;lgj;jpy; gLj;J cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ>
fyj;jpy; ,d;W xU ftsk; NrhW $l tpotpy;iyNa> „ehis vg;gb
cztspg;gha;‟ vd;W fdtpy; XH mrhPhp xypj;jJ. mg;NghJ> vj;jid Ngh;
te;jhYk; ,y;iy vd;W cztspf;Fk; nja;tPfg;ghj;jpuk; ,J. ahhplkhtJ
gpr;irg; ngw;W ms;s ms;sf; Fiwahj mKjj;ij midtUf;Fk;
toq;Fthahf vd;W> ,e;jpuh Njtp MGj;jpuddplk; ghj;jpuj;ij mspf;fpwhs;.
,e;jpudpd; nray;
Kjpath; Ntlj;jpy; ,e;jpud; te;J mGj;jpudpd; Gfio epidj;J>
mtDf;F tuk; nfhLf;f epidf;fpwhd;. vd;d tuk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jpud;
MGj;jpudplk; Nfl;fpd;whd;.
tuj;ij kWj;jy;
grpj;jth; Kfk; ghHj;J cztpl;L grp Nghf;fp vQ;rpaij cz;Zk;
nghOJ Vw;gLk; kfpo;Tf;F ,izahdJ ,t;Tyfpy; vJTkpy;iy vd;W
tuj;ij Vw;f MGj;jpud; kWf;fpwhd;.
,e;jpudpd; rhgk;
ve;j Mztj;jhy; eP Njth;fisna mtkjpf;fpd;whNah me;jg; ngUik
cdf;F tpiutpy; ,y;yhky; NghFk; vd;W ,e;jpud; MGj;jpuDf;F rhgk;
mspf;fpwhd;. jpBnud;W kio nga;J ehL tsj;jpy; nropj;jJ. mjdhy;
ahUk; mtdplk; czT thq;f tutpy;iy. kw;wth;fSf;F nfhLj;Jtpl;L jhd;
rhg;gplNtz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifapy; cWjpaha; ,ue;J MGj;jpud; gl;bdp
fplf;fpd;whd;. ,e;jpud; rhgj;jhy; MGj;jpud; ,e;epiyf;F Mshfpd;whd;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
34
caph; Jwj;jy;
MGj;jpud; rhtfj; jPtpw;F nry;fpd;whd;. Ms; mutNk mw;w ,e;jj;
jdpikj; jPtpy; ehDk; vd; ghj;jpuKk; ,Ue;J gadpy;iy. cztspj;j gpd;G
jhd; cz;L caph; tho;Ntd; vd;w Fwpf;NfhSld; tuk; Nfl;fhky; ,e;jpuid
ntd;W NfhKfpg; ngha;ifapy; ghj;jpuj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L cz;zh Nehd;gpUe;J
MGj;jpud; caph; Jwf;fpd;whd;.
KbTiu
,t;thW ngw;wts;> me;jzh;> tsh;j;jth;fs; xJf;fpdhYk;> cz;zh
Nehd;ngDk; Nghuhl;l tbtj;jhy; cyfj;ijNa jd;gf;fk; jpUk;g itj;j
MGj;jpud; rhit ntd;W vy;yhk; kdq;fspYk; ,d;Dk; thoe;J
nfhz;bUg;gjhf fijahdJ rpwg;Gld; mikfpwJ.
III. ,yf;fpa tuyhW
1. rq;f ,yf;fpak;
Kd;Diu
rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; gjpndl;L. gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif. ,it
Nkw;fzf;F vdg;gLk;. gj;Jg;ghl;L xNu njhFjpahf ,Ug;gjhy;> nkhj;jk;
xd;gJ E}y;fs;. ,tw;wpd; tuyhw;iwj; jdpj;jdpNa ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,tw;iw mfk; gw;wpad> Gwk; gw;wpad vd;W gphpj;Jk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rq;ffhyj;ijr; rhHe;j ,yf;fzk; njhy;fhg;gpak; ePjp ,yf;fpak;
jpUf;Fws;. mjid ePjpE}y; thpirapy; Kjypy; itj;Jg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzpNkfiyAk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs;.
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; fstop ehw;gJ Gwk; gw;wpaJ.
fhHehw;gJ> Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ> Ie;jpiz vOgJ> jpiznkhop Ik;gJ>
jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ kw;wk; ife;epiy vd;gd mfk; gw;wpad. ,it
rq;f ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhd mfk; gw;wpa gpw;fhy tsh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;. NkYk;
Kj;njhs;shapuk;> Nfhit E{y;fs; ,jd; njhlh;r;rpfNsahk;. rpw;wpyf;fpa
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
35
tiffs; gy mfg;Gwg; fyg;Gg; gpwg;Gfs;. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L vd;W gpw;fhyg;
ghly;fspYk; mfk;> Gwk; gw;wpa ghly;fs; gyTs.
rq;fKk; mjd; fhyKk;
rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ rq;fkpUe;J jkpohuha;e;j fhyj;ij epidtpw;
nfhz;L toq;fp tUk; ngah; Gyth;fs; $Lk; Nguitak; xd;iwg; ghz;ba
kd;dh;fs; jk; jiyefh;fspy; mikj;Jg; Nghw;wpdh;. fly; Nfhs;fshy; jkpo;
,yf;fpak; mope;JgLNkh vd;w mr;rk; Njhd;wpa fhiy> ,t; mitag;
Gyth;fs; gy;NtW jpizg; ghly;fisg; ghbj; njhFj;Jk;> Kd;dNu ghlg;
ngw;wpUe;jtw;iwr; Nrh;j;Jf; fhj;Jk; gzpGhpe;jdh;.
rq;fj; njhifg; ghly;fs; midj;Jk; mfk; Gwkhfpa
jpizgw;wpadthjypd; mtw;iwj; jpizapyf;fpak; vd;W tifik Rl;LjNy
nghUj;jKilajhFk;. ,j;jpizg; ghly;fNs ,d;W fpilj;Js;s jkpo;
,yf;fpak; midj;jpYk; njhd;ik kpf;fdthFk;. fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l ,j;jkpo;
,yf;fpak; gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif vdj; njhFf;fg;gl;L xU
tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;L tpsq;fpaJ.
rq;fkpUe;j fhyk;
filr;rq;fk; fp.gp.250f;F Kw;gl;lnjd;gJk; fp.K.1000 njhlq;fp
,r;rq;fq;fs; eilngw;wd ntd;gJk; ,d;W gyuhYk; Vw;fg;gl;l KbthFk;.
rq;fg; ghly;fs; gy;NtW kd;dh;fspd; nra;jpfisr; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
mtw;Ws; xU ghlyhtJ gy;ytiug; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. fp.gp.%d;whk;
E}w;whz;bdpilapy;> ,g;gy;yt kugpdh; jkpofj;jpd; tlgFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf;
fhQ;rpiaj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;L Msj;jiyg;gl;ldh;. tlf;Nf
fpU];;izahWtiu Ml;rp Ghpe;j ,k;kd;dh; guk;giuiar; Rl;lhky; ,Ue;jpUf;f
tpayhJ. jkpof tlf;nfy;iyahfpa Ntq;flkiyj; njhlhpd; gFjpfisahz;l
koth;> fs;th; Nghy;thiuAk; Nfhrh;> JSth;> Xtpah;> Mtpah;> jpiuah; vdg;
gy;NtW mur ,dj;jth;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLk; rq;f ,yf;fpak; gy;yth; vd;w
,dj;jhiur; Rl;ltpy;iy. vdNt %d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj fy;ntl;Lf;fshy;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
36
gy;yth; vdr; Rl;lg;gLk; XH mur ,dj;jhiur; Rl;lhj rq;fg;ghly;fs;>
me;E}w;whz;bw;F Kw;gl;ljhjy; Ntz;Lk;. tlNte;juhd nkshpah; njd;dhl;bd;
kPJ gilnaLj;J te;j nra;jpiaAk; (mfk; 69> 251> 281. Gwk; 175) KbAilj;
jkpo; Nte;jh; %tUk; jkpo;ehl;Lf; FWepy kd;dh;fSk; xUtUf;nfhUth;
gifik nfhz;L Mq;fhq;F epfo;j;jpa NghHfisAk; jk; ghly;fspy;
Fwpj;Js;s filr; rq;fg;Gyth;fs;> gy;yth; jkpo; Nte;jNuhL ghpe;j NghHfSs;
xd;iwahtJ Fwpg;gplhik Cd;wp Nehf;fw;ghy njhd;whk;. md;wpAk; gy;yth;
vd;w ngaNu rq;fj;Jr; rhd;whH ghly;fspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;ghH. jp.it.
rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhH.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,yq;if kd;dd; fathFTk; fz;zfpf;Ff; flTs;
kq;fyk; nra;j fhyj;jpy; te;jpUe;jhd; vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ> (tue;jUfhij
160-64) ,yq;ifapy; Kjw; fathF fp.gp.171 Kjy; fp.gp 193 tiu murhz;ltd;
,uz;lhk; fathF fp.gp.12 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;jtd; m/J ,uz;lhk;
FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
tlehl;L tuyhw;wpy; ee;jh;fNs fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l mur kugpdh; Mth;.
mth;fs; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;j fhyk; fp.K. 5Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlq;fpahFk;. mLj;j
mur kugpdh; Nkhhpah; Mth;. ,th;fs; ,UtiuAk; gw;wpr; rq;f E}y;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
“ee;jd; ntWf;if va;jpDk;” (mfk;.251)
kfhgJk ee;jd; nry;tr; nropg;G kpf;ftd; vd;w tuyhw;Wld; ,ij
xg;gpl;L Nehf;Ff.
“gy;Gfo; epiwe;j nty;NghH ee;jh;
rPHkpF ghlypf; FoP,f; fq;if
ePHKjy; fue;j epjpaq; nfhy;Nyh” (mfk; 265)
ee;jh;fs; epyj;jpdbapYk; ngUQ;nry;tj;ij kiwj;J itj;jpUe;jik
,jdhw; Gyg;gLk;. ee;jh;fspd; jiyefuhfpa ghlypGj;jpuk; NrhizahW
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fq;ifapw; fyf;Fkplj;jpy; ,Ue;jnjd;gJ ,e;jpa tuyhW. mjidg; gLkuj;J
NkhrpfPudhH.
“ntz;Nfhl;L ahid NrhizgbAk;
nghd;kyp ghlyp ngwP,ah;” (FW.75)
vd;W mjd; nry;t tsj;NjhL $WfpwhH.
Kuz;kpF tLfH Kd;Dw Nkhhpah;
njd;jpir khjpuk; Kd;dpa tutpw;F” (mfk; 28)
vd;W Nkhhpah; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gz;L. NkYk; rpy ,lq;fspYk; ,k; Nkhhpah; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gz;L (Gwk;.75) ,f;Fwpg;Gfnsy;yhk; rq;fg; ghly;fspd; gioikiar;
Rl;Ltd.
atdh; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; rq;fg; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. atdh;fs;
jkpofj;jpw; FbNawp tho;e;j nra;jpAk; ehkwpe;jNj. gpisdp> jhykp> nghpGSR
E}yhrphpah; Nghd;w fpNuf;fehl;Lg; gazpfspd; Fwpg;Gfs; gy jkpofj;ijg;
gw;wpad. mit xd;wpndhd;W nghUe;jptUjiy Ma;thsh; gyh; vLj;jf;
fhl;bAs;sdh;.
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ij Kiwahff; fw;NghH mjd; tsh;r;rpiaf; fzpj;jwpa
KbAk;. mj;Jld; rq;f ,yf;fpaNk fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; mjd;
fhyg; gFjp fpwpj;JTf;F Kw;gl;ljhjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; eLepiy kdKk;
$Hj;j mwpT KilahH vtUk; kWf;fkhl;lhH vd;gJ njspT.
rq;fE}y;fs;
rq;f ,yf;fpak; ghl;Lk; njhifAk; vd;W $wg;gLk;. ghl;L vd;gJ gj;Jg;ghl;L>
njhif vd;gJ vl;Lj;njhif. vl;Lj;njhifapy; xt;nthd;Wk; gy
cjphpg;ghly;fspd; njhFg;G vdyhk;. gj;Jg;ghl;L neLk;ghly;fspd;
njhFg;ghFk;.
vl;Lj;njhif
FWe;njhif ew;wpiz> neLe;njhif (mfehD}W)> Iq;FWE}W>
fypj;njhif> ghpghly;> GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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,tw;iw kdj;jpa gjpaitj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW xU jdpg;ghly; cz;L.
“ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W
xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xq;F ghpghly;
fw;wwpe;jhH Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk;> Gwk; vd;W
,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj;njhif”.
FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz> mfehD}W> Iq;FWE}W> fypj;njhif Ie;Jk;
mfj;njhiffs;> gjpw;Wg;gj;Jk; GwehD}Wk; Gwj;njhiffs;> ghpghlypy; itia
gw;wpad mfg;ghly;fs;> Vida nrt;Nts;> jpUkhy; gw;wpa flTs;
tzf;fg;ghly;fs; Gwk; gw;wpad.
fypAk; ghpghlYk; KiwNa fypg;ghthYk; ghpghlyhYk; Mapdikahy;>
mg;ngah;f;F chpadthapd. gpw rq;fg; ghlyidj;Jk; Mrphpag;ghthy; Mdit.
Iq;FWE}w;wpYk;> gjpw;Wg;gj;jpYk; gj;Jg;gj;Jg; ghly;fs; vd;w Kiwapy;
mfKk; GwKk; njhFjp njhFjpahfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd. ghpghlypYk;
fypj;njhifapYk; $l. xU nghUs; my;yJ jpiz gw;wpa ghly;fspd;
njhFjpfshf mike;jpUf;ff; fhzyhk;.
Vida vl;Lj;njhif rhHe;j ehd;F E}y;fSk; cjphpg;ghly;fspd;
njhFg;Gg; Nghd;wit.
gj;Jg;ghl;by; neLk;ghly;fs; gj;Jj; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gj;Jg;ghl;L
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil>
ngUk;ghzw;Wg;gil> $j;juhw;Wg;gil (kiygLflhk;)> kJiuf;fhQ;rp>
Ky;iyg;ghl;L> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> neLey;thil> gl;bdg;ghiy.
vl;Lj;njhif
t.
vz;
E}w;ngah; nghUs;ghl;L
vz;zpf;if
flTs;tho;j;J
ghba
Gyth;fs;
vz;zpf;if
njhFg;gpj;jth; njhFj;jth;
1 FWe;njhif mfk; 401
KUfd; 1
205 G+hpf;Nfh njhpatpy;iy
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
39
gh.gh.ng
2. ew;wpiz mfk; 400
jpUkhy; 1
gh.gh.ng
192 gd;dhLje;j
ghz;bad;
njhpatpy;iy
3. mfehD}W mfk; 400
rptd; 1
gh.gh.ng
142 kJiu
cg;G+hpFbfpohH
kfdhH
cUj;jpu
rd;khd;
ghz;bad;
cf;fpug;ngU
tOjp
4. Iq;FWE}W mfk; 498
rptd; 1
gh.gh.ng
5 Gyj;Jiw
Kw;wpa $lY}H
fpohH
ahidf;fl;
Nra; khe;juQ;
Nruy;
,Uk;nghiw
5. fypj;njhif mfk; 140
rptd; 1
gh.gh.ng
5 ey;ye;JtdhH
vd;gh;
er;rpdhHf;fpdpah;
njhpatpy;iy
6. ghpghly; mfk; Gwk;
22 + cjphp
10
13 njhpatpy;iy njhpatpy;iy
7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J Gwk; 80+
rptd; 1
(gpw;Nrh;f;if)
8 njhpatpy;iy njhpatpy;iy
8. GwehD}W Gwk; 399
rptd; 1
gh.gh.ng
157 njhpatpy;iy njhpatpy;iy
gj;Jg;ghl;L 10-
rkhrg;gjpg;gpd;
gb
nkhj;jg;ghly;fs;
2381 473
gh.gh.ng – ghujk; ghba ngUe;NjtdhH
gj;Jg;ghl;L
t.
vz;
ghl;L nghUs; mb
asT
ghbath; ghlg;ngw;wth;
1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil Gwk; 317 kJiuf;fzf;fhadhH
kfdhH ef;fPudhH
FkuNts;
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2. nghUehuw;Wg;gil Gwk; 248 Klj;jhkf;
fz;zpahH
Nrhod; fhpfhw;
ngUtsj;jhd;
3. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil Gwk; 269 ,ilf;fopehl;L
ey;Y}H ej;jj;jdhH
Xa;kh ehl;L
ey;ypaf;Nfhld;
4. nghUk;ghzhhw;Wg;gil Gwk; 500 fbaY}H cUj;jpuq;
fz;zdhH
njhz;ilkhd;
,se;jpiuad;
5. Ky;iyg;ghl;L mfk; 103 fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;Jg;
nghd; thzpfdhH
kfdhH eg;G+jdhH
6. kJiuf;fhQ;rp Gwk; 782 khq;FbkUjdhH jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr;
nrUntd;w
ghz;bad;
neLQ;nropad;
7. neLey;thil mfk; 188 kJiuf;
fzf;fhadhH
kfdhH ef;fPudhH
ghz;bad;
neLQ;nropad;
8. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L mfk; 261 fgpyh; Mhpa murd;
gpufj;jidj; jkpo;
mwptpj;jjw;Fg;
ghbaJ
9. gl;bdg;ghiy mfk; 301 fbaY}H cUj;jpuq;
fz;zdhH
Nrhod; fhpfhw;
ngUtsj;jhd;
10. kiygLflhk; Gwk; 583 ,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg;
ngUq;Fd;W}Hg;
ngUq;nfsrpfdhH
gy;Fd;wf;
Nfhl;lj;Jr;
nrq;fz;khe;J
Nts;ed;dd;
Nra; ed;dd;
gj;Jg;ghl;ilj; njhFj;jhH> njhFg;gpj;jhH tptuk; njhpe;jpyJ.
gj;Jghl;Ls; fhzg;gLk; thpir Kiwg;gbNa ,g;ghlypYk; mtw;wpd; ngah;fs;
Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
“KUF nghUehW ghz;,uz;L Ky;iy
ngUF tskJiuf; fhQ;rp – kUtpdpa
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
41
NfhyneL ey;thil Nfhy;FwpQ;rp gl;bdg;
ghiy flhj;njhLk; gj;J”.
,tw;Ws; Mw;Wg;gil Ie;Jk; kJiuf; fhQ;rpAk; Gwg;ghly;fshFk;.
vQ;rpa ehd;Fk; mfg;ghly;fs; neLey;thil gw;wp mfkh> Gwkh vd;w fUj;J
NtWghL cz;L. gl;bdg;ghiy fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;ijg; gw;wpg; ngUk;gFjp
$Wjyhy; ghiyg;ghl;L vdg;glhky; gl;bdg;ghiy vdg;gl;lJ. 103 mbAs;s
Ky;iyg; ghl;Nl ,tw;Ws; mb msthw; rpwpaJ. 782 mbAs;s kJiuf;
fhQ;rpNa kpfg;nghpaJ. gj;Jg;ghl;bd; flTs; tho;j;Jg; Nghyj;
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil mjpy; Kjw;fz; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gl;bdg; ghiyapy;
tQ;rpabfs; kpFjpahf tputp te;Js;sikahy; mjid tQ;rpneLk;ghl;L
vd;ghUk; csh;.
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;
FWe;njhif
G+hpf;Nfh vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg;gl;l ,jpy; ehd;fbr; rpw;nwy;iy Kjy;
vl;lbg; Ngnuy;iy tiu mike;j ehD}W ghly;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. ,jw;F
ciunaOjpg; gjpg;gpj;j rhd;NwhH c.Nt.rhkpehj ma;ah;> „ciuahrphpah;fs;
FWe;njhifg; ghly;fisNa kpFjpahf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;‟ vd;;W jk;
Kd;Diuapy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ,jd; Kjw;gjpg;ghrphpah; jpUf;fz;zGuk; nrshpg;
ngUkhs; muq;fd;. mbasthy; FWfpa ,g;ghly;fspy; Kjy; fUittpl
chpg;nghUl;Nf rpwg;gplk; ey;fg;gLkhw;iwf; fhzyhk; vd;gh; „jkpo;f;fhjy;‟
MrphpaH mwpQH t.Rg. khzpf;fk; tUzid Fiwe;Jk; czh;T kpFe;Jk;
tpsq;Fk; ,g;ghly;fs; mfj;jpizapd; capNuhl;lj;ijf; fhl;l
ty;ydthAs;sd.
jiykfs; Njhopaplk; jiytd; md;Gilikia tw;GWj;Jk; #oy;
xd;W tUfpwJ. mg;NghJ mts; mf;fhjy; epyj;ijtplg; gue;jjhf thidtpl
cah;e;jjhf> ePiutpl Mokhdjhf tpsq;Ftnjdf; $Wfpwhs;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
42
„epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W
ePhpDk; Mus tpd;Nw rhuy;
fUq;Nfhl;Lf; FwpQ;rpg; G+f;nfhz;L
ngUe;Njd; ,iof;Fk; ehlndhL el;Ng.” (3)
gphpe;j jiytd; chpa fhyj;Nj jpUk;gpdhdpy;iy> mjdhy; jiytp
NrhfNk tbthapdhs;> cs;sq;Fike;jhs;. tPl;bDs;spUe;J gyfzp topahfg;
gwitfs; khiy Neuj;jpy; $LNehf;fpg; gwe;J Nghtijg; ghHf;fpwhs;. m/J
mts; ftiyia NkYk; mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ ,ijg;Nghyj; jd; jiytDk;
tPLNehf;fpg; gwe;J tutpy;iyNa vd mts; neQ;rk; epidj;J mOfpwJ mij
mts; tha;tpl;Lr; nrhy;ytpy;iy. mt;thW ntspg;glr; nrhy;yhky; Fwpg;ghfr;
nrhy;tjdhNyNa> gbf;Fk; ek; neQ;rj;jpy; mt; mtyTzh;T ,Uklq;fhfpg;
ngUFfpwJ.
“QhapW gl;l mfy;tha; thdj;J
mspa jhNk nfhLQ;rpiwg; gwit
,iwAw Xq;fpa newpmay; kuhmj;j
gps;is cs;tha;r; nrhP,a
,iunfhz; likapd; tpiuAkhw; nryNt” (9)
jpUkzkhd Gjpjpy; jiytp jiytDf;Fj; jhNd czT rikj;Jg;
ghpkhWfpwhs;. mDgtf; FiwthYk; tpiuthYk; gl;Lr;; Nriyapy; ifiaj;
Jilj;Jf; nfhz;L> fz;fspy; Gifgba mts; rikf;Fk; moNf mtSf;F
mjpy; mjpfg; gof;fkpy;iy vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,Ue;Jk; kidtp
kpfKad;W rikj;jjhapw;Nw vd;W fztd; „,dpJ ,dpJ‟ vd cz;z> mtd;
ngUe;jd;ikAk; Ngud;igAk; vz;zp kidtp Gd;dif G+f;f> mt;tPl;L ,y;yw
khl;rp ,dpjhf eilngWfpwJ. xU jha; jd; kfspd; ey;yw tho;it
,q;qdk; fz;zhuf; fz;L kfpo;fpwhs;.
“Kspjaph; gpire;j fhe;js; nky;tpuy;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
43
fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;
Ftis cz;fz; Fa;g;Gif fOkj;
jhd; Joe;J ml;l jPk;Gspg; ghfh;
,dpnjdf; fztd; cz;lypd;
Ez;zpjpd; kfpo;e;jd;W xz;Zjy; KfNd.” (167)
jpUkzk; Kbf;Fk; kzkf;fSf;F ehk; ,ijtplf; $wf;$ba mwpTiufs;
vitnaDk; csNth? vz;zpg;ghHkpd;.
“fhkk; jhq;Fkjp vd;NghH jhk/J
mwpayh;nfhy;Nyh? midkJifah;nfhy;?
ahnkq; fhjyw; fhNz khapd;
nrwpJdp ngUfpa neQ;rnkhL ngUePHf;
fy;nghU rpWEiu Nghy
nky;y nky;y ,y;yh FJNk.” (290)
,g;ghliy vOjpa Gyth; ngah; mwpag;glhj nghOJ ,jidj; njhFj;jth;fs;
“fy;nghU rpWEiuahH‟ vd ,g;ghlyhrphpah; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.
,jpyike;Js;s rpwe;j> jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j ctik fUjp Mrphpah;f;Fg;
ngahpl;l jpwk; ghuhl;bw;FhpaJ
,q;qdk; ghlyhy; ngah; ngw;wth;fs; gjpndl;Lg; NgUf;FNky; ,e;E}ypy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,t;thW ghlyhy; ngah; ngw;wth; njhif ,j;njhFg;gpNyNa
kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; mth;fspw; rpyh; mNj ngauhy; gpw
njhif E}y;fspw; Fwpf;fg;gLjyhYk; gpw njhif E}w;fspw; ghlyhy; ngah;
ngw;w Gyth; ghlnyJTk; ,jpw; fhzg;glhikahYk; FWe;njhifNa Kjypy;
njhFf;fg;ngw;wnjd;gh;. ,j;njhif ghba Gyth; njhif 205. ,e;E}ypd; Kjy;
380 ghly;fSf;Fg; NguhrphpaUk;> ,Wjp 20 ghl;LfSf;F er;rpdhHf;fpdpaUk;
ciunaOjpdh;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
44
ew;wpiz
gd;dhL je;j ghz;bad; khwd; tOjpahy; njhFf;fg;gl;l ,jpy; 9 mbr;
rpw;nwy;iy Kjy; 12 mbg;Ngnuy;iy tiu mike;j 400 ghly;fisf;
fhzyhk;. gpd;dj;J}H m.ehuhazrhkp ma;ah; ,jw;F ciu vOjpg;
gjpg;gpj;Js;shH. msthaike;j ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljhjypd; „ey;‟ vd;w
milnkhop ngw;wJ. ghba Gyth; njhif 275 ghly; njhluhy; ngah;ngw;w
ew;wpizg; Gyth;fs; vOtuhth;. mth;fs; tz;zg;Gwf; fe;juj;jdhH.
kiyadhH> jdpkfdhH> tpopf;fl; Ngijg; ngUq;fz;zdhH> Jk;gpNrh; fPudhH>
Nja;Ghpg; goq;fapw;wpdhH> kly; ghba khjq;fPudhH vd;NghH Mth;.
Njhop vt;tsT $wpAk;> jiytp jiytd; Nkw;nfhz;l rPw;wk;
jzpe;jpys;. mjdhy; kdk; tUe;jpa Njhopapd; $w;whff; fgpyh; ghba ghly;
,J
“khNahd; md;d khy;tiuf; fthmd;
thypNahd; md;d taq;Fnts; sUtp
mk;kiy fpoNthd; ek;eae;njd;Wk;
tUe;jpdd; vd;gNjhH tha;r;nrhy; Njwha;
ePAq; fz;L EknuhLk; vz;zp
mwptwpe;J msty; Ntz;Lk; kWjuw;F
mhpa thop Njhop nghpNahH
ehb el;gpd; my;yJ
el;L ehlhHjk; xl;bNahH jpwj;Nj.”
“jpUkhiyg; Nghd;w fhpa kiyj;njhlh; gyNjtidg; Nghd;w nts;sUtp
mk; kiyehld; ek;ik tpUk;gp tUe;Jfpwhd; vd ahd; vt;tsT $wpAk; eP vd;
Ngr;ir Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. ePahfr; rpe;jpj;Jg;ghH my;yJ cdf;F kpf
ntz;bath;fSld; fye;J vz;zpg;ghH. mwpaNtz;baij mwpe;J mtid
Vw;Wf; nfhs;tNj eyk;. kWg;gJ jtW. nghpath;fs; Muha;e;j gpd; el;Gf;
nfhs;thHfns jtpu> el;Gf; nfhz;lgpd; Muhakhl;lhHfs;. vt;tsT eakhf>
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
45
ehtd;ik kpf;f Njhop jiytpia ,bj;Jf; $Wfpwhs; vd;gijg; ghl;bidg;
gy Kiw gbj;J czh;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jpUts;Sth;
“ehlhJ el;lypw; Nfby;iy el;lgpd;
tPby;iy el;ghs; gth;f;F” (791)
vdf;$WtJ ,g;ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; nghUj;jKw Msg;gl;Ls;sik
rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fJ.
jiytd; jd; fhjypia mts; tPl;Lf;fUfpYs;s xU Gd;id
kuj;jbapy; re;jpj;jhd;. mts; “,J ehq;fs; tpisahLfpw nghOJ kwe;J
Nghl;Ltpl;l Gd;id tpijapypUe;J tsh;e;jJ. gpwF ehq;fs; mjidg; ghYk;
NjDk; nga;J tsh;j;Njhk;. mg;Nghnjy;yhk; vq;fs; jha; cq;fis tpl
cq;fs; jq;ikahd Gd;id kpf ey;yts;> mts; mlNk nra;tjpy;iy> vdg;
ghuhl;Lths; vdNt vd; cld; gpwg;gida ,g;Gd;id epoypy; cq;fSld;
mstsht vdf;Ff; $r;rkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. NtW ,lq;fSk; mUfpYs. ehk;
mq;Nf Ngha;g; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUg;Nghk;” vd;fpwhs;. ,aw;ifiaAk;
capUs;sjhff; fUjp ehZk; ,e;El;gkhd czh;T epiyia ehk;
rq;fg;ghly;fspy; fz;L kfpoyhk;.
“tpisahL MankhL ntz;kzy; mOj;jp
kwe;jdk; Jwe;j fho;Kiw mifa
nea;nga; jPk;ghy; nga;jpdpJ tsh;g;g
Ek;kpDk; rpwe;jJ Et;it MFnkd;W
md;id $wpds;> Gd;idaJ rpwg;Ng
mk;k ehZJk; Ek;nkhL eifNa.... (172)
mfehD}W
,jidj; njhFg;gpj;Njhd; ghz;bad; cf;fpug; ngOtOjp.
njhFg;gpj;Njhd; ghz;bad; cf;fpug; ngUtOjp. njhFj;jth; cg;G+hpFbfpohH
kfdhH cUj;jpurd;kh;. 13 mbr; rpw;nwy;iy> 31 mbg;Ngnuy;iyf;F cl;gl;l
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
46
400 ghly;fs; cs;sd. KOikahd mstpy; mfj;jpizia tpsf;Fk;
ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljhy; „mfk;‟ vdTk; Kd;ida ,uz;L njhiffisAk;
tpl ePz;l ghly;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; neLe;njhif‟ vdTk; ,U ngah; ngWk;.
Kjy;> fU> chpg;nghUs; %d;Wk; epiwTw mike;j ghq;fpid cilait
,it. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfshfpa Gwr; nra;jpAk; ,tw;wpy; kpFjp mfehD}W
vd;gjw;nfhg;gg; GwehD}W vdTk; xd;W njhFf;fg; ngw;Ws;sij cd;Df.
,itnay;yhk; rq;fk; Nghd;w mikg;G xd;wpUe;Nj eilngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;tikg;ig Nehf;Fifapy; gy Gyth;fs; jdpj;jdpNa ,aw;wpa mfg;nghUl;
nra;Al;fisj; njhFj;J mtw;iw mbastpy; tifg;gLj;jpagpd; mtw;iwj;
njhFj;jth;fs; xt;nthd;wpy; ehD}W ghf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;gb jk; fhyj;Jg;
Gyth;fs; ,aw;wpa tw;iwAk; NrHj;J mikj;jhHfs; vd;W fUj
,lKz;lhfpwJ” vd;W c.Nt. rhkpehijah; jk; FWe;njhif Kd;Diuapy;
$WjYk; fhz;f. ghujk; ghba ngUe;NjtdhH ,jw;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg;
ghbAs;shH. FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz> neLe;njhif %d;wpYk; 4 mb Kjy; 31
mb tiuAs;s ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwikia Nehf;fpdhy; ,it
xNu rkaj;jpy; jpl;lkpl;Lj; njhFf;fg;gl;lit vd;w cz;ik tpsq;Fk;.
mfehD}W njhFg;G Kiwapy; rpy Fwpf;fj;jf;f nra;jpfs; cs.
Kjy; 120 ghly;fs; fspw;wpahid epiu vdTk;> mLj;j 180 ghly;fs;
kzpkpil gtsk; vdTk;> ,Wjp 100 ghly;fs; epj;jpyf; Nfhit vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;E}ypy; xw;iwg;gl tUtdnty;yhk; ghiyj;jpizg;
ghly;fs; ,uz;Lk; vl;Lk; Md ghly;fs; FwpQ;rp> 4> 14 vd tUtd Ky;iy>
6> 16 vd tUtd kUjk;> 10> 20 vd tUtd nea;jy;. vdNt mfehD}w;wpy;
200 ghiyg;ghly;fs;> 80 FwpQ;rpg;ghly;fs;> 40 Ky;iyg;ghly;fs;> 40
kUjg;ghly;fs;> 40 nea;jw; ghly;fs; cs vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;. Kjw; 90
ghly;fl;F kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; gioa Fwpg;Giu xd;W ,e;E}Yf;F cz;L.
mfehD}w;wpd; Kjw; gjpg;ghrphpah; Nt. ,uhrNfhghyhr;rhpahH MthH. mth;
Kjy; 70 ghly;fSf;F kl;Lk; ciunaOjpdhH. jQ;ir ehtyh; e.K.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhUk; fue;ijf; ftpauR ,uh.ntq;flhryk; gps;isAk; E}y;
KOikf;Fk; ciu tpsf;fk; vOjpAs;sdh;. jiytpaplk; Njhop gUt tuitf;
fhl;b> “mNjh cd; fztUk; jpUk;gp tpl;lhH” vdf; $wp kfpo;tpg;gJ fPo;tUk;
ghlypy; ,yf;fpa eaj;NjhL mike;Js;sJ.
“ky;iy ite;Eid Njhd;w ,y;ynkhL
igq;fhw; nfhd;iw nkd;gpzp mtpo
,Uk;Gjphpj; jd;d khapU kUg;gpy;
guyty; mila ,uiy njwpg;g
kyh;e;j Qhyk; Gyk;GGwf; nfhLg;gf;
fUtp thdk; fjOiw rpjwpf;
fhHnra; jd;Nw ftpd;ngW fhdk;
Fuq;Fisg; nghype;j nfha;Rtw; Gutp
euk;ghHj; jd;d thq;Fts; ghpag;
G+j;j nghq;fh;j; JiznahL tjpe;j
jhJz; gwit NgJwy; mQ;rp
kzpeh MHj;j khz;tpidj; Njud;
cJf;fhz; Njhd;Wk;.....”
Njd; Fbf;Fk; tz;Lfs; mQ;rp Xlf;$lhNj vd;W kzpapd; ehitf;
fl;bj; Njhpy; tUk; jiykfdpd; kdTzh;T Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Nguhrphpah; jk;
njhy;fhg;gpa ciuapy; ,jd; eaj;ij kpf El;gkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shH.
Iq;FWE}W
%d;wbr;rpw;nwy;iy Kjy; Mwbg; Ngnuy;iy tiuAs;s ghly;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. gj;Jf;fshfg; ghb> jpizf;F E}W ghly;fs; vd tFj;Js;sik
,jd; jdpr;rpwg;G. ghujk; ghba ngUe;NjtdhH ,jw;Fk; flTs; tho;j;Jg;
ghbAs;shH. kUj E}W - Xuk;NghfpahH> nea;jy; E}W – mk;%tdhH>
FwpQ;rpE}W – fgpyh;> ghiy E}W – Xjyhe;ijahH> Ky;iyE}W – NgadhH
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
48
vdg; ghbAs;sdh;. VNjh ghl;luq;fj;jpw;Fg; ghbaijg; Nghyj; jpl;lkpLk;
ghq;if ,J fhl;Lfpd;wjd;Nwh?
“kUjk; Xuk; Nghfp nea;jy; mk;%td;
fUJq; FwpQ;rp fgpyd; - fUjpa
ghiy Xjyhe;ij gdpKy;iy NgaNd
E}iy XJ Iq;FW E}W”
vd;w jdpg;ghly; %yk; ,jidg; ghbath;fis epidtpy; itj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. ,jidj; njhFj;jth; Gyj;Jiw kw;wpa $lY}HfpohH.
njhFg;gpj;jtd; ahidf;fl;Nra; khe;juQ; Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw. ,jpypUe;J
,j;njhif Nruehl;by; njhFf;fg;gl;ljhjy; Ntz;Lk; vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
gjpw;Wg;gj;J KOikAk; Nru kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpjhjypd; Nruehl;by;
njhFf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,itapuz;Lk; gj;Jf;fshf ,Ug;gjdhy;
njhif E}y;fspy; Nruehl;by; GJik GFj;j Kad;wth; NghYk; vd;W vz;zj;
Njhd;WfpwJ. Mrphpag;ghtpd; rpw;nwy;iy %d;wbfshFk;. mbtiuaiwahw;
Fiwe;j rpwpa ghly;fspy; mhpa fUj;Jf;fisr; nrwpthffr; $Wk; ghq;fpid
,j;njhifapw; fhzyhk;.
ehLk; muRk; tho;f vdj; jha; tho;j;Jfpwhs;> NjhopNah jiytd; khHT
„godk;‟ mfpg; gyh;f;Fk; nghJthfhJ jiytpf;Nf chpj;jhf Ntz;Lk; vd
tho;j;Jfpwhs;.
“thop Mjd; thop mtpdp
gifth; Gy;yhHf ghHg;ghH XJf
vdNtl;NlhNs ahNa: ahNk
G+j;j fUk;gpw; fha;j;j ney;ypd;
fodp Cud; khHG
godk; Mfw;f vdNtl; NlNk”
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ghzd; jiytDf;fhfg; ghpe;J Ngrpg; nghope;J js;Sfpwhd;.
mijf;Nfl;l Njhop „ehz; ,iy‟ vdf; fbfpd;whs;.
„ehzpiy kd;w ghz ePNa
NfhNzh; ,yq;Ftis nefpo;j;j
fhdye; Jiwtw;Fr; nrhy;YFg; NghNa>” (136)
,t;thW nrwpTkpf;f rpwpa ghly;fslq;fpa ,e;E}Yf;F xsit R.Jiurhkpg;
gps;is ciunaOjpAs;shH. vUikg;gj;J> md;dha;g;gj;J> ,sNtdpw;gj;J>
nja;Nahg;gj;J vd ,t;thW> ,jpy; gj;Jf;fs; nrhy;yhl;rpAk; ngHushl;rpAk;
fUjpg; ngahplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; nghUj;jKk; tpsf;fKk;
kpf;fd vdTk; njhd;ikahdit vdTk; mwpQH fUJth;. gj;Jf;fshfg;
ghLk;NghJk; chpj;jd;ikAld; ghLtnjd;Wk; xU nghUs; Nky; gytLf;fpg;
ghLtnjd;Wk; ,t;thW gyTj;jpfs; ,jpYs;sd.
fypj;njhif
fypg;ghthy; Md 150 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l njhif E}y; ,J>
ghpghlyhy; MdJ gpwpnjhd;W ,t;tpU ghf;fSk; mfg;nghUisg; ghLjw;Fr;
rpwe;j ahg;G tbtq;fs; vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpah;.
“ehlf tof;fpDk; cyfpay; tof;fpDk;
ghly; rhd;w Gyndwp tof;fk;
fypNa ghpghl;L MapU ghtpDk;
chpa jhFk; vd;kdhH Gyth;.” (njh.999)
,jpypUe;J Mrphpaj;jpDk; rpwg;ghf mfk; ghLjw;Fhpait ,t;tpU
ghf;fSNk vd;W mwpag;gLk;. ,itapuz;Lk; mikg;ghYk; xU rpy
cWg;GfshYk; xg;GikAila ghf;fshFk;. ,uz;Lk; ,irj;jd;ik kpf;fd>
MlYld; $bad> ciuahly; nfhz;ld> cyf tof;ifj; jOtpad>
elg;gpay; rhHe;jd> Guhz kuG fye;jd.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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„E}w;iwk;gJ fyp‟ vd;gJ ciuahrphpah; $w;W ,jpy; flTs;
tho;j;Jl;gl E}w;iwk;gJ ghly;fSk; ,d;Wk; fpilf;fpd;wik ek;
jtg;gaNdahFk;. ghiyapy; 35> FwpQ;rpf;F 29> kUjj;jpy; 35> Ky;iyf;F 17>
nea;jypy; 33> flTs; tho;j;J 1 Mf 150.
jd; kfs; fhjyDld; cld; Nghf;fpw; nrd;W tpl;ljhy;> Njbr; nrd;w
nrtpyp topapilNa fz;l Kf;Nfhw; gfthplk; “vd; kfSk; kw;nwhUj;jpapd;
kfDk; ,t;topahfg; Nghff; fz;BHfsh? vd;W Nfl;fpwhs;. mjw;F mth;fs;
„fhNzk; my;Nyk;> fz;ldk;‟ vd;W $wp> „re;jdk; kiyapw; gpwe;jhYk;> Kj;J
flypw; gpwe;jhYk;> ,ir ahopw; gpwe;jhYk; gad;gLj;Jgth;f;Nf
chpadthjy;Nghy; Ek; kfs; Ekf;Fk; Mq;F midaNs‟ vd;W mwpTiu $wp
topaDg;gp itf;fpd;wdh;.
“gyTW eWQ;rhe;jk; gLg;gth;f;F my;yij
kiyANs gpwg;gpDk; kiyf;F mitjhk; vd;nra;Ak;?
epidAq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fkhq;F midaNs!
rPHnfO ntz;Kj;jk; mzpgth;f;F my;yij
ePUNs gpwg;gpDk; ePHf;fitjhk; vd;nra;Ak;?
NjUq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fkhq;F midaNs!
Vo;Gzh; ,d;dpir Kuy;gth;f;F my;yij
ahONs gpwg;gpDk; ahf;fitjhk; vd;nra;Ak;?
#Oq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fkhq;F midaNs!”
jiytpapd; eyk; Efh;e;j jiytd; xUtd;> gpw;ghL mtis vl;bAk;
ghuhjpUe;jhd;. ,jidf;fz;l Njhop mtdplk; nrd;W mwpTiu $wp
,bj;Jiuj;jhs;. “ghy; cz;lth; gpwF mg;ghj;jpuj;ij ePf;fp tpLjy; Nghy>
ePAk; ed;Djy; eyDz;L Jwj;jy; jfhJ” vd mts; Ngrj; njhlq;Fk;NghJ
mwTiufis xU nka;g; nghUSzh;e;j rhd;NwhH Nghyf; $Wfpwhs;.
“jhiog;G+ kyh;e;jit Nghyg; Gs; my;Fk; Jiwt Nfs;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Mw;Wjy; vd;gJ xd;W mye;jth;f;F cjTjy;
Nghw;Wjy; vd;gJ Gzh;e;jhiug; gphpahik
gz;ngdg; gLtJ ghlwpe; njhOFjy;
md;ngdg; gLtJ jd;fpis nrwhmik
mwpntdg;gLtJ NgijahH nrhy; Nehd;wy;
nrwpntdg; gLtJ $wpaJ kwhmik
epiwnadg; gLtJ kiwgpwh; mwpahik.
Kiwnadg; gLtJ fz;NzhlhJ caph;ntsty;
nghiwnadg; gLtJ Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy;” (133)
fypj;njhifg; ghly;fs; czh;;r;rp nfhe;jspg;gd> cs;sj;ijj; njhLtd
vdyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J ePjp ,yf;fpak; fpisj;jnjd;gjw;F ,J
Nghd;w gFjpfs; rhd;W.
KjypYs;s flTs; tho;j;ijAk; ,WjpapYs;s new;jw;fypiaAk; ghb
,e;E}iyj; njhFj;jth; ey;ye;JtdhNu vd;W er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; Fwpj;Js;shH.
er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; ciu ,e;E}ypd; KOikf;Fk; fpilg;gJ kw;WnkhU
rpwg;ghFk;.
“ngUq; fLq;Nfhd; ghiy fgpyd; FwpQ;rp
kUjd; ,sehfd; kUjk; - mUQ; Nrhod;
ey;YUj;jp ud;Ky;iy ey;ye;J td;nea;jy;
fy;tptyhH fz;l fyp.”
vd;w ntz;gh> xt;nthU jpiziaAk; ghbath;fs; ahh;ahH vd;gij
tpsf;Fk; ghiy ghba ngUq;fLq;Nfh ghiyiaAk; fgpyd; FwpQ;rpiaAk;
kUjd; ,sehfdhH kUjj;ijAk; Nrhod; ey;YUj;jpud; Ky;iyiaAk;
ey;ye;JtdhH nea;jiyAk; ghbAs;sdh;. xUrpyh; ey;ye;JtdhNu E}y;
KOikAk; ghbapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fUj;Jj; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.
rp.it.jhNkhjuk; gps;isath;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;E}iy mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lhH.
jhopirfspy; xU nghUs; Nky; %d;wLf;fp tUk; gFjpfs; cs;sj;ijf;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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fth;td. “fw;wwpe;jhH Vj;Jk; fyp” vd;gjw;F Kw;wpYk; nghUj;jKila rpwe;j
ghly;fis ,jpw; fhzyhk;.
ghpghly;
ghlyhy; ngah; ngw;w ,j;njhifapy; 70 ghl;Lf;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
jpUkhw;F ,Uehd;F nrt;Ntl;F Kg;gj;
njhUghl;L fhLfpohl;F xd;W – kUtpdpa
itia,U gj;jhW khkJiu ehd;nfd;g
nra;a ghpghly; jpwk;.
vd;w gioa ntz;ghthYk; ,ij mwpayhk;. jpUkhy; - 8> nrt;Nts;-31> fhsp
– 1> itia – 26> kJiu – 4> Mf 70 Mdhy; ,d;W 22 ghly;fNs
fpilf;fpd;wd. mtw;Ws; jpUkhYf;Fhpait – 6> KUfDf;Fhpait 8> itia
gw;wpad 8. ghpghly; vd ek;GkhW ciu E}y;fspw; fz;lit ,uz;L
KOg;ghly;fs; cs. mit jpUkhy; gw;wpaJ xd;W> itia gw;wpaJ xd;W.
gpwnty;yhk; JZf;Ffs;.
“tpwy;kpF tpOr;rPH me;jzh; fhf;Fk;
mwDk; MHtyh;f;F mUSk; eP
jpwdpNyhHj; jpUj;jpa jPJjPH nfhs;if
kwDk; khw;wyh;f;F mzq;Fk; eP
mq;fz; thdj;J mzpepyhj; jpfo;jUk;
jpq;fSk; njWfjph;f; fdypAk; eP”
vd;W jpUkhiy tho;j;jf; fhz;fpNwhk;. fLtd; ,sntapddhh; nrt;Ntsplk;>
“ahmk; ,ug;git
nghUSk; nghd;Dk; NghfKk; my;y: epd;ghy;
mUSk; md;Gk; mwDk; %d;Wk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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cUspzh;f; flk;gpd; xypjhNuhNa!
vd Ntz;Ljy; fhzyhk;. gf;Ftg;gl;l ed;kdg;gz;ig ,J fhl;LfpwJ.
itiaapy; ePuhLk; moFk; fhjw;fhl;rpfSk; fz; nfhs;shj; jifathFk;.
Mw;wpy; nkypath; JiwNahukhff; fiuapy; epd;W Fspf;f> typath; GdYs;
%o;fpj; jpisj;J ePuhb kfpo;fpwhHfshk;. nts;sj;ijf; fz;L me;jzh;
kUs;fpwhHfshk;>
“typaH my;NyhH JiwJiw mau
nkypaH my;NyhH tpUe;J Gdy; mau
rhWk; NrhWk; nea;Ak; kyUk;
ehWG jpfOk; ahW tuyhW”
xU JZf;Fg; ghlypy; kJiu khefiuj; jhkiug; G+tpw;F xg;gpLk;
moF gbj;Jk;> ,d;iwa efu mikg;igg; ghHj;Jk; xg;gpl;Lr; Ritj;jw;
FhpajhFk;.
“khNahd; nfhg;Go; kyh;e;j jhkiug;
G+nthL GiuAk; rPHCH: G+tpd;
,jofj;J mida njUtk;: ,jofj;J
mUk; nghFl;L midj;Nj mz;zy; Nfhapy;
jhjpd; midah; jz;jkpo;f;Fbfs;>
jhJz; gwit midah; ghprpy; tho;eh;”
,jw;Fg; ghpNkyofh; ciu tFj;jhH. ghpghly; fhkq; fz;zpa
epiyikj;jhFk; vdTk; „,J gh vd;Dk; ,ay; newpapd;wpg; nghJtha; epw;Fk;‟
vdTk; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wth;. „,d;gj;ijNa nghUshff; nfhz;L flTs;
tho;j;J> kiy tpisahl;L> Gdy; tpisahl;L Kjypatw;iwg; gw;wp ,g;ghl;L
tUnkdg; NguhhrphpaUk;> „nja;t tho;j;J cl;glf; fhkg; nghUs; Fwpj;J
cyfpaNy gw;wptU‟ nkd er;rpdhHf;fpdpaUk; $WTh;. ,g;ghly;fspd; mbapy;
Jiw tpsf;fk;> ghliy vPjpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;sd. ghiy aho;> Nehjpwk;>
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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fhe;jhuk; Kjypa gz; tiffis ,jdhywpfpNwhk;. ,e;E}y; Njthuk;
NghyNt gz; Kiwahy; njhFf;fg; gl;lJld; chpa gz;Zld; ghlg;gl;Lk;
te;JsJ vdj; njhpfpwJ. kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;s rka r%fg; gof;ftof;fr;
rpwg;Gfis ,e;E}ypw; fhzyhk;. kJiu> itia> jpUkUje; Jiw>
jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> jpUkhypQ; Nrhiykiy Nghy;td ,jpy; ghLnghUshfpd;wd.
itia gw;wpa ghly;fis mfnkd;Wk; Vida flTs; tho;j;Jf;fisg;
Gwnkd;Wk; fUJth;.
GwehD}W
mfehD}W Nghy> ,J Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf;
nfhz;ljhjypd; GwehD}W Mapw;W. Gwk;> Gwg;ghl;L> Gwk;G ehD}W vdTk;
,J miof;fg;gLtJz;L. ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhhpd; flTs; tho;j;Jld;
400 ghly;fs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpoh; tuyhw;Wf; fsQ;rpakhf>
goe;jkpo; Nte;jh;fs;> FWepy kd;dh;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwptpf;Fk; Mtzkhf
ehk; ,ijf; fUjyhk;. ,e;E}Yf;Fg; gioaTiu xd;WsJ. mJ Kjy; 266
ghly;fSf;F kl;LNk fpilf;fpwJ. ,jd; jpizJiwg; gFg;Gf;fs;
gpw;fhyj;jd vd Ma;thsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. ntl;rp> tQ;rp> ckpiQ> Jk;ig>
thif fhQ;rp> ghlhz; Kjypa Gwj;jpiz gytw;Wf;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd
ghly;fs; ,jpYs. kd;dh; Gyth; cwT> kf;fs; kd;dh; cwT> Gyth; Gyth;
cwT ahTk; ,e;E}yhy; wpaj;jf;fd. murpaq; Gyth; NfhT+HfpohH gw;wpAk;
,e;E}y; gynra;jpfis mwptpf;fpd;wJ. ghhp fgpyh; el;G> mjpad; nsit
el;G> Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; gprpuhe;ijah; el;G vd;wpidadTk; cyfk;
mwpaj;jf;f gw;gy mUk;nghUl; nra;jpfSk; jkpo; kf;fspd;
gof;ftof;fq;fisg; gw;wpa gy cz;ikfSkhf ,e;E}ypy; tputpf; fplf;Fk;
rKjhar; nra;jpfs; fzf;fw;wdthFk;.
“myq;Fisg; Gutp ItnuhL rpid,
epye;jiyf; nfhz;l nghyk;G+e; Jk;ig
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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<iuk; gjpd;kUk; nghUJfsj; njhopag;
ngUQ; Nrhw;W kpFgjk; tiuahJ nfhLj;Njha;
vd;W KuQ;rpA+H Kbehfuhah; ngUQ;Nrhw;WjpaQ; Nruyhjidg; ghLfpwhH.
“espapU Ke;ePH ehtha; Xl;b
tspnjhopy; Mz;l cuNthd; kUf”
vd;gjdhy; fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhd; Kd;NdhH fg;gw; gazk; nra;jik
mwpayhk;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; kd;dh;fSf;Fk; mwpTiu nrhy;yp topelj;Jk;
ghq;fpy; Gyth;fs; tpsq;fpdh;. mth;fs; mk;kd;dh;fspd; tPuj;ijAk; <uj;ijAk;
ghbghbg; Gfio epiy epWj;jpdh;. „tho;jy; Ntz;bg; ngha; $Nwd;: nka;
$Wty;‟ vd;whw; Nghy vd;W cz;ikiaNa mth;fs; ghbdh;
“ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwh
mtyh nfhd;Nwh: kpirah nfhd;Nwh”
vt;top ey;yth; Mlth;
mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd”
vd xsitahH> ehl;bd; rpwg;G Mq;F thOk; kf;fshy; Vw;gLtNj vd
tw;GWj;JfpwhH.
nghUs;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj; Jiwapy; ef;fPudhH ghba Gwg;ghly; xd;W
<ifapd; rpwg;igg; Gjpa rpe;jidNahL tw;GWj;JfpwJ. xUth; vt;tsT
NjbdhYk; mtUila mbg;gilj; NjitfSf; nfd;W gad;gLtd XusNt.
gpwnty;yhk; mtUf;F vt;thW gad;gLk;? nry;tj;ijg; gfph;e;J nfhLj;J
,d;gk; ngwNy mjdhw; ngwf;$ba gadhFk;.
“njz;fly; tshfk; nghJik ,d;wp
ntz;Fil epow;wpa xUik NahHf;Fk;
eLehs; ahkj;Jk; gfYk; JQ;rhd;
fLkhg; ghHf;Fk; fy;yh xUtw;Fk;
cz;gJ ehop cLg;git ,uz;Nl
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gpwTk; vy;yhk; Xnuhf;Fk;Nk
nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy;
Ja;g;Ngk; vdpNd jg;Ge gyNd”
,t;thW epiyj;j cz;ikfisf; $WtdTk; md;iwa rKjhaj;ijf;
fz;zhb Nghy; fhl;LtdTkhfpa ghly;fisf; nfhz;l GwehD}W jkpoh;f;Ff;
fpilj;j ngUq;fUT+yk; vdpy; kpifahfhJ.
gjpw;Wg;gj;J
GwehD}W Nghy %Nte;jh;fisAk; FWepy kd;dh;fisAk; nghJthfg;
ghlhky; Nru kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpNa Gfo;e;J ghba njhif E}y; ,J.
xt;nthU kd;didg; gw;wpAk; gj;Jg;ghly;fs; tPjk; gj;Jr; Nru
kd;dh;fisg;gw;wp ntt;NtW Gyth;fs; ghbapUg;gJ xU jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;.
Kjw;gj;Jk; ,Wjpg; gj;Jk; ,d;W fpilf;fg;ngw;wpy. mit fiwahDf;F
,iuahfp tpl;ld nghJthff; fiwahd; NkypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fpAk; fPopUe;J
Nky;Nehf;fpAk; mhpj;JtUk; mjd; NkypUe;j Kjw;gj;ijAk; ,WjpapypUe;j
gj;jhk; gj;ijAk; jpd;Wtpl;l fiwahd;fSk; jkpo;r;Rit mwpe;jd NghYk;
,jw;Fk; gioa ciu xd;W cz;L ghly;fspd; Kbtpy; Jiw> tz;zk;>
J}f;F (,ir) ghlypd; ngah; Mfpait Fwpf;fg;gl;ls;sd. xt;nthU
ghlYf;Fk; mjpy;tUk; rpwg;Gila njhlnuhd;why; ngah; ,LtJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ehyhk;gj;J me;jhjpj; njhilahy; MfpAsJk; xU
jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;. Iq;FWE}w;wpy; gjpndl;lhk; gj;J ,JNghy me;jhjpj;
njhilapyhdJ. njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gplhj njhil eykhFk; ,J. xt;nthU
gj;jpd; ,WjpapYk; gjpfk; xd;Wz;L. gj;jpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ
gjpfkhapw;W. mJ ghbNdhH ngah;> gj;Jr; nra;Al;fspd; ngah;> ghba Gyth;
ngw;w ghprpy;> murh; ngah;> mth; Mz;lfhy msT Nghy;tdtw;iwj;
njhptpf;fpwJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,lk; ngWk; nka;f;fPHj;jpfspd;
Nghf;fpy; ,J mike;Js;sJ.gj;Jf;fSk; ghba Gyth;fSk; ghlg;ngw;w
Nte;jh;fSk; gw;wpa tptuk; tUkhW
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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,uz;lhk;gj;J – Fkl;^Hfz;zdhH
,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd;
%d;whk;gj;J – ghiyf; nfsjkdhH
gy;ahidr; nry;nfO Fl;Ltd;
ehd;fhk;gj;J – fhg;gpahw;Wf; fhg;gpadhH
fsq;fha;f; fz;zp ehHKbr; Nruy;
Ie;jhk;gj;J – guzh;
fly;gpwf;Nfhl;ba nrq;Fl;Ltd;
Mwhk;gj;J – fhf;if ghbdpahH
MLNfhl;ghl;Lr; Nruyhjd;
Vohk;gj;J – fgpyh;
nry;tf;fLq;Nfh thopahjd;
vl;lhk;gj;J – mhprpy;fpohH
jf^H vwpe;j ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw
xd;gjhk;gj;J – ngUq;Fd;W}H fpohH
,sQ; NruypUk;nghiw
kd;dh;fisj; jdpj;jdpj; ghlyhfg; ghb kfpo;tpf;fhky;> gj;Jg; gj;jhfg; ghLk;
kuG Njhd;wpa NghNj ,yf;fpa tifahf;fk; fpisf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. gj;Jg;
ghlYf;Fk; nra;jp Ntz;LNk vd;w epiyte;Jw;w NghJ tUzidfs;
kpFjpahfpd.
Nrukd;dd; flw;gifth;fis ntd;W> mth;fis mopj;jtd; vd;gjhy;
mtDf;F KUfd; ctikahfpwhd;.
“tiu kUs; Gzhp thd; gprph; cila
tsp gha;e;J ml;l Jsq;fpUq; fkQ;#y;
espapUk; gug;gpd; khf;fly; Kd;dp
mzq;Fil mTzh; Vkk; Gzh;f;Fk;
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#Uil KOKjy; jbe;j Nghpir
fLQ;rpd tpwy;Nts; fspW}He;jhq;F
nrt;tha; v/fk; tpyq;Feh; mWg;g
mUepwk; jpwe;j Gz;Zkpo; FUjpapd;
kzpepw ,Uq;fop ePH epwk; ngah;e;J
kdhyf; fyit Nghy> muz;nfhd;W”
vd;gjdhy; ,ka tuk;gdpd; tPuj;ijf; Fkl;L^Hf; fz;zdhH kpfTk;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;wik NghjUk; ,jpYs;s „Gz;Zkpo; FUjp‟ vd;w njhlhpd;
mUik fUjp mjidNa ghl;bd; ngauhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. E}Yf;Fg;
ngahpLjy; Nghy;> ehk; ,d;W ghl;Lf;Fj; jiyg;gpLjy; Nghy;
,g;ghl;Lf;nfy;yhk; ngah; #l;lg;gl;ls;sik md;iwa jkpowpQh;fspd;
jpwdha;Tj; jpwj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ.
,sQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiwiag; ngUq;Fd;W}H fpohH tho;j;Jk;nghOJ
“epd;ehs; jpq;fs; mida Mf! jpq;fs;
ahz;NlhH mida Mf! ahz;Nl
Cop mida Mf! Cop
nts;s tuk;gpd Mf!
vdf; fw;gid eak;glf; $WtJ GJikahdJ. ,q;qdk; GwehD}w;Wld;
gjpw;Wg; gj;Jk; fpilj;jpUg;gJ Gwg;ghl;Lf;fis kjpg;gplg; nghpJk;
cjTtjhFk;. Iq;FWE}w;wpw; NghyNt gjpw;Wg;gj;jpw;Fk; tiuag;gl;Ls;s
mbf;Fwpg;Gj; njhd;ikAilajhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
,jpy; Nru ehl;L tUzid kpFjp Nrukd;dh;fspd; Mw;wiyAk;>
tPuj;ijAk; ,d;gr; rpwg;igAk; Gfo;e;J tho;j;JtijNa Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;nlOe;jit ,it ,it ntt;NtW Gyth;fshy; ghlg;gl;litNa.
MdhYk; ,it midj;Jg; ghly;fSk; xU Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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cilaitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kuG Ml;rpkpf;f fhyj;Jg; ghbait
mt;thW jhd; mikAk; vd;gH.
gj;Jg;ghl;L
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
ef;fPuh; ghba Mrphpag;ghthdike;j 317 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,e;
neLk;ghl;L KUfdpd; Mw;wiyAk; mUisAk; rpwg;gpj;Jg; NgRfpwJ. ,J
Vida Mw;Wg;gilfspypUe;J rpw;rpy $Wfspy; NtWgl;Ls;sJ. mtw;Ws;
Kjd;ikahdJ. gpw Mw;Wg;gilfs; vy;yhk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLgth; ngauhy;
mike;jpUf;f> ,J kl;Lk; ghl;Lilj;jiyth; ngauhy; mike;Js;sJ.
,jDs; KiwNa jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> jpUr;rPuiytha;> jpUthtpdd;Fb> jpUNtufk;>
FD;WNjhwhly;> goKjph;r;Nrhiy vd;w KUfdpd; MWgil tPLfSk;> mq;F
KUfd; nray;fSk; mtdJ ngUikfSk; tphpj;Jf; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
,J irtj;jpUKiwfSs; gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
irth;fs; ehs;NjhWk; XjpAzUk; E}y; ,J. ,jd; ,Wjpapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ls;s
ntz;ghf;fSs; xd;W ,t;Tz;ikia czh;j;Jk;.
“ef;fPuh; jhKiuj;j ed;KUfhw; Wg;giliaj;
jw;Nfhy ehs;NjhWk; rhw;wpdhy; - Kw;Nfhy
khKUfd; te;J kdf;ftiy jPHj;jUspj;
jhdpide;j vy;yhk; jUk;”
KUfhw;Wg;gil vd;w njhlUf;F> er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; “tPL ngWjw;Fr;
rike;jhNdhH ,utyid tPLngw;whd; xUtd; KUfdplj;Nj Mw;Wg;gLj;jJ”
vd tpsf;fk; vOjpAs;shH> rq;ffhyj;jpy; xU rKjha tof;F cz;L.
ntwpahl;nlLg;NghH “KUfhw;Wg;gLj;jy; cz;L. KUfhw;Wg; gLj;j cUnfO
eLehs;” (mfk; 22) vd mJ $wg;gLk;. KUfidj; Jd;gg;gLNthhplj;Nj
Mw;Wg;gLj;jp mtiuf; fhf;FkhW Ntz;Ljy; mjd; nghUshFk;. mjd;
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mbg;gilapy; Kfpo;j;jNj ,j; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil vd;w neLk;ghl;L.
ngaustpy;jhd; ,t;nthw;Wik. ,e;E}ypy; ,utyd;jhd; KUfdplk;
Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhd;.
“cyfk; ctg;g tyd; VHG jphpjU
gyh;Gfo; QhapW flw;fz;lhmq;F
Xtw ,ikf;Fk; Nrz;tpsq;F mtpnuhsp”
vd;gJ> kapy;kPJ tUk; KUfidf; fhiyg; nghOjpy; itj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
Kjw;gFjpahfpa jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; gFjpapy; KUfdpd; jPUTUtr; rpwg;Gk;
#uhkfsph; MlYk; #urk;khuKk; KUfdplk; nry;thH ngWk; ghprpYk;
guq;Fd;wr;rpwg;Gk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. jpUr;rPuiy tha;g;gFjpapy; KUfNtspd;
ahidA+Hjp> mjpy; tyk; tUk; KUfdpd; MWKfk; gd;dpUiffspd;
nray;fs;> jpUr;nre;J}Hr; rpwg;G Mfpad Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. %d;whtjhd
jpUthtpdd;Fbg; gFjpapy; Kdpth;fSk; Njth;fSk; KUfidg; guTjy;
$wg;gLfpwJ. mLj;j jpUNtufg; gFjp me;jzh; KUfid topgLkhw;wpidr;
Rl;LfpwJ. Ie;jhtjhfpa Fd;W Njhwhlypy; Fd;wf;Fuit ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
,Wjpahd goKjph;Nrhiyg; gFjpapy; ntwpahl;bioj;jy;> KUfid Vj;jp
,irj;jy;> KUfd; mUs;nra;J ghprpy; ey;Fjy;> mUtpapd; ,ay;G Nghy;td
tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
nghUehuhw;Wg;gil
Nrhod; fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhid Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahH ghba
,e;neLk;ghl;L 248 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ Nehpirahrphpakhfpa ,jpy;
tQ;rpabfSk; tputp te;Js;sd. ghprpy; ngw tpioe;j nghUed; xUtidg;
ghprpy; ngw;Wte;j nghUed; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf ,jd; nghUs; mike;Js;sJ.
nghUeh; VHf;fsk; ghLNthH> NghHf;fsk; ghLNthH> guzp ghLNthH vdg;
gynud;gh;. ,J NghHf;fsk; ghLk; nghUeuhy; ghlg;gl;ljhFk;. xUtiug;
Nghy; Ntlkpl;Lg; ghLeiug; nghUeh; vd;gh;. ,g;nghUeh; ifapy; jlhhpg;giw
itj;jpUe;jdh;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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XH Chpy; tpoh Kbe;jJk; nghUed; NtNwhH CUf;Fg; Gwg;gLfpwhd;.
mtd; ifapy; itj;jpUe;j ghiyahopd; xd;gJ cWg;Gf;fs; rpj;jpuk; Nghy;
jPl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. kzq;fko; khjiu kz;zp (xg;gid nra;jhy;) md;d
aho; vd mjd; moF $wg;gl;ls;sJ. mjd; iriaf; Nfl;lhy; Mwiy
fs;th;fSk;> jq;fs; gilf;fyd;fisf; fPNo Nghl;L tpl;L nka;k; kwe;J
epw;ghHfshk;.
“Mwiy fs;th; giltpl mUspd;
khWjiy ngah;f;fk; kUtpd; ghiy”
nghUeDld; tUk; ghbapdpapd; moF jiyKb KJy; ghjk; tiu>
gj;njhd;gJ cWg;Gf;fs; Nfrhjp ghjkhf tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. murdpd;
tpUk;Njhk;Gk; gz;G ,e;E}ypy; kpfTk; rpwg;ghff; $wg;gLfpwJ. fhpfhy;
tstdpd; ,sik> „jha;tapw;wpypUe;J jhak; va;jpaik‟ ntz;zpg; NghH
ntw;wp vd;w tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; thpirahff; $wg;gLfpdwd. mtDila
tPur; rpwg;Gk; nfhilr;rpwg;Gk; kl;Lkpd;wp ehl;Lr; rpwg;Gk; fhtphpahw;wpd; rpwg;Gk;
ed;F Gidag;gl;Ls;sd.
“KjpNahH
mitGF nghOjpy; jk;gif Kuz; nryTk;”
vd eiu Kbj;J Kiw nra;j tuyhW $wg;gLfpwJ. Nrhokd;ddpd;
ehdpytsk; jpiz kaf;fkhf ,g;ghlypy; $wg;ggLk; moF fUjj;jf;fJ.
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
,t;thrphpa neLk;ghl;L 269 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ. Xa;khd; ehl;L
ey;ypaf;Nfhlid ,ilfop ehl;L ey;Y}H ej;jj;jdhH ghbaJ.
ey;ypaf;Nfhld; FWepy kd;dNdahapDk; mtd; %Nte;jh;fSf;Fk; filnaO
ts;sy;fSf;Fk; epfuhdtd; vd;gJ ,jpy; kpf eakhff; $wg;gl;ls;sJ.
rpWghzh;> ngUk;ghzh;> kz;ilg;ghzh; vdg; ghzh; gy tifg;gLth;.
mth;fSs; „rPwpaho; ,ltapd; jOtpa‟ (35) ,th; - rPwpahiog; gad;gLj;Jk;
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rpWghzh; MthH. mjdhYk;> Vida ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gilia tpl ,J mb
msthw; rpwpajhifahYk; ,jw;Fr; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil vdg; ngah; Vw;gl;lJ.
ngUk; ghzhw;Wg; gilapy; „Nghpaho; KiwAspf; fopg;gp (462) vd tUtjhy;
mth;fs; Nghpahiog; gad;gLj;jpa ngUk;ghzh; Mth;. vdNt ghzuhYk;
ghl;L mb msthYk; mg;ghly; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil vdg;gl;lJ.
,g;ghlypy; tUk; tpwypah; gw;wpa Nfrhjpghj tUzid rq;fpypj; njhlh;
Nghd;w njhileaKilajhfk;. tpwypahpd; gj;J cWg;Gfs; Gidag;gLk;
moFf;F xU rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; tUkhW:
“IJtPo; ,Fngay; moF nfhz;lUsp
nea; fdpe;J ,uspa fJg;gpd;: fJg;ngd
kzptapw; fyhgk; gug;gpg; gyUld;
kapy; kapw; Fspf;Fk; rhay;: rhma;
caq;F eha; ehtpd; ey;nyopy; mir,
taq;fpio cywpa mbapd; mbnjhlh;e;J” (13-18)
kioNkfk; Nghy; vz;nza; jltpf; fpde;J ,Uz;l $e;jy;: $e;jiyg; Nghd;W
fyhgk; tphpf;Fk; kapypdplj;Nj nrd;W> xspf;Fk; rhay;> Xbapisj;j ehapdJ
ehg;Nghd;w moF Gyh;e;J thba mb> mbAld; epye;NjhAk; ahidaJ
Jjpf;if Nghd;w njhil.
,jpy; %Nte;jh; ngUikAk; md;dhhpd; jiyefur; rpwg;Gk;
Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.
Ngfd;> ghhp> fhhp> Ma;> mjpad;> es;sp> Xhp vd „vOth; G+z;l <ifr;
nre;Jfk;‟ 113) gw;wp ,g;ghlypw; Ngrg;gLtNj „filnaO ts;sy;fs;‟ vd;w
rpwg;Gf; $w;Wf;F ,lkspj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,aw;if tUzid vLj;Njhjg;gLk; moFk;,jpy; jdpr;rpwg;ghdJ.
“miyePHj; jhio md;dk; G+g;gTk;
jiyehs; nrUe;jp jkdpak; kUl;lTk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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fLQ; #y; Kz;lfk; fjph;kzp fohmyTk;
neLq;fhw; Gd;id epj;jpyk; itg;gTk; (146-169)
ige;jiy mtiu gtok; Nfhg;gTk;
fUeidf; fhah fzkapy; mtpoTk;
nfhOq;nfhb KRz;il nfhl;lq; nfhs;sTk;
nrOq;Fiyf; fhe;js; iftpuy; G+g;gTk;” (164-169)
jhio> nrUe;jp> Kz;lfk;> (fly;Ks;sp)> Gd;id> mtiu> fhah> KRz;il>
fhe;js; Mfpad mofofhfg; G+j;jd vd;W $w Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ej;jj;jdhH
jhio md;dj;ijg; G+f;fpwJ vd;fpd;whH. jhok;G+ md;dg; gwitNghy;
cUf;fhl;rp ey;FtJ ,t;thW ciuf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJNghyNt nrUe;jp
Nghd;id kUl;LfpwJ. Kz;lfk;> fUkzpiag; ngWfpwJ. Gd;id nfhbapy;
Nfhf;fpwJ. fhah kapiy mtpo;j;J tpLfpwJ. Kfz;il nfhl;lkhf
khWfpwJ. fhe;js; iftpuyhfNt G+f;fpwJ.
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
,/J 500 mbfisf; nfhz;l Mrphpa neLk;ghl;L. ,jidj;
njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad; kPJ fbaY}H cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhH ghbAs;shH.
cUj;jpud; kfd; fz;zdhH Ie;J epykf;fspd; tho;itAk; ,jpy; ed;F
Gide;Js;shH. „ghzhW‟ vd;w ngaUk; ,e;E}Yf;F cz;L.
cg;G tzpfh; neba topfspy; nry;Yjy;> tzpfr; rhj;Jf;fs; nghjp
Rkf;Fk; fOijf; $l;lj;Jld; cy;Filg; ngUtopfspy; Ngha; tUjYk;
Nghd;w gy nra;jpfis ehk; ,g;ghlypw; fhzyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; jdp epyk;
,y;iy vdj; njspthff; $wpa ghiy epyj;jpy; vapdh;fs; thOk; ,ay;ig
,t;thrphpah; tphpthff; $WfpwhH. <j;jpiyAk; Cfk; Gy;Yk; Nta;e;j vapdh;
FbapUg;Gfis „<j;jpiy Nta;e;j va;g;Gwf; Fuk;ig (88) vd;Wk; „Cfk; Nta;e;j
va;g;Gwf; Fuk;ig (88) vd;Wk; Cfk; Nta;e;j cah;epiy tiug;gpd; (122)
vd;Wk; $WfpwhH. coth; jk; FbapUg;Gf;fisf; „fUit Nta;e;j ftpd;Fbr;
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rPW}H‟ (191) vdTk; „GJit Nta;e;j ftpf;Fby; Kd;wpy;‟ (225) vdTk;
itf;Nfhy; Nta;e;j jd;ikiar; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwhH. ,q;qdk; Mq;fhq;F epy
,ay;gpw;Nfw;gf; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis Nta;e;jpUg;gjhff; Fbirfisf; $Wk;
moF El;gkhd rpj;jpukhFk;. me;jzh; tPL „nrOq;fd;W ahj;j rpWjhl;ge;jh;>
igQ;NrW nkOfpa gbt ey;efh;‟(297-98) vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. gl;bdf;
fiuapYs;s nry;tts tPLfs; „Kl;by; igq;nfhb Elq;Fk; gyh; GFthapy;‟
(338) vdTk; „tpz;Njha; khlj;J tpsq;F Rth; cLj;j ey;efh;‟ (369) vdTk;
Gfog;gLfpd;wd. FbirfisAk; khlkhspiffisAk; fhl;Lk; Xtpakhf
tpsq;FfpwJ ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil.
NkhHtpw;Fk; ma;r;rp> nea;f;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpiyiag; nghd;dhfg;
ngwTk; tpUk;g khl;lhshk;. vUikf; fd;Wfis thq;fNt tpUk;Gthshk;.
„ehs;NkhH khWk; ey;kh Nkdp
rpWFio Jay;tUk; fhjpd; gizj;Njhs;
FWnewpf; nfhz;l $e;jy; Ma;kfs;
mistpiy cztpd; fpisAld; mUj;jp
nea;tpiyf; fl;bg; gRk;nghd; nfhs;shs;
vUik ey;yhd; fUehF ngW}ck;” (160-165)
me;jzh; tPl;by; fpilf;Fk; czitg;gw;wpg; ngUk;ghz; ,t;thW
NgRfpwJ> fUlQ; rk;gh mhprpr; NrhW> eWkzKs;s NkhH> kHJsq;fhag;
nghwpay; (kpsF> fwpNtg;gpiy Nrh;j;jJ) khtL CWfha; ahTk; mq;Nf
fpilf;Fkhk; (mb: 297-301)
,q;qdk; kd;dDf;Fr; rpwpjsT ,lKk; kf;fSf;Fg; NghplKk; ey;Fk;
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; giliar; „rKjhag; ghl;L‟ vdyhk;.
kiygLflhk; my;yJ $j;juhw;Wg;gil
gy;Fd;wf; Nfhl;lj;Jr; nrq;fz; khj;JNts; ed;dd;Nra; ed;did
,uzpaKl;lj;Jg; ngUq;Fd;W}Hg; ngUq;nfsrpfdhH 583 mbfshyhfpa> Mrphpa
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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neLk; ghl;lhw; ghbaJ. Mw;Wg;ilfSs; ,JNt nghpa ghl;L> „fz;Zsh;
xf;fy; jiytdhfpa $j;jiur; Rw;wj;njhL jpUk;Gk; $j;jndhUtd;
Mw;Wg;gLj;jyhy; $j;juhw;Wg; gilahd ,e;E}y;> kiygLflhk; vdf; fhuzf;
FwpAk; ngw;wJ. kjq; nfhz;l ahid Koq;FtJNghy> kiyapy;Nfl;Fk;
Xirfisnay;yhk; 56 mbfspy; njhFj;Jf; $wp „kiygL flhmk; khjpuj;J
,ak;g‟ (348) vd tUtjhy; ,g;ghl;L mg;ngah;f;F chpj;jhapw;W.
$j;jh; gytif thj;jpaq;fSld; nry;Yjy;> Nghpahopd; tUzid>
ed;ddpd; gz;;Geyd; Mfpad Kjypw; $wg;gLfpd;wd. $j;jd; jhd; nry;Yk;
kiytop gw;wpAk; ed;dd; gw;wpAk; Kjypy; njhFj;Jr; nrhy;yp tpl;Lg; gpwF
tphpj;Jg; NgRtJ xU GJikahd nra;jpahFk;. topapd; tsk;> tpUe;J>
topapd; mUikfs;> fhhpAz;bf; flTshfpa rptidj; njhOJ nry;Yjy;>
topgw;wpa vr;rhpf;iffs;> kiyapy; Njhd;Wk; gy;ntW Xirfs;> mhpa topapw;
nry;Yk; Kiw> Gjpath;fSf;fhfg; Gy;iy Kbe;J nfhz;Nl NghFk; Kiw>
kiytho; kf;fs; cgrhpj;jy;> ed;ddJ %J}iu miljy;> mtdJ nfhilr;
rpwg;G Mfpad epuNy ,g;ghl;bw; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
Ky;iyg;ghl;L
gj;Jg;ghl;Lf;fspYk; kpfr;rpwpa ghl;lhfpa Ky;iyg;ghl;Lk; kpfg;nghpa
ghl;lhfpa kJiuf; fhQ;rpAk; mLj;jLj;J ,ilapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Kd;dJ 103 mbfshyhfpa Mrphpag;ghl;L> gpd;dJ 782 mbfshyhfp>
,ilapilNa tQ;rpagb tputpa Mrphpag;ghl;L>
Ky;iyg;ghl;L mbastpy; rpwaNj jtpu> Ritapy; kpf El;gkhdJ
Kjy; 23 mbfspy; jiytpapd; G+g;Nghd;w cz;fz; Gyk;G Kj;Jiwf;Fk;
gphpTj; Jaiuf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ghriwapy; jiytdpUg;ig mLj;j 55 mbfs;
rpj;jpuk; jPl;Lfpd;wd.
,k; kd;dtd; xUif gs;sp xw;wp xUif KbnahL flfk; Nrh;j;jp
nebJ epide;J ,Uf;Fk; fhl;rp mtDila flikAzh;r;rpiar; Rl;LfpwJ.
mLj;Jg; gj;J mbfspy; jiytpapd; mtyepiy Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
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„neQ;rhw;Wg; gLj;j epiwjG Gyk;nghL
ePLepide;jhw;wpAk; XLtd jpUj;jpAk;” (81-82)
fplf;Fk; jiytpapd; „mQ;nrtp epiwa Mypd‟ vdf; $wp vid Mypd vd;w
Nfs;tpia ek; neQ;rpy; vOg;GfpwhH Mrphpah;. kPz;Lk; ghl;L KbAk; tiu 23
mbfspy; jiytd; epiy $wg;gl;Lf; fhH fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF $jph;
fhyj;jpy;mtd; jpUk;GtJk; mq;qdk; mtd; jpUk;Gk; NghJ mtdJ Njhpy;
G+l;ba Fjpiufspd; fOj;J kzpfNs mt;thnwhypj;jd vd;gJk; czh;j;jg;
gLfpd;wd.
fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;Jg; nghd; thzpfdhH kfdhH eg;G+jdhH ghbaJ
,g;ghl;L „neQ;rhw;Wg;gLj;j‟ vd;w njhliu itj;Jg; NghYk;> ,jid
„neQ;rhw;wg; gil vd;ghUk; csh;.
kJiuf;fhQ;rp
Gwj;jpy; epiyahik czh;j;Jk; fhQ;rpj; jpiz rhHe;j ,g;ghly; 782
mbfisf; nfhz;l> tQ;rpabfs; tputpa Mrphpag;ghthFk;. mwpQH K.t.
mth;fs; jk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; “,t;thW 354 mbfspy; kJiu efuk;
Rw;wpf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. xUth; xUehs; fhiyapy; njhlq;fp kWehs; tpbay;
tiuapy; efuj;ijr; Rw;wpte;J fz;ltw;iw Kiwg;glf; $WtJ Nghy;
tUzid mike;Js;sJ” vd;fpwhH.
ghz;baH ngUik> mth;fsJ ehl;Ltsk;> NghH ntw;wp Kjypad
Kjypw; $wg;gLfpd;wd. jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w ghz;bad;
neLQ;nropaid khq;Fb kUjdhH> ,q;qdk; ghuhl;bg;ghb> mtDf;F mwpTiu
$wj; njhlq;FfpwhH. cyfj;ijr; rpwg;Gw Mz;L> kiwe;j kd;dh;fs; gyh;
vd;fpwhH. “KbrhHe;j kd;dUk; KbtpnyhU gpbrhk;gyhth;” vd;Dk;
gonkhopg;gb> epiyahikia mtDf;F czh;j;JfpwhH.
“gLfz; Kurk; fhiy ,ak;g
ntbglf; fle;J Ntz;LGyj;J ,Wj;j
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giznfO ngUe;jpwy; gy;Nty; kd;dh;
fiunghU jpuq;Fk; fidapU Ke;ePHj;
jpiuapL kzypDk; gyNu ciunry
kyh;jiy cyfk; Mz;L fope;NjhNu” (232-237)
kUjk;> Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp> ghiy> nea;jy; epytsKk; kf;fs; tho;Tk;
,jpy; tphpj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpw;ghL kJiu khefuj;jpd; mikg;igAk;
rpwg;igAk; $wj;njhlq;FfpwhH. ehl;bd; eLtz; tpsq;Fk; kJiukhefhpy;
ngUk;ghzh; thOk; ,Uf;if gw;wpAk; Nfhl;il nfhj;jsk; gw;wpAk;
jpUtpohf;fs; gw;wpAk; gy tifg; gs;spfs; gw;wpAk; ehw;ngUq;fO> me;jp
thzpfk;> guj;ijah; tho;f;if> ,uTf;fhy epiyfs;> tpbaw;fhy epfo;r;rpfs;
Mfpad gw;wpAk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. kd;ddJ nfhilAk; mtidg; Gyth;
tho;j;JtJk; Kbthf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
“nghw;G tpsq;Fk; Gfo; mit epw;Gfo;e;J Vj;j
,yq;F ,io kfsph; nghyq; fyj;J Ve;jp
kzq; fko; Njwy; kLg;g> ehSk;
kfpo;e;jpdpJ ciwkjp ngUk
tiue;JeP ngw;w ey;Y}opiaNa” (778-782)
kJiu khefuj;ijg; ghl;bd; eLtz; gFjpapy; itj;J ePsg;GidAk;
,g;ghliy „khefh;g;ghl;L‟ vd;Nw Rl;lyhk;. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ehl;bid
kl;Lk; GidfpwJ. ,g;ghl;Nlh> jiyefiu kpfr; rpwg;ghfg; GidfpwJ. NkYk;
epiyahikia czh;j;Jtjpy; xU NtWghL fhz;f. Njwy; cz;L kfpo;e;J
tho;f vd;gjhy;> JwitNah fhl;bw; nrd;W nra;Ak; fLe;jtj;ijNah
tw;GWj;jhj ,g;ghl;L itjpf> rkz ngsj;j kjf; fUj;Jfspd; jhf;fj;jpw;F
cl;glhjJ vdyhk;.
neLey;thil
kJiuf; fzf;fhah; kfdhH ef;fPudhH Kw;$wpa ghz;bad;
neLQ;nropaidg; ghba ghly;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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,J 188 mbfs; nfhz;l> mftw;ghthy; MdJ. mfj;jpizr;
nra;jpfNs ,jpy; ,lk;ngWtd. $jph;fhy tUzid> KOtypkhf;fshfpa
kpNyr;rh; (atdh;) efiur; Rw;wpf; fhty; nra;jy;> khiyf;fhyj;jpy; kfsph;
topghL Nghy;td ,g;ghl;bd; njhlf;fkhFk;. ,uz;kid thapy;> Kw;wk;>
me;jg;Guk;> je;jf;fl;by; Nghy;td rpw;gEl;gj;Jld; tpsf;fg;gLjyhy;> ,jidr;
rpw;gg;ghl;L vd;W $wyhk;. Gidah Xtpak; mida Njktpapd; mty
epiyAk; Nte;jdpd; ghriwj; njhopYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
,g;ghlypy; „Ntk;Gjiy ahj;j Nehd;fho; v/fk; vd milahd khiy
$wg;gLjyhy; ,J mfg;ghl;L kugpy; tOtpg; Gwg;ghl;L Mapw;W vd;gh;.
MapDk; ,f;fhy Ma;thsh; ,jid mfg;ghl;L vd;Nw Vw;fpd;wdh;.
,q;qdk; Ky;iyj; jpiz rhHe;j ,e;neLk;ghl;L kpfj; jpwk;glg;
Gidag;gl;Ls;sJ.
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
Mhpa murd; gpufj;jidj; jkpo; mwptpj;jw;Ff; fgpyh; ghba ,t;thrphpa
neLk;ghl;L 261 mbfs; nfhz;lJ. ,q;F jkpo; mwptpj;jy; vd;gJ
jkpoh;f;NfAhpa mfj;jpizg; gz;ghl;il czh;j;JtjhfpwJ. KOf;f KOf;ff;
FwpQ;rpf;Fhpa Kjy; fU chpg; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;l ,g;ghl;L
„mwj;njhLepiy‟j; Jiw rhHe;jJ. ,jd; fz; Njhopnrtpypaplk;
mwj;njhLepw;Fk; jpwk; tpaf;fj;jf;fJ. Ridapy; ePuhly; 99 kyh;fisf;
Ftpj;J kfpo;jy;> jiytdJ moifg; Gidjy;> jiytp jiytdpd; fhjYwT>
khiyf;fhy tUzid> jiytd; tUk; topapd; mUik Nghy;td fhg;gpaj;
jd;ikAld; ,jpy; tphpthfg; Gidag;gLtjhy; ,jidf; fhg;gpag; ghl;L
vdyhk;. Njhop rhJhpakhfg; NgRe;jpwid itj;J Nehf;fpdhy; ,/J XH
cstpay; ghl;LkhFk;. er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; ,jidg; ngUq;FwpQ;rp vd;W
rpwg;gpg;ghH.
,jd;fz; 99 kyh;fs; njhFj;Jf; $wg;gLk; ,lk; jdpr;rpwg;GilajhFk;
“xz;nrq; fhe;js;> Mk;gy;> mdpr;rk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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jz;faf; ftis> FwpQ;rp> ntl;rp
nrq;nfhLNthp> Njkh> kzpr;rpif (62-64)
FUfpiy> kUjk;> tphpG+q; Nfhq;fk;
Nghq;fk;> jpyfk;> Njq;fko; ghjphp
nrUe;jp> mjpuy;> ngUe;jz; rz;gfk;” (73-75)
vd;wpt;thW Kk;%d;W G+f;fshf khwp khwpf; Nfhf;FkkoF ,g;ghkhiyahfpa
G+khiyiag; nghUs; kzq;fkor; nra;fpwJ.
gl;bdg;ghiy
,ilapilNa Mrphpatbfisg; ngw;w 301 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,t;
tQ;rp neLk;ghl;L fhtphpg; G+k;gl;bdj;ij nebjhfg; GidfpwJ. ehk; kJiuf;
fhQ;rpapy; kJiuiaf; fhz;gJNghy; ,jpy; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;ijf;
fhz;fpNwhk;. Vw;Wkjp tzpfk; gw;wpAk; kf;fs; gof;f tof;fk; gw;wpAk;>
efh;g;Gw ehfhpfk; gw;wpAk; ,g;ghl;by; kpFe;j Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs. thzpfg;
ngUik NgRkplj;J>
thd; Kfe;jePH kiyg;nghopaTk;
kiyg; nghope;jePH fly;gug;gTk;
khhpnga;Ak; gUtk;Nghy
ePhpdpd;W epyj;Njw;wTk;
epyj;jpdpd;W ePHg;gug;gTk;
mse;jwpahg; gygz;lk;
tuk;gwpahik te;jPz;b
mUq;fbg; ngUq;fhg;gpd;
typAil ty;yzq;fpNdhd;
Gypnghwpj;Jg; Gwk; Nghf;fp .......... (126-135)
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gilapy; cs;ehl;L thzpfh; rpwg;igf; fhZk; ehk;
,jpy; cs;ehl;L. ntspehl;L thzpf tsj;ijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
“ePhpd; te;j epkph;ghpg; GutpAk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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fhypd; te;j fUq;fwp %ilAk;
tlkiyg; gpwe;j kzpAk; nghd;Dk;
Flkiyg; gpwe;j MuKk; mfpYk;
njd;fly; Kj;Jk; Fzfly; JfpUk;
fq;if thhpAk; fhtphpg; gaDk;
<oj;J czTk; fhofj;J Mf;fKk;
mhpaTk; nghpaTk; nehpa <z;b
tse;jiy kaq;fpa ede;jiy kWfpd;” (185-193)
Vwj;jho VNo mbfspy; ghiyj;jpizf;Fhpa „nrytOq;Fjy;‟ Jiw
,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw Vidadnty;yhk; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdg; ngUikahfTk;
jpUkhtstd; rpwg;ghfTk; cs;sd. Nrhod; fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhidf;
fbaY}H cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH ghbaJ ,g;ghl;L. ,g;ghl;lhy; czuyhFk;
jkpoh; tho;TKiw> gof;ftof;fk; gythFk;.
“jkTk; gpwTk; xg;g ehb
nfhs;tJ}ck; kpifnfhshJ
nfhLg;gJ}ck; FiwnfhlhJ
gy;gz;lk; gfh;e;J tPRk;” (208-211)
thzpf ehfhpfk; Nghw;wj;jf;fjd;Nw? fbaY}uhH ,g;ghl;Lf;fhr;
Nrhodplk; gjpdhw E}whapuk; nghd; ghpR ngw;whH vd;W gpw;fhy E}y;fs;
Nghw;Wfpd;wd.
2. rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;
rq;ffhyj;J ,WjpapypUe;J gy;yth; fhyk; njhlq;Fk; tiu jkpofj;ij
Ml;rp nra;jth;fsplk; jkpo;g;gw;W ,y;yhjjhy; ngUkstpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
Njhd;whjJ kl;Lky;y jkpofk; vq;qdk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; mwpa
,ayhJ epw;fpd;wd. rq;fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; kf;fs; Mlk;guj;jpy; <Lgl;ljhy;
xOf;ff;NfLfs; kype;jd. ,f;Fog;gkhd #o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Gwr;rkaq;fs; jq;fs; kjf; nfhs;ifiag; gug;Gk; tpjkhf mwf;fUj;Jf;fisf;
fUthff; nfhz;l E}y;fis ,aw;wpdh;. guj;jik> fy;Fbj;jy; Cd;
cz;Zjy;> NghH nra;jy; Nghd;wit rq;ffhyj;jpy;ngw;wpUe;j rpwg;ig ,oe;J
mikjp> nfhy;yhik> fs; cz;zhik gpwdpy; tpioahik Nghd;wit
Nghw;wg;gl;ld. rq;fkUtpafhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisj; njhFj;jth; ahH
vdj; njhpatpy;iy ,e;E}y;fs; ntz;ghthy; mike;J mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;
vDk; cWjpg;nghUisf; $Wfpd;wd.
mbepkph;gp;y;yhr;nra;Al; njhFjp
mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; mLf;fpat;tifj;
jpwk;gl Tiug;gJ fPo;f;fzf;fhFk;. – vd;W gd;dpUghl;bay;
,t;tpyf;fpaq;fSf;F ,yf;fzk; ,ak;GfpwJ. NkYk; ,f;fhyj;jpNy rpyk;GTk;
kzpNkfiyAk; vOe;jJ.
rq;ffhy ,yf;fpakhfj;jpfog;gLk; ghl;Lk; njhifAkhd 18 E}w;fisg;
Nghd;Nw rq;f kUtpafhyj;jpYk; 18 E}w;fs; Njhd;wpd. mtw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhd
E}y;fs; mwE}y;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. vQ;rpaitNa mfg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fshfj;
jpfo;fpd;wd.
ehyb ehd;kzp ehdhw;gJ Ie;jpiz Kg;
ghy; fLq;Nfhit gonkhop – kh%yk;
,d;dpiy fhQ;rpAld; Vyhjp vd;gNt
ife;epiyahk; fPo;f;fzf;F – vDk; gok;ghly; gjpndd; E}y;fis
thpirg; gLj;Jfpd;wd. mit KiwNa 1. ehybahH 2. ehd;kzpf;fbif 3.
,dpait ehw;gJ 4. ,d;dh ehw;gJ 5. fhHehw;gJ 6. fstopehw;gJ. 7.
Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ 8. jpiznkhop Ik;gJ 9. Ie;jpid vOgJ 10. jpizkhiy
E}w;iwk;gJ. 11. jpUf;Fws; 12. jphpfLfk;> 13.Mrhuf;Nfhit> 14. gonkhop 15.
rpWgQ;r%yk; 16. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> 17. Vyhjp> 18. ife;epiy.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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mwE}y;fs;
,yf;fpayfpy; jkpoDf;Fj; jiyaha XH ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wj; jUtjpy;
jpUf;Fws; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ. ehd;F kiwfSf;F ,izahf Ie;jhk;
kiwahftk;> nghJ kiwahfTk; ,J jpfo;fpwJ. kdpj th;f;fj;jpw;Fj;
Njitahd midj;Jr; nra;jpfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; gynkhopfspYk; nkhop
ngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}iyj; je;J jkpOk;> jkpoDk; juzpapy; jiy
epkph;e;J epw;fr; nra;jth; nja;tg;Gyth; jpUts;Sth; MthH. ,th; kapiyapy;
gpwe;jjhfTk;> thRfpia kze;J ,y;ywk; elj;jpajhfTk;> jd; Fwis
kJiuj;jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wpdhH vd;Wk; $Wth; ,tUf;Fk; ehadhH>
Njth; nja;tg;Gyth; Kjw;ghtyh;> nre;ehg;Gyth; vdg;gy ngah;fs; cs;sd.
jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;G
ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J
thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL – vd;W Njrpaf;ftp ghujp jkpOf;Fg;
ngUik Nrh;j;jtUf;Fj; jd; ghly; thpfshy; nghd;dhilg; NghHj;jpAs;shH.
ftpQd; jhd; thOfpd;w fhyj;jpNy kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wik ngUikAilajhFk;.
jpUf;FwSf;F mf;fhyj;jpNy ghuhl;L khiy vOe;jik rpwg;GilajhFk;.
mDitj;Jisj;J Vo; fliyg; Gfl;bf;
FWfj; njhpj;jf; Fws; - vDk; ghuhl;ilg; ngw;Ws;sJ. kdpjd; thOk;
r%fk;> muR> ehL> kd;dd; kf;fs; vg;gb ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gijnay;yhk;
Fwpg;gpLtjhy;
vy;yhg;nghUSk; ,jd;ghy; cs ,jd;ghy;
,y;yhj vg;nghUSk; ,y;iyahy; - vd;w rpwg;igAk; ngWfpwJ. vy;yh
rkaj;jpdUk; jpUf;Fwisj; jd; rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jjhff; fUjp rpwg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wdh;. ,t;Tz;ikia czh;e;Nj fy;yhlUk;
xd;Nw nghUnsdpd; Ntwd;g Ntnwdpd;
md;nwd;g MWrkaj;jhUk; ed;nwd
vg;ghytUk; ,iagNt ts;StdhH
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Kg;ghy; nkhope;j nkhop – vd;W jk; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
VOrPh;fshy; vy;yh cyfpw;Fk; Njitahdf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; toq;FfpwJ.
Kg;ghy;> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiutho;j:J vdg; gyngah;fs; ngw;wpUe;jhYk;
jpUf;Fws; vDk; ngNu epiyj;J epd;Wtpl;lJ.
ghapuk; ,y;ywtpay;> Jwtwtpay;> Copapay; ,e;ehd;Fk; mwj;Jg;ghypy;
mlq;fpAs;sd. ,tw;wpy; mwkhdJ ,k;ikf;Fk; kWikf;Fk; ed;ik
gaj;jyhy; mtw;iw vq;qdk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpwJ.
mfk; Gwk; ,tw;wpd; %yk; cz;lhFk; Mirfis mfw;wp JwT cs;sj;ijg;
ngWjy; Nghd;wtw;iw Kjw;ghypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. murpay; mq;ftpay;
xopgpay; Mfpa %d;Wk; nghUl;ghypy; nghjpe;Js;sd.
xU murDf;Fhpa fy;tp> Nfs;tp> ePjp mwpAk; jd;ik> jd;Fw;wj;ijf;
fise;J nfhs;Sjy;> jdf;F ed;ndwpia topfhl;Lk; nghpNahHfisj;
Jizf;nfhs;Sjy;> Gyd; Efh;Tf;F ,lk; nfhlhjpUj;jy; typawpjy;> fhyk;
mwpe;J fhhpak; Mw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;iwg; nghUl;ghy; NgRfpwJ.
,y;ywj;jpd; ,d;gj;ij %d;whk; ghypy; ,ioj;Jj; je;Js;shH. ClYk;
$lYk; ,Ue;jhYk; mjw;Fk; vy;iy tFj;Js;shH. ts;Sthpd; tskhd
fw;gidfs; thHj;ijfsha; thpfspy; cl;fhHe;jpUf;fpd;wd. fsT tho;Tk;
fw;G tho;Tk; ,q;Nf Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. czh;Tfspd; ciutplkha; ,t;tpay;
jpfo;fpwJ.
mwj;jpd; Nkd;ik
mw ,yf;fpaj;jpw;nfy;yhk; kzpKbahfj;jpfo;tJ jpUf;FwNs MFk;.
mwNk kdpjidf;fhf;fpd;w ftrkhFk;. MfNt ahUk; mwj;ij cilahf
mzpe;Jnfhs;Sq;fs; vd typAWj;JfpwhH. mwNk xUthpd; Mf;fj;jpw;F
topfhl;Lk;. m/jy;yhy; gphpnjhd;W ,t;Tyfpy; ,y;iy vd;gij
mwj;jpd; Ccq;F Mf;fKk; ,y;iy mjid
kwj;jypd; Cq;F ,y;iyNfL – vd;fpwhH. ,y;ywk; nrk;ikAld;
ele;jpl Ntz;Lnkdpd; nfhUSk; md;Gk; kl;Lkd;W mwKk; ,ize;jpUe;jhNy
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,y;ywk; ,dpikngWk; xOf;fj;ij vtndhUtd; jtwhky; filgpbf;fpd;whNdh
mtNd Nkd;ikailthd;. filgpbf;fhjtd; ,fo;r;rpapy; tPo;thd;. mwj;jpd;
topepd;W gpwd;nghUis tpUk;ghky; ,Ug;gtdpd; Kfthpiaj;Njb jpUkfs;
tUths;. mwj;ijg;gpd;gw;wp elf;ftpy;iynad;whYk; Gwq;$whky; ,Ug;gJk;
,dpjhdJjhd;. NkYk; jd;id kwe;Jk; kw;wtw;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$lhJ.
mt;thW tpistpj;jhy; ehk; mj;jPq;if mDgtpf;f NehpLk; vd;gjid
kwe;Jk; gpwd; NfL #ow;f #opd;
mwk; #Ok; #o;jtd; nfL – vd;fpwhH.
jpUf;Fws; ciu
jpUf;FwSf;Fg; gy mwpQHfs; fhye;NjhWk; ciu nra;J tUfpd;wd.
,Ug;gpDk; ciu nra;jikapy; gjpd;kh; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd. mthfs;
,d;dhH vd;gij>
jUkh; kzf;Flth; jhkj;jh; er;rh;
ghpjp ghpNkyofh; - jpUkiyah;
ky;yh; ghpg;ngUkhs; fhypq;fh; ts;Sth; E}w;F
vy;iyAiunra;jhH ,th; - vDk; ntz;gh tpsf;FfpwJ. ,th;fspd;
ciufNs jw;NghJ fpilf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; ahtw;wpYk; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;FtJ
ghpNkyofh; ciuNaahFk;. ,jid
E}ypw;
gjpj;j ciunay;yhk; ghpNkyofd;
njhpj;j ciuahNkh njsp – vd;gjpypUe;J mwpayhk;. ,jid
Mq;fpyj;jpy; lhf;lh; [p.A.Nghg;> t.Nt.R.IaH> jPl;rpjh; ,uh[h[p MfpNahH
nkhop ngah;j;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. tPukhKdpth; ,yj;jpd; nkhopapy; nkhop
ngah;j;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. NkYk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; K.t.G+uzypq;fk; fh.mg;ghj;Jiu>
jpUf;Fws; KDrhkp> fiyQH fUzhepjp> g.KUfd; Nghd;NwhHfs;
ciunra;Js;sdh;. Ntjg;nghUis cyNfhH Xj jkpo;nkhopapy; vOe;j
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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jpUf;Fwis vt;tFg;gpYk; Nrh;f;fyhk;. mJNt mwE}y;> NtjE}y;> uh[je;jpu
rh];jpuk;> mJNt ,d;gE}y; vd;W t.Nt.R Iah; Fwpg;gpd;whH.
ehybahH
mwtpyf;fpaq;fspy; jpUf;FwSf;F mLj;j epiyapy; itj;Jg;
Nghw;wj;jf;f E}yhf ehybahH jpfo;fpwJ. MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;FWjp> ehYk;
,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp vd;gjpypUe;J ,jd; ngUikia czuyhk;. ,e;E}y;
ehD}W ntz;ghf;fhis nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU ntz;ghTk; ehybahf
,Ug;gjhy; ehyb ehD}W vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. MHrpwg;G tpFjp ngw;W
ehybahH vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; Ntshz;Ntjk; vd;w ngaUk;
,jw;Fz;L.
Ntshz; kuGf;F Ntjk; vdr; rhd;NwhH
vy;NyhUk; $b vLj;Jiuj;j nrhy;yhFk;
ehyb ehD}Wk; ed;fpdpjh nad;kdj;Nj
rPyKld; epw;fj;njspe;J – vDk; jdpg;ghly; Nkw;nrhd;d fUj;ij
tpsf;FfpwJ. jd;ehl;by; twl;rp Vw;gl;ljpd; fhuzkhfg; ghz;baehl;L
kJiuapy; jq;fpa vl;lhapuk; Gyth;fs; rpy fhyk; fopj;J jq;fs; gFjp tsk;
ngw;wjwpe;J jd;ehl;bw;Fj; jpUk;gpr;nry;y epidj;jdh;. Mdhy; ghz;ba
kd;dNdh mDg;g kdkpd;wp fhyk; jho;j;jp te;jhd;. Gyth;fs; murdplk;
nrhy;yhky; MSf;nfhU ghly; vOjp itj;Jtpl;L nrd;W tpl;ldh;. NfhgKw;w
kd;dNdh mt;NtLfis Mw;wpy; tPr vjph;j;J te;j VLfis vLj;J
E}yhf;fpdhd;. flTs; tho;j;J ePq;fyhf 40 mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mit 2 ,ay;fshfg; gphpj;Js;shH. ,e;E}iyg; gJkdhH jpUf;Fws;
mikg;GKiwapNyNa njhFj;Js;shH. ehybahH mwk; 13> nghUs; 24> ,d;gk;
3 Mf 40 mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}Yf;Fj; jUkUk; gJkdhUk;
ciunra;Js;sdh;. gy ciuahrphpah;fs; ,e;E}iy Nkw;Nfhshfg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ehybahH rpwg;G
xOf;fj;jpy; cah;e;Jepw;Fk; Nkd;kf;fspd; jd;ikgw;wpAk; fy;tpapd;
cah;Tgw;wpAk; rpwg;ghf vLj;NjhJfpwJ. kdpjDf;F moF Nrh;g;git Gw
milahsq;fs; my;y mopahg;nghUsha; tpsq;Fk; fy;tpNa MFk;. ,jid>
FQ;rpaoFk; nfhLe;jhidf;Nfhl;loFk;
kQ;rs; moFk; mofy;y neQ;rj;J
ey;yNahk; vd;Dk; eLepiyikahy;
fy;tpaoNf moF – vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,k;kdpjtho;thdJ
ePHf;Fkpo;Nghd;wJ. epiyahikia epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij typAWj;Jk; ghly; gy cs;sd. fy;tpiaf; fw;fpd;w kdpjh;fs; rpy
ehspy; mope;J Nghfyhk; Mdhy; fy;tp vd;Wk; mopahJ ,jid>
fy;tpf;fiuapy fw;gth; ehs;rpy
nky;yepidf;fpd; gpzp gy – njs;spjpd;
Muha;e;J miktila fw;gNt ePHnthopag;
ghy;cz;FUfpd; njhpe;J – vd;W Fwpg;gpd;whH. ,dpa RitAila
czit md;Gila kidtp mUfpypUe;J Cl;bdhYk; Ntz;lhnkd
jl;bf;fopf;Fk; nry;te;jh;fSk; rpy ehspy; Viofsha; tWikapy; czTf;F
topapd;wp gpr;irNaw;W cz;ztUk;. MjyhNy nry;tk; vd;gJ epiyapy;yhj
xd;whFk;. mjid epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhH. nry;tk; Nrh;j;J
itj;jpUe;jhy; kl;Lk; NghJkhdjy;y. mJahtw;Fk; gad;gLk; tpjkha;
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mt;thW ,y;yhky; jhDk; Efuhky; gpwhpd; JaiuAk;
Jilf;fhky; fUkp itj;jpUf;fpd;w nghUis VioAk; jdf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vdr;
nrhy;ypf; nfhs;syhk;.
,jid
vdJ vdJ vd;W ,Uf;Fk; Vio nghUis
vdJ vdJ vd;W ,Ug;gd; ahDk; jdJ Mapd;
jhDk; Mjid toq;fhd; gad;Jt;thd;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
77
ahDk; mjid mJ – vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. fd;dypd; Ritia
ahtUk; tpUk;Gth; Ritg;gh;. mjdpypUe;J rKfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd nghUis
vLg;gjhw;fhf Miyapy; ,l;L rhw;iw vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gpd;G rf;ifia
vwpe;JtpLth;. ,e;epfo;T ahtUk; mwpe;j xd;whFk;. ,jw;F ahUk;
tUe;Jtjpy;iy. mNjNghy; kdpjDk; jhd; nfhz;Lte;j tho;f;ifapy;
gaDs;s vy;yhr;nraiyAk; nra;J Kbj;Jtpl;lhy; ,f;$l;ilf; $w;Wtd;
nfhz;L NghftUk; NghJ ve;jf;ftiyAk; nfhs;shH. ,jid>
fUk;G Ml;b fl;b rpWfhiyf;nfhz;lhH
JUk;G vOe;J Ntk;fhy; Jauhd; FohthH
tUe;jp clk;gpd; gad;nfhz;lhH $w;wk;
tUq;fhy; ghptJ ,th; - vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH
gonkhop
gonkhopia ,aw;wpath; %d;WiuadhH MthH. Kd;Diw vd;gJ
Chpd; ngah; vd;gh;. miuadhH vd;gjhy; murpak; gl;lk; ngw;w mjpfhhp
vd;wk; fUJth;. flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghliyf; nfhz;L ,tiur; rkz
rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jtuhff; fUJth;. ,e;E}y; 450 ntz;ghf;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU ntz;ghtpd; KbtpYk; gonkhop ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
gonkhopia> KJnrhy;> KJnkhop vd;Wk; $Wth;. gonkhopiag;gw;wpj;
njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; ,lj;J>
Ez;ikAk; RUf;fKk; xspAilikAk;
nkd;ikAk; vd;wpit tpsq;fj; Njhd;wpf;
Fwpj;j nghUis Kbj;jw;F tUck;
VJ Ejypa KJnkhop vd;g – vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. gonkhop rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; gapd;W te;Js;sik gy;NyhH $wpa gonkhopnay;yhk;
tha;j;jdk; Njhop – vd;w thpfspd; %yk; mwpayhk;. gonkhopapy; tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpfs; mjpfkhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. fhpfhyd;> Fl;Ltd;> nrk;gpad;
Nghd;wth;fspd; nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kDePjp> nghw;ifg;ghz;bad;> ghhp
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Ky;iyf;Fj; NJh; je;j fhl;rp> kapYf;Fg; NghHit NghHj;jpa Ngfd;
MfpNahiug; gw;wpa nra;jps; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
ciuKbT fhzhd; ,sikNahd; vd;w
eiuKJ kf;fs; ctg;g – eiuKbj;J
nrhy;yhy; Kiwnra;jhd; Nrhod; Fytpr;ir
fy;yhky; ghfk; gLk;
nghy;yhj nrhy;yp kiwe;njhOFk; Nghijfs;
nrhy;yhNy jd;idj; Jah; gLf;Fk; - ey;yha;
kzYs; KOfp kiwe;J fplf;Fk;
EzYe;jd; thahy; nfLk;
Nghd; mhpa fUj;Jf;fs; mlq;fpa ghly;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp
%Jiu> gonkhop> mwpGilr;nrhy; vDk; nrhw;fis KJnkhop Fwpf;Fk;.
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; $lY}H fpohH. 100 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mjpfhuj;Jf;F 10 tpjkhf gj;J mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y;
Fwl;lhopiaahy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y; fhQ;naDk; Jiwiar;
rhHe;jjhff; $Wth;. ,q;F fhQ;rp vd;gJ ngz;fs; ,ilapy; mzpAk;
Mguzq;fisf; Fwpg;gjhf mikAk;. Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyapy;
,lk;ngWk;.
gyHGfo; Gyth; gd;dpdh; njhpAk;
cyfpay; nghUs; KbT czuf;$wpd;W – vDk; thpfs;
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp vDk; ,e;E}Yf;F ,yf;fzkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
,e;E}ypy; mike;Js;s gj;J mjpfhuk; KiwNa rpwe;j gj;J. mwpTg; gj;J>
gopahg; gj;J> nrt;tha; gj;J> my;y gj;J> ,y;iyg; gj;J> ngha; gj;J> vspa
gj;J> ey;$He;j gj;J> jz;lhg; gj;J vd;gdthFk;. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gj;ijg;
ghl;Lilg; nghUshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
79
rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fspy; rpy
MHfyp cyfj;J kf;fl;nfy;yhk;
Xjypy; rpwe;jd;W xOf;fk;cilik
Njuhky; fw;wJ fy;tpad;W
thohky; tUe;jpaJ tUj;jk; md;W
Jd;gk; nta;NahHf;F ,d;gk; vspJ
,d;gk; nta;NahHf;F Jd;gk; vspJ
ehd;kzpf;fbif
ehd;F kzpfshy; Md Mguzk; mzpe;J nfhs;gtUf;F Mde;jk;
jUjy; Nghd;W. tho;f;iff;F topfhl;lf;$ba ehd;F cahpa fUj;Jf;fis
xt;nthU ghlypYk; nfhz;L tpsq;Ftjhy; ,e;E}y; ehd;kzpf;fbif
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jid ,aw;wpth; tpsk;gpehfdhH MthH. tpsk;gp vd;gJ
Chpd; ngauhFk;. ehfdhH vd;gJ ,aw;ngauhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gh;. flTs;
tho;j;J cs;spl;l 104 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. khaidf; flTs;
tho;j;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; ghbAs;sjhy; ,th; itztuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;E}ypd;
eak; fUjp 7> 100 Mfpa ,U ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; lhf;lh;. [p.A.Nghg;
mth;fs; nkhopngah;j;Js;shH. cyfpw;Fj; Njitahd ey;y mwpa
fUj;Jf;fs; xt;nthU ghlypYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. clypYs;s cWg;Gfspy;
fz;Nz rpwe;j cWg;ghFk;. ngz;ikf;Fj; jd; fztNd rpwe;j cwthFk;.
kw;wit vitAk; rpwg;gpy;iy vd;gjidf;
fz;zpd; rpwe;j cWg;gpy;iy> nfhz;lhdpd;
Jd;dpa NfsPHgpwhpy;iy> kf;fspd;
xz;ika tha;rhd;w nghUs; ,y;iy> <d;whNuhL
vz;zf; flTSk; ,y; - vDk; ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. vitnay;yhk;
vtw;wpw;nfy;yhk; mzpahfj; jpfOk; vd;W ehd;F fUj;Jf;fis eak;ngw ed;F
ciuf;fpd;whH.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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epyj;jpw;F mzpnad;g ney;Yk; fUk;Gk;
Fsj;jpw;F mzpnad;gh; jhkiu ngz;ik
eyj;jpw;F mzpnad;gh; ehzk; jdf;F mzpahk;
jhd; nry; cyfj;J mwk; - ,g;ghlypy; kdpjDf;F mzpahfj;
jpfo;tJ mwNk vd typAWj;jpAs;shH.
ed;kf;fs; ,e;j Fbapy;jhd; gpwg;ghHfs;. ,f;Fbapy; gpwf;fkhl;lhHfs;
vDk; ve;j xU tpjp tpsf;Fk; ,t;Tyfpy; ,y;iy. vf;Fyj;jpYk; cjpf;fyhk;
vd;gij>
fs;sptapw;wpy; mfpy; gpwf;Fk; khd; tapw;wpy;
xs;shpjhuk; gpwf;Fk; ngUq;flYs;
gy;tpisa Kj;jk; gpwf;Fk; mwpthH ahH
ey;yhs; gpwh;f;Fk; Fb – vDk; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. ,e;E}ypy;
jpUf;Fws;> rpyk;G Mfpatw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fs; gapd;Wte;Js;sd.
Mrhuf;Nfhit
kdpjidf; fhf;Fk; ftrkhfj; jpfOk; xOf;fj;jpd; njhFg;ghfNt
,e;E}y; jpfo;fpwJ. ,jid ,aw;wpath; ngUthapy; Ks;spahH. ,jpy; Kjy;
ntz;ghtpYk;> E}whtJ ntz;ghtpYk; Mrhu tpj;J vd;w nrhy;
,lk;ngw;wpUg;gjhYk;> ,jw;F Mrhuf; Nfhit vdg; ngah; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;
vd;gh;. ,jpy; nkhj;jk; 100 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. kf;fs; vit vit Vw;f
Ntz;bait vitnait js;s Ntz;bait vd ,e;E}y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
murd; cthj;jpad; jha; je;ij> rhd;NwhH Mfpa Ie;J NgiuAk; Njth;fshfg;
ghtpj;J tzq;fpl Ntz;Lk;. itfiwg; nghOjpNy Japy; vOjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW vOe;J nra;Ak; ey;yws; ahtw;wpw;Fk; Kd; jha; je;ijiaj; njho
Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
ahtUk; fz;lKiw> Ngh; mwpthsh; JzpT> kpf;fth; fz;l newp>
ey;ywpthsh; JzpT vd Kd;NdhHfs; $wpaikNa nghd;Nd Nghy; Nghw;Wk;
jpwd; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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neQ;rpy; epd;w thpfs;
gpwg;G neLtho;f;if nry;tk; tdg;G
epyf;fpoik kPf;$w;wk; fy;tp Neha; ,d;ik
,yf;fzj;jhy; ,t;ntl;Lk; va;Jg – vd;Wk;
xOf;fk; gpioah jth;
eifnahL nfhl;lhtp fhwpg;G Jk;ky;
,itAk; nghpNahH Kd; nra;ahNu nra;apd;
mirahJ epw;Fk; gop.
rpWgQ;r%yk;
cliy tsg;gLj;Jk; kUe;jhf rpw tOJiz> neUQ;rp> rpWky;yp>
ngUky;yp> fz;lq;fj;jphp Mfpa Ie;jpd; Nth;fisf; nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gLk;
rpW gQ;r%yk; Nghd;W> cahpa Ie;J fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk;
,e;E}iyr; rpWgQ;r%yk; vd miog;gh;. ,jid ,aw;wpath; fhhpahrhd;
MthH. flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghliyf; nfhz;L ,th; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jth;
vd;gh;. ghapug; ghlyhd ,uz;ilj; jtph;j;J 102 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
MrphpaUf;Ff; nfhilg; gz;Gk;> MAHNtjKk;> tlnkhopMw;wYk; cz;L
vd;gij>
ky;ypNth; Neha; khf;fhad; khzhf;fd; khepyj;Jg;
gy;yth; Neha; ePf;Fk; ghq;fpdhy; - fy;yh
kWgQ;rk; jPHkiof;if khf;fhhpahrd;
rpWgQ;r%yk; nra;jhd; - vd;w ghapug; ghlypd; %yk; mwpayhk;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; gRtpDila fd;W ,we;J Nghdhy; fd;wpd; Njhiy vLj;J
nghk;ik nra;J gRit Vkhw;Wk; gof;fk; epytp te;Js;sJ. mjidf;
fz;bf;fpd;whH. cz;ikf; ftpQdpd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;FfpwhH. Rth;f;fj;jpw;Fg;
Nghf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; top tiffisf; $WfpwhH.
Fsk; njhl;L fhT gjpj;J toprPj;J
csk; njhl;L cOtay; Mf;fp tsk;njhl;L>
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ghLgLk; fpz;nwhL vd;wpit ghw;gLj;jhd;
VFk; Rth;f;fk; ,dpJ
G+j;jhYk; fhahkuKs ed;wwpahH
%j;jhYk; %thH E}Nww;whjhH – ghj;jpg;
Gijj;jhYk; ehwhj tpj;Js Ngijf;
Fiuj;jhYQ; nry;yhJzh;T
Vyhjp
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; fzpNkjhtpah; MthH. clYf;F tYT+l;Lk; MW
nghUl;fshy; Md #uzk; Nghd;W MW fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;
Vyhjpahk;. Vyk; 1> ,ytq;fk; 2> ehfNfhruk; 3> kpsF 4> jpg;gpyp 5> Rf;F 6>
Mfpait Nrh;e;J fyf;fg;gl;l #uzj;jpw;Fk; Vyhjp vd;W ngah;.
,k;kUe;ijg; Nghd;W> cs;sj;jpd; mOf;ifnay;yhk; mfw;Wk; E}yhf Vyhjp
jpfo;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; Mrphpauhd fzpNkjhtpah; jpidkhiy 150 vDk; NtW
xU E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. ,th; ngah; fzpNkjhtpahH vd;gjpy; fzp
vDk; nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L Nrhjplf; fiyiaf; fw;wtuhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gh;.
flTs; tho;j;ijr; Nrh;j;J 81 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
eakpf;fg; ghly;fs; rpy
rhtJ vspJ mhpJ rhd;whik ey;yJ
Nkty; vspJ mhpJ nka; Nghw;wy; Mtjw;fz;
Nrwy; vspJ epiy mhpJ njs;spuha;
Ntwy; vspJ mhpJ nrhy;
,t;Tyfpy; ahH ahnuy;yhk; nghpath; vd;gijg; gpd;tUk; ghly; gl;baypl;Lf;
fhl;LfpwJ.
nfhy;yhd;> nfhiyGhpahd;> ngha;ahd;> gpwh; nghUs;Nky;
nry;yhd;> rpwpahH> ,dk; Nruhd;> nrhy;Yk;
kiwapy; nrtp,yd; jPr;nrhw;fz; %q;if
,iwapy; nghpahHf;F ,it
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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jphpfLfk;
clYf;F Vw;gLk; Nehia ePf;f Rf;F kpsF> jpg;gpyp vDk; 3
nghUs;fshy; Md kUe;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ Nghd;W cs;sj;jpYs;s
Neha;fisAk;> ,UisAk; Nghf;f jphpfLfk; gad;gLj;Jth;. ,jid
cyfpy; fLfk; clypd; Neha; khw;wk;
myfpy; mfNeha; mfw;Wk; - epiynfhs;
jphpfLfk; - vd;w ghapu thpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,e;E}y; flTs; tho;j;J cl;gl 101 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jid
ey;yhjdhH ,aw;wpdhH. ,th; flTs; tho;j;jhfj; jpUkhiyg; ghLtjhy;
itztuhthH. Mjd; vd;gNj ,aw;ngauhFk;. ey; vd;w milnkhop Nrh;e;J
te;jik ,thpd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk;. ,th; jpUney;Ntyp gFjpiar; rhHe;j
jpUj;J vDk; Ciur; rhHe;jth; vd;gJ ghapuj;jpd; Jiz nfhz;L mwpayhk;.
,e;E}ypy;> ,it %d;Wk;> ,th; %th;> ,k;%th; vd;w VNjDk; xd;w
,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
fzf;fhah; ,y;yhj CUk;> gpzf;F mWf;Fk;
%j;Njhiu ,y;yh mitf;fsDk; - ghHj;J cz;Zk;
jd;ikapyhH mah; ,Ug;Gk; ,k;%d;Wk;
ed;ik gaj;J ,y;.
<jw;Fr; nra;f nghUis> mwnewp
Nrh;jw;Fr; nra;f ngUE}iy> ahJk;
mUs; Ghpe;J nrhy;Yf nrhy;iy> ,k;%d;Wk;
,Us; cyfk; Nruhj MW
coTj; njhopiyr; nra;ak; Ntshsd; jd; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk;
tpUe;jpdiu tpl;L cztUe;jhd;> nfhLq;Nfhy; kd;ddhy; ehl;bd;
kionga;ahik> ePuhba gpd;Nd czT cz;zy;> me;jzhplk; gofpDk;
jPg;Nghy; gofNtz;Lk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. 100
ghly;fspy; 66 ghly;fs; ed;ik gag;gd gw;wpAk;> 34 ghly;fs; kdpjDf;Fj;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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jPik gag;gait gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wd. ghapuj;jpy; nrU mL Njhs; ey;yhjd;
vd tUtjhy; ,th; thNse;Jk;tPuh; vd;gh;.
,dpait ehw;gJ
tho;f;if ,dpikahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkdpd; ,dpaJ vJ vdj; njhpe;J
mtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mt;thW ,dpatw;iwnay;yhk; njhFj;J
,e;E}Yf;F ,dpait ehw;gJ vd;W ngah; #l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}iy
,aw;wpath; kJiuj; jkpo; Mrphpah; kfdhH G+jQ;NrjdhH MthH. ,th; irtk;
itztk; vdg; ghFghbd;wp flTs; tho;j;jpy; mhp> muz;> mad; %tiuAk;
Nghw;wpAs;shH. ehw;gJ ghly;fspy; ehd;F ghly;fs; kl;LNk ehd;F
fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kw;w 36 ghly;fSk; %d;W fUj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,d;dh ehw;gjpd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kWg;G nrhy;Yk; tpjkhf
,Ug;gjhy; me;E}Yf;Fg; gpd; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk;. cliyg; ngUf;fpf;
nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L Cid cz;zhky; ,Ug;gJ ,dpajhFk;. jd;dpiy
jhohik khdkhFk;. jho;e;jhy; capNuhL ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ ,dpjhFk;.
,y;ywk; ,dpikAld; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkdpd; tUtha;f;F Vw;g nryT nra;J
tho;jy; ,dpik jUk; ,JNghd;W nkhj;jk; 127 ,d;gq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
,dpaitfs;
Fotp jsh;eil fhz;ly; ,dpJ
mwk; Ghpe;J my;yit ePf;fy; ,dpNj
tUtha; mwpe;J toq;fy; ,dpNj
fw;whHKd; fy;tp ciuj;jy; kpf ,dpNj
jlnkd; gilj;Njhs; jsphpa yhiu
tplnkd;W czh;jy; ,dpNj
khdk; mope;jgpd; thohik Kd; ,dpNj
jhdk; mopahikj;jhd; mlq;fp tho;T ,dpNj
Cdk; xd;W ,d;wp cah;e;j nghUs; cilik
khdplth;f;F vy;yhk; ,dpJ.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
85
Nghd;w ,dpa nra;jpfis ,e;E}yhy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
,d;dhehw;gJ
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; fgpyh; MthH. 41 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tho;f;iff;F vitnait Njitapy;yhjit vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fs;>
Gyhy; Nghd;wtw;iw tpyf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjhy; ,f;fUj;ijf; $Wth;. fgpyh;
vDk; ngah;nfhz;lth; Ith; ,ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ghhpiag; ghbath;> ,d;dh
ehw;gijg; ghbath;> gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwiag; ghbath;> gd;dpUghl;ilg;
ghbath;. mfty; ghbath;. , t;itthpy; ,d;dh ehw;gijg; ghbath;
rq;ffhyf; fgpyh; vDk; Ntwhdth; vd;gijf; fUj;J KuzpypUe;J mwpayhk;.
,th; rka rkur Nehf;F nfhz;ltuhfj; jpfo;fpwhH. flTs; tho;j;jpy; rptd;>
jpUkhy;> KUfd;> gyuhkd; Nghd;NwhHfisg; Nghw;wpg; ghbAs;shH. 164
,d;dhj fUj;Jf;fis ,e;E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. rq;f ,yf;fpak; jpUf;Fws;
Mfpatw;wpd; fUj;Jfs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
,d;dhj nghUl;fs;
jd;idj;jhd; Nghw;whJ xOFjy; ed;F ,d;dh
Kd;id ciuahH Gwnkhopf; $w;W ,d;dh>
nfhLq;Nfhy; kw kd;dh; fPo;tho;jy; ,d;dh
neLePH Giz ,d;wp ePe;Jjy; ,d;dh
jiytpiar; re;jpf;f jiytd; ,uT Neuj;jpy; tUfpwhd;. ,utpy; tUtjhy;
Vw;gLk; jPikiaf; $wp mtidj; jtph;f;fg; ghHf;fpwhs; jiytp. jiytNd eP
tUk; topapy; mUtp kpFe;j Xir vOg;Gtjhy; ahNuDk; tpopj;jpUe;jhy; myh;
vOk;. MfNt ,uTf;Fwpiaj; jtph;g;gha; vd;gij>
ahOk; FoYk; KoTk; ,iae;njd
tPOk; mUtp tpad;kiy ed;ehl
kiokhd; Nehf;fpAk; Mw;whs; ,uTthpd;
CH mwp nfsit jUk; - vDk; ghly; Rl;LfpwJ.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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jpizkhiy 150
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; fzpNkjhtpahH. ,th; rkz rkaj;ijr;
rhHe;jth; vd;gh;. Ie;J jpizfSf;Fk; 30 ghly;fs; tPjk; 150 ghly;fs;
mike;Js;sd. Mdhy; 153 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. ,th; Vyhjp vd;w
E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. ,e;E}ypd; fUj;Jf;fs; rpytw;iwr; Re;juUk;>
khzpf;fthrfUk; jk; ghly;fspy; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. er;rpdhHf;fpzpah;>
,sk;G+uzH Nghd;NwhH ,e;E}iy Nkw;Nfhshfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. fhHfhyj;
jd;ik> mf;fhy jiytd; jiytp MfpNahhpd; jd;ikAk;> jhd; nra;Ak;
tpidf;F md;Nw gad;fpilj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpfpd;wd.
jiytd; kPJ jiytp fhjy; nfhz;bUe;jikahH cld;Nghf;F
epfo;j;jptpl;lhs;. jiytpia tsh;j;j nrtpypj; jhNah> Njbr; nry;fpwhs;.
vjphpy; tUk; jk;gjpapdiu> ,t;topNa fhjyh;fs; nrd;wijf; fz;BNuh vdf;
Nfl;fpwhs;. fztd; XH Mltd; nrd;wijAk;> kidtp XH ngz;kfs;
nrd;wijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhHfs;. NtnwhU nghz;iz VnuLj;Jg; ghHf;fhj
Mz;ikAk;> NtnwhU Mltidg; ghHf;fhj ngz;ikAk; ,q;Nf Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
jz;zp ePH nrd;kpd; ekh; mth; MtNuy;
vz;zpa vz;zk;vspJ mNuh vz;zpa
ntQ;Rlh; md;dhid ahd;fz;Nld; fz;lhshk;
jz;Rlh; md;dhisj; jhd; - vDk; ghly; Nkw;$wpa fUj;ijr;
Rl;LfpwJ. jiytpiag; gphpe;J nrd;w jiykfd; ,sNtdpw;fhyj;jpy; jpUk;gp
te;JtpLtjhf thf;Fj; je;jhd;. MapDk; fhHfhyk; te;jJk; tutpy;iy.
Ky;iy epyNk Mlyuq;fhf khwpw;W. Nkfk; Xir vOg;gp ,d;dpir ju
ehl;ba kq;ifaha; kapyhl> mt;thl;lj;ijf; fz;L kfpo;e;J ifairg;gJ
Nghd;W ntz;fhe;js; kyh;fs; mirfpd;wd. ,f;fhyj;jpYk; jiytd;
thuhjpUg;gjhy; jiytp Jd;Gw;wpUf;fpwhs;.
fhdk; fb muq;fh> ifk;kwpg;gf; NfhlyhH
thdk; tpspg;g tz;L ahohf Ntdy;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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thuh kapy; Ml> ths; fz;zha; nrhy;yha;
CH Mfp ca;Ak; tif – vDk; ghly; Nkw;$wpa fUj;ijf;
$Wfpd;wd.
fhHehw;gJ
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; kJiuf; fz;zd; Nre;jdhH. 40 ghly;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghliyf; nfhz;L ,tiu itzth; vd;gh;.
,Ug;gpDk; rptidg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. fhyj;ijr; rpwg;Gr; nra;Ak;
tifapy; vOe;Js;sJ. ,jid ,yf;fztpsf;fg; ghl;baUk;>
fhyk; ,lk; nghUs; fUjp ehw;ghd;
rhy ciuj;jy; ehdhw;gJNt – vd;fpwJ. Ky;iyj; jpizf;F chpa
Kjw;nghUs;> chpg;nghUs; Mfpatw;iw eak;gl ciuf;fpwJ. jiytpiag;
gphpe;J nry;fpwhd; jiytd;. fhHfhyj;jpy; jpUk;gp tUNtd; vd;W nrhy;ypr;
nrd;wtd; ,d;Dk; jpUk;gtpy;iy. fhHfhyk; te;Jtpl;ljw;F milahskhf
nfhd;iw kyh;fs; G+j;Jtpl;ld. kapy;fs; MLfpd;wd. jiytd; tuhjjhy;
griy Neha; te;J tpLfpwJ. Iq;FWE}w;wpd; ,sNtdpw;gj;ij xj;jpUf;fpwJ.
midj;Jg; ghly;fSk; xt;nthUth; $w;whfNt mike;Js;sd. jiytd;>
jiytp> Njhod;> ghq;fd; ,e;ehy;thpy; xUthpd; $w;whfNt mike;Js;sd.
,f;fhyj;jpNy fhHj;jpif khjj;jpy; tpsf;F Vw;Wk; Kiw ,Ue;Js;sikiaj;
njhptpf;fpwJ.
eykpF fhHj;jpif ehl;lth; ,l;l
fhLk; fLf;if ftpd; ngwg;G+j;jd
ghLtz;Lck; gUtk; gizj;Njhsp
thLk; griy kUe;J
fhHfhyk; te;jikiag; gUtk; fhl;bj; jiytd; tuhjijAk; Mjyhy; griy
te;jikiaAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; tpjkhf>
ML kfsph; kQ;iQ mzpnfhs
fhLk; fLf;if ftpd; ngwg;G+j;jd
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ghLtz;L CJk; gUtk; gizj;Njhsp
thLk; griy kUe;J – vDk; ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
ife;epiy
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; Gy;yhq;fldhH Mth;. ,th; je;ij fhtpjpahH
vDk; ngah; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; murd; toq;Fk; gl;lk; ngw;wtuhf ,Ug;gh; vd;gh;.
,e;E}y; Ie;jpiziag; gw;wpg; ghLfpwJ. xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; 12 ghly;fs;
tPjk; 60 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt Ie;jpiz mWgJ vd;W
mioj;jhYk; nghUj;jkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk; Ie;jpiz vd gy E}w;fspd;
ngah; Muk;gpg;gjhy; Mrphpah; jd; E}Yf;Ff; ife;epiy vdg; ngah;
#l;bapUf;fyhk; vd;gh;. if vd;gJ xOf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. mf xOf;fj;jpd;
jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpLtjhy; ife;epiy vd toq;fpapUf;fyhk; vdg;h;. FwpQ;rp>
Ky;iy> ghiy> kUjk;> nea;jy; vDk; Kiw itg;gpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
flw;fiur; Nrhiyapy; gujth; Fykfs; xUts; jd; mz;zd;khH
nfhz;Lte;j kPidnay;yhk; fhaitj;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhs;. mt;tkak;
jiytd; xUtd; mtsplk; eaKld; Ngrp eyd; cz;L nrd;wtidf;
fhztpy;iy vd;W Vq;Fk; Vf;fj;ij>
vd;Iah; je;j ,wczq;fs; ahk; fbe;J
Gd;idmk; fhdy; ,Ue;Njkh> ngha;j;J vk;ikr;
nrhy;eyk; $wp> eyd; cz;l Nrh;g;gid
vd;idf; nfhy; ahk; fhZkhW – vDk; ghly; fhl;LfpwJ. jiytd;
tUk; ,uT Neuj;ij vz;zpj; jiytp J}q;fhJ fz; tpopj;J ,ue;jikiaj;
jd; Njhopf;Fr; nrhy;Yk; tpjkha;g; gpd;tUk; ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
nghd;dpzh; Ntq;ifg; GdQ;#o; kiyehld;
kpd;dpd; mizaha; Nty;Ve;jp ,utpdpy;
,d;Nd tUq;fz;lha; Njhop ,ilahkj;J
vd;id ,iknghU khW
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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md;G nrYj;jpa jiytidg; gphpe;J thLk; jiytp cly; nkype;jhs;.
Mjyhy; iftis nefpo;e;J XLfpwJ. mijr; nrhy;Ykplj;Jk; jiytd;
el;gpd; rpwg;ignay;yhk; $wk; tpjkhf>
fy;tiu Vwp fLtd; fdpthio
my;cW Ngho;jpd; ,dpa gok;fTs; nfhz;L
xy;nyd xUkiy ehld; Nfz;ik
nrhy;y nrhhpAk; tis – vDk; ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
fstopehw;gJ
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; ngha;ifahH. ,th; rq;ffhyg; Gytuh> Mo;thhpy;
xUtuh vdj; njhpatpy;iy. ,e;E}y; NghHgw;wpa nra;jpfisj; jUfpwJ. 41
ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fstop vd;gJ VHf;fsk;> NghHf;fsk; gw;wpg;
ghLtjhFk;.
VNuhHf; fstop md;wpf; fstopj;
NjNuhH Njhw;wpa ntd;wpAk; - vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; fstopf;F tpsf;fk;
jUfpwJ. ,e;E}y; NghHf;fsk; gw;wpg; ghbAs;sJ. Nrhod; Nfhr;nrq;fzhDf;Fk;>
Nrud; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwf;Fk; fOkyk; vDk; ,lj;jpy; ele;j Nghhpy;
Nrhod; Nruidr; rpiwgpbj;jhd;. ngha;ifahH jd; ez;gdhd Nruid kPl;Fk;
nghUl;Nl fstop ehw;gJ ghbdhH vd;gh;. ,r;nra;jpiaj; jkpo; tpLJ}J>
%tUyh Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ey;ytd; ngha;if fstop ehw;gJf;F
tpy;ytd; fhy;jis tpl;l Nfhd; - vDk; thpfs; %tUyhtpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;E}iy ciuahrphpah;fs; Nkw;Nfhshfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.
xt;nthU ghlypd; ,WjpapYk; fsj;J vDk; nrhy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
njhy;fhg;gpah; fhl;Lk; tdg;G tifapy; ,e;E}y; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. Mrphpah;
ehy;tifg; gilapd; rpwg;igAk;> NghHf;fsf; fhl;rpiaAk; thrfhpd; fz;Kd;Nd
epWj;Jk; tpjkha; eak;gl ciuj;Js;shH. giftiuf; nfhy;yj;Jbf;Fk;
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fspw;wpd; Jk;gpf;ifia xUtd; ntl;btplNt mjdpypUe;J nfhl;Lk; FUjp
igapypUe;J gtsk; nfhl;LtJ Nghd;W ,Ug;gjhf th;zpf;fpwhH.
ftsk; nfhs; ahidapd; iffs; Jzpf;fg;
gtsk; nrhhpjU igNghy; jpts;xspa
xz;nrq; FUjp ckpOk; - Gdy;ehld;
nfhq;fiu ml;l fsj;J
vDk; ghlypy; ahidapd; jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whH. ehw;gJ ghly;fspy;
ahidg;NghH gw;wpag; ghly;fNs kpFjpahf cs;sd.
1 ehybahH mwk; rkz Kdpth;fs;
2 ehd;kzpf;fbif mwk; tpsk;gpuhfdhH
3 ,d;dhehw;gJ mwk; fgpyh;
4 ,dpait ehw;gJ mwk; G+jQ;Nre;jdhH
5 jphpfLfk; mwk; ey;yhjdhH
6 Vyhjp mwk; fzpNkjhtpahH
7 KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp mwk; $lY}HfpohH
8 jpUf;Fws; mwk; jpUts;Sth;
9 Mrhuf;Nfhit mwk; ngUthaps; Ks;spahH
10 gonkhop mwk; %d;WiuadhH
11 rpWgQ;r%yk; mwk; fhhpahrhd;
12 Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ mfk; nghiwadhH
13 Ie;jpiz vOgJ mfk; %thijahH
14 jpiznkhop Ik;gJ mfk; fz;zd;Nre;jdhH
15 jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ mfk; fzpNkjhtpahH
16 ife;epiy mfk; Gy;yhq;fdhH
17 fhHehw;gJ mfk; fz;zd;$j;jdhH
18 fstop ehw;gJ Gwk; ngha;ifahH
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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3. gy;yth; fhyk;
irt ,yf;fpak;
irt rkak; rptngUkhidg; NghyNt goikahdJ. rptnkd;why;
nrk;ik> ed;ik vd;W nghushFk;. rptk; md;ig tsh;j;jjhy; md;Ng
rptkhapw;W. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSk; rptidg; gy;NtW ngah;fspy; Rl;Lfpd;wJ.
Nrhod; Nfhr;nrq;fzhd rptDf;F 78 khlf; Nfhtpy;fs; fl;bajhfj;
jpUehTf;fur ehadhH Fwpg;gpLfpdw;hH. itztuhfpa jpUkq;ifaho;thUk;
,f;fUj;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. mth; 70 Nfhapy;fs; fl;bajhff; Fwpg;gpLthH.
goikAk; ngUikAk; ngw;W tpsq;fpa irtk; fsg;gpuh; fhyj;jpy;
tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd; rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F
khWk; tiu ,e;epiyNa ePbj;jJ vdyhk;. Mapd; mg;gh; mUshy; murd;
rkak; khw> irtk; jioj;Njhq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,Ul;Fifapy; kiwe;J
fple;j irt tpsf;F jpUehTf;furuhy; Mjtdha; khwpj; jkpofj;ijj;
jd;takhf;fpaJ.
irtg; nghpahH jpUehTf;furUk; Kjypy; rkzuhfNt ,Ue;jhy;.
irtj;jpw;F mUe;njhz;lhw;wpa kd;dh; kNfe;jpu th;kDk; Kjypy; rkzNu.
rkak; khwpa kd;dd; jpUg;ghjphpg; GypA+hpYs;s rkzg; gs;spfis ,bj;J>
irt rkaf; Nfhapiy cUthf;fr; rkz irtg; NghUf;F tpj;jpl;lhd;.
fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fpa ,e;jr; rka kWkyh;r;rp irtj;ijAk;
itztj;ijAk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;F milar; nra;jJ.
ehad;khHfSk; Mo;thHfSk; gy;NtW ,lq;fis ehb> Njb gf;jpia gug;gpdh;.
irt ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tsh;r;rpia Kjw;fz; tphpthff; fhzyhk;.
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gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;
njd;dhLila rptid ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; chpatuhf ehad;khHfs;
fz;ldh;. 27 nghpahHfs; ghba ghlyf;spd; njhFg;Ng gd;dpU jpUKiwahFk;.
Kjy; VO jpUKiwfspy; Kjy; %d;W jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;> mLj;j %d;W
jpUehTf;furh;> VohtJ Re;juh; ghbait. ,k;%th; ghbaijj; Njthuk; vd;gh;.
vl;lhk; jpUKiw khzpf;fthrfh; ghba jpUthrfKk; jpUf;NfhitahUk;.
xd;gjhk; jpUKiw jpUkhspifj; Njth;> Nre;jdhH> Nrjpuhah;>
fz;luhjpj;jh;> G+e;JUj;jp fhltek;gp> jpUthyp mKjdhH> GUNlhj;jk ek;gp>
fUT+Hj; Njth;> Ntzhl;lbfs; Mfpa xd;gjpd;kh; ghba ghly;fspd;
njhFg;ghFk;.
gj;jhk; jpUKiw jpUke;jpuk;. ghbath; jpU%yh;> gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiw
jpUthythAilahH> fhiuf;fhyk;ikahH> Iabfs; fhltHNfhd;> Nrukhd;
ngUkhs; ehadhH> ef;fPuh;> fgpyh;> guzh;> fy;yhlh;> ,sk; ngUkhdbfs; mjpuh
mbfs;> gl;bdj;Jg; gps;isahH> ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp Mfpa gd;dpUth; ghba
ghly;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
gd;dpluz;lhk; jpUKiw nghpa Guhzk; vDk; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;
ghbath; Nrf;fpohH.
gd;dpU jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jth; ek;gpahz;lth; ek;gp MthH. ,th;
fp.gp. 10Mk; Ew;whz;L. Kjyhk; ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; cjtpAld;
jpy;iyak;gyj;jpy; mile;J fple;j VLfis vLj;J Kiwg;gLj;jpj;
njhFj;jhH. ,th; njhFj;jJ 11 Mk; jpUKiw tiuapNyNa MFk;.
Nrf;fpohH ,tUf;Fg; gpd; tho;e;jth;. vdNt gpd; te;NjhH Nrf;fpohhpd; nghpa
Guhzj;ijg; gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiwahf mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. ,g;gf;jpg;
ghly;fSf;Fg; gz; mikj;j ngUik xU ngz;Zf;FhpajhFk;.
rk;ge;jh; Njthuk;
Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfs; jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; ghbaJ. ,tuJ
,aw;ngah; njhpatpy;iy. rPHfhopapy; me;jzh; Fyj;jpy; mtjhpj;jth;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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je;ijahH rptghj ,Ujah;> jhahH gftjpahH. rPHfhopf; Fsf;fiuapy; %d;W
tajpy; ckh NjtpahH Qhdg; ghy; Cl;lg;ngw;wjhy; Qhdrk;ge;juhdhH.
,iwtd; ckhNjtpahH Qhdg; ghy; Cl;lg; ngw;wjhy; Qhdrk;ge;juhdhH.
,iwtd; ckh NjtpahUld; fhl;rp ju mf;fhl;rpapidf; fz;L tpae;J
„NjhLila nrtpad;‟ vDk; Gfo;ngw;w Kjy; gjpfj;ijg; ghbdhH.
jpUKiw
vz;
E}w;ngah; Mrphpah;-gpwnra;jpfs; ghly; vz;zpf;if> rpwg;Gr;
nra;jpfs;
1> 2> 3 Njthuk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; - (rPHfhop)
me;jzh; Fyk; fp.gp. Vohk;
E}w;whz;L MSilagps;is
vd;gh;
389 gjpfq;fs;> 3840
ghly;fNs fpilj;Js;sd.
gpw rkaj;ij ntWf;fpwhH.
4> 5> 6 Njthuk; jpUehTf;furh; - (jpUth%H)
NtWngah;fs; mg;gh;>
kUs;ePf;fpahH> fp.gp.7Mk;
E}w;whz;L
313 gjpfq;fs; ghly;fs;
3066 rkzj;jpypUe;J
jkf;if jpyftjpahuhy;
irtj;jpw;F khwpath;
rhj;jpuk;> Fyk;> Nfhj;jpuk;
,it ,iwad;gpw;Fj;
Njitapy;iy vd;wth;.
7 Njthuk; Re;juh; (jpUehtY}H) fp.gp.9Mk;
E}w;whz;L rq;fpypahH> guitahH
vd ,U kidtpah; ,th; nghpa
Guhzj;jpd; fhg;gpaj;jiytd;.
1126 ghly;fs; ,iwtdhy;
jLj;jhl; nfhs;sg;gl;lth;.
td;njhz;lh; vdg;gl;lhH.
rptdplk; Njhoik czh;T.
ehad;khH tuyhW $Wk;
jpUj;njhz;lh; njhif
ghbAs;shH.
8. jpUthrfk;>
jpUf;NfhitahH
khzpf;fthrfh;. (jpUthjT+H)
E}w;whz;L fp.gp.9Mk; mhpkh;j;jd
ghz;bad; mitapy; mikr;rh;.
jpUthrfk; 659 ghly;fs;>
jpUf;NfhitahH 400
ghly;fs;. jpUg;ngUe;Jiw
rptdhy; Qhd cgNjrk;
ngw;wth;.
9 xd;gjhk;
jpUKiw
1. jpUkhspifj;
Njth; (jpUthtLJiw)
45 ghly;fs; (4 gjpfq;fs;)
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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2. fUT+Hj;Njth; 103 ghly;fs; (10gjpfq;fs;)
3. fz;luhjpj;jh;
(Nrho kd;dh;)
10 ghly;fs; (xU gjpfk;)
4. Nre;jdhH (ehq;$H) 47 ghly;fs; (4 gjpfq;fs;)
5. Nrjpuhah; xU gjpfk;-rpjk;guk;gw;wpaJ
6. G+e;JUj;jp ek;gp
(jpUG+e;JUj;jp)
2 gjpfq;fs;(12 ghly;fs;)
7. fhltek; gpjpUthyp
mKjdhH
42 ghly;fs; (4 gjpfq;fs;)
8. GUNlhj;jk ek;gp
2 gjpfq;fs; (22 ghly;fs;)
9.Ntzhl;lbfs;(jpUtpjhq;$H)
(9k; jpUKiwapd; 9 ngh;
ghly;fSk; jpUtpirg;gh>
jpUg;gy;yhz;L vdj;
njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.)
10 ghly;fs; (xNu gjpfk;
rpjk;guk; gw;wpaJ)
10 jpUke;jpuk; jpU%yh;-nghpaGuhzk;
jpU%yh; tuyhW Rl;Lk;
Qhdrk;ge;jUf;F Kw;gl;lth;>
irtj;jpd; Kjw; jj;Jt E}y;)
3000 ghly;fs; xd;gJ
je;jpuq;fshfg;
gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
11 gjpNdhuhk;
jpUKiw
1. jpUthythAilahH (kJiur;
nrhf;fehjH ghbaJ NrukhDf;F
vOjpa kly; 12 thpfNs
cs;sJ
gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwiag;
gpuge;j khiy vd;Wk;
$Wth;. 12 ehad;khHfs;
ghbaJ. 40 E}y;fs;
cs;sd
2.fhiuf;fhyk;ikahH
(GdpjtjpahH) ghbait 4
E}y;fs;
jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j
jpUg;gjpfk; - 2>
jpUtpul;il kzpkhiy-1>
mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjp – 1
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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(nkhj;jk; ehd;F)
3. fy;yhl NjtehadhH
(Nfushtpd; fy;yhlk;)
jpUf;fz;zg;gh; jpUkwk; 38
mbfspy; fz;zg;gh;
tuyhW
4. ef;fPu NjtehadhH gj;JE}y;fs; ,aw;wpAs;shH
,tw;Ws;
jpUKWfhw;Wg;gil
rq;ffhyj;jJ. me;ef;fPuh;
,thpDk; NtW
5. fgpy NjtehadhH fp.gp.11k;
E}w;whz;L
%j;j ehadhH
,ul;ilkzpkhiy>
rptngUkhd;
,ul;ilkzpkhiy>
ngUkhd; jpUte;jhjp
6. guzNjtehadhH fp.gp.10Mk;
E}w;whz;L
rptngUkhd; jpUte;jhjp
101 ntz;ghf;fs;
7. mjpuh mbfs; fp.gp.7Mk;
E}w;whz;L
tpehafh; gw;wpg; ghbdhH
%j;jgps;isahH
jpUKk;kzpf;Nfhit (23
ghly;fs; cs;sd)
8. Iabfs; fhlth;Nfhd;
(gy;yth;Fyk;> fp.gp.8Mk;
E}w;whz;L 63 ehad;khHfspy;
xUth;
Nrj;jpuj; jpUntz;gh – 24
ghly;fs;
9. ,sk; ngUkhdbfs;
(ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gpf;F
Kw;gl;lth;)
rptngUkhd;
jpUKk;kzpf;Nfhit> 30
ghly;fs;
10. Nrukhd; ngUkhs; Re;juh;
ez;gh;> Re;juNuhL fapiyf;Fr;
nrd;wth;
jpUf;fapiy Qhd cyh
(Kjy; cyhE}y;)
nghd;tz;zj;je;jhjp
(nghd; tz;zj;jpy;
njhlq;fpg; nghd;
tz;zj;jpy; KbAk;)
jpUth&H Kk;kzpf;Nfhit
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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11.gl;bdj;jbfs; (,aw;ngah;
jpUntz;fhlh;) fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bd
tzpfh;. ,tiuj;
jpUKiwg;gl;bdj;jbfs;v d;gh;.
fp.gp. 10Mk; E}w;whz;L
Nfhapy; ehd;kzpkhiy>
jpUf;fOky
Kk;kzpf;Nfhit>
jpUtpilkUJ}H
Kk;kzpf;Nfhit>
jpUNtfk;gKilahH
jpUte;jhjp> jpUnthw;wpA+H
xU gh xUg/J.
12.ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpfs;
jpUehiuA+H> jpUKiwiaj;
njhFj;jth; ,jdhy; jkpo;
tpahrh; vd;gh;. gjpNdhuhk;
jpUKiw tiuapy; njhFj;jth;.
9 E}y;fs; ,aw;wpAs;shH.
,jpy; jpUj;njhz;lh;
jpUte;jhjp ehad;khH
tuyhW $Wk;. nghpa
Guhzk; Njhd;w cWJiz
MdJ.
gd;dpuz;lhk;
jpUKiw
nghpaGuhzk; Nrf;fpohH.
jpUj;njhz;lh; vd;Wk; $Wth;.
fp.gp.12Mk; E}w;whz;L. CH
Fd;wj;J}H 63 ehad;khHfs;
tuyhW $Wk; E}y;.
FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodplk;
mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;.
4286 ghly;fs;. 13
rUf;fq;fs;. tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpfs; kpFjp.
rhjpiaf; fle;jJ
,iwmd;G vd tpsf;Fk;
E}y;. Re;juh;
jpUj;njhz;lj;njhif
ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpapd;
jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp
,it ,e;E}ypd; %y E}y;.
jOty; ,d;wp mikAk;
jkpo;f;fhg;gpak;.
gpd;te;NjhH 12 Mk;
jpUKiwahf ,e;E}iyr;
Nrh;j;jdh;.
je;ijAld; CH Cuhfr; nrd;W ,irNahL irtj;ijg; gug;gpdh;. vdNt
„ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpo; gug;Gk; Qhdrk;ge;jd;‟ vd;Dk; ghuhl;bidr; Re;juh;
thahy; ngw;wth;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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22 jpUj;jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid topgl;lhH. ,iwtd; ,tUf;F
Kj;Jr; rptpif toq;fpdhH. ,tUld; jpUePyfz;l aho;g;ghzUk; cld;
nrd;whH. 23 tifahd gz;fspy; ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shH. ,th; ghbAs;s
Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfSf;Fj; Njthuk; vd;Dk; nghJg; ngaNuhL
„jpUf;filg;fhg;G‟ vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; cz;L.
,th; ghbaJ 16000 gjpfq;fs; vd;gh;. Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; ,f;$w;W
kpifahd fw;igd vd;gh;. ,d;W fpilg;gJ 383 gjpfq;fNs. xU gjpfk; gj;J
my;yJ gjpndhU ghly;fs; nfhz;L mikfpwJ. 4168 ghly;fs; ghbAs;shH.
Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba> njhz;il ehL midj;Jk; nrd;W rptngUkhid
ghbAs;shH.
rq;fuh; ,tiuj; „‟jpuhtpl rpR vd;gh;. nghpaGuhzk; „gps;is ghjp
Guhzk; ghjp‟ vd;W ,th; Gfo; NgRk;. irtj;NjhL jkpopd; ngUikAk;
Ngrpath;. aho;Khpg; gz; ghba ngUik ,tUf;Nf chpajhFk;.
rptd; mUshy; jpUf;Nfhyf;fhtpy; nghw;whsKk;> gl;Br; Rtuj;jpy;
Kj;Jge;jUk;> jpUthapywj;Jiwapy; Kj;Jr; rptpifAk; jpUthtLJiwapy;
nghw;fpopAk;> jpUtPopkpoiyapy; gbf;fhRk; ngw;whH.
irtk; jtpu gpw rkaq;fis ntWj;jhH vd;Nw $wyhk;. Gj;jh;
rkzh;fisg; gopf;fpd;whH. mjpYk; rkzh;fis kpFjpAk; ,opj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.
mjw;Ff; fhuzk;> md;W irtj;jpw;Fg; Nghl;bahf epd;wJ rkzNkahFk;.
rkaf; fho;g;G ,Ug;gpDk; rhjpf;fho;g;G ,thplk; ,y;iy vdyhk;. jhd;
me;jzuhf ,Ug;gpDk; gpw rhjpaiu ahz;Lk; ,opthfg; Ngrtpy;iy. khwhfg;
ghzh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j jpUePyfz;liuj; jdf;F ahopirf;f itj;Jf;nfhz;lhH.
rkzh;fs; gyiu mdy;thjj;jpYk; Gdy;thjj;jpYk; ntd;W fONtw;wpdhH.
mg;gh;> kNfe;jpu th;kidr; rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;wpaJ NghyNt
,tUk; rkz rkj;jpypUe;J $d;ghz;baid mtd; kidtp kq;ifah;f;furp
Ntz;LNfhSf;Nfw;g kJiu nrd;W rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;wpdhH.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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khw;wpaNjhL irt newp kpf;f ghz;b khNjtp kq;ifaHf;furpahiuj; jk;
jPe;jkpopy;
“kq;ifah;f;furp tsth; Nfhd; ghit
thptisf;if klkhdp
gq;far; nry;tp ghz;bkhNjtp
gzpnra;J ehnlhWk; gut‟
(%d;whk; jpUKiw -120:ghly;-1)
vdg; Nghw;Wfpd;whH.
ghly; mikg;G
,tuJ gjpfq;fspy; XH xOq;F Kiwiaf; fhz KbfpwJ. xt;nthU
gjpfj;jpYk; vl;lhtJ ghly; ,uhtzidg; gw;wpAk;> xd;gjhtJ ghly;
Kk;%Hj;jpfspy; rptNd Nkk;gl;ltd; vdTk;> gj;jhtJ ghly; rkz
rhf;fpaiuj; jhf;fpAk;> gjpNdhuhtJ ghly; jkJ ngUik E}w;gad; ,uz;il
,izj;Jk; miktijf; fhz KbAk;.
,aw;ifaoF
fhopah;Nfhd; vdg; ghuhl;lg;ngWk; Qhdrk;ge;jhpd; ghly;fspy; gf;jp
kl;Lkd;wp ,aw;if moFk; fw;whiu kaf;fk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
jpUitahw;wpd; ePHtsj;ijg; ghLk; Qhdrk;ge;jhpd; ghly; ,aw;ifia
mg;gbNa ek; fz; Kd; nfhz;L te;J tpLfpwJ.
“khd;gha> tayUNf kuNkwp
ke;jpgha> kLf;fs;NjhWk;
Njd;gha kPd;ghar; nrOq;fky
nkhl;lyUe; jpUitahNw.”
khd; gha;e;jjhy; gae;J Ngha; kuNkwp ke;jp gha;e;jJ. kuj;ij
mirj;J ke;jp gha;;e;jjhy; Fsj;jpy; Njd; nrhhpe;jJ. mjdhy; Fsj;jpYs;s
kPd; gha;e;jJ. kPd; jhkiu nkhl;bd; kPJ gha mk;nkhl;Lf;fs; kyuj;
njhlq;fpd. ,aw;if tsj;NjhL jkpo; tsk; fhl;Lk; ,JNghd;w ghly;fNs
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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„ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpo; tsh;j;j Qhd rk;ge;jd;‟ vDk; gl;lj;ij mspj;jJ
vdyhk;.
rkzk; ngz;fisg; gopj;jNghJ Qhdrk;ge;jh;
„..............
ngz;zpd; ey;yhnshLk; ngUe;jif ,Ue;jNj.‟ vd;gh;. fpspiag;
ghHj;Jg; NgRk; mfj;Jiwg;ghly; mfk; fle;J gf;jpapy; jpisf;fpwJ.
„rpiwahUk; klf;fpspNa! ,q;Nfth NjndhLghy;
KiwahNy czhj;jUtd;> nkha;gtsj; njhLjusk;
Jiwahsd; flw;Nwhzp Guj;jPrd; Jsq;Fkpsk;
gpiwahsd; jpUehkk; vdf;nfhUfhy; NgrhNa.”
,dp NeuhfNt rptehk gf;jpapy; <LgLj;Jk; mw;Gjg; ghly;
„fhjyhfpf; frpe;J fz;zPH ky;fp
XJ thHjik ed;ndwpf; Fa;g;gJ
Ntj ehd;fpD nka;g;nghU shtJ
ehjd; ehkk; ekr;rpth aNt.”
,g;ghliyg; ghuhazk; nra;ahj irt mbahHfs; ,y;iy vdyhk;.
ey;y ek;gpf;ifia Cl;Ltd ,th;jk; ghly;fs; cs;sj;jpy; rptd;
,Ug;gpd; NfhSk;> ehSk; vd;d nra;a KbAk;? vd tpdtpf; NfhsWgjpfk;
ghbdhH. NfhsWgjpfk; ghbd; jPikfs; tpyfp XLk; vd;gJ irth;fspd;
ek;gpf;ifahFk;. mjpy; mikAk; xUghly;
NtAW Njhspgq;fd; tplKz;lfz;ld;
kpfey;y tPiz jltp
khrW jpq;fs; fq;ifKbNky; mzpe;njd;
csNk GFe;j mjdhy;
QhapW jpq;fs; nrt;tha; Gjd; tpahod; nts;sp
rdpghk; gpuz;L KlNd
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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MrW ey;yey;y mit ey;yey;y
mbahH mth;f;F kpfNt.”
rk;ge;jh; ghly;fspy; ahg;Gk;> re;jKk; ,ize;J moF nra;fpd;wd.
gz;Zf;Nfw;gNt ,tUila ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd. akfk;> jphpG> Vfghjk;
Nghd;w nrhy;yzpfisf; nfhz;L mikfpd;wd. %th; ghba Njthuj;jpy;
Kjyhtjhf miktJ. ,tuJ Njthug; ghly;fSf;F ke;jpuq;fSf;Fhpa
typikAz;L vd;gJ.
Qhdrk;ge;jh; gy;NtW mw;Gjq;fisr; rptdUshy; epfo;j;jpath;.
kapiyapy;> ,we;J vYk;G kl;Lk; vQ;rpa G+k;ghit vDk; ngz;iz caph;
ngwr; nra;jhH. jpUkiwf; fhl;by; Nfhapy; jpUf;fjitj; jk; ghl;lhy;
%Lk;gbr; nra;jhH. nrq;Fd;W}hpy; Fspuhy; thbNahhpd; Fspiug; Nghf;fpdhH>
jpUtPopkpoiyapy; kf;fs; tWikapy; thlr; rptid Ntz;bg; nghw;fhR ngw;W
tWikg; gpzp ePf;fpdhH. fhtphpapy; Xlk; jhNd ,aq;Fk;gbr; nra;jhH.
jpUkUfypy; ghk;Gfbj;J ,we;J fztid vz;zp mOj kidtpapd; Jah;
ePf;fg; gjpfk; ghbf; fztDf;F caph; nfhLj;j mw;Gjk; nra;jhH. kotd;
kfSf;F Vw;gl;l fLikahd Kayfd; vDk; Nehapidg; Nghf;fpdhH. $d;
ghz;badpd; ntg;G Nehia ePf;fpdhH. jpUNthj;J}hpy; Mz;gidiag; ngz;
gidahf;fp mw;Gjk; epfo;j;jpdhH. mdy;thjk;> Gdy;thjq;fspy; VL
jPf;fpiuahfhJk;> Mw;W ePiu vjph;j;Jr; nry;Yk; tz;zKk; mw;Gjk; Ghpe;jhH.
jpUePw;wpd; ngUikiaj; jkpo; cyfpw;F vLj;Jiuj;J „ke;jpukhtJ ePW‟ vd;W
$wpg; gjpfk; ghbdhH.
,th; fhyk; Vohk; E}w;whz;L (fp.gp.610-655) rpWj;njhz;lh; ,th;
fhyj;jth; vd;gjhy; kNfe;jputh;kdpd; ,wjpf;fhyk;> mth; kfdl eurpk;kth;kd;
Ml;rpapd; njhlf;ff; fhyk; ,th; fhykhff; fUjyhk;. jpUehTf;furh; fhyKk;
,jidnahl;b mikAk;. Qhdrk;ge;jh; re;jpj;j ehad;khHfs; jpUehTf;furh;>
rpWj;njhz;lh;> jpUePyfz;lh;. ,th; tho;e;j Mz;Lfs; 16. gjpdhwhk; tajpy;
jpUkzk; nra;Ak; epiyapy; ey;Y}Hg; ngUkzk; vd;Dk; Chpy; ,tUk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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kzg;ngz;Zk; kw;iwNahUk; ngUQ;Nrhjpapy; fye;J kiwe;jdh; vd;gJ
tuyhW.
jk;ikj; jkpo; Qhdrk;ge;jd; vd;W NgRk; Qhdrk;ge;jh; jkpo; ,ir
cyfpw;Fk; gf;jp cyfpw;Fk; fpilj;j ngUq;fUT+yk; vdyhk;.
jpUehTf;furh;
4> 5> 6 jpUKiwfs; ,th; ghbajhFk;. ,tw;iw KiwNa jpUNehpir>
jpUf;FWe;njhif> jpUj;jhz;lfk; vd;W toq;Fth;. ,e;ehadhH jpUKidg;ghb
ehl;by; jpUth%hpy; GfodhHf;Fk; khjpdpahHf;Fk; Gjy;tuha;j; Njhd;wpdhH?
,aw;ngah; kUs;ePf;fpahH. ,sikapy; rkzj;ij ehb> jkf;if jpyftjpapd;
mUshy; Kjpa tajpy; irtj;jpw;F khwpath;. rkzj;jpypUe;j kd;dd;
kNfe;jputh;kidr; irtj;jpw;F khw;wpath;. ,th; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; irt
rkak; Ntfkhf tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ. 81 Mz;Lfs; tho;e;jth;.
kUs;ePf;fpahH rkzj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ jUkNrdh; vDk; gl;lg; ngah;
ngw;whH. thf;Ff;F <rh; vDk; nghUspy; thfPrH> ehTf;furh; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;lhH. ngUik fUjp Qhd rk;ge;juhy; „mg;gh;‟ vd;W Nghw;wg;l;lhH.
jhz;lfk; ghLk; jpwikahy; „jhz;lf Nte;jh;‟ vDk; ngaUk; ,tUf;FhpaJ.
Qhdrk;ge;jh; ghly;fs; Njthuj;jpuy; Kjypy; ,lk; ngwpDk; fhyj;jhy;
jpUehTf;furh; Qhdrk;ge;jUf;F Ke;jpath;. ,th; ghba Kjw;fjpfk; jpUtjpif
tPul;lhdj;J ,iwtd; kPJ ghbaJ. tPul;lhdj;J ,iwtNd ,th;jk; #iy
Nehia ePf;fp> jk; mbahuha; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. rkzk; khwpr; irtk; Nrh;e;j
epiyapy;
„$w;whapdthW tpyf;ffpyPH nfhLik gynra;jd ehd; mwpNad;‟ vd;W
kdkpuq;fp Ntz;LfpwhH. ,JNt ,th; ghba Kjw;gjpfk;.
,th; ghba gjpfq;fs; 313. ghly;fs; 3066. Mapd; Re;juh;> mg;gh; ghba
ghly;fs; 49000 vd;gh;. Qhdrk;ge;jh; ghly;fspy; 23 gz;fs; cs;sd. ,tuJ
ghly;fspy; 10 gz;fs; cs;sd. kNfe;jputh;kd; fhyj;jth; vd;gjhy; ,th;
fhyk; fp.gp Vohk; E}w;whz;L vdyhk;.
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,iwtid KOikahf ek;gptpbd; ve;jj; Jd;gKk; ,y;iy vDk;
fUj;Jila nghpath; jpUehTf;furh;. vdNtjhd; jpUj;jhz;lfj;jpy;
„ehkhHf;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk; ekid mQ;Nrhk;
eufj;jpy; ,lHg;gNlhk; eliy ,y;NYhk;
Vkhg;Nghk; gpzp mwpNahk; gzpNthk; my;Nyhk;
,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jd;gkpy;iy.‟
vd;fpwhH. NkYk; ,iwtd; mUs; ,Uf;fj; Jd;gk; vy;yhk; vg;gb khWk;
vd;gij (rkzh;fs; Rz;zhk;Gf; fhsthapy; ,tiu milj;j NghJ
vg;gbapUe;jJ vdg; ghLfpwhH).
„khrpy; tPizAk; khiy kjpaKk;
tPRnjd;wYk; tPq;fpsNtdpYk;
%Rtz;liwg; ngha;ifAk; Nghd;wNj
<rd; ve;ij ,izab ePoNy‟ vd;gh;.
Fyk; Nfhj;jpuj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifAs;s fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jpUehTf;furh;
mtw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ tpag;gpw;FhpaJ. rhj;jpuk; NgRgth;fis
„rhj;jpuk; NgRk; rof;fh;fs;
Nfhj;jpuKk; FyKk; nfhz;L vd; nra;tPH
ghj;jpuk; rptk; vd;W gzpe;jPNuy;
khj;jpiuf;Fs; mUskhw; NgwNu‟
vdr; rhLfpd;whH.
nka;ikia cothfTk;> tpUg;gj;ij tpijahfTk;> ngha;ikiaf;
fisahfTk;> nghWikia ePuhfTk;> jk;ikNa jhk; Muha;e;J> eLTepiyik
NtypahfTk;> rhd;whz;ik vDk; gz;G nfhz;L epd;why; rptfjp tpisAk;
vdf;$Wk; ghly; mofpa ctik eakpf;fJ.
Qhdrk;ge;jh; Nghd;W ,tUk; mfj;Jiwg; ghly;fis cs;sk;
nefpo;r;rpAWk;gbg; ghLfpd;whH. fhjy; nfhz;l ngz; vy;yhtw;iwAk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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kwe;JtpLths;. mts; kwhtjpUg;gJ jiytid kl;LNk. ,q;Fj; jiytd;
rptdhf> mtdplj;jpy; gf;jp (fhjy;) nfhz;l ngz;zpd; kdepiyiaf; fhl;Lk;
,g;ghly; mw;Gjkhd mfg;ghlyhFk;.
„Kd;dk; mtDila ehkk; Nfl;lhs;:
%Hj;jp mtdpUf;Fk; tz;zk; Nfl;lhs;
gpd;id mtDila M&H Nfl;lhs;
ngah;j;Jk; mtDf;Nf gpr;rpahdhs;
md;idiaAk; mj;jidAk; md;Nw ePj;jhs;
mfd;whs; mfyplj;jhH Mrhuj;ij
jd;id kwe;jhs; jd; ehkk; nfl;lhs;
jiyg;gl;lhs; eq;if jiytd;jhNs‟
Qhdrk;ge;jh; Nghd;wpy;yhJ ,th;jk; ghly;fs; gzpTk; FioTk;
nfhz;ld. cothug; gzpiag; ngUk; gzpaha; Nkw;nfhz;lhH. vdNt ,th;
rhpia khHf;fj;jth; vd;gh;.
rq;fh; ,Ue;jjh ,y;iyah vDk; Ma;T> mwpQH ngUkf;fspilNa
fUj;J NtWghl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpj;j epiyapy; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Kjd;Kjypy;
rq;fk; vDk; thHj;ijia „ed;ghl;Lg; Gytdha;r; rq;fNkwp ew;fdf;fpop jUkpf;
fUspNdhd; fhz;‟ vDk; thpfspy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
jpUg;ghz;bf; nfhL Kb rptdhk; el;lidj; njho ek; tpid ehrkhFk;
vd;gh;. ,tUila ghly;fspd; mbg;gil ke;jpuk; „,iwtid milapd;
midj;Jj; Jd;gKk; ePq;Fk;.‟ mtid milAk; top „vd; fld; gzp nra;J
fplg;gNj‟ vDk; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
Re;juh;
Re;juh; ghbait Vohk; jpUKiw. Njthuj;jpy; ,th; ghbait
%d;whtjhf mikAk;. ,th; ghba Vohk; jpUKiwf;Fj; „jpUg;ghl;L‟ vd
kw;nwhU ngaUKz;L. ,th; jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; gpwe;jtH. CH jpUehtY}H.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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je;ij riladhH. jha;,ir QhdpahH. kzf; Nfhyj;jpy; rptngUkhdhy;
jLj;jhl; nfhs;sg;gl;lth;. ,r;nra;jpiag; nghpa Guhzj;jpd; jLj;jhl;nfhz;l
Guhzk; tphpthff; $Wk;.
jd;idj; jLj;jtd; rptd; vd;W mwpe;jJk;> rptd; Nfl;ljw;Nfw;g „gpj;jh
gpiw#b> ngUkhNd mUshsh‟ vDk; gjpfj;ijg; ghbdhH. ,JNt ,th;
ghba Kjw;gjpfk; vdyhk;.
,th; fhyk; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L. ,tuJ ghlypy; 18 gz;fs;
cs;sjhff; $Wth;. fypg;gh tifapy; mlq;Fk;. ,d;W 100 gjpfq;fNs
fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;wpy; 1026 ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd. midj;Jg; ghly;fSk;
,irg; ghly;fs; vd;gJ rpwg;Gkpf;fJ. jpUj;njhz;lj;njhif ,th; ghbaNj.
,jpy; mWgJ ehad;khHfspd; tuyhW Rl;lg;gLtjhy;> ,jidg; nghpa
Guhzj;jpw;F Kjy; E}y; vd;gh;.
,iwtd; Re;juhpd; jpUkzj;ijj; jLj;jhl;nfhz;lhYk; jpUth&hpy;
guitahiuAk;> jpUnthw;wpA+hpy; rq;fpyp ehr;rpahiuAk; kzf;fr; nra;jhH.
,t;tpUtiuAk; ,th; kze;jikf;F Kd; gpwg;Ng fhuzk; vd;gh;.
,th; ,iwtid Nehf;fpg; ghba ghly;fspy; Njhoik czh;T tpQ;rp
epw;Fk;. ,tiu td;njhz;lh; vd;gh;. ,th; newp Nahf newp. vdpDk; Qhd
newpapYk; <LghL nfhz;lth; vd;gij
„................... tzq;FNthHf;F mwptpidf; nfhLf;Fk;
MUH mg;gNd‟
vDk; thpfs; tpsf;Fk;.
Re;juh; tho;e;j fhyk; gjpndl;L Mz;LfNsahFk;. ,th; ghba
ghly;fspy; gz;tiffSk; gjpndl;lhFk;. „tho;thtJ khak;‟ vd;wth;> mLj;J
„cly; kz;zhtJ jpz;zk;‟ vd;fpwhH. „nfhLf;fpyhjhidg; ghhpNa vd;W
$wpDk; nfhLg;ghhpy;iy‟ vd;gJ ,th; thf;fhFk;.
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kz;Zyfpy; moFkpf;ftuhfTk;> tpz;Zyfpy; Myhy Re;juuhfTk;
,Ue;jikahy; ,aw;nfah; kiwar; Re;juh; vDk; ngah; jpUKiwapy;
epiyj;jJ. ,tUila ghly;fs; tho;tpd; eilKiw ,ay;Gfis ed;F
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. rptid ehb CHCuhfg; NghdNghJ koghbAs; ,Uf;Fk;
rptid kwe;J Re;juh; nrd;Wtpl> rptd; „vd;id kwe;jidNah‟ vd;W Nfl;f
mjdhy; jkpo; cyfpw;Ff; fpilj;j ghly; vd;Wk; kwf;f ,ayhJ. ghliyf;
NfSq;fs;
„nghd;dhH NkdpaNd Gypj;Njhiy miuf;firj;J
kpd;dhH nrQ;rilNky; kpsph;nfhd;iw mzpe;jtNd
kd;Nd khkzpNa koghbAs; khzpf;fNk
md;Nd ciday;yhy; ,dpahiu epidf;NfNd‟
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l %tUk; (jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUehTf;furh;> Re;juh;) ghba
ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng Njthuk; Mapw;W. ,jid %th; ghba Njthuk; vd;gh;.
Njthu %tH> %th; Kjypfs; vd;nwy;yhk; ,th;fs; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
Njthuk; Nj= nja;tk;> thuk; = md;G nja;tj;jpd; Nky; nfhz;l md;gpdhy;
Njhd;wpa ghly;fs; vd;gh;.
khzpf;fthrfh;
,th; fhyk; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp vd;gh;. gy;yth; fhyk; ghz;ba
ehl;by; jpUthjT+hpy; me;jzh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. ,aw;ngah; jpUthjT+uh;.
mhpkh;j;jd ghz;badplk; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;. mikr;ruhf ,Ug;gpDk; kdk;
rptidNa ehbaJ. kd;dd; Fjpiu thq;ff; nfhLj;j nghd;id vLj;Jr;
nry;Yk; topapy; jpUg;ngUe;Jiw FUe;j kuj;jbapy; rptngUkhd; ,tUf;F
Qhdhrphpadhf ntspg;gl;L mUs; cgNjrk; nra;a nfhz;L te;j nghd;id
,iwg;gzpf;Fr; nryT nra;J ghz;badpd; jz;lidf;F Mshfp> ,iwtdhy;
gpd;dh; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;ltH. ,th; tho;e;j fhyk; 32 Mz;LfNs.
,iwtd; khzpf;fthrfUf;fhf ehpiag; ghpahf;fpAk;> gpl;Lf;F
kz;Rke;Jk; jpUtpisahly; Ghpe;jhd;.
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NjD}Wk; jpUthrfk; irtj; jpUKiwapy; vl;lhtjhf mikfpwJ.
jpUf;NfhitahUk; ,th; vOjpaNj. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; $WtJNghd;W
ctl;lhky; ,dpg;gJ jpUthrfk;. jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhH xU thrfj;jpw;Fk;
cUfhH vd;gJ %Jiu. fUq;fy; kdKk; frpe;JUfr; nra;tJ.
jpUthrfk; rptGuhzk; Kjy; mr;Nrhg;gjpfk; <whf 659 ghly;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. ,th; thrfq;fs; khzpf;fk; Nghy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wikahy;
khzpf;fthrfh; vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhH.
jpUf;NfhitahH jkpopy; Kjw;Nfhit E}y; vDk; rpwg;gpidg;
ngWtjhFk;. mfj;Jiwahf mikAk; ,e;E}y; ntWk; rpw;wpd;gj;ij ey;fhJ
mjd; topahfg; Nghpd;gj;jpd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;Fk;. rptid ehafpahfTk;
khzpf;fthrfuhfpa Md;khit ehafdhff; fhZk; ghtidapy; mike;Js;sJ.
,e;E}Yf;Fg; Nguhrphpah; ciu cs;sJ. fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwapy; mike;j 400
ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUthrfg; ghly;fs; vspikahdit. gy ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ghly;fspd; re;jk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ngz;fs; tpisahl;Lfis vLj;Jiuf;Fk;
ghly;fs; eakhdit.
thdhfTk;> kz;zhfTk;> tspahfTk;> xspahfTk;> CdhfTk;>
capuhfTk; gy;NtW epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtidr; rpf;nfdg;
gpbj;Jf;nfhz;Nld; vd;fpwhH khzpf;fthrfh;.
„ghy;epide;J}l;Lk; jhapDk; rhyg;ghpe;J> eP ghtpNaDila
Cdpid cUf;fp> cs;nshsp ngUf;fp> ctg;gpyh Mde;jkha
Njdpidr; nrhhpe;J Gwk;Gwk; jphpe;j nry;tNk rptngUkhNd
ahDidj; njhlhe;J rpf;nfdg; gpbj;Njd; vq;nfOe;jUStJ ,dpNa‟
vd ,iwtid Nehf;fp tpdTfpd;whH.
,iwtd; jpUtbia epidg;gpd; vJTk; Ntz;lhk; vDk; epiyapy;
„cw;whiu ahd; Ntz;Nld;
CHNtz;Nld; NgHNtz;Nld;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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fw;whiuahd; Ntz;Nld;
fw;gdTk; ,dp mikAk;
Fw;whyj;J mkh;e;JiwTk;
$j;jh cd; Fiufow;Nf
fw;whtpd; kdk; Nghyf;
frpe;JUf Ntz;LtNd”
vd kdKUfp Ntz;LfpwhH.
khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUntk;ghit rptj;njhz;lh;fs; ghuhazk; nra;Ak;
ngUik ngw;w E}yhFk;. khHfop khjk; fd;dpg; ngz;fs; ghit Nehd;G
Nehw;gijr; Rl;Lfpd;wJ.
ekr;rptha tho;f> ehjd;jhs; tho;f vdj; njhlq;Fk; jpUthrfk;
gbg;NghH kdtho;if tskilar; nra;Ak; E}yhFk;. Nkiy ehl;lwpQH
[p.A.Nghg; mth;fs; ,jd; ngUik fUjpj; jpUthrfj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop
ngah;j;Js;shH.
%th; ghbaJ Njthuk; vd;gJ Nghd;W> irt rkaf; Futh;fshfpa
ehy;th; ghbaJ (jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUehTf;furh;> Re;juh;> khzpf;fthrfh;) irt
ehd;kiwfs; vd;W Gfog;gLk;. rptngUkhNdhL md;ghy; gf;jpahy; ,ize;j
,g;nghpahHfs; rptngUkhNdhL ngw;w cwTepiy vt;thW mike;jJ vdpd;>
Qhdrk;ge;jh; gps;isahfTk; (rj;Gj;ukhHf;fk;)> jpUehTf;furh; njhz;luhfTk;
(jhrkhHf;fk;)> Re;juh; NjhodhfTk; (RfkhHf;fk;)> khzpf;fthrfh; rPluhfTk;
(rd;khHf;fk;) vz;zj;jf;f tifapy; mike;jJ.
xd;gjhk; jpUKiw
jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L ,t;tpU E}y;fSk; xd;gjhk; jpUKiw.
xd;gjpd;kh; ghba ghly;fisj; jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L vd
tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. nkhj;jk; 29 gjpfq;fs;. ,e;jj; jpUKiwapy; 301
ghly;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpd; fhyk; gj;jpypUe;J gjpndhd;whk; E}w;whz;L
vd;gh;. gjpfq;fspy; nghpJk; rpjk;guk; gw;wpNa cs;sJ.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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1. jpUkhspifj; Njth;
NghfKdpthpd; khzth;. fUT+Hj;Njth;> Nre;jdhH ,thpd; rkfhyj;jth;.
ehd;F gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. 45 ghly;fs;> rpjk;guj;ijg; Gfo;e;J ghLfpwhH.
ehd;fhtJ gjpfj;jpy; gpw rkaq;fis ,opj;Jiuf;fpd;whH. ,tuJ gpwe;j
Cuhfpa jpUthtLJiwapy; ,tUf;F klKs;sJ. ,th; gpzj;ij elf;fj;
nra;jjhfTk;> nte;j gaiw Kisf;fr; nra;jjhfTk; $Wth;.
2. fUT+Hj;Njth;
,tiuf; fUT+Hr;rpj;jh;> fUT+Hg;gpuhd; vd;Wk; toq;Fth;. gj;Jg;
gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. 105 ghly;fs; ,yf;fpa tuyhW vOjpa K.mUzhryk;
mth;fs; fUT+Hj;Njth; NtW> fUT+Hr;rpj;jh; NtW vd;gh;.
3. Nre;jdhH
jpUtPopkpoiyapy; ,Ue;jth;. gl;bdj;jbfsplk; gzp Ghpe;jth;.
jpy;iyapy; tpwF tpw;Wf; fpilf;Fk; gzj;jpy; mbahUf;F cztspj;J
te;jhH. rptgpuhd; ,th; md;ghy; kfpo;e;J ,thplk; $opidAz;L kfpo;e;jjhff;
$Wth;. ehd;F gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. 47 ghly;fs;. ,jpy; jpUtpilf;fopg;
gjpfk; KUfd; rpwg;gpidf; $WtJ.
4. fz;luhjpj;jh;
,th; fhyk; gj;jhk; E}w;whz;L. je;ij> Kjy; guhe;jfr; Nrhod;.
kidtp gpw;fhyr; Nrho tuyhw;wpy; Gfo;ngw;w nrk;gpad; khNjtpahH vDk;
%j;j gpuhl;bahH. Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd; jhj;jhTk;> cj;jkNrhodpd;
je;ijAkhthH. ,th; ghbaJ gj;Jg;ghly;fNs. gj;Jk; jpy;iyapd;
Gfo;ghLtd.
5. G+e;JUj;jp fhltek;gp
,th; CH jpUg;G+e;JUj;jp. irt kuG. rpjk;guk;> jpUth&H gw;wp ,uz;L
gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. 12 ghly;fs;. gd;dpUjpUKiwfspy; NtW ehad;khHfs;
ahUk; ghlhj rhsu ghzpg;gz;izg; ghbath; ,tuhthH.
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6. Ntzhl;lbfs;
Nruehl;ilr; rhHe;jth;. njd; jpUtpjhq;$H. ,th; rpjk;guk; gw;wp xU
gjpfk; ghbAs;shH. NtzhL vd;gJ ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilnahl;ba gFjp vd;gh;.
7. jpUthypaKjdhH
NrhoehL. mKjdhH ,th; ngah;. jpUthyp nrhe;j Cuhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
gjpfq;fs; 42 ghly;fs;. rq;f ,yf;fpa Mw;Wg;gilfs; tpwypiaf; Nfrhjpghj
tUzid nra;tJ Nghd;W ,th; ,iwtidg; ghjhjp Nfr tUzidapy;
ghLfpd;whH.
8. Nrjpuhah;
,th; kd;dd; kugpdh;. ehL Nrjp ehL. ,J ,d;iwa jpUf;NfhtY}H
gFjpapy; cs;sJ. ,th; rpjk;guk; gw;wp xU gjpfk; ghbAs;shH. ,g;gjpfk;
mfg;nghUs; nghjpe;jjhf mike;Js;sJ.
9. GUNlhj;jk ek;gp
me;jzkuG - 2 gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. ghLnghUs; jpy;iy - 22
ghly;fs;. Nrjpuhah; Nghd;W ,th; ghly;fspYk; mfj;Jiwf; fUj;Jf;fs; kpFjp
vdyhk;.
gj;jhk; jpUKiw
jpU%yUila jpUke;jpuk; gj;jhk; jpUKiwahFk;. jpU%yh; $Ltpl;Lf;
$L ghAk; ty;yik ngw;wth;. ,f;fiy gw;wp mth; njhlh;ghff; fijnahd;W
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,th; vOjpa jpUke;jpuk; Vida jpUKiwfistpl fhyj;jhy;
Ke;jpaJ. ,th; tlGyj;J Kdpth; gjQ;ryp Nghd;NwhNuhL jkpo;ehl;bw;F
te;jth; vd;gh;. %yd; vd;w ,ilad; clk;gpy; GFe;J tho;e;jjhy; %yd;
vDk; ngah; ngw;Wj; jpU%yuhdhH.
,th; fhyk; fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;L. jpUke;jpuk; 3000
nra;Al;fisAilaJ. xt;nthU ,aYk; je;jpuk; vDk; ngaiug; ngWk;. 9
je;jpuq;fshAk;> mit 232 mjpfhuq;fshfTk; gFf;fg;gl;ls;sd. ,e;E}iyj;
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jkpo; %thapuk; vd;Wk; miog;gh;. ntz;ghtpw;Fk; tpUj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;L
ntz;lis gapd;W tUk; ahg;gpy; mike;j E}y; ,JthFk;.
ghly;fs; ngUk;ghYk; cUtfq;fshfNt mikfpd;wd. jj;Jtf;
fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L kpsph;fpd;wd. ke;jpuk; Nghy; miktjhy;
jpUke;jpukhapw;W. nrhw;fspy; vspik> fUj;Jf;fspy; mUik vd mikAk;.
,iwtd; ,y;yhj ,lkpy;iy. ,f;fUj;jpid
„NjDf;Fs; ,d;gk; rptg;Ngh? fWg;Ngh?
thDf;Fs; <ridj; NjLk; kjpapyPH
NjDf;Fs; ,d;gk; nrwpe;jpUe;jhw;Nghy;
CDf;Fs; <rd; xspe;jpUe;jhNd‟
vd vspikahfj; jUthH.
jpU%yhpd; jhuf ke;jpuk; md;Ng rptk; vd;gJ. ,jid
„md;Gk; rptKk; ,uz;nld;ghH mwptpyhH
md;Ng rptkhdJ MUk; mwpfpyhH‟
vd;gh;.
QhdnewpAk;> NahfnewpAk;> jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fSk;> rpj;j kUe;jpay;
fUj;Jf;fSk; kpFjpAk; cs;s E}y; jpUke;jpuk;.
„xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;‟ vd;W ,d;W midtUk; $Wk; ,t;thp
jpU%yh; je;jjhFk;. mJNghd;W „ehd; ngw;w ,d;gk; ngWk; ,t;itafk;
„cs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy;‟ „ed;Nw epidkpd; ekdpy;iy‟.
„vd;id ed;whf ,iwtd; gilj;jdd;
jd;id ed;whfj; jkpo; nra;AkhNw‟
,itahTk; jpUke;jputhpfNs. jpU%yhpd; jkpo;g;gw;Wk; ,jdhy; tpsq;Fk;.
gjpNdhuhe; jpUKiw
gd;dpUth; ghba ehw;gJ E}y;fs; 1401 ghly;fs; gjpNdhuhe;
jpUKiwahf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
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1. jpUMythAilahH
nrhf;fehjhpd; jpUKfg; ghRuk; ,JthFk;. ghz gj;jpuh; tWikiag;
Nghf;fr; NrukhDf;Fr; nrhf;fehjh; vOjpaJ. ,J gjpNdhuhe;jpUKiwapy;
Kjyhtjhf mikfpwJ. fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.
2. fhiuf;fhy;mk;ikahH
gd;dpU jpUKiwapy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpath;. fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;L
vd;gh;. Ie;J vd;W $WjYk; cz;L. fhiuf;fhypy; gpwe;jikahy; ,t;thW
miof;fg;gl;lhH. ,aw;ngah; Gdpjtjp. fzth; gukjj;jd;. CH ehfg;gl;bdk;.
,th; fzth; fhiuf;fhyk;ikahhpd; nja;tPfr; rf;jpiaf; fz;L ,dp mtNuhL
tho KbahJ vd tzq;fp tpilngw> fztd; ePq;fpajhy; jd; moif
ntWj;Jg; Nga; Nghy; jphpe;J Rliyapy; MLk; Ngadhk; rptdplk;
md;Gnfhz;L mtidg;ghb tljpUthyq;fhl;by; rptd; eldk; fz;L Kj;jp
ngw;whH. fapiyf;Fr; nrd;W mg;Gz;zpa G+kpapy; jd; fhyb glf;$lhJ vdj;
jiyahy; ele;jth;. rpt ngUkhdhy; „mk;ikNa‟ vd miof;fg;gl;l khjurp.
„gpwthik Ntz;Lk;” vd tuk; Ntz;ba mk;ikahH. ,th; ghbad ehd;F
E}y;fs;. jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfq;fs; - 2 jpUtpul;ilkzpkhiy>
mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjp> nkhj;jk; 148 ghly;fs;. mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjp me;jhjpj;
njhilapy; mike;j 101 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,th; fhyj;jhy;
Ke;jpath; vd;gjw;Nfw;g ,tuJ gjpfq;fs; %j;j jpUg;gjpfq;fs; vd
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. rk;ge;jUf;Fk; Ke;jpath;. Vnddpy; rk;ge;jh;
jpUthyq;fhl;bw;f te;jnghJ mq;Fk; fhiuf;fhyk;ikahH ngUik mwpe;J
me;jg; gFjpapy; jhk; fhyhy; elg;gjh vd epidj;J cs;Ns nry;yhJ
eilaD}hpNyNa jq;fptpl;ljhff; $Wth;. vdNt gd;dpUjpUKiwfs;
ghbNahhpy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpNahH ,tUk; jpU%yUk; vdyhk;.
irt Myaq;fspy; cs;s mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khHfspy; 62 Ngh;
epd;w Nfhyj;jpy; ,Uf;f ,th; kl;LNk mkh;e;j Nfhyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpwg;Gg;
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ngw;wth;. ,th; ghly;fspy; rptdpd; Mlw;rpwg;Gk;> rptd; MLk; Rliyapd;
rpwg;Gk; ,lk;ngWk;. rptd; Ntz;bahHf;F Ntz;ba tbtpy; tUgtd; vd;gij
„vf;Nfhyj;J vt;TUtha; vj;jtq;fs; nra;thHf;Fk;
mf;Nfhyj;J mt;TUNt ahk;‟
vd mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjpapy; rptd; ngUikia tpsf;FthH.
vy;yhk; rptNd vd;gij
„mwpthDk; jhNd; mwptpg;ghd;jhNd;
mwptha; mwpfpd;whd;jhNd; mwpfpd;w
nka;g;nghUSk;jhNd; tphprlh;ghH Mfhak;
mg;nghUSe; jhNd mtd;‟
vDk; ghly; czh;j;Jk;.
3. Iabfs; fhlth;Nfhd;
gy;yt mur kugpdh;. 63 ehad;khHfspy; xUth;. ,th; vOjpa E}y;
Nrj;jpuj; jpUntz;ghthFk;. nkhj;jk; 24 ghly;fs;. ghly;NjhWk; rptj;jyk;
xd;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ,uz;L ghly;fspy; kl;Lk; rptj;jyk;
Rl;lg;gltpy;iy.
4. fy;yhl NjtehadhH
fz;zg;g ehadhhpd; tuyhw;iwj; jpUfz;zg;gH jpUkwk; vdk;
jiyg;gpy; 38 mbfspy; ,izFws; Mrphpag;ghtpy; ghbAs;shH. fy;yhlk;
vDk; E}y; vOjpath; ,tud;W vd;gh;. rq;ffhyg; ngaiuj; jdf;Fr; #l;bf;
nfhz;lhH.
5. ef;fPu NjtehadhH
Mwhk; E}w;whz;L. ,tiur; rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nrh;j;Jj; jpUKUfhw;Wg;
giliag; gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwapy; Nrh;j;Js;sdh;. c.Nt.rhkpehjIah;
mth;fSk; ,th; rq;f fhyj;jth; vd;gh;. ,th; vOjpa 10 E}y;fisAk; ghHf;f>
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ,aw;wpa ef;fPuh; NtW> ,th; NtW vdyhk;. ,ilf;fhyj;J
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te;NjhH ngUik fUjpr; rq;f fhyg; Gyth;fspd; ngah;fis
itj;Jf;nfhz;ldh; vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;. (v.fh. fy;yhlNjtd;> ef;fPuNjtH>
fgpyNjth;> guzNjth;) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ePq;fyhf ,th; ghba Vida
xd;gJ E}y;fs;. 1. ifiy ghjp fhsj;jp ghjpae;jhjp 2. jpU<q;Nfha;kiy
vOgJ 3. jpUtyQ;Rop Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> 4. jpUntO $w;wpUf;if> 5. Nfhgg;
gpurhjk;> 6. fhnul;L (fhH-Nkfk;)> 7. Nghw;wpf; fypntz;gh> 8.
jpUf;fz;zg;gNjth; jpUkwk; 9. ngUe;Njtghzp
,th; ghly;fspy; xU fUj;J khWgl;Ls;sJ. rptdpd; jpUKb fhzg;
gpukd; md;dkha;r; nrd;wjhf midj;Jg; GuhzKk; $w ,th; fOfha;r;
nrd;wjha;f; $Wfpd;whH.
6. fgpyNjtehadhH
,th; fhyk; 11Mk; E}w;whz;L. fgpyh; ngaiu itj;Jf;nfhz;lhH.
mth; ghbait %d;W E}y;fs;
1. %j;j ehadhH jpU,ul;il kzpkhiy – 200 ghly;fs; tpehafh;
njhlh;ghdJ
2. rptngUkhd; jpU,ul;il kzpkhiy – 37 ghly;fs;
3. rptngUkhd; jpUte;jhjp
7. guzNjtehadhH
fp.gp. 10Mk; E}w;whz;L rptngUkhd; ngauhy; ,th; ghba me;jhjp
„rptngUkhd; jpUte;jhjp‟ ahFk;. 101 ntz;ghf;fs;. ,th; ghly;fspy;
rptdpd; gy;NtW rptj; jyq;fs; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mbahHngUik NgRk; E}y;
,Jthfk;.
8. ,sk;ngUkhdbfs;
,th; ghbaJ rptngUkhd; jpUKk;kzpf;Nfhit. 30 ghly;fs;. ,tUk;
Jwtpahf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gh;. ,th; fhyk; ek;gpahz;bhH ek;gpf;F Kw;gl;lJ
vd;gh;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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9. mjpuh mbfs;
fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;L. mbfs; vd;gjhy; ,th; Jwtpahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
,th; ghba E}y; „%j;j gps;isahH jpUKk;kzpf;Nfhit‟. Kg;gJ ghy;fs;
ghbajhff; $Wth;. ,d;W fpilg;gJ 23 ghly;fs;
10. Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhH
Nruehl;L kd;dh; kugpdh;. 63 ehad;khHfspy; xUtH. Re;juhpd; ez;gh;.
Re;juh; mUshy; Fjpiuapd; fhjpy; Ie;njOj;J Xjp mjd; typikahy;
Re;juNuhL fapiy nry;Yk; NgW ngw;wth;. jpUePW mzpe;jhH khl;L md;G
nfhz;lth;. ,th; ghba E}y;fs; %d;W.
1. jpUf;fapyha Qhd cyh (Kjy; cyh E}y; Mifahy; ,J Mjp cyh
vdg;gLk;)
2. nghd;tz;zj;je;jhjp
3. jpUth&H Kk;kzpf;Nfhit
11. gl;bdj;jbfs;
,aw;ngah; jpUntz;fhlh;. fhyk; 10Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp. fhtphpg;
G+k;gl;bdj;J tzpfh;. jpUnthw;wpA+hpy; rkhjpahdth;. ,th; ghbad.
1. Nfhapy; ehd;kzpkhiy
2. jpUf;fOky Kk;kzpf;Nfhit
3. jpUtpilkUJ}H Kk;kzpf;Nfhit
4. jpUNtfk;gKilahH jpUte;jhjp
5. jpUnthw;wpA+H xUgh xUg/J
12. ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp
,uhruhrdpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W %th; Njthuj;NjhL> gpd;Njhd;wpa
E}y;fisAk; Nrh;j;J 11 jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jspj;jth;. ,tiuj; jkpo;
tpahrh; vd;gh;. njhFj;jjpd; fhuzkhfg; ngw;w ngah; ,JthFk;. ,th; CH
jpy;iyiaaLj;j jpUehiuA+H. me;jz kuG. ,th; ,aw;wpa xd;gJ E{y;fs;
gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;nthd;gJ E}y;fspy; xd;W
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jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp. ,e;E}Ny nghpaGuhzj;jpw;F Kjy; E}yhf mike;J
mbahH ngUik NgRtJ. jpUKiwiaj; njhFg;gpj;jtd; Kjy; ,uhruhrd;
vd;gjpy; mwpQHfspilNa fUj;J NtWghL cs;sJ.
gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw
Nrf;fpohH vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; vDk; nghpa Guhzk; 12 Mk;
jpUKiwahFk;. ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp 11 Mk; jpUKiw tiuapy; njhFj;jhH.
gpd; te;NjhH nghpa Guhzj;ijAk; ,izj;Jj; jpUKiwfs; gd;dpuz;lhff;
fz;ldh;. (fhg;gpaq;fs; gFjpapy; nghpa Guhzk; gw;wp tphpthff; fhzyhk;.)
itzt ,yf;fpaq;fs;
irtg; nghpNahHfspd; ghly;fs; gd;dpUjpUKiw vd toq;fg;gLtJ
Nghd;W> itztg; nghpNahHfspd; ghly;fs; ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; vdg;
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. itjPf rkak; vDk; nghJ epiyapypUe;J gphpe;jit
irtKk;> itztKk;> jpUkhiyj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wpg; guTfpwJ itztk;.
gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyj;jpy; Mo;thHfspd; ghly;fshy; itztk; Gfo;
ngw;Wg; gutpa NghjpYk;> njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpNyNa jpUkhy; khNahd; vd
Ky;iy epyf; flTshfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whd;. ghpghlYk; khNahd; ngUik
NgRk;. GwehD}Wk; fypj;njhifAk; jpUkhy; ngUik Rl;Lk;.
gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; itztKk; irtKk; Nghl;b Nghl;L tsh;e;jd.
,uz;Lk; rkz ngsj;j rkaq;fspd; nry;thf;fpidf; Fiwj;jd. itzt
,yf;fpaq;fs; gf;jpg; ghRuk; vd;w mstpy; mikahJ. fhg;gpaq;fshfTk;>
gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fshfTk; tsh;e;J jkpOf;Fg; ngUik Nrh;j;jd.
itztg; ghRuq;fisg; ghba Mo;thHfs; 12 Ngh; fp.gp.700 njhlq;fp 900
tiu ,th;fs; fhyk; vdyhk;. Kjy; %d;W Mo;thHfs; fhyj;jhy;
Ke;jpath;fs;. Nfhapy; NjhWk; nrd;W ehad;khHfs; Nghd;W ,irNahL ghly;
ghbj; jpUkhiyg; gutpAs;sdh;. jpUkhYf;Fhpa itztj; jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W
ghbAs;sdh;. Mo;thH ghly;fspy; fhzyhFk; czh;r;rpg; ngUf;if Vida
gf;jpg; ghly;fspy; fhz;gJ mhpNjahFk;.
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ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk;
vz; E}w;ngah; ghbNahH – gpwg;G ghly;
vz;zp
f;if
gpw nra;jpfs;
1. Kjy; jpUte;jhjp ngha;ifaho;thH
Ig;grp>jpUNthzk;
100 ngha;ifapy; gpwe;jth;>
fhQ;rpGuk;
2. ,uz;lhk;
jpUte;jhjp
G+jj;jho;thH
Ig;grp> mtpl;lk;
100 gpwg;G khky;yGuk;
3. %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp Ngaho;thH
Ig;grp> rjak;
100 kapyhg;G+H> Nkw;fz;l
%tUk; Kjy; Mo;thHfs;
%th; vd;gh;.
4.
5.
ehd;fhk; jpUte;jhjp
jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk;
jpUkopiraho;thH
ij> kfk;
96
120
re;jg;ghf;fs; njhlq;fpath;
rpj;jh;. jpUkopir CH.
jpUkhiyj; jd; fl;lisf;F
,ira itj;jhH.
6.
7.
8.
9.
jpUtpUj;jk; ek;kho;thH
itfhrp
100 Mo;thH jpUefhp. khwd;>
guhq;Frd; vdg; gyngah;.
,tuJ jpUtha;nkhop
jpuhtpl Ntjk; vdg;gLk;.
,jw;Fhpa ciufs;
tpahf;fpahdq;fs; vd;gh;.
jpUthrphpak; 7
nghpajpUte;jhjp 87
jpUtha;nkhop 1102
10. jpUg;gjpfk; kJuftpaho;thH
rpj;jpiu> rpj;jpiu
11 ,th; ghRuj;ijf; fz;zp
Ez; rpWjhk;G vd;gh;.
jpUkhiyg; ghlhJ
ek;kho;thiu kl;Lk; ghbath;.
11. jpUg;gy;yhz;L nghpaho;thH
Mdp> Rthjp
137 ,aw;ngah; tp\;Zrpj;jh;.
=tpy;ypGj;J}H. Mz;lhspd;
tsh;g;Gj;je;ij.
gps;isj;jkpo; ,yf;fpa
Kd;Ndhb
12. nghpaho;th; jpUnkhop 460
13. ehr;rpahH jpUnkhop Mz;lhs;
(Njhl;lj;jpy;
fz;nzLj;j
Foe;ij vdNt
khjk; el;rj;jpuk;
143 #bf;nfhLj;j ehr;rpahH.
jpUkhiyg; gjpahf
milatpUk;gpath;. ,tuJ
jpUg;ghit ghlhj rpWkpah;
,y;iy ehr;rpahH
14. jpUg;ghit
(rq;fj;jkpo; khiy
Kg;gJ)
30
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njhpatpy;iy jpUnkhopapy; jpUkzr;
rlq;Ffs; kpFjpahfj;
jUfpd;whH.
15. nghpa jpUnkhop jpUkq;ifaho;thH
fhHj;jpif
1084 jpUf;FiwaD}H> fs;sh;kuG>
rpw;wurh; topg;gwp nra;J
jpUkhyhy; jpUe;jpath;.
,tuJ MWE}y;fSk;
Ntjq;fspd; MW mq;fk;
vd;gh;. jpUtuq;fdplk;
<LghL.
16. jpf;Fwe;jhz;lfk; 20
17. jpUneLe;jhz;lfk; 30
18. jpUntO$w;wpUf;if 1
19. rpwpa jpUkly; 1
20. nghpa jpUkly; 1
21. jpUkhiy njhz;lubg;nghb
Mo;thH khHfop>
Nfl;il
145 jpUtuq;fDf;Fr; Nrit
nra;jth;. jpUtuq;fid
kl;LNk ghbath;.
,aw;ngah; tpg;uehuhazd;.
jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rpapy; ,th;
muq;fid Ntz;LtJ
cs;sj;ij cUf;Fk;.
22. jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp 10
23. jpUg;gjpfk; jpUg;ghzho;thH
fhHj;jpif>
Nuhfpzp
ghzh;Fyk;
10 mkydhjpgpuhd; vdj;
njhlq;Fk; 10 ghRuq;fs;.
rhjp gf;jpf;fj; jil ,y;iy
vdj; jpUkhy; ,th; %yk;
czh;j;jpdhH. CH
ciwA+H
24. ngUkhs; jpUnkhop FyNrfu Mo;thH
khrp> Gdh;G+rk;
105 Nrukd;dh; kuG. ,uhkgf;jp
kpf;fth; fhyk; fp.gp.10k;
E}w;whz;L.
jpUNtq;flj;jhDk;
tpj;Jtf;Nfhl;lk;khDk; ,tH
ftpijfspy; vd;Wk;
mUshl;rp nra;th;.
ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpd; ngUikia ehk; mwpafhuzkhdth;
ehjKdpfs; Mth;. ehjKdpfspd; fhyk; fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.
rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffspy; ,lk;ngWk; khiy> kly;> me;jhjp> gps;isj;jkpo;> J}J
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fSf;f ,it Kd;Ndhb vdyhk;. gioa ntz;gh> gj;J
Mo;thHfis kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Mz;lhisAk;> kJu ftpaho;thiuAk;
tpl;LtpLfpwJ. kJuftp Mo;thH jpUkhiyg; ghlhj fhuzj;jhYk;> Mz;lhs;
ngz; vd;gjhYk; ePf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;gh;.
ehyhapuk; ghly;fspd; njhFg;G ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag;gpuge;jk; Mapw;W.
nkhj;jk; 24 E}y;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ghbNahH 12 Ngh;. ehd;F gphpthf
,jidg; gFg;gh;.
gd;dpU Mo;thHfs;
1. ngha;ifaho;thH
gd;dpU Mo;thHfspy; ngha;ifaho;thH> G+jj;jho;thH> Ngaho;thH Mfpa
%tiuAk; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lth;fs; vdf;fUjp Kjy; Mo;thHfs; vdg;
Nghw;Wth;. fhyk; fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L. ngha;ifapy; Ig;grp jpq;fs;
jpUNthz ehspy; jpUkhypd; ghQ;r re;epak; vDk; rq;qpd; mk;rkhf gpwe;jth;.
CH fhQ;rpGuk;. ,th; ghbaJ Kjy; jpUte;jhjp. fstop ehw;gJ ghba
(gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;) ngha;ifahUk; ,tUk; xUtNu vd;W K.
,uhfitaq;fhH $Wth; ,f;fUj;J Vw;Gilj;jd;W.
,th; jpUtuq;fk;> jpUtpz;zfuk;> jpUNtq;flk;> jpUnt/fh
jpUf;NfhtY}H Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ciwAk; jpUkhypd; ngUikiag;
ghbAs;shH. me;ehjpj; njhilf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,th; ghly;fs; mikfpd;wd.
100 ghly;fs; ghbAs;shH. mtw;Ws; xd;W
“ita;e; jfspah thHflNy nea;ahf
nta;a fjpNuhd; tpsf;fhfr; -nra;a
Rluhop ahdbf;Nf #l;bNdd; nrhy;khiy
,luhop ePq;FfNt vd;W”
jpUkhiyr; Rluhopahd; vdg; guTfpd;whH.
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2. G+jj;jho;thH
jpUkhiyg; G+jk; vdg; gy ,lq;fspy; ghbAs;sikahy; ,g;ngah;
ngw;whH. jpUf;fly; ky;iyA+hpy; (khky;yGuk;) Ig;grp jpq;fs; mtpl;l ehspy;
jpUkhypd; fjhAjj;jpd; mk;rkhfj; Njhd;wpdhH. ngha;ikaho;thH gpwe;j
kWehs; ,th; gpwe;jjhff; $WtH. jpUNtq;flk;> jpUtuq;fk;> jpUg;ghlfk;>
jpUtj;jpA+H> jpUf;Fl%f;F Mfpad ,th; ghba jyq;fshFk;. ,th; ,aw;if
moifg; gf;jpNahL ,izj;Jg; ghLfpd;whH. jkpo; kPJ ,th; nfhz;l
gw;wpidj; jpUkhiy Nehf;fpg; ghLk; ghlypy; fhzKbfpwJ.
“,Ue;jkpo; ed;khiy ,izabf;Nf nrhd;Ndd;
ngUe;jkpopy; ey;Ntd;nghpJ”
ghLtH. NkYk; jd; jkpio „Qhdj;jkpo;‟ vd;gh;.
ngha;ifahH „itae; jfspah‟ vdj; njhlq;f ,th; jk; ghliy „md;Ng
jfspah Mh;tNk nea;ahf....‟ vdj; njhlq;ffpd;whH. ,th; ghbaJ ,uz;lhk;
jpUte;jhjp. 100 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
3. Ngaho;thH
gpwe;jJ kapyhg;G+H. jpUkhy; kPJ kaf;fk; tUkstpw;F kpFjpahd gf;jp
nfhz;L Nga; Nghy; Mbg;ghbj; jphpe;jjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;whH. Ig;grp jpq;fs;
rja ehspy; gpwe;jhH. fp.gp.6Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. ,th; ghbaJ %d;whk;
jpUte;jhjp. 100 ghly;fs;. jpUf;NfhtY}hpy; ,k;%d;W Mo;thHfSk; re;jpj;Jj;
jpUkhy; ngUikiag; ghbajhff; $Wth;. ,q;Fj; jpUkhypd; Nfhyj;ijg; ghLk;
ghly; eakpf;fJ.
„jpUf;fz;Nld; nghd;Nkdp fz;Nld; jpfOk;
mUf;fd; mzpepwKk; fz;Nld; - nrUf;fpsUk;
nghd;dhop fz;Nld; Ghprq;fk; iff;fz;Nld;
vd;dhop tz;zd;ghy; ,d;W‟
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vdg; ghLfpd;whH. Mo;thHfspy; itztk; irtk; vd;w NtWghbd;wp
jpUkhNyhL rptidAk; ,izj;Jg; ghba ngUikf;Fhpath;. ,th; rptd;
Nfhyj;ijak; ,izj;Jj; jpUkhyhaf; fhz;fpwhH.
„jho;rilAk; ePz;KbAk; xz;kOTk; rf;fuKk;
#ouTk; nghd;dhZk; Njhd;Wkhy; - #Ok;
jpuz;lUtp ghAk; jpUkiyNky; ve;ijf;F
,uz;LUTk; xd;wha; ,ire;J‟
vdf; fhZk; epiy kfpo;r;rpf;FhpaJ.
4. jpUkopiraho;thH
gpwe;j CH njhz;ilehl;L jpUkopir. ijj;jpq;fs; kf el;rj;jpuj;jpy;
gpwe;jth;. rf;fuj;jpd; mk;rk; vd;gh;. ngw;Nwhhpd;ikahy; jho;e;j Fyj;jpy;
tsh;e;jhH vd;gh;. gj;jprhuh; vd;nwhU ngaUz;L. fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;L. Kjy;
%d;W Mo;thHfSk; gpw rkaj;ijf; fbe;Jiuf;ftpy;iy. Mapd; ,t;tho;thH
gpw rkaj;jhiur; rhLfpd;whH.
rpj;jh; rptthf;fpah; ,th; vd;gh;. ,f;fUj;J Ma;tpw;FhpaJ. ,th;
tPuitzth;. rkz ngsj;jh;fis kl;Lkpd;wpr; irth;fisAk; ,opthfg;
NgRfpd;whH.
„mwpahH rkzh; mah;j;jhH ngsj;jh; rpwpahH rptg;gl;lhH‟
vd;gJ ,tuJ thf;fhFk;. ,th; ghly;fspy; jpUkhypd; jpUtpisahly;fSk;
mtjhuq;fSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
,tuJ rPlh; fzpfz;zd. rPlUf;fhj; jpUkhiyNa fhQ;rpGuj;jpypUe;J
Gwg;gLk;gbf; $wp kd;dd; Ntz;l kWgbAk; fhQ;rpf;F tUk;gb $wpa
kzptz;zdhk; jpUkhiyg; gw;wpg; ghba ghly;
“fzpfz;zd; Nghfpd;whd; fhkUG+q; fr;rp
kzptz;zh eP fplf;f Ntz;lhk; - JzpTila
nre;ehg; Gytd;ahd; nry;fpd;Nwd; : ePAKd;wd;
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ige;ehfg; gha;RUl;bf; nfhs;”
RUl;bf;nfhs; vd;wTld; jpUkhy; Gwg;gLfpd;whd;. ige;ehfg; gha; tphpj;Jf;
nfhs; vd;wTld; jpUkhy; jpUk;gp tUfpd;whd;. mbahhpd; md;gpw;F Mz;ltd;
fl;Lg;gLjiy ,e;epfo;r;rp tpsf;Fk;.
5. ek;kho;thH
fhyk; fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L. ghz;ba ehl;bd; jpUf;FU$H gpwe;j
CH. ,th; jhahH cilaeq;ifahH CH Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; ehQ;rpy; ehl;by;
Njhthis tl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s jpUg;gjprhuk; (jpUntz;ghprhuk;). ,t;T+H 108
jpUg;gjpfSs; xd;W. mq;Fs;s jpUkhiy „vd;jpUtho;khHgd;‟ vd chpikAld;
Nghw;Wfpd;whH. ek;kho;thH. jpUf;FU$H ,d;W Mo;thHj;jpUefhp vd;w
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Ntshsh; kuG. je;ij fhhpahH. jha; cila eq;if.
gpukhjp Mz;L itfhrpj;jpq;fs; ngsh;zkpapy; cjpj;jjhff; $Wth;.
16 Mz;Lfs; Gspa kuj;jbapy; ,Ue;jjhff; FU guk;giuf; fij $Wk;
gpwe;jTld; NgrhJ Cikahf ,Ue;jth;. ,tUf;Fg; gy ngah;fs;
toq;Ffpd;wd. xt;nthd;Wk; fhuzg; ngauhfNt mikfpd;wJ. rlk; vDk;
thAitr; rpde;jikahy; „rlNfhgh;‟ chpik fhuzkhf „ek;kho;thH‟
cyfpaYf;F khwhf ,Ue;jikapd; „khwd;‟ ,th; ahj;j E}ypd; ngUik fUjp
„jpuhtpl rpR‟ gpw kjq;fshfpa ahidf;F mq;Frk; Nghd;W tpsq;fpaikahy;
„guhq;Frh;‟ vd miof;fg;gl;lhH.
jpU.tp.f. ek;kho;thiug; nghpJk; Gfo;th;. „,th; gpwe;j jkpo;ehl;il
kdj;jhy; epidj;J> thahy; tho;j;jp> ifahy; njhOfpNwd;‟ vd;gh;.
ek;kho;thH Fd;wpid neLkhyhfNt fhz;gh;. kioiaj; jd;id MWk;
ehuhazd; tUifahfNt fhz;gh;.
ek;kho;thH jpUthrphpak;> jpUtha;nkhop> jpUtpUj;jk;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp
vd ehd;F E}y;fs; ,aw;wpAs;shH. ,tw;iw itzth;fs; rJH (ehd;F)
Ntjkhfg; Nghw;Wth;. ,tw;Ws; jpUtha;nkhop itzth;fs; ehSk; XJk;
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ngUik ngw;wJ. „jpuhtpl Ntj rhuk;‟ nre;jkpo; Ntjk; „Md;wjkpo;kiwfs;
Mapuk;‟ vd;nwy;yhk; Nghw;wg;gLk;. ,jidj; je;jikahy; ,th; jpuhtpl rpR
vdg; Nghw;wg;gLth;. njd;fiy itzth;fs; jpUtha; nkhopia ke;jpukhff;
fUJth;. nghpath;r;rhd;gps;is jpUtha;nkhopf;F tpsf;fkhd jj;JthHj;j
ciunaOjpAs;shH. vOj;njz;zpf;fhf;fg;gLk; E}y; ,JthFk;. ,jidr;
rhkNtjj;jpd; rhuk; vd;gh;. ek;kho;thH ghbait jpUtha;nkhop vdTk;
VidnahH ghbait jpUnkhop vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLjNy ,th; ngUikia
tpsf;Fk; jd;ikaJ.
ek;kho;thHf;Ff; fhZkplnky;yhk; fz;zzhfNt fhl;rp jUfpwJ.
mirAk; nghUs; mirahg;nghUs; midj;jpYk; mtidNa fhz;fpwhH.
cz;Zk; NrhWk;> gUF ePUk;> jpd;Dk; ntw;wpiyAk; vy;yhk; fz;zd; vk;
ngUkhd; vd;fpwhH. ,th; ghly;fspy; jpUthrfk;> Njthuk; Nghd;w
jpUKiwfspd; jhf;fj;ijf; fhz KbfpwJ. mg;gh; Nghd;W rhjpiar; rhLk;
NtshsH ,th;. (jpUtha;nkhop - 2971) vq;Fk; jpUkhiyf; fhZk; mth;
ghly;.
“G+itAk; fhahTk; ePyKk; G+f;fpd;w
fhtp kynud;Wk; fhz;nlhWk; - ghtpNad;
nky;yhtp nka;kpfNt G+hpf;Fk; mt;tit
vy;yhk; gpuhd;cUNt‟
vd;fpwhH. ghtpNad; vd;W jd;id miog;gJ khzpf;fthrfiu epidT+l;LtJ.
mfj;Jiwg; Nghf;fpy; md;dj;ijj; J}JtpLk; fhjy;kpF gf;jpg;ghlYk;
jpUtha;nkhopapy; mike;Js;sJ.
„.....................
jphpnad; ,dp cd; ruzk; vd; rd;kk; fisNa
..... ,ize;jhLk; md;dq;fhs;
flypd; Nkdpg;gpuhd; fz;zid neLkhiyf;fz;L
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clyk; iee; njhUj;jpAUFk; vd;W czh;j;JkpNd‟
vdg;ghLk; ghly; eakpf;fJ. gd;dpU Mo;thHfspy; ngUikkpf;f ek;kho;;thhpd;
Mo;thHj;jpUefhpiaf; fz;lNghJ ,uhkhErh; ngw;w ,d;gk; ahJ? mth; ghlNy
gjpyhf mikAk;.
„,JNth jpUefhp <Njh nghUie
,JNth gukgjj;J vy;iy - ,JNthjhd;
Ntjk; gfh;e;jpl;l nka;g;nghUspd; cl;nghUis
XJk; rlNfhgd; CH
Mo;thHj;jpUefhpia milAk; xt;nthU itztUk; ngWk; ,d;gk;
,JNtahFk;.
6. kJuftpaho;thH
me;jzh;Fyk;. CHjpUf;NfhtY}H. ghly;fspd; ,dpik fUjp kJuftp
vdg;gl;lhH. tlehl;Lj; jyq;fisf; fhzr;nrd;w nghJ mNahj;jpapy; xU
Nrhjp njhpa mijg; gpd;gw;wp te;J ek;kho;thhpd; jpUf;FU$H mile;jhH.
mq;F Nahf epiyapy; ,Ue;j ek;kho;thHf;F mbikahfp> mtiuNa
nja;tkhff; fz;L ghbdhH. jpUkhiyg; ghlhJ jpUkhypd; njhz;lh;
ek;kho;thiu kl;Lk; ghba xNu Mo;thH ,tNu. ,jdhy; ,tiu gd;dpU
Mo;thHfspy; Nrh;f;fhJ tpl;ldh; vd;gh;.
,th; ek;kho;thiug; ghba ghRuk; fz;zp Ez; rpW jhk;G vdg;gLk;.
gj;Jg;ghly;fNs cs;sd. mg;ghly;fspy;
„........... njd;FU$H ek;gpnad;wf;fhy;
mz;zpf;Fk; mKJ}Wk; vd; ehTf;Nf‟
vdTk;
„............
NjTkw; wwpNad; FU$H ek;gp
ghtp dpd;dpir ghbj; jphptNd‟
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vdTk; ghLth;. jpUkhy; cl;gl ek;kho;thH jtpu NtW nja;tkpy;iy vDk;
Nghf;fpy; ,th; ghly;fs; mikfpd;wd.
Ntshsh;> me;jzh; Nehf;fpy; mg;gh; rk;ge;jh; Nghd;W> mjdpDk; Nkyhf
me;jzh; kJuftp> Ntshsh; ek;kho;thiuj; nja;tkhff; fUjpaJ ,iwad;G
rhjp fle;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Fk;.
7. FyNrfuho;thH
CH jpUtQ;irf;fsk;. Nru mur kugpy; Njhd;wpth;. khrpkhjk; Gdh;G+r
el;rj;jpuj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. nfsj;Jtkzp mk;rk;. ,aw;ngah; FyNrfuh;.
ngUkhsplk; nfhz;l <Lghl;lhy; FyNrfug; ngUkhs; vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
jpUtuq;fj;Jj; jpUkhyplk; nfhz;l md;gpdhy; muirj; Jwe;J mbahH
Nritapy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf;nfhz;lth;. mjw;fhf muRJwe;jikiaj;
jk;ghlypy; „fk;gkjahidf; fOj;jfj;jpd; kPjkh;e;J ,d;gkUk; nry;tKk;
,t;tuRk; ahd; Ntz;Nld;‟ vdf; $Wtjhy; czuyhk;.
fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L. tlnkhopapYk; njd; nkhopapYk; rpwe;j
Gyik ngw;wth;. muq;fidg; Nghd;W ,uhkdplj;jpy; kpFe;j <LghL
nfhz;lth;. ,uhkidg; gw;wpa rkar; nrhw;nghopTfis tpUk;gpf; Nfl;L>
mjpy; xd;wpg; Nghdth;. jkpopy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopAk; (105 ghly;fs;)
tlnkhopapy; KFe;jkhiyAk; ,th; ,aw;wpait. ghly;fspy; jk;ikf;
Nfhopf;Nfhd; $ly; ehafd;> nfhy;ypf; fhtyd; vd;gh;. nfhy;yp ehl;il
Mz;ljhff; $Wth;. ,th; tpj;Jtf; Nfhl;lk;khidAk;> jpUNtq;flj;jhidAk;
ghba ghRuq;fs; neQ;ir nefpo;tpg;gd. „jpUNtq;fl kiyapd; gbahff; fple;J
jpUkhypd;g ts tha;‟ fhz tpUk;GfpwhH. vdNt xt;nthU itztj;
jpUNfhtpypYk; ,iwtdpd; fUtiwf;F Kd; cs;sgb „FyNrfud; gb‟ vd;w
ngahpy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mJNghy; „thshy; mWj;Jr; RbDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;
khshj fhjy; Nehahsd; Nghy;‟ tpj:Jtf; Nfhl;lk;khdplk; jhd; md;G nfhz;L
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,Ug;gjhff; $Wfpd;whH. vd;dJah; jhpDk; tpj;Jtf; Nfhl;lk;khNd cidad;wp
vdf;Fr; ruzpy;iy vd;fpwhH.
„jUJahkp jlhNaYd; ruzy;yhy; ruzpy;iy
tpiuFYT kyh;g;nghopy; #o;tpj;Jtf; Nfhl;lk;khNd
mhprpdj;jhy; <d;wjha; mfw;wpbDk;> kw;wts;jd;
mUs;epide;NjaOk; Fotp mJNt Nghd;wpUe;NjNd‟
vdj; jd; epiyiaf; $Wfpd;whH.
,th; ghba jaujd; Gyk;gy; ,yf;fpa eak; kpf;fJ. mjpy; ,uhkidj;
jhyhl;Lk; ghly; gbf;fg; gbf;f ,d;gk; gag;gJ.
„kd;DGfo;f; nfsriyjd; kzptapW tha;j;jtNd
njd;dpyq;iff; Nfhd; Kbfs; rpe;Jtpj;jha; nrk;nghd;Nrh;
fd;dped;kh kjpy;Gil#o; ,uhftNd jhNyNyh‟
vd;Dila ,d;dKNj ,uhftNd jhNyNyh‟
vd ehKk; Nrh;e;J jhyhl;Lk; ,d;gk; gag;gJ.
jpUtuq;fk;> jpUf;fz;zGuk;> jpy;iy Mfpa jyq;fSf;F kq;fshrhrdk;
nra;Js;shH. jpUtuq;fj;jpd; %d;whk; kjpiy ,th; fl;bajhff; $Wth;.
8. nghpaho;thH
jpUtpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; gpwe;jth;. Mdpj;jpq;fs; Rthjp ehs; mk;rk;
fUlhk;rk;. ,tUf;F „tp\;Zrpj;jd;‟ „gl;lh;gpuhd;‟ vd;Dk; ngah;fSk; cz;L.
,th; fhyk; fp.gp.9Mk; E}w;whz;L. ghba E}y;fs; ,uz;L 1. jpUg;gy;yhz;L 2.
nghpaho;thH jpUnkhop. fz;zidf; Foe;ijahf;fp ,th; ghba ghly;fs;
gpd;dh; gps;isj; jkpOf;F mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLj;jJ vd;gh;.
fz;zidj; jhyhl;Lk; NghJ ,th; aNrhijahfNt khwp tpLfpd;whH.
fz;zd; CJk; Foy; Nfl;L „GtpAs; ehd; fz;lNjhH mw;Gjk;‟ vdf; $wp
Mde;jf; fz;zPH tbf;fpd;whH. jd;Dila ghw;fliytpl;Lj; jpUkhy; jd;
neQ;rpy; ,Ug;gjhff; fUjpg; nghpaho;thH
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„jdpf;flNy! jdpr;RlNu! jdpAyNf! vd;nwd;W
cdf;fplkh apUf;f vd;id cdf;F chpj;jhf;fpidNa‟
vdg; gutrkhfpg; guTfpd;whH. fz;zdpd; ghj fkyq;fisf; fhz thhPH gts
thapidf; fhz thhPH vd miof;fpd;whH. nghOjpUf;Fk; fhyj;jpNyNa
muq;fid tzq;fptpLq;fs; vd;fpwhH. fz;zidj; jhyhl;Lk; ghly; ek;ikAk;
jhyhl;Lk;. me;jj; jhyhl;L ,Njh
„khzpf;fk; fl;b tapuk; ,ilfl;b
Mzpg; nghd;dhw; nra;j tz;zr; rpWnjhl;by;
Ngzp Adf;Fg; gpukd; tpLje;jhd;
khzpf;FwsNs! jhNyNyh!
ita kse;jhNd! jhNyNyh!‟
nghpaho;thhpd; tsh;g;G kfNs Mz;lhs;.
9. Mz;lhs;.
jpUkhYf;F Ml;gl epidj;jikahYk; jpUkhyhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;
gl;likahYk; Mz;lhs; Mapdhs; vd;gh;. fhyk; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L
Jsrpg; ghj;jpapy; nghpaho;thuhy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lth;. Mbj;jpq;fs; G+u
el;rj;jpuj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,th; G+kfs; mk;rk; vd;gh;. Nfhij ,aw;ngah;.
gpd;dh;f; Nfhij ehr;rpahH vdTk;> #bf;nfhLj;j Rlh;f;nfhb vdTk;>
nghpaho;thH ngw;nwLj;j igq;nfhb vdTk; Nghw;wg;gLth;.
jpUkhiyf; fztdhf mila tpUk;gpath;. ,th; ghba E}y;fs;
jpUg;ghitAk; (30 ghly;fs;)> ehr;rpahH jpUnkhopAk; (143 ghly;fs;) ,uz;LNk
gj;jpr; Rit kpf;fd. khHfop khjj;jpy; jpUkhiy milAk; tiffisg;
ngz;fSf;F ePuhLk; topahf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; E}y; jpUg;ghit. khh;fop Kbag;
ngz;fSf;F topjUk; ij gpwf;Fk;. Mz;lhs; fz;zdplk; nfhz;l fhjy;
cs;sj;ijf; fdT cs;sj;ij ehr;rpahH jpUnkhop vLj;Jiuf;Fk;. ,e;E}y;
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mf;fhyj; jpUkzr; rlq;Ffis ed;F vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ
mk;kp kpjpf;Fk; rlq;if Kjd; Kjypy; $Wgth; Mz;lhNs.
ghHf;Fk; fhAk;> fdpAk; jpUkhyhfNt Mz;lhSf;Ff; fhl;rp jUfpd;wd.
fz;zd; CJk; rq;ifg; ghHj;J Mz;lhs; fhjyhy; Gyk;Gk; ghly; rq;f
,yf;fpa mfg;ghly;fis tpQ;rp epw;gJ.
„fw;G+uk; ehWNkh? fkyg;G+ ehWNkh?
jpUg;gtsr; nrt;tha; jhd; jpj;jpj; jpUf;FNkh?
kUg;nghrpj;j khjtd; jd; tha;r;RitAk; ehw;wKk;
tpUg;Gw;Wf; Nfl;fpd;Nwd; nrhy; Mopntz;rq;Nf.‟
10. njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thH
,th; CH Nrhoehl;Lj; jpUkz;lq;Fb. Fyk;> Kd; FLkpr; Nrhopa
me;jzh; Fyk;. khHfopj; jpq;fs; Nfl;il ehspy; jpUkhypd; tdkhiy
mk;rkhf mtjhpj;jth;. ,aw;ngah; tpg;uehuhazd;. fhyk; 9Mk; E}w;whz;L.
jpUkq;ifaho;thH fhyj;jth;.
jpUtuq;fj;jpy; ee;jtdk; itj;J muq;fDf;Fr; Nrit nra;jhH.
nghpaho;thH =tpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; nra;j Nritia ,th; jpUtuq;fj;jpy; nra;jhH.
jpUtuq;fj;jpy; tho;e;J te;j Njt Njtp vDk; jhrpf;F mbikahdhH.
,iwtd; mUshy; kdk; khwpj; njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thH vdg; gf;jp cyfk;
Nghw;Wk; NgW ngw;whH.
,th; ghbait jpUkhiy> jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp. jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rpapy;
mike;j ,g;ghly; rkak; kwe;Jk; Nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ. mg;ghly; tUkhW.
„gr;irkh kiyNghy;Nkdp gtstha;fkyr; nrq;fz;
mr;Rjh mku NuNw Mah;jk; nfhOe;Nj vd;Dk;
,r;Rit jtpa ahd;Ngha; ,e;jpuNyhf khSk;
mr;Rit ngwpDk; Ntz;Nld; muq;fkh efUshNd‟
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„jpUkhiy‟apYk; muq;fidad;wp ahUkpy;iy vd;gijj; njhz;lubg;
nghbaho;thH cUf;fkhfg; ghLfpd;whH.
„ChpNyd; fhzp ,y;iy cwTkw;W xUth;,y;iy
ghhpy;epd; ghj%yk; gw;wpNyd; guk%Hj;jp
fhnuhsp tz;zNd fz;znd fjW fpd;Nwd;
MUsh;fisfz; mk;kh muq;fkh efUshNd.‟
FyNrfuho;thH ,tiu „Mbg;ghb muq;fhNth vd;wiof;Fk; njhz;lubg; nghb/
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. muq;fid kl;LNk ghbath;.
11. jpUg;ghzho;thH
Nrho ehl;L ciwA+hpy; gpwe;jth;. =tj;rk; vDk; jpUkUtpd; mk;rkha;
nea; taypy; Njhd;wpdhH. gpwe;j khjk; fhHj;jpif. el;rj;jpuk; cNuhrpzp.
ghzh; Fbapy; tsh;e;jikahy; ghzho;thH vdg;gl;lhH. ,irapy; ty;yth;.
jpUtuq;fk; nry;yj; jaq;fp> fhtphpf; fiuapy; epd;W muq;fidg; ghbdhH>
,opFyj;jhH vdf; fUjp ,th;kPJ fw;fis tPrpdh;. muq;fd; rhuq;f Kdpth;
fdtpy; Njhd;wpj; jiyapy; ,uj;j fhaj;Jld; fhl;rpaspj;J ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
jpUghzho;thiu ,opTgLj;jpaNj. mg;NghJ mth; ,jaj;jpy; ehkpUe;Njhk;
vd;whH. mtiu cd; Njhspy; Rke;J Myaj;jpw;F mioj;J tUf vdf;
fdtpy; $wp muq;fd; kiwe;jhH. rhuq;f KdptUk; muq;fd; Mizia
epiwNtw;wpdhH.
jpUtuq;fd; jpU cUitf; fz;l jpUg;ghzho;thH „mkydhjp gpuhd;‟
vDk; ghRuk; ghbdhH. ,j;jpUnkhop ghjhjp Nfrkhf mikfpd;wJ.
muq;fidf; fz;l fz;fs; NtW vijAk; fhzhJ vd;gij>
„mz;lh;Nfhd; mzpauq;fd; vd; mKjpidf;
fz;lfz;fs; kw;nwhd;wpidf; fhzhNt‟
vd;W czh;r;rpg; ngUf;fpy;ghb ,iwtNdhL ,uz;lwf; fye;J tpLfpwhH.
jpUkhy; VO cyifAk; cz;L My;,iyapy; Japd;wij Mo;thH
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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„Mykh kuj;jpd; ,iyNky; xU ghyfdha;
Qhyk; VOk; cz;lhd; muq;fj;J mutpd; mizahd;‟
vdg; guTfpd;whH.
12. jpUkq;ifaho;thH
gpwe;j CH Nrhoehl;bd; jpUkq;ifapy; jpUthypj; jpUefhpd; mUfpYs;s
jpUf;FiwaY}H. es tUlj;jpy; fhHj;jpif khjk; tpy;ypd; mk;rkha;j;
Njhd;wpath;. kuG - fs;sh; kuG. ,th; je;ij ePyd; gilj;jiyth;. ,tUk;
Nrho kd;ddpd; gilj;jiytuhf ,Ue;J> gpd;dh; kd;dd; mUshy; jpUkq;if
ehl;bw;F murdhfpath;. ,th; kidtp FKjty;ypahH jpUkhyplk; kpFe;j
gf;jp nfhz;lth;.
,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L. jpUkhyplj;jpy; nfhz;l
<Lghl;bd; fhuzkhf kd;dDf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba jpiwg; gzj;ij
nfhLf;fhJ rpiwg;gl;L ,wiaUshy; rpiw kPz;lhH. nfhs;isauha; tpsq;fpa
,tiuj; jpUj;jj; jpUkhYk; jpUkfSk; topg;Nghf;fuha; te;J epw;f ,th;>
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mUs;ngw;wth;.
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jpUtuq;fj;jd; %d;whk; kjpy; jpUg;gzpia Kbj;jjhff; $Wth;.
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jpUkhyplk; md;ig ahrpj;jy; eakpf;fJ. jpUkq;ifaho;thHf;F ePyd;> gufhyd;>
fypad;> fypfd;wp vdg; gy ngah;fs; toq;Ffpd;wd.
,th; ,aw;wpd 1. nghpa jpUnkhop 2. jpUf;FWe; jhz;lfk; 3.
jpUneLe;jhz;lfk; 4. jpUvO$w;wpUf;if 5. rpwpa jpUkly; 6. nghpa jpUkly;
vd;gd. jpuhtpl rpRthk; ek;kho;thhpd; jpuhtpl Ntjkhk; ehd;F E}y;fSf;Fk;
Mwq;fkha; ,e;j MW E}y;fisAk; itzth; Nghw;Wth;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ehuhazh vDk; ehkk; vtw;iwnay;yhk; jUk; vd;fpwhH.
„Fye;jUk;> nry;tk; je;jpLk; mbahH
gLJa uhapd nty;yhk;
epye;juQ; nra;Ak;> ePs;tpRk; gUSk;>
mUnshL ngUepyk; mspf;Fk;
tyk;jUk;> kw;Wk; je;jpLk; ngw;w
jhapDk; Mapdnra;Ak;
eyk;jUk; nrhy;iy ehd; fz;Lnfhz;Nld;
ehuhazh ntd;Dk; ehkk;‟
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ngz; ,d;gj;jpy; jpisj;jpUe;jgpd; mij ntWj;jikia vJif
eaj;NjhL rhw;Wfpd;whH.
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Mtpia ,oe;j ghtpaha; ,Ue;Njd;‟
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ahJ?
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vdf; $wp jkpNohL jpUkhiy ,izf;fpd;whH.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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4. Nrhoh;fhyk;
tprahydpd; ciog;ghYk; mtd;kfd; guhe;jfdpd; Mw;wyhYk;
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Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;. gy;yth;fhyj;jpy; jpUehTf;furh;> Qhdrk;ge;jh; Nghd;NwhH
gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gug;gpa NghjpYk; mitahtk; Nrhokd;dh;fs;
fhyj;jpNyNa njhFf;fg;gl;ld. irtj;jijg; gd;dpU jpUKiwfshfj;
njhFf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpAk;> Mo;thH ghRuq;fs; ahTk;
ehyhapuj; jpt;ag;gpuge;jkhf ntsptuf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j ehjKdpAk;
Nrhoh;fhyj;jtNu MtH.
rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp> Fz;lyNfrp Mfpa ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaitNa. IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fSk;> fk;ghpd; ,uhkhazKk;>
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vd;w gFg;G cs;sJ. ,JTk; tlnkhop kuigg; gpd;gw;wpaJ vd;gh;.
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,d;gk; tPL vDk; ehd;fpy; xd;Nwh mjw;F NkNyh Fiwapd; mJ rpW fhg;gpak;
vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
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ngUq;fhg;gpak;> rpWfhg;gpak; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wfpd;wJ.
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNKfiyg;gw;wp rq;fk; kUtpa
fhyj;jpy; tphpthfr; Rl;lg;gl;lJ. Vida ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; %d;widAk;
fhz;Nghk;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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rpyg;gjpfhuk;
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miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; jk;gpahd ,sq;Nfhtbfs;> jd;
mz;zdpd; ed;ikf;fhf ,sikapNyNa JwT G+z;lth;. vdpDk; jkpNohL
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rpyg;gjpfhuk; 5001 thpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ ,jpy; GfhH> kJiu> tQ;rp
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xt;nthU E}Yk; VNjDk; xU #oyhYk;> fhuzj;jhYk; vOe;Js;sJ rpyk;G.
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fztDld; nrd;whs; vd;W $wpdh;. mt;tkak; cldpUe;j rhj;jdhH
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mij ciuf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,sq;NfhtbfNs> ePH mijf; fhg;gpakhffg; gilf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;whH.
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kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLk; tifapYk; mwd; typAWj;Jk; tifapYk; ,aw;wpdhH.
,jid>
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ciurhy; gj;jpdpf;F cah;e;NjhH Vj;jYk;
Co;tpid cUj;Jte;J}l;Lk; vd;gJ}ck;
#o;tpidr; rpyk;G fhuzkhfr;
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rpyg;gjpfhuk; vDk; ngauhy;
ehl;LJ}k; ahNkhH ghl;Lilr; nra;As; - vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
E}y;fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,iwtid tho;j;jp topgLtJ kughf
,Ue;Js;sJ. Mdhy; rpyk;gpy; ,aw;ifia tho;j;jpAs;shH. QhapW> jpq;fs;>
kio Mfpatw;iwg; Nghw;wpg; ghbAs;shH. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; kw;wit
ahTk; fij khe;jh;fspd; ngahpy; epyt rpyk;G kl;Lk; ngz;ikapd; mzpfyd;
ngahpy; mike;Js;sJ. fhtpaj;jpd; jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;Jk; fUtpahf
,J nray;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
fijf;fU
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kheha;f;fz; kfs; fz;zfpf;Fk;> epfhpy;yhr; nry;td; khrhj;Jthdpd; kfdhd
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ePy tpjhdk; mikj;J mjpy; Kj;Jf;fisf; NfhHj;J ge;jy; Nghl;bUe;jdh;.
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,t;tho;j;ij>
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jpUkzk; Kbe;j gpw;iw ehspy; VOepiy khlj;J eLtpy; NfhtyDk;
fz;zfpAk; ,y;ywjijr; rpy ehs; ,d;GwNt elj;jpdh;. ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
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mikj;Jr; nrd;Ws;shH. fz;zfpia mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;NghJ NghjpyhH
jpUtpdhs; GfOila tbT> khjuhH njhONjj;Jk; jpwk; ngw;wts; vd;Dk;
fhl;LfpwhH. mj;jd;ikAila fz;zfpia kidawk; gLj;j fhijapy;
Nfhtyd; jd; cs;sk; tpUk;gpagb gyUk; ghuhl;Lfpwhd;. ,jidf; ftpQH
cythf; fl;Liu vd;Nw Fwpf;fpd;whH. ,jpy; fz;zfpiag; gw;wpf; Nfhtyd;
nfhz;bUf;fk; vz;zj;ij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,g;ghly; thpahdJ
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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khrW nghd;Nd tyk;Ghp Kj;Nj
fhrW tpiuNa fUk;Nj NjNd
kiyapilg; gpwth kzpNa vd;Nfh
ahopilg; gpwth ,irNa vd;Nfh - vDk; tpjj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
Nfhtyd; khjtpapd; khiyia thq;fp mk;khiyNa mq;Fr; nrd;W “tpLjy;
mwpah tpUg;gpdd; Mapdhd;”. fz;zfpNah> fztidg; gphpe;j Nrhfj;jpy;
kq;fy mzpjtpu gpwpjzp mzpahJ Nrhfr; rpj;jpukha; tpw;wpUe;jhs;. Gfhhpy;
,e;jpuDf;F elf;Fk; tpohtpd; NghJ NfhtyDk;> khjtpAk; fhyhlr; nrd;wdh;.
mq;Nf khjtpaplk; ,Ue;j ahio Nfhtyd; thq;fp ,ir kPl;b> ele;jha; thop
fhNthp vd;W fhzy; thp ghl khjtpAk; NT Fwpg;Gilats; Nghyg; ghbdhs;.
jd; fhjyp jd;dpiyj; jphpe;jhs; vdf;fUjp> Nfhtyd; fz;zfpaplk; nrd;whd;.
Nfhtyd; jd; kidtpia mioj;Jf; nfhz;L kJiu khefUf;Fr;
nrd;whd;. nry;Yk; topapy; fTe;jpabfis topj;Jizahfg; ngWfpwhd;.
mt;tbfNsh fz;zfpia>
fw;Gf;flk; G+z;l ,j;nja;tk; my;yJ
nghw;Gilj; nja;tk; ahk; fz;byk; - vd;W Nghw;Wfpd;whH. kJIuapy;
Mah;FbapUg;gpy; milf;fykhfpd;wdh;. fz;zfp jd; fztDf;F czT
rikj;Jg; ghpkhWfpwhs;. jhd; ,y;yhjjhy; ,d;dYf;F cs;shdhNah vd;W
Nfhtyd; $w> fz;zfp jhd; ,oe;jtw;iwg; gl;baypLk;NghJ>
mwNthHf;fspj;jYk; me;jzh; Xk;gYk;
JwNthHf;F vjph;jYk; njhy;NyhH rpwg;gpd;
tpUe;njjphp NfhlYk; ,oe;j vd;id
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Gwg;gl;ltd;. fs;td; vdf; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L nfhy;yg;gLfpwhd;. mj;Jaur;
nra;jpawpe;j fz;zfp ePjp Nfl;f mitf;fsk; nry;fpwhs;. ,j;Jauk; epfOk;
vd;gij kJiu khefUf;F tUk; Nfhtyd; fz;zfpf;F Kd;$l;bNa nfhbfs;
czh;j;Jtij
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NghUoe;J vLj;j Mnuapy; neLq;nfhb
thuy; vd;gd Nghy; kwpj;Jf; iffhl;l
vd;w thpfisj; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpapy; ,sq;Nfh mikj;Js;shH. thapNyhNa
thapNyhNa mwpT mw;w kd;ddpd; thapw; fhg;gtNd xw;iwr; rpyk;Glk; xUts;
te;jpUf;fpwhs; vd;gij ck; kd;ddplk; ciu vd;fpwhs;. jd; fztd; fs;td;
my;yd; vd;gijj; jd; fhw;rpyk;ig cilj;J epUgpf;fpwhs;. murpapd; rpyk;gpy;
,Ug;gJ Kj;Jg; guy;fs; MFk;. fz;zfpapd; fhw;rpyk;G khzpf;fj;jhy; MdJ.
jtwhd jPHg;igr; nrhy;ypa thiaj; jz;bf;Fk; tz;zk; khzpf;fg;guy;
kd;ddpd; thapy; gl;lij kd;dtd; tha; Kjw; njhpj;jJ kzpNa” vd;W
,sq;Nfh ghbAs;shH.
ghz;bad; jd; jtiw czh;e;J “ahNdh murd;> ahNdh fs;td; nfLf
vd; MAs;” vdf;$wp kuzj;ijj; jOtp tise;j nrq;Nfhiy epkph;j;jdhd;.
Mw;whr; rpdk; nfhz;l fz;zfp>
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rkhjhdk; nra;Ak; tpjkha;> ,k;khefUf;F xU rhgKk; cz;L MfNt> ,e;efh;
nts;sp thuj;J xs; vhpAz;z
ciurhd; kJiuNahL muR NfLWk;
vd;W RwpaJ. rptdk; jdpe;j fz;zfp jd;dpiy czh;e;J ghz;badpd;
epiyiaf; fz;L mtd; nra;j Fw;wk; VJkpy;iy vd;gij>
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,uhfitaq;fhH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. v];.itahGhpg;gps;isNah fp.gp.8 Mk;
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E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. 5001 mbfspy; 2146 mbfs; kl;LNk fijg;gFjp tUfpwJ.
30 fhijfspy;
1-10 fhijfs; GfhH fhz;lk; (10)
11-23 fhijfs; kJiuf; fhz;lk; (13)
24-30 fhijfs; tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; (7) MFk;. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; 11 tif
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ghuhl;Lfpd;whH.
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ghbAs;shH. jhd; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;> gpwkjf;
fho;g;GzHT ,d;wp vOjpAs;shH. GfhH efhpy; cs;s kf;fs; ,e;jpu tpohit
Kd;dpl;L mq;Fs;s midj;J Myaq;fspYk; topghL nra;jdh;.
gpwthahf;ifg; nghpNahd; NfhapYk;
mWKfr; nrt;Ntd; mzpjpfo; NfhapYk;
ths;tid Nkdp thypNahd; NfhapYk;
ePyNkdp nebNahd; NfhapYk;
khiy ntz;Fil kd;dtd; NfhapYk; - vDk; NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W
kf;fs; topghL nra;jikiag; ghbAs;shH. ,e;jpu tpoh elf;Fk; jUzk; Gwr;
rkaf; flTsUf;F topghL nra;J tzq;fpAs;sdh; mUfh;> Gj;jh; MfpNahhpd;
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xd;Wgl;L Njrpa tpohthff; nfhz;lhbAs;sdh;. Nfhtiy mwpKfg;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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gLj;Jkplj;J khjuhH fz;Nlj;Jk; nrt;Ntd; ,tndd;W KUff; flTNshL
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NgRfpwhH. fz;zfpAk;> NfhtYk; czT cz;Zk; fhl;rpiaf; fz;zDk;
eg;gpd;ikAk; Nghd;W fhl;rpaspg;gjhff; fhl;LfpwhH.
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tpohtiwfhij njhlq;fp gtj;jpwk; mWnfdg; ghit Nehw;w fhij <whf
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mbfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
kJiu khefhpy; fs;td; vdf; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L> Nfhtyd;
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kfisAk; mt;topiaNa gpd;gw;wr; nra;fpwhs;. Mirfisnay;yhk;
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fpl;Lk; vd vjph;ghHf;Fk; rpj;uhgjpaplk; ,ts; vd; kfs; md;W
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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khngUk; gj;jpdp kfs; kzpNkfiy
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,we;Jtpl;lhy; gj;jpdp ngz;bH mj;Jd;gj;ijj; jhq;fhJ ,wg;gh;. mq;qdk;
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fth;e;jtisf; fhzhJ ftiyAld; nrd;whd;. gspf;fiwapypUe;J ntspte;j
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gpbj;j fy;tpg; ngUk;Giz tpLck;
ehzdp fisAk; khnzopy; rpijf;fk;
G+z;Kiy khjnuhL Gwq;fil epWj;Jk;
grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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mj;jd;ikAila grp vDk; Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;jp te;jhs;. Kd;G
kyh;g;ngha;ifapy; fhzhky; Nghd cjaFkhud; gpd;njhlh;e;J tUtij
czh;e;J kzpNkfiy jd; cUtj;ij khw;wpf; fharz;bifapd; cUtj;ij
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhs;.
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ntd;W tPL NgW mile;jhs;.
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rpj;jhde;j ghujp gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
fhnjhspUk; Fz;lyKk;iff;F tisahgjpAk; fUiz
khHgpd; kPnjhsph; rpe;jhkzpAk; nky;ypilapy; NkfiyAk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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rpyk;ghH ,d;gg; Ngh njhspUk; jpUtbahk; - ,jpy; kzpNkfiyiaAk;
,izj;Jf; $wpAs;sik Nehf;fj;jff;J ,f;fhg;gpak; rpyk;gpd; njhlh;r;rpahfNt
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te;Js;sd. ,yf;fpa tifr; Ritia tpl rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs;
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,th; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g nkhop ngah;j;J mikj;jpUj;jy; kpfg; ghuhl;bw;FhpajhFk;
vd;fpwhH.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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E}ypy; fhyk;
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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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njhy;fhg;gpah; fhl;Lk; tpUe;J vDk; mikg;gpYk; ,J mlq;Fk;. %Nte;jh;fspd;
rpwg;Gg; ngauhy; Fwpg;gplhky; nghJg;ngah; nfhz;Nl ghbAs;shH.
Kj;njhs;shapuj;ij Kjd;Kjyhf K.,uhfitaq;fhH mr;rpy; ntspapl;lhH.
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jkpOf;F cjtp nra;tJ Nghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
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ngUQ; nry;th; ,y;yj;J ey;$He;jhH Nghy
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“vyh klg;gpbNa vq;$ly; Nfhkhd;
Gyhmy; neUey;Nty; khwd; - cyhTq;fhy;
iga elf;fTk; Njw;whahH epd;ngz;ik
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Iag;gLtJilj;J – vd;w ghly; fhl;LfpwJ. Nrho kd;ddpd; ePjp
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ngw;Ws;sd. er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; ,e;E}Yf;F mofpaNjhH ciuje;Js;sik
rpwg;ghFk;.
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,f;fhg;gpaj;ijjj; jpUj;jf;fNjth; vl;Nl ehspy; vOjp Kbj;jjhff;
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,f;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Njhd;wpa fk;guhkhazk;> nghpaGuhzk; Nghd;w gy
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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fhg;gpaq;fSk; tpUj;jg;ghtpNyNa mike;jd. ,J jpUj;jf;f NjtUf;Fg;
fpilj;j ntw;wpahFk;.
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tifapYk; mike;Js;sd. (fw;NwhH gzpTilauha; ,Ug;gh;) ,f;fUj;jpidj;
Njth; jUk; ghly;topg;ghUq;fs;.
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nky;yNt fU,Ue;J <d;W> Nky; myhH
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fy;tpNRh; khe;jhpd; ,iwQ;rpf; fha;j;jNt‟
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„fha;khz;l njq;fpd; gok;tPof; fKfpd; new;wpg;
G+khz;l jPe;Njd; njhilfPwp tUf;if Ngho;e;J
Njkhq; fdprpjwp thiog;goq;fs; rpe;Jk;
Vkhq;fjnkd; wpirahy; jpirNgha Jz;Nl‟
RLfhl;by; kfd; gpwe;jTld; (rPtfd;) tpria mOJ Gyk;Gfpd;w fhl;rpapy;
Njth; ek; cs;sj;ij cUf;fptpLfpd;whH.
„ntt;tha; Xhp Kothf tpspe;jhH <kk; tpsf;fhf
xt;thr; RLfhl;L cauuq;fpd; epoy;Nghy; Elq;fpg; Ngahl
vt;tha; kUq;Fk; ,Ue;jpuq;fpf; $if Fowpg; ghuhl;l
,t;thwhfpg; gpwg;gNjh ,JNth kd;dh;f;F ,ay; Nte;Nj‟
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; kuG tlnkhopapy; mike;Js;s „gQ;rkfhfhtpak;‟
vDk; mbg;gilapy; mike;jJ vd;gh;.
tlnkhopapd; jOty; rpe;jhkzp vd;gh;. tlnkhop E}y;fshfpa rj;jphpa
#shkzp> fj;jpa rpe;jhkzp Mfpatw;wpd; nkhopngah;g;G vd;gh;. rpe;jhkzpapy;
tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; kpFjpahfg; gapd;W te;Js;sd. rpe;jhkzp njhlf;fj;jpy;
fhkr;Rit kpFe;j xU fhjy;f hg;gpakhfNt Njhd;Wk;. vdpDk; ,Wjpapy;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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epiyahikj; jj;Jtj;jpd; %yk; mwj;ijNa vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. rPtfd; $Wk;
mwpTiuNa rhd;whFk;.
„nka;tif njhpjy; Qhdk;;; tpsq;fpa nghUs;fs; jk;ikg;
ngha;tif apd;wpj; Njwy; fhl;rp; Ik;nghwpAk; thl;b
ca;tif capiuj; Njah njhOFj nyhOf;fk;; %d;Wk;
,t;tif epiwe;j Ngho;Nj ,Utpid fopAk; vd;whd;‟
tisahgjp
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whf ,lk;ngwpDk; E}y; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
itrpa Guhzj;jpy; 35Mk; rUf;fk; tisahgjp fijia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
E}yhrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ,J rkz E}y;. tisahgjpapy; tUk;
„epf;fe;j Ntlj;J ,Ub fzq;fis‟ vDk; mb rkz E}y; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W
vdyhk;. NkYk; tisahgjpapy; mUf Njtd; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gs;sJ.
tisahgjp fij
etNfhb ehuhazd; xU tzpfd;. ,td; NtW rhjpg; ngz;iz
kze;jhd;. ,jdhy; mtd; Fyj;NjhH ntWf;f> ntWg;igj; jhq;f ,ayhJ
mtDk; may;ehL nrd;W tpl> mtd; kidtpf;Fg; gpwf;Fk; kfd; tsh;e;j gpd;
Gfhhpy; jd; je;ijiaf; fz;L ,Wjpapy; jha; je;ijaiu ,izj;J
itf;fpwhd;. itrpa Guhzk; jUk; fij ,JNtahFk;.
tisahgjp nra;Ashf 72 nra;Al;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jpy;
Gwj;jpul;by; kl;Lk; 66 ghly;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp 10Mk;
E}w;whz;L. ,e;E}y; nra;Al;fis mbahHf;F ey;yhH> ,sk;G+uzh;>
er;rpdhHf;fpdpah;> ghpNkyofh; MfpNahH jq;fs; ciuapy; vLj;jhz;Ls;sdh;.
kf;fl;NgW ,y;yhjtd; nry;tk; gw;wp tisahgjp $Wk; ghly;
rpwg;ghdJ.
„nghiwapyh mwpT> Nghfg;
Gzh;tpyh ,sik> Nktj;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Jiwapyh tdr thtp
Jfpypyhf; Nfhyj; J}a;ik>
eiwapyh khiy> fy;tp
eykpyhg; Gyik ed;dPHr;
rpiwapyh efuk; NghYk;
Nrapyhr; nry;t kd;Nwh.‟
Fz;lyNfrp
fhg;gpaj; jiytpahy; ngaH ngw;w E}y;. RUz;l $e;jiyAilats;
vd;gJ nghUs;. ,f;fhg;gpak; KOikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. njhy;fhg;gpa
ciu> ahg;gUq; fytpUj;jpAiu> tPuNrhopa ciu> rptQhd rpj;jpahUf;F
Qhdg; gpufhrh; ciu> ePyNfrp ,tw;wpypUe;J ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js; ghly;fs;
gj;njhd;gJ kl;LNk. ,jidf; Fz;lyNfrp tpUj;jk; vd;Wk; $Wth;. ngsj;j
fij NgRk; Njhp fhijapd; 46Mk; fhijapYk;> ePyNfrp> mq;Fj;juepfha>
jk;kgjhl;lfjh> itrpf Guhzj;jpd; 34Mk; mj;jpahak; Mfpatw;wpy;
Fz;lyNfrp fij cs;sJ.
Fz;lyNfrp rpwe;j jh;f;fE}y;. rkz E}yhfpa ePyNfrp> Fz;lyNfrpf;F
vjpuhfj; Njhd;wpaJ. nghJthfr; rkathjq;fs; gw;wpg; NgRk; E}y;fs; Nfrp
vd miof;fg;gl;lNjh vd vz;z Ntz;bAs;sJ. Fz;lyNfrp> ePyNfrp>
gpq;fyNfrp> mQ;rdNfrp> fhyNfrp ,it rka thjk; NgRk; E}y;fs; vd;gh;.
tzpfd; kfs; gj;jiu. ,ts; fhsd; vd;w fs;tid tpUk;Gfpwhs;.
kfspd; tw;GWj;jyhy; je;ijAk; fs;tidr; rpiwapypUe;J kPl;L mtSf;F
kzk; nra;J itf;fpwhH. ,d;gkhd tho;f;ifapd; ,ilapy; Clypd;NghJ
rpdj;jpy; gj;jiu jd; fztid eP fs;td; jhNd? vd;W $wptpl mjdhy;
rpdq;nfhz;l fhsd; (fztd;) nja;tj;ij tzq;f vd;W ngha; $wp
kiyAr;rpf;F mtis mioj;Jr; nrd;W nfhy;yg; Nghtjhff; $Wfpd;whd;.
fztDf;F mwpTiu $wpAk; mtd; jpUe;jhj epiyapy; mtid tzq;fp tyk;
tUtJ Nghy; te;J fztid kiyAr;rpapypUe;J js;spf; nfhd;W
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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tpLfpd;whs;. jhd; nra;j ghtk; ePq;fplg; ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; Nrh;e;J mwf;
fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gp ,Wjpapy; Gj;jgpuhdpd; jpUtbia milfpwhs;.
fpilj;jit gj;njhd;gJ ghly;fNs vdpDk;> xt;nthd;Wk; Mo;e;j
fUj;njhL kdj;ijj; njLgitahf mike;Js;sd. jpthfuthkd Kdpth;
ePyNfrpf;F vOjpa ciuapy; Fz;lyNfrpapd; 99 ghly;fspd; Kjw;Fwpg;G
kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
nka;ahd jtk; Ik;Gyid mlf;FtNj> kdj;J}a;ik ngw;wtNu
,d;gKk; GfOk; ngw KbAk; Nghd;w mhpa fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ePHf;Fkpop epiyaw;w tho;f;iff;F vg;gb epiyahd ctikahdNjh
mJNghd;W ahf;if epiyahikf;Ff; Fz;lyNfrp jUk; ghly; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
epiyj;Jtpl;lJ.
„ghisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk; ghydhk; jd;ik nrj;Jk;
fhisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk; fhKWk; ,sik nrj;Jk;
kPSk; ,t;tpay;Gk; ,d;Nd Nky;tUk; %g;Gkhfp
ehSk;ehk; rhfpd;Nwhkhy; ekf;F ehk; mohjnjd;Nd‟
ghyfd; ,isQdhfp> ,isQd; KjpNahdhfp xt;nthU gUtKk; nrj;J
mLj;j gUtj;jpw;Fg; NghfpNwhk; ,t;thW ehSf;F ehs; gUtk; fle;J
rhfpd;Nwhk;. mg;Nghnjy;yhk; ehk; mothnra;fpNwhk; ,wg;gpw;F kl;Lk; Vd;
moNtz;Lk;? vdf;Nfl;fpwhH.
,jd; Mrphpah; ehjFj;jdhH. fhyk; fp.gp.9 my;yJ 10Mk; E}w;whz;L
vd;gh;. Gwj;jpul;by; fpilj;j 19 ghly;fs; jtpu gpw E}y;fspy; fpilj;j 6
ghly;fs; Nrh;j;J 25 ghly;fs; fpilj;Js;sd vd;gh;.
IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;
IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; tof;F ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ.
Kjd;Kjypy; kapiyehjh; jk; ciuapy; IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; njhliug;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH. nj.ngh.kP mth;fs; jk;Kila ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy;
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rkzh;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; tof;ifg; gad;gLj;jpdh;
vd;gh;.
mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; tPL Mfpa ehd;Fk; mikag;ghltJ
ngUq;fhg;gpak;. ,tw;wpy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nky; Fiwapd; rpWfhg;gpak;
vdj; jz;bayq;fhuk; ,yf;fzk; $Wk;. #shkzp> ePyNfrp>
cjazFkhufhtpak;> aNrhjufhtpak;> ehfFkhufhtpak; Mfpait IQ;rpW
fhg;gpaq;fshFk;. ,it Ie;Jk; rkzf;fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
#shkzp
mzpfydhy; ngw;w ngah; #shkzp. jiyapy; #Lk; mzp. rkzf;
fhg;gpak;. tpUj;jg;ghlypy; mike;JJ. Mrphpah; Njhyhnkhopj;Njth;.
12 rUf;fq;fSld;> 2131 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
kz;izAk; tpz;izAk; ,izf;Fk; fhg;gpak; ,J. kz;Zyf Nte;jd;
jptpl;ld; tpz;Zyf kq;if Rak;gpuigia kze;j tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y;.
rkzf; fUj;Jf;fs; ew;fhl;rp> ey;Qhdk;> ey;nyhOf;fk; ed;F
typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. rpe;jhkzpNghd;W fw;NghHf;Ff; ftpij ,d;gk; jUtJ.
ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fs; ngw;w #shkzp rpWfhg;gpa thpirapy;
,lk; ngWtJ Kuz;ghNl vdyhk;. vdNtjhd; fp.th.nrfe;ehjd; mth;fs;
„eilaofpy; rpe;jhkzpiatpl #shkzp nrg;gKilj;J‟ vd;gh;. njh.ngh.kP.Ak;
„#shkzpapd; ftpij Xl;lKk; ,dpikAk; rpe;jhkzpapy; ,y;iy‟ vd;ghH.
#shkzpg; ghapuk; „Nre;jd; vd;Dk; J}khz;fpotd;‟ mitapy; ,e;E}y;
muq;Nfwpajhff; $Wk;. vdNt nropad; Nre;jd; fhyk; #shkzpapd; fhyk;
vd;gh;. tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fs; nropad; Nre;jd; fhyk; fp.gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;L
vd;gh;. #shkzp fhyKk; Vohk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. ,jpy; khWgl;l fUj;J
cz;L.
#shkzp rkzf;fhg;gpak;. rkzh;fspd; =Guhzj;jpy; #shkzpf;fij
cs;sJ. ghftjf; fijAk; #shkzpNahL xj;Js;sJ. mq;F gyuhkd;>
fz;zd; ,q;F tprad;> jptpl;ldhf mikfpd;wd.‟.
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tpUj;jg;ghtpy; fhg;gpaj;ijj; njhlq;fp itj;jth; jpUj;jf;fNjth;.
mj;NjtiuAk; tpQ;rptpl;lhH ,j;Njth;. „tpUj;jg;ghitf; ifahs;tjpy; ,th;
rPtf rpe;jhkzp MrphpaiuAk; tpQ;rptpl;lhH‟ vd K.t. Fwpg;gpLtjhy; ,jid
czuyhk;.
jptpl;ld; fijiaf; $wpDk; jptpl;ldpd; je;ij gahgjpapd; Jwitf;
$wp mtd; cyfpw;nfy;yhk; #shkzp Mapdd; vdf; $wp Kbfpd;wJ. ,J
rkzkuG vdyhk;.
Xir eakpf;f #shkzpg; ghly;jUk; ,d;gj;ij EfUq;fs;.
„tsh;nfhbad kzk; tphptd ky;ypifnahL nksty;
jsph; nfhbad eWtpiuad eWkyudewtk;
Fsph;nfhbad Fiokhjtp FtpKifad nfhfb
xsph;nfhbad cah;jpuspNdhL xOfpzudXil‟ (gh.434)
,JNghd;Nw tho;f;ifapy; Jd;gNk kpFjp> ,d;gj;ijj; Jd;gj;jpw;fpilapy;
NjbNa milaNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; mikAk; #shkzpg;ghly; eakpf;fJ.
kjahid Juj;j> mjw;Fg;gae;J Xbatd; fpisnahd;iwg; gw;wpj;
njhq;ff; fPNo ghk;G glnkLf;ff; fpis mira> mjdhy; Njd; rpe;jj;
Jd;gj;ij kwe;J Njidf; Fbf;f Kay;fpwhd;. kdpj tho;f;ifapy; fpilf;Fk;
,d;gk; ,j;Njd; Nghd;wJ vd;fpwJ. ghly; tUkhW
„ahidJug;g muTciw Mo;Fop
ehy;etph; gw;WG ehYk; xUtd;XH
Njdpd; mopJsp ef;Fk; jpwe;jJ
khDlh; ,d;gk; kjpj;jid nfhs;eP‟ (gh.1989)
ePyNfrp
ePyNfrp rkz rkaj; jUf;fE}y;. ahg;gUq;fytpUj;jp ,jid ePyk; vdf;
$Wk;. ,jid ePyNfrpj;njUl;L vdTk; $Wth;. Mrphpah; ahnud;W
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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njhpatpy;iy. gj;Jr; rUf;fq;fisAk;> 894 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
Fz;lyNfrpf;F kWg;ghfj; Njhd;wpaJ.
rkajpthfu thkd Kdpth; rpwe;j ciu vOjpAs;shH. rf;uth;j;jp
eapdhH gjpg;Gr; rpwg;ghf cs;sJ. jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk; 1984,y; gjpg;gpj;J
ntspapl;ls;sJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;bw;F Kd;G my;yJ Mwhk;
E}w;whz;lhf ,Uf;fyhk;. irt itzt nry;thf;F ,y;yhj fhyk; ,jd;
fhyk; vdNt ngsj;j rka vjph;g;ig Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ePyNfrpapYs;s Fz;lyNfrp thjr; rUf;fk; Fz;lyNfrp gw;wp mwpa
cjTfpd;wJ.
ghQ;rhy ehl;bd; xU efuUNf cs;s gyhiyak; RLfhl;by; fhspf;F
,lg;gLk; gypia Kdpr;re;jpuh; vDk; rkzj; Jwtp jLf;fpwhH. fhsp gioaD}H
ePypia mDg;gp Kdptiu tpul;lr; nrhy;fpwhs;. Kdptiu tpul;l te;j ePyp
ePyNfrp> thjj;jpy; Kdpthplk; Njhw;Wg; Ngha;j; Jwtpf;F khztpahfpj;
Jwtpapd; fl;lisg;gb gyiuAk; thjj;jpy; ntd;W> ,Wjpapy; ngsj;j
Jwtpahd Fz;lyNfrpiaAk; mUf;ffPHj;jpiaAk;> nkhf;fyiuAk; Gj;jiuAk;
thjj;jpy; nty;fpwhs;. ,JNt ePyNfrp fijahFk;. gioaD}hpy; NgAUtpy;
tho;e;jtNs ePyNfrp. rkzj; Jwtpahy; JwtpahFk; NgW ngw;whs;.
ePyNfrp rpWfhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fisg; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.
vdpDk; rkzj;ijj; jUf;f Kiwapy; gug;Gk; rpwe;jE}y; vdyhk;.
#shkzp Nghd;W ,jpYk; Xireakpf;fg;ghly; cs;sJ.
„FUTilad nfhbapil xU Fiytphpad Nfhly;
jLRlud jdtaypd jifkyud Njhd;wp
mUFilad mzpAUtpd matd myh;fhah
KUFilad Kiftphptd Kwpayh;td Ky;iy‟
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3.cjazFkhu fhtpak;
tpUj;jg;ghtpy; mike;jJ. Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 367 nra;Al;fs;
cs;sd. rkzf;fhg;gpak;. Nrhoh;fhyk;. ngUq;fij cjazd; fijia
tphpthff; $Wk;. ,J mjidf;RUf;fp vLj;Jiuf;Fk;.
ngUq;fijapy; fpilf;fhj fijg;gFjpfis ,e;E}y; nfhz;L epiwT
nra;aKbfpwJ. fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa rpwg;gpidg; ngwhj E}y; ,Jntdyhk;.
fhg;gpar; Rit FiwT. MW fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ ,e;E}y;. 1. cQ;irf;
fhz;lk;> 2. ,yhthz fhz;lk;> 3. kfjfhz;lk;> 4. tj;jtf; fhz;lk;> 5.
euthz fhz;lk;> 6.JwTf;fhz;lk;.
mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd; gpur;Nrhjdd;. ,td; kha ahidapd; %yk;
tj;jehl;L nfsrhk;gp efuj;J kd;dd; cjaizr; rpiwg;gLj;Jfpwhd;.
cjazid mikr;rd; A+fp rpiwapypUe;J jg;Gtpf;fpwhd;. gpd;dh; cjazd;
esfphp vDk; ahidia mlf;fpg; gpur;Nrhjdd; kfs; thrjj;ijf;F aho;
fw;Wf; nfhLj;Jf; fhjy; nra;J mtis kzf;fpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; tho;f;ifia
ntWj;Jj; JwT nfhs;fpwhd;. ,JNt cjazd; fijahFk;.
aNrhju fhtpak;
,JTk; tlnkhopj; jOtNyahFk;. tlnkhopapy; NrhkNjtp #hpah;ahj;j
a];jpyfk;> thjuhr #hp vOjpa aNrhju rhpjk;> mhpgj;jpuh;> Gl;gjj;jh; vOjpa
aNrhju fhtpak; Mfpa %d;W E}y;fSk; aNrhjud; fijiaf; $WtdthFk;.
jkpopy; vOjpa Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. Mapd; ,th; mhpgj;jpuUk;
Gl;gjj;jUk; vOjpa E}iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,e;E}iy vOjpdhH
vdyhk;.
xU ntz;ghit mbg;gilahf itj;J aNrhju fhtpak; vOjpath;.
ntz;zhtY}Uilahd; Nts; vd;gh;. Mapd; Nghjpa rhd;wpy;iy. mg;ghly;
tUkhW.
„Gl;gee;jd; nrhd;d nghUs; Nrh; fij jd;idj;
jpl;gkha;r; nre;jkpopy; nrg;gpdhd; - el;GilahH
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ntz;zhtY}UilahHNts;‟
aNrhjud; je;ij mNrhfd; JwT G+Zfpwhd;. vdNt aNrhjud; jd;
kidtp mkpo;jkjpAld; mhpaiz VWfpwhd;. Mapd; mkpo;jkjp ahidg; ghfd;
,irapy; kaq;fp mtNdhL $lhel;G nfhs;fpwhs;. ,J aNrhjuDf;Fr;
njhpatUk; NghJ mtd; kidtp eQ;rpl;Lf; fztidAk; mtd; jhiaAk;
nfhd;W tpLfpwhs;. gpd;dh; aNRhjud; kfd; aNrhjkjp murdhfpwhd;.
aNrhjkjp xU ehs; Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ rkzKdpth; xUth; %yk;
jdf;Fg; gpwe;Js;s kfd; mgaUrpAk;> kfs; mgakjpAk; jd; je;ijAk;
ghl;bAk; vd;gij mwpfpwhd;. cld. mtd; JwT Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.
,e;epiyapy; ,uhrGuj;J kd;dd; khhpjj;jd; rz;lkhNjtpf;F kdpjh;fisg;
gypapl tpUk;Gfpwhd;. cyf tho;f;ifia ntWj;Jr; rkzj;jpy; ,ize;jpUe;j
,ul;ilah;fshfpa mgaUrp mgakjp Mfpa ,UtiuAk; fhtyh;fs; ifg;gw;wpf;
nfhz;L tUfpd;wdh;. kd;dDk; mth;fsplk;> „vq;fs; ehl;L eyDf;fhf
cq;fisg; gypaplg; NghfpNwhk;. vq;fSf;fhf ePq;fs; gpuhHj;jid nra;Aq;fs;
vd;W $Wfpd;whH”. mth;fSk; rhitg;gw;wp mQ;rhj caph;f;nfhiyapd;
jPikia kdk; gjpa vLj;Jiuj;jdh;. ,wg;gpYk; rphpf;Fk; ePq;fs; ahH vd;W
kd;dd; Nfl;Fk; NghJ Kw;gpwtp aNrhjud; (,g;gpwtp mgaUrp) jd;
fijiaAk; kidtp nra;j JNuhfj;ijAk; $Wfpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; “vq;fSila
,e;jj; Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; VO gpwtpf;F Kd; khtpdhy; nra;j xU
Nfhopiag; gypapl;Nlhk;. me;j tpidNa vq;fs; Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;. khTg;
gz;lj;jpy; nra;j NfhopjhNd ghtkh vd;gJ nfhiyiatplg; gyp nfhLf;Fk;
Mir vq;fSf;F ,Ue;jNj. mJjhd; nfhLik. MirNa Jd;gj;jpw;Ff;
fhuzk;. vdNt cq;fs; %lek;gpf;ifiaf; fz;Nl rphpj;Njhk;” vd;W
tpthpf;fpwhd;. ,ijf;Nfl;l ,uhrGuj;J kd;dd; khhpjj;jd; kdk; jpUe;jp
gypnfhLg;gij epWj;jpdhd;. ,JNt aNrhju fhtpak; jUk; fhtpak;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ahidg;ghfd; ghba khstgQ;rkuhfk; gw;wpf;$Wk; ,f;fhg;gpak;
mjd;%yk; ,iria ntWj;J xJf;FfpwJ. rkzE}y;fspy; NtW vq;Fk;
khhpjj;jdpd; ,f;fij ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. xsit.R.Jiurhkpgps;is ,jw;F
ciu vOjpAs;shH. ,jd; fhyk; 17Mk; E}w;whz;L. nj.ngh.kP mth;fSk;
,jid tpraefu Ml;rpf;Fr; rpwpJ Kd;dh;j; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd;gh;.
rpw;wpd;gj;jpd; ,opGk; jtj;jpd; Nkd;ikAk;ed;F vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhkj;jpd; jPikia
„vz;zkJ myhik gz;Zk; ,g;gpwg;G ,baE}Wk;
kz;zpay; Gfio kha;j;J> tUtop tsh;f;Fk; khdj;
jpz;ikia cilf;Fk; Mz;ik jpUnthL rpijf;Fk; rpe;ij
fz;nzhL fyf;Fk; kw;W ,f;filgL fhkk;‟
5.ehf Fkhufhtpak;
rkzE}y;> Nrhoh;fhyk;. Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. kfjehl;L murd;
ehf Fkhudpd; fijiaf; $Wtjhy; ehfFkhu fhtpakhapw;W. ,e;E}y;
fpilf;fhkNy ,Ue;jJ. 1973y; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,e;E}iy
ntspapl;lJ. vdNtjhd; 1960,y; ,yf;fpa tuyhW vOjpa milf;fyrhkp
mth;fs; ,e;E}y; gw;wp tptuk; njhpatpy;iy vd;fpwhH. 170 ghly;fs;>
tpUj;jg;ghtpy; mike;jJ. Ie;J ruf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ehf Fkhudpd;
gpwg;G> tsh;g;G> mtDila tPur; nray;fs;> fhjy;epiy> Kw;gpwg;G> gQ;rkp
Nehd;gpd; rpwg;G> Jwtpd; Nkd;ik Mfpad Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. rkzf;
Nfhl;ghLfs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. kd;dd; rpNuhdpfuhrDf;F nfsjk Kdpth;
$Wk; gQ;rkpf; fijahf ,f;fij mikfpwJ. mk;kd;dh; mUfidj; Jjpj;Jg;
ghLk; ghly; cs;sk; cUf;fk; jd;ikaJ.
„mwptd;eP mkyd;eP Mjp ePNa
Mhpad; eP rPhpad; eP mde;jd; ePNa
jphpNyhf NyhfnkhL Njad; ePNa
Njthjp NjtndDk; jPHj;jd;ePNa
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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vhpkzpew; gpwg;Gila <rd;ePNa
,Uehd;F FzKila ,iwtd; ePNa
jphpGtdk; njhOJ ,iwQ;Rk; nry;tk; ePNa
rphpth;j;j khdd;nDk; jPHj;jd; ePNa.”
ngUq;fij
gpUfj;fjh vd;gNj ngUq;fijahapw;W (gpUfj; - nghpa: fjh-fij)
rkzf; fhg;gpak;. cjazd; fij> nfhq;F NtspH khf;fij vd;Wk; $WtH.
Kjy; E}y; JHtpe;jdpd; gpufj; fij vd;gH. fhyk; Vohk; E}w;whz;L.
Mrphpag;ghthy; ,ad;wJ. Fzhl;bahH igrhrnkhopapy; ahj;j „gpufj;fjh‟
tpd; nkhopngaHg;Ng ngUq;fij.
E}y; KOikAk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. KjYk; KbTkpd;wp cs;sJ.
cjzaFkhu fhtpak; %ykhfNt fijia KOikahf mwpa KbfpwJ.
Ie;J fhz;lq;fis cilaJ.
nfsrhk;gpehl;L murd; rjhdpfd; kfd; cjazd;. murp kpUfhtjp.
,ts; rpk;Gl; gwitahy; tpGyfphp kiyf;Fj; J}f;fpr; nry;yg;gl;L mq;Nf
cjazd; gpwf;fpwhd;. mq;F kpUfhtjp jd; je;ij Jwtpaha; ,Ug;gijf;
fhz;fpwhs;. mth; cjazid XH me;jzj; Jwtpaplk; xg;gilf;f> mth;jd;
kfs; A+fpAld; mtidAk; tsh;f;fpwhH. A+fpAk;> cjazDk; rpwe;j
ez;guhfpdh;. jd; jhj;jh (jha; kpUfhtjpapd; je;ij) tpd; ehl;il Mz;l
khkd; Jwptahf tpUk;gpf; fhl;bw;F te;jNghJ jd; jkf;ifapd; kfd;
cjazd; vd;gij mwpe;J jd; itrhyp ehl;il mtdplk; xg;gilf;fpwhd;.
rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; cjazd;> je;ij ehlhfpa nfsrhk;gpAk; fpilf;fg;ngw;W
,Uehl;bw;Fk; murdhfpwhd;.
ahidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ke;jpuk; mwpe;jtd; cjazd;.
KdpthplkpUe;J mtDf;Ff; fpilj;j aho; vg;gbg;gl;l kjahidapidAk;
mlf;fptpLk; jd;ikaJ. ,tNdhL ,ue;j nja;tahidf; fhzhky; Ngha;tpl
mijj; Njb miyfpwhd; cjazd;. mg;NghJ cr;rapdpia Mz;l
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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gpur;Nrhjd kd;dd; xU ve;jpu ahidia mDg;G mjDs; tPuh;fis itj;J
cjazidr; rpiwg;gpbf;fpwhd;. ,ijawpe;j A+fp cr;rapdp nrd;W jd;
tUifia cjazDf;F ,ufrpakha; mwptpf;fpwhd;. gl;lj;J ahid
esfphpf;F kjk; gpbf;fr; nra;fpwhd;. ahuhYk; mlf;f ,ayh epiyapy;
gpr;Nrhjdd; cjazid mioj;J ahidia mlf;fpdhy; tpLjiy
nra;tjhff; $Wfpwhd;. ahidia ,irahy; mlf;fp> kd;dd; kfSf;F ,ir
fw;Wf; nfhLj;J mts; fhjiyg; ngw;W> xU ahid kPJ mtis mioj;JR;
nrd;W tpLfpwhd;. ,jw;F A+fp nghpJk; cjTfpwhd;. gpd;dh; gJkhtjp
khddPif> tprphpif Mfpa ngz;fis kzf;fpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; ehd;F
kidtpahpy; gJkhtjpapd; kfdplk; Ml;rpiaf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L gpw rkzf;
fhg;gpaq;fisg; Nghd;W cjazd; JwT Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.
ngUq;fij ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fisAk;> Ritahd
fijg; gFjpiaAk; nfhz;lJ. ngz;zhfg; gpwe;NjhHf;Fg; nghWikNa ngUik
jUk; vDk; fUj;ijg; ngUq;fij typAWj;JfpwJ. ngUq;fijapd; ,yf;fpa
eil gbg;NghHf;F ,d;gk; jUk;. gl;bdg; ghiyapy; tUk; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bd
tUzidia epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; efhpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs; gw;wpf;
nfhq;FNtsph; Fwpg;gpLtJ mike;Js;sJ.
„tljpir khkiyr;Rlh;tpL nghd;Dk;
Flflw; gpwe;j glh;nfhbg; gtoKk;
njd;wpirg; gpwe;j ntz;Rlh; kzpAk;
tpQ;irak; ngUkiy tpsq;nfhsp nts;spAk;
,yq;if aPoj;Jf; fye;jU nrg;Gk;
,kaj;Jg; gpwe;j tapur; rhjpAk;
flhuj; jpUk;nghL ifafj; jlf;fp
atdj; jr;rU kte;jpf; nfhy;yUk;..‟
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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vd;W gl;bdg; ghiy thpfNshL> rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; jhf;fj;ijAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
rkzf; fUj;Jf;fs; fijf;F ,ilA+wpd;wp ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ
rpwg;Gkpf;fJ.
gpwfhg;gpaq;fs;
tpk;gprhufij
Gj;jhpd; ngUik NgRk; fhg;gpak;. Gj;jhpd; mUshy; mth; Mrpngw;Wg;
ngsj;juhf khwpa tpk;grhud; vDk; kfj kd;ddpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ
,e;E}y; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
NkUke;ju Guhzk;
Mrphpah; thkdhrhhpaH. ePyNfrpf;F ciu tFj;jth; ,tNu. rkz
,yf;fpak;. rkzh;fs; ,jidj; jq;fs; „rkar; rhuk;‟ vdf; fUJth;. „NkU‟
„ke;jpuh‟ vd;w clk; gpwe;NjhH ,Uthpd; tuyhw;iwf;$Wk; E}y; ,JthFk;.
,jw;F Kjy; E}y; =Guhzk;. 13 rUf;fq;fSk;> 1405 ghly;fSk; nfhz;lJ.
fhyk; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.
,yf;fpa eaj;ijtpl mwpTj; NjlNy kpFjp. ngz;bUf;F tPLNgwpy;iy
vDk; rkzf; fUj;ij ,e;E}y; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. et;tpid jPtpid vd;gJ
gpwtpNjhWk; njhlUk;. Jd;gq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; MirNa fhuzk; vd
Mirapd; ,opit czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. capiu Kf;jp milatplhky; jLg;gJk;>
capUf;Fg; gifAk;> kdpjid tpyq;F fjpapy; Nrh;g;gJk; MirNa. Miria
Nkhfk; vd;fpwJ> NkhfNk gpwtpf;F ey;tpj;J vdf;$wp eufj;jpy; js;Sk;
vd;fpwJ. Nkhfk; ,y;yhjtNu ey;y Kdpth; vd;fpwJ. Miria mWj;J
Md;kh ey;topia milaj; Jiz GhpAk; E}y; NkUke;ju Guhzk; vdyhk;.
fk;guhkhazk;
fk;guhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,uhkhazj;jpw;F mtuhy; ,uhktjhuk; vd;Nw
ngahplg;gl;lJ. fk;gDf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; gyh; ,uhkhazf; fijiag;
ghbapUg;gpDk; fk;gd; E}Ny kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ.
fk;ghpd; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,uhkhazj;jpw;F mtuhy; ,uhktjhuk; vd;Nw
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ngahplg;gl;lJ. fk;gDf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; gyh; ,uhkhazf; fijiag;
ghbapUg;gpDk; fk;gd; E}Ny kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ.
fk;ghpd; tho;f;if gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfspy; fw;gid kpFe;Js;sJ. NrhoehL
nrhe;jehL. Mjhpj;jth; rilag;g ts;sy;. ,aw;ngah; njhpahJ. jdpg;ghly;
jpul;by; fk;gd; ghbajhf tUk; ghly;fs; fk;gd; ghbajh vd;Dk;
Muha;r;rpf;FhpaJ. tlnkhop> njd;nkhop ,uz;bYk; Qhdk; ngw;wth;.
,uhkhazk; jtpu VHvOgJ> jpUf;iftof;fk;> ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgh;
me;jhjp Mfpa E}y;fis ,th; vOjpdhH vd;gh;.
jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fspy; jdf;nfdj; jdpaplk; gpbj;j fhg;gpak;
fk;guhkhazk;> fh;gh; itztuhf ,Ug;gpDk; gpw rkaq;fisg; Nghw;Wk; gz;G
cs;sth;. ,uhkid Kk; %Hj;jpfSf;Fk; Nkyhdtdhff; fhz;fpwhH.
,uhkidg; gw;wpa fk;ghpd; nrhw; rpj;jpuk; gbj;Jg; gbj;J kfpo;jw;FhpaJ.
fk;gh; jk; E}ypw;F %y E}yhf thd;kPfpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ehl;Lg;
glyj;jpy; fk;ghpd; $w;whfNt ,J ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}y; fhyfhz;lk;>
mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;a fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;jufhz;lk;>
Aj;j fhz;lk; vd MW fhz;lq;fisAk; 118 glyq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ (fk;gd;
fofg; gjpg;G – nrd;id 1976) thd;kPfj;ij Kjy; E}yhf Vw;w NghjpYk;
jkpo; kugpw;Nfw;gg; gy khw;wq;fisr; nra;Js;shH> ngUk;ghYk; fyp tpUj;jg;gh
tifapidNa kpFjpahff; ifahz;Ls;shH. nkhj;jg; ghly;fspy; fpl;j;jl;l
ghjpg; ghly;fs; fyptpUj;jNk. ,jidaLj;J mWrPHtpUj;jk;
vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU czh;tpw;Fk; ntt;NtW tpUj;jq;fisf; fk;gh;
mikj;js;shH. re;jNtWghLfis kpFjpahf vLj;jhz;Ls;shH. 460f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l re;j NtWghLfs; cs;sd. 22 ghly;fSf;F xUKiw re;jq;fis
khw;Wk; Nghf;F fk;ghplk; cs;sJ. „xNu ghlYf;fhfr; re;jj;ij khw;wTk;
nra;Js;shH‟ vd Kidth; fhf;Fk; ngUkhs; Fwpg;gpLtJ vz;zj;jf;fJ.
fk;guhkhazf; fhtpak; jkpouJ ftpj;Jtj;jpd; Ngnuy;iyahFk;.
jkpohpd; ftpjh kz;lyj;ij Mz;l ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp fk;gd;. ghj;jpuq;fs;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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NgRk; KiwAk;> mike;Js;s ghq;Fk; ,f;fhg;gpak; xU ehlfNkh vd vz;z
itf;Fk;. Fk;gfUzd;> tPlzd; ciuahly;> Fk;gfUzd;> ,uhtzd;
ciuahly; tPlzd;- ,uhtzd; ciuahly;> thyp ,uhkd; ciuahly;
,itahTk; ehlfg; ghzpapy; mike;J ehlf eak; ey;Ffpd;wd.
#Hg;gzifapd; moif tUzpf;Fk; gFjpapy; fk;gd; jkpo;r; nra;Aspd;
moiff; nfhl;Lfpwhd;. md;deil gapd;W mire;J tUfpwhs; #Hg;gzif.
mts; kl;Lkh mirfpwhs;. mth; mirtpw;Nfw;g jkpo; mirfpwJ. gbf;Fk;
thrfUk; mirfpwhHfs;.
„gQ;rp xsph; tpQ;R Fsph; gy;ytk; mDq;fr;
nrQ;nrtpa fQ;repfh; rPwba shfp
mQ;nrhy; ,skQ;iQ vd md;dk; vdkpd;Dk;
tQ;rp vd eQ;rnkd tQ;rkfs; te;jhs;‟
thyp vd;id Vd; nfhd;wha;? vd;W ,uhkdplk; kiwe;jpUe;J Nfl;fk;
Nfs;tpfs; jh;f;fthjk; epiwe;jit. thd;kPfj;jpy; fhz KbahjitahFk;.
mNrhftdj;jpy; rPijiaf; fz;L jpUk;Gk; mDkd; czh;r;rpg;
ngUf;NfhL ,uhkidg; ghHf;fpwhd;. ,uhkidf; fz;lJk;
„ eq;ifiaf; fz;Nl dy;Nyd;
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fw;ngDk; ngau njhd;Wk;
fspelk; Ghpaf;fz;Nld;‟
vd;W$wp mDkd; fsp elk;Ghpfpd;whd;. thHj;ijfSk; fk;gdplk; mlq;fhJ
fspelk;GhpfpwJ.
,aw;iw tUzid mikg;gjpYk; fk;gd; midtiuAk; tpQ;rptpLfpwhd;.
vspikahd re;jj;ijf;> fw;gidNahL mikf;fpwhd;. kUj epyj;ij xU
ehlfNkil Mf;fptpLfpd;whd;. ehlfNkil mikj;Jtpl;lhy; ehlf khe;jh;
Ntz;Lk;> ghHitahsh; Ntz;Lk;. ,Njh ghliyg; ghUq;fs;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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„jz;liy kapy;fshl jhkiu tpsf;fk; jhq;ff;
nfhz;ly;fs; KotpNdq;ff; Ftis fz;tpopj;J Nehf;fj;
njz;biu vopdpfhl;j; Njk;gpop kfuahopd;
tz;Lfs; ,dpJghl kUjk; tPw;wpUf;F khNjh‟
fk;gdpy; Njha;e;NjhH kJ cz;l tz;lha; kaq;FtJ jpz;zk;.
vdNtjhd; ftpkzpAk;>
„nta;apw; Nfw;w epoYz;L
tPRk; njd;ww; fhw;Wz;L
ifapy; fk;gd; ftpAz;L‟
vd;fpwhH.
„fk;gh; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;‟ ,J gonkhop. ghujpahUk;
„....................................................
fk;gidg; Nghy; ts;Std; Nghy; ,sq;Nfhitg; Nghy;
G+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy‟
vd;gh;.
jpUj;jf;fNjth; tpUj;jg;ghitf; fhg;gpaj;jpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpaNghjpYk;
tpUj;jg;ghtpd; vy;iyiaj; njhl;ltd; fk;gNd. vdNtjhd;>
„tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cah; fk;gd;‟ vdg; Gfog;gLfpwhH.
thd;kPfp %y E}yhf ,Ug;gpDk; jkpo; kuigr; rpijahky; fhf;fpwhd;
fk;gd;. rPijia ,uhkd; fz;L fhjy; nfhz;lgpwF tpy;iy cilg;gjhf
mikf;fpwhd;. ,uhtzd; rPijiaj; jPz;lhJ gh;zrhiyNahL J}f;fpr;
nry;tjhf mikj;jy;> ,uhkd; irt czit cz;gjhf mikj;jy;>
mq;fjidj; jd; kfdhfr; Rf;hPtd; Vw;wy;> thyp ,we;jJk; mtd; kidtp
jhiuiar; Rf;hPtd; jd; jhahff; fUJjy; (thd;kPfj;jpy; Rf;hPtd; jhiuiaj;
jd; kidtpahf;fpf; nfhs;fpwhd;) ,uhkd; flTs; vd;W $lf; fUjhJ thypapd;
ciuahlypy; tsk; Nrh;j;jy; vdg; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; %yk; rpijahky;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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gz;ghl;Lr; rpe;jidNahL mikj;Js;sik ghuhl;bw;FhpaJ. vy;yh tz;zKk;
fye;j fk;gdpd; tz;zj;ij vg;gbg; ghuhl;LtJ. mtd; ghly; topNa
ghuhl;lyhk;. ,uhkd; jhlifiaf; nfhd;w NghJ tpRthkpj;jpuh; mtdJ
iftypik fz;lhH. ehk; fk;gdpd; ifapy; vOj;jpd; typik fz;Nlhk;.
,uhkd; fhy;gl;Lf; fy; ngz;zhf khwpajpy; mtdJ fhypd; ngUik fz;lhH.
„,t;tz;zk; epfo;e;j tz;zk; ,dp,e;j cyFf;F vy;yhk;
ca;tz;zk; md;wpkw;W XH Jah;tz;zk; cWtJ cz;Nlh?
iktz;zj;J muf;fp Nghhpy; kio tz;zj;J mz;zNycd;
iftz;zk; mq;Ff; fz;Nld; fhy;tz;zk; ,q;Ff; fz;Nld;‟
fk;gh; gpwe;j CH jpUtOe;J}H vd;gh;. vk;ghpd; fhyk; fp.gp.9Mk;
E}w;whz;L> 12Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk; vd ,U fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd.
ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp fk;gDf;F r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; mth;fs; (fk;gd; ,yf;fpa
cj;jpfs;) ehw;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l milnkhopfs; ey;Ffpd;whH. fpl;lj;jl;l
Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Njhd;wpa xU ftpQH ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bYk;
,yf;fpathjpfspd; kdj;jpy; Kjyplk; ngw;Ws;sik vz;zp kfpoj;jf;fJ.
„fk;guhkhazkhdJ N`hkh; vOjpa ,ypal;ilAk;> nth;[py; vOjpa
<dpal;ilAk;> kpy;lDila Rth;f;f ePf;fj;ijAk;> tpahr ghujj;ijAk;> jdf;Nf
Kjy; E}yhf ,Ue;j thy;kPfp uhkhazj;ijAk; $lg; ngUq;fhg;gpa
,yl;rzj;jpd; mk;rq;fSs; mNefkha; midj;ijak; ntd;Wtpl;lJ‟ vd;w
t.Nt.R Iahpd; $w;W kpifad;W cz;ikNa vdyhk;.
nghpaGuhzk;
Mrphpah; Nrf;fpohH. CH njhz;il ehl;Lf; Fd;wj;J}H. fhyk; 12Mk;
E}w;whz;L. ,aw;ngah; mUz;nkhopj;Njth;. fy;ntl;L> „,uhkNjth;‟ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLk;. ,th; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrho kd;ddplk; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;. „cj;jk
Nrhog;gy;ytd;‟ vDk; gl;lk; ,tUf;FhpaJ. nghpa Guhzk; ghba
mUl;ld;ikahy; „njhz;lh; rPH guTthH‟ vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhH. Nrf;fpohH Fbapy;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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gpwe;jikahy; „Nrf;fpohH‟ vd miof;fg;gl;lhH. irtj; jpUj;njhz;lh;fspd;
tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y;. 63 ehad;khHfspd; ngUikia vLj;NjhJk;
,f;fhg;gpaj;ijr; Nrf;fpohH „jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;‟ vd;whH. mf;fhyj;jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd jkpo;f;fhg;gpaq;fs; nkhopngah;g;ghf ,Ue;j epiyapy;
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gad;gLj;jpa nrhw;nwhluhy; „nghpa Guhzk;‟ vdg;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
Re;juhpd; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifAk;> ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpfspd;
jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjpAk; Nr;fpfohH ,e;E}iy ,aw;wg; gpd;Gykhf
mike;jd. ,jidg; gpd;te;NjhH njhif tif tphp vdr; rpwg;gpg;gh;. (njhif-
jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif tif-jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp> tphp-nghpa Guhzk;)
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ciu fz;l rp.Nf. Rg;gpukpza KjypahH ,jidg; ngUq;fhg;gpak; vdf; $wpr;
rhd;WfSld; epWTthH. fhg;gpaj; jiytuhff; fUjg;gLgth; Re;juh;.
fijapd; Kjy;> ,il> ,Wjpapy; Re;juh; tUtjhy; mtNu jiyth; mtiur;
Rw;wpNa fij epfo;Tfs; mikfpd;wd vd;gh;.
kd;dd; FNyhj;Jq;fd; rpe;jhkzp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kpFe;j <LghL
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Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f E}yhf;fpdhH vd;gh;. Mapd; ,f;fijf;Fg; NghJkhd
rhd;Wfspy;iy.
nghpaGuhzk; irt cyfpw;Ff; fpilj;j jdptpsf;F. vdNtjhd;
kfhtpj;thd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is mth;fSk; jk;Kila Nrf;fpohHgps;isj;
jkpopy; „gj;jpr;rit edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba ftptyt‟ vd;W Nrf;fpohiug;
ghuhl;Lfpd;whH. ,e;E}y; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fshf> gjpd;%d;W rUf;fq;fisf;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
163
nfhz;lJ. 4281 ghly;fs; cs;sd. jdpabahHfs; mWgj;J %tUk;
njhifabahHfs; xd;gJ NgUk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sdh;. ehad;khHfisg; gw;wp
fwgidahf vOjhJ mth;fs; tho;e;j ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tuyhw;Wf;
fhg;gpakhfg; nghpa Guhzj;ij ahj;Js;shH. ,th; Kjyikr;ruhf
,Ue;jikahy; mjw;Fhpa tha;g;Gfs; kpFjpahf ,Ue;jd vdyhk;.
gf;jpiag; gug;Gk; ,yf;fpakhapDk; fhjy; Ritia tpsf;Ftjpy;
jdpaplk; ngWfpwJ. guitahiug; ghHj;j Re;juh; fhjy; tag;gl;L
„fw;gfj;jpd; G+q;nfhk;Ngh? fhkd;jd; ngUtho;Nth/
nghw;Gila Gz;zpaj;jpd; Gz;zpaNkh Gay;Rke;J
tpw;Ftis gtskyh; kjpG+j;j tpiuf;nfhbNah?
mw;GjNkh? rptdUNsh? mwpNad; vd;wjpraj;jhH.‟
jpUQhd rk;ge;jiuf; fz;Kd; fhl;Lk;NghJ fhjy; kiwfpwJ Md;kPfxspaha;
gf;jpr;Ritapy; cs;sk; cUFk;.
„Qhdj;jpd; jpUTUit ehd;kiwapd; jdpj;Jizia
thdj;jpd; kpirapd;wp kz;zpy;tsh; kjpf;nfhOe;ijj;
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fhdj;jpd; vOgpwg;igg; fz;Fspuf; fz;lhHfs;‟
fhjYk;> gf;jpAk; Nghy; ,aw;if tUzidapYk; Nrf;fpohH ek; cs;sk;
fth;fpd;whH. ed;nra; epyk; fz;Kd; tUk; fhl;rp
„fhnly;yhk; fiof;fUk;G fhnty;yhk; Fiof;fUk;G
khnly;yhk; fUq;Ftis tanyy;yhk; neUq;Ftis
Nfhnly;yhk; kltd;dk; Fsnky;yhk; flyd;dk;
ehnly;yhk; ePHehL jid xt;th eynky;yhk;‟
nghpaGuhzk; ,ilf;fhyj;Jj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpaiyAk;>
gz;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;Fk; gf;jp fye;j tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak; vdyhk;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
164
,iwtdpd; mbahHfSf;Fr; rhjpapy;iy vdg; ghba Gul;rpf;fhg;gpak;
nghpaGuhzk;.
63 ehad;khHfs;
mbahH ngah; mtjhpj;j
khjk;
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1 Re;juh; Mb> Rthjp Mjpirth; CH:jpUehtY}H>
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jpUKiw ghbath;
2 jpUePyfz;lh; ij> tprhfk; Fath; CH: jpUvUf;fj;jk;
GypA+H.
3 ,aw;gifahH khHfop>
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itrpah; kidtpiaNa
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gifahdth;.
4 ,isahd;Fb
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5 nka;g;nghUs;
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6 tpwd;kpz;lhH rpj;jpiu>
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nrq;Fd;W}H. Re;juh;
rptdbahiu
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mjdhy; rptidna
ntWj;Jg; gpd; Re;juh;
mbahH ngUikNgRk;
jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
165
ghbaJk; Re;juiug;
Nghw;WthH.
7 mkh;ePjpahH Mdp> G+uk; itrpah; CH: gioahiw>
jpUey;Y}hpy; klq;fl;b
mbath;f;F mKJ
nra;jth;
8 vwpgj;j ehadhH khrp> mj;jk; fs;,wf;Fk;
njhopy;
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vwpa ahidiaAk;>
ghfidAk; nfhd;wth;.
9 VdhjpahH Gul;lhrp>
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10 fz;zg;gh; ij>
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fz;fisr; rptDf;F
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11 Fq;Fypaf;fypah; Mtzp> %yk; me;jzh; CH: jpUf;flT+H
ahuhYk; epkph;j;j
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12 khdf;fQ;rhud; khHfop> Rthjp Ntshsh; fQ;rD}H. rptdbahH
kfspd; $e;jiyf;
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mhpe;J nfhLj;jth;.
13 mhpthl;lhah; ij>
jpUthjpiu
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CH: Nrho
ehl;Lfzkq;fyk;
14 Mdhah; fhHj;jpif>
mj;jk;
Mah; CH: kq;fyT+H> ,tuJ
Gy;yhq;FoYf;F
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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cyfNk fl;Lg;gLk;
15 %Hj;jp Mb>
fhHj;jpif
murh; CH: kJuhGhp.
rptDf;Fr; re;jdk;
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Koq;ifia
miuj;jth;.
16 KUfd; itfhrp> %yk; me;jzh; CH. jpUg;GfY}H.
Qhdrk;ge;jhpd; ez;gh;
rk;ge;jh;
jpUkzj;jd;W Kf;jp
ngw;wth;
17 gRgjpahH Gul;lhrp>
mRgjp
tPuirth; nta;aY{H
18 ee;jdhH Gul;lhrp>
cNuhfpzp
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vDk; ngah;.
clNyhL rpjk;guj;jpy;
fapiy nrd;wth;.
19 jpUf;Fwpg;Gj;
njhz;lh;
rpj;jpiu>
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tz;zhH mbahH Jzpiaj;
Jitj;Jf; Fwpj;j
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ghiwapy; Nkhjpath;
20 rz;NlRtuh; ij> cj;jpuk; Mah; ,aw;ngah; tprhurUkh;.
rptid epe;jpj;jjhff;
fUjpj; jk; je;ijapd;
fhiyna ntl;bath;
21 jpUehTf;furh; rpj;jpiu>
rjak;
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irtk; khwpath;.
kd;didAk;
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khw;wpath;.
22 Fyr;rpiwahH Mtzp>
mDrk;
NtshsH ghz;baehL
kz;Nkw;Fb mikr;rh;>
kd;dd; neLkhwidr;
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irtdhf;fpath;
23 ngUkpoiyf;FWk;gh; Mb> rpj;jpiu ---- ngUkpoiy> Re;juiu
tzq;Fjy; Nkhl;rk;
mila top vd
ek;gpath;.
24 fhiuf;fhyk;ikahH gq;Fdp> Rthjp itrpah; %j;jehad;khH. rptd;
mk;ikNa vd;W
miof;Fk; NgW
ngw;wth;.
25 mg;G+jpabfs; ij> rjak; me;jzh; jpUehTf;furhplk;
Ngud;G nfhz;lth;.
kfd; ,we;J fplf;f
mKjspj;jth;
26 jpUePyef;fdhH itfhrp> %yk; me;jzh; CH: rhj;jkq;if.
rptd; kPJ rpye;jp tpo
kidtp Cjp tpyf;f
mjdhy; rptd; kPJ
vr;rpy;gl;lnjd
kidtpia tpyf;fp>
gpd; rptd; Ntz;l
Vw;whH
27 ekpee;jpabfs; itfhrp> G+rk; me;jzh; Vkg;Ng&H rptd;
Nfhapy; tpsf;nfhpa
vz;nza; ,y;iy.
rptd; jpUth&H ePiu
vLj;J vhpf;fr; nrhy;y
,unty;yhk; vhpe;jJ.
28 jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; itfhrp> %yk; me;jzh; Njthuj;jpd; Kjy;
%d;W jpUKiwfs;
ghbath;. ,irapy;
mw;Gjk; epfo;j;jpath;.
%d;W tajpNyNa
rptdUs; ngw;wth;.
29 fypf;fhkh; Mdp> Nutjp Ntshsh; ----------
30 jpU%yh; Ig;grp> mRtjp --- ee;jpNjth; mUs;
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ngw;w rpj;jh;> gj;jhk;
jpUKiwahfpa
jpUke;jpuk; vOjpath;
31 jz;babfs; gq;Fdp> rjak; -- CH: jpUthT+H.
gpwtpf;FUlh;. rptd;
mUshy;
rkziuntd;W
mth;fs; FUlhf
,th;fz; ngw;whH.
32 %Hf;fdhH fhHj;jpif>
%yk;
Ntshsh; CH: jpUNtw;fhL>
#jhbg;ngw;w
nghUshy;
rptj;njhz;L
nra;jth;.
33 Nrhkhrpkhwd; itfhrp>
Mapy;ak;
me;jzh; CH: Nrhoehl;Lj;
jpUtk;gh;. Re;juiuj;
njhOJ rptgjk;
ngw;whH.
34 rhf;fpah; khHfop>
G+uhlk;
Ntshsh; CH: rq;fkq;if.
Gwj;jpy; ngsj;j
rkak;. mfj;jpy;
rptd;. fy;yhy;
vwpe;J rptidg;
G+rpj;jth;.
35 rpuhg;GypahH fhHj;jpif
G+uhlk;
me;jzh; -
36 rpWj;njhz;lh; rpj;jpiu> guzp -- gy;ytkd;dh;
eurpk;kth;kdpd;
gilj;jiyth;.
thjhgp ntw;wpf;Ff;
fhuzkhdth;.
,aw;ngah; guQ;Nrhjp.
37 Nrukhd;ngUkhs; Mb> Rthjp murh; CH:kNfhij efuk;.
Nru kuG. Re;juh;
Njhoh;. fowpw;wwpthH
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ehadhH vd;gh;.
jpUKiwapy;
,lk;ngWgth;
38 fzehjdhH gq;Fdp>
jpUthjpiu
me;jzh; --
39 $w;WtdhH Mb>
jpUthjpiu
murh; fse;ijia Mz;l
FWepykd;dh;.
jpy;iyeluhrhpd;
jpUtbNa kFlk;
vdf; fUjpath;.
40 Gfo;r;Nrhod; Mb>
fhHj;jpif
murh; #hpatk;rk;.
Nrhoh;Fyk;. ntl;ba
gifth;
jiynahd;wpy;
rilapUf;fr;
rptj;JNuhfk;
nra;Njd; vdj; jd;
jiyia mhpe;jth;.
41 eurpq;f Gul;lhrp>
rjak;
murh; jpUKidg;ghb ehL.
jpUthjpiu
KidaiuadhH
NjhWk; mbahHf;F
mKjspj;J E}W
nghd; nfhLj;jhH.
42 mjpgj;jh; Mtzp>
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kPdth; CH: ehfg;gl;bdk;.
flw;fiuia mLj;J
rpw;W}H. tiyapy;
tpOk; Kjy;
kPidr;rptDf;F
mspj;jth;
43 fypfk;gdhH ij> Nutjp itrpah; CH:ngz;zhflk;.
jk; Ntiyahs;
rptdbahH Ntlk;
jhpj;J tuf; fhypy;
tpOe;J tzq;fpath;.
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jLj;j kidtpapd;
ifia ntl;batH.
44 fypadhH Mb> Nfl;il itrpah; vz;nza; tpsf;F
Vw;wKbahJ jd;
jiyKbia vhpj;jth;.
45 rj;jpehadhH Ig;grp> G+rk; Ntshsh; Nrhoehl;LtphpQ;irA+H.
rpt epe;jid
nra;NthH ehtpid
mWj;J tpLthH.
46 Iabfs;
fhlth;Nfhd;
Ig;grp> %yk; murh; fhQ;rp gy;yth; Fyk;.
,th; muspa gpuge;jk;
N\j;jpuj; jpUntz;gh
47 fzk;Gy;ydhH fhHj;jpif –
fhHj;jpif
,Uf;FNtSH.
rptDf;F tpsf;F
vhpa vz;nza;
,y;yhJ jd;
jiyKbia vhpj;jth;
48 fhhpahH khrp> G+uhlk; ghzh; ,iwtNd
ghLk;gbf;Nfl;fk;
ngUik ngw;wth;.
49 $d;ghz;bad; Ig;grp> guzp murh; kq;ifah;f;furpapd;
fztd;> ghz;bad;
neLkhwd;
50 thapyhH khHfop> Nutjp NtshsH
51 KidaLthH gq;Fdp> G+rk; Ntshsh; CH:jpUeP^H
52 fow;rpq;fd; itfhrp> guzp murh; Nfhapy;kz;lgj;jpy;
tpOe;j G+it
murpEfu ,ijf;
fz;l rj;jpehadhH
murp %f;if mhpa>
jz;lid NghjhJ
vd;W murpahfpa jk;
kidtpapd; ifiaAk;
mhpe;jth;
53 ,lq;fypahH Ig;grp> murh; nfhLk;ghSHrpw;wurh;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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fhHj;jpif ,t;tk;
rj;jurNdgpw;fhyr;
Nrhouhl;rpiaj;
Njhw;Wtpj;j
tprahyad; vd;gh;.
54 nrUj;JizahH Mtzp> G+rk; Ntshsh; MT+H. Nfhapy;
kz;lgj;Jg; G+it
murp Efu murpnadg;
ghuhJ %f;if
mhpe;jth;.
55 Gfo;j;JizahH Mtzp>
Mapy;ak;
Mjpirth; rptDf;F mgpN\fk;
nra;a topapd;wp
%Hr;rpj;jNghJ rptd;
jpdk; xU nghw;fhR
jd; gPlj;jpy; Njhd;wr;
nra;jhd;.
56 Nfhl;GypahH Mb> Nfl;il Ntshsh; Nrhodplj;jpy;
gilj;jiytdhf
,Ue;jth;
57 G+ryhH Ig;grp>
mDrk;
me;jzh; jpUepd;wT+H. kdj;jpy;
rptDf;Ff; Nfhapy;
fl;bath;.
58 kq;ifah;f;furp rpj;jpiu>
Nuhfpzp
murp ghz;bad;
neLkhwdpd; Jiztp.
mtidr; irtj;jpw;F
jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;
%yk; khw;wpath;.
59 NerehadhH gq;Fdp>
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nerthsh; njhopy;nfhz;L
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ngah; nerTehadhH
vdf; fhuzg;ngauha;
,uf;fyhk;
60 Nfhr;nrq;fzhd; khrp> rjak; murh; rptngUkhDf;F 77
Nfhapy; fl;batd;.
jpUthidf;Nfhtpy;
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[k;GNf];tuh; mUs;
ngw;wth;.
61 ePyfz;laho;g;ghzh; itfhrp> 5yk; ghzh; Qhdrk;ge;jUld;
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62 riladhH khHfop>
jpUthjpiu
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ey;y kfidg;
ngw;wjhy; ehadhH
MfpdhH.
63 ,ir QhdpahH rpj;jpiu>
rpj;jpiu
Mjpirth; riladhH kidtp>
Re;ju%Hj;jp
Rthkpfspd; jha;
ehad;khHfspy; Ntshsh;fNs kpFjpahf cs;sdh; (18)
fe;jGuhzk;
,ilf;fhyj; jkpofj;jpy; Guhzq;fspd; nry;thf;F kpFe;jd.
tlnkhopf;fhg;gpaq;fs; jkpopy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;ld. mt;tifapy;
tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l rptrq;fu rq;fpij fhQ;rpapy; tho;e;j fr;rpag;g
rpthr;rhhpahuhy; jkpopy; fe;jGuhzkhapw;W. MW fhz;lq;fisAk;> 10436
ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. fhyk; nghpa Guhzj;jpw;F Ke;jpaJ vdf; $wp
11Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. 12Mk; E}w;whz;L vdf; $Wk; nfhs;ifAk; cs;sJ.
fw;gid eakpf;f ghly;fisf; nfhz;l fhg;gpak; fe;jGuhzk;.
ehl;Ltsk;> efutsk; njhlq;fp KUfdpd; gpwg;G> tsh;g;G> #uDld;
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,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspilNa fe;jGuhzk; ngUk;
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;
Mrphpah; guQ;NrhjpahH. rptngUkhdpd; jpUtpisahly;fisj; njhFj;Jf;
$Wk; E}y;. gy;NtW jpUtpisahlw; Guhzq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,JNt rpwg;ghff;
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173
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}y; tlnkhopapy; mike;Js;s „`hyh];a kfhj;jpaj;ij‟
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fpa eaKk; fw;Nghiu <Hf;Fk;
jd;ikAk; nfhz;lJ. mstpYk; nghpaJ. fhg;gpa ,yf;fzq;fs; nghUe;jpaJ.
Mapd; ,jpy; $wg;gLk; fijfs; ntWk; Guhzq;fNs Vw;Gilj;jd;W.
guQ;Nrhjp KdptUf;F Kd;G ngUk;gw;wg; GhpA+Hek;gp jpUtpisahly;
Guhzk; vOjpdhH. Mapd; guQ;Nrhjpapd; jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; ntsp
te;jJk; mjd; rpwg;ghy; Kd;dJ Klq;fptpl;lJ. kjpg;gw;Wg; Ngha;tpl;lJ
vdyhk;.
guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; kJiuf;fhz;lk;> $ly; fhz;lk;> jpUMytha;f;
fhz;lk; vd %d;W fhz;lq;fshfTk;> 65 glyq;fshfTk; gFj;Js;shH. 3363
ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. %d;W fhz;lq;fSk; kJiuiaNa ngauhff;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
fhyk; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L vdf; fUJth;. ,d;W Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu
vOJNthH KbTiuapy; Kd; $wpa gFjpfisf; RUf;fpj; jUjy; ,ay;G.
,k;Kiwiag; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; jd; Guhzj;ij Kbf;Fk;NghJ
mikj;Js;shH. ,t; cj;jp NtW ve;jf; fhg;gpaj;jpYk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
mhpr;re;jpuGuhzk;
MrphpaH ghz;baehl;ilr; rhHe;j tPuftpuhah;. 1225 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
vj;jid Jd;gk; thpDk; cz;ik NgRtjpypUe;J khwhf mhpr;re;jpud;
fijiaf; $Wk; E}y;> ehl;il ,oe;J> kfid ,oe;J> kidtpia
Ntiyf;fhhpahf tpw;W ,Wjptiug; Nghuhb tha;ik nty;Yk; vd czh;j;jpa
mhpr;re;jpud fijia vspikNahLk;> czh;r;rpNahLk; ghbAs;shH.
esntz;gh
„ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp‟ vdg; ghuhl;lg;ngWk; GfNoe;jpg; Gyth; ,aw;wpaJ
esntz;gh. kfhghujj;jpy; tUk; „eNshghf;fpahdk;‟ vd;w fijg;gFjpia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghlg;ngw;wJ.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
174
nrtpf;F ey;Nyhir> ,dpa nghUs; eak; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.
esd;> jkae;jp fij jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfk; KOf;f mwpAk;gbr; nra;jth;
GfNoe;jpahthH. nghd; tpise;j fsj;J}hpy; gpwe;jth;. GfNoe;jpAk;
xl;lf;$j;jUk; rk fhyj;jth; vd;gh;. Mapd; ,th;fisg; gw;wp toq;Fk;
fijfs; Vw;Gilad my;y.
esntz;gh Rak;tufhz;lk;> fypnjhlh; fhz;lk;> fypePq;F fhz;lk; vd
%d;W fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 424 Nehpir ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. fhyk;
12Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. xl;lf;$j;jUf;Fg; gpe;jpath; vdf; fUjp 13Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; tho;e;jth; vd;gh;. ,tiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; re;jpud;
Rth;f;fp MthH.
GfNoe;jpapd; ngahpy; my;yp murhzpkhiy> gtsf; nfhbkhiy>
Gye;jpud; fsT khiy Mfpa E}y;fs; cs;sd. ,g;ghly;fis ,aw;wpa
GfNoe;jp> esntz;gh GfNoe;jpapdpd;Wk; Ntwhdth; vdf; fUJth;.
esntz;ghtpd; re;jkpf;f ghlYf;F XH vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
“Nghtha; tUtha; Guz;L tpOe;jpuq;fp
ehtha; Fow eLq;FWtha; - jPtha;
mutfw;Wk; vd;Nghy Mh;fypNa khij
,utfw;wp te;jha;nfhy; ,d;W”
ieljk;
ep\jehl;L kd;dd; esd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; kw;nwhU E}y; ieljk;.
Mrphpah; mjptPuuhk ghz;bah;. ,th; gpw;fhyg; ghz;ba kd;dh; MthH. ,e;E}y;
1172 tpUj;jg;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. `h;\ kd;ddpd; tlnkhop ie\jk; ,jd;
%yE}y; MFk;. fhyk; fp.gp.16Mk; E}w;whz;L.
tpy;ypGj;J}uho;thH ghujk;
tlnkhopapyike;j ghujj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp vOe;j E}y; tpy;ypGj;J}uhhpd;
ghujk;. gj;Jg; ngUtq;fshf mike;Js;sJ. ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhhpd;
ghujNk jkpopy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpa E}y;. me;E}y; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
175
ciuNkw;Nfhshfr; rpy ghly;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. njs;shW vwpe;j ee;jpth;kd;
fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ghujk; ghujntz;gh MFk;. ,th; ngaUk; ngUe;NjtdhH.
,e;E}y; cj;jpNahf gUtk;> tPLk gUtk;> JNuhz gUtk; vDk; %d;W
gUtq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Nrhoh;fhyj;jpy; mUzpiy tprhfh; ghujj;ijj;
jkpo;g;gLj;jpdhH. ,t;tptuk; %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyf; fy;ntl;lhy;
mwpaKbfpwJ. mLj;J ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ghujNk tpy;ypGj;J}uhH
ghba ghujk;.
,d;W jkpopy; KOikahfTk;> rpwg;ghfTk; fpilf;Fk; ghujk;
tpy;ypghuNkahfk;. ,th; CH jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; cs;s rdpA+H MFk;.
,tiu Mjhpj;jtd; tf;fghifia Mz;l tugjp Ml;nfhz;lhd; Mthd;.
je;ijahH tPuuhftd;. rkak; itztk;. fp.gp.14Mk; E}w;whz;L.
mfj;jpag;gl;lh; tlnkhopapy; vOjpa ghyghujk;> tpahrhpd; kfhghujk;>
ee;jpth;kd; fhyj;Jg; ghujntz;gh ,tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
tpy;ypGj;J}uhH ,aw;wpaJ tpy;ypghujk;. MjpgUtk;> rghgUtk;> Muz;agUtk;>
tpuhl gUtk;> cj;Nahf gUtk;> tPl;Lk gUtk;> JNuhz gUtk;> fd;d gUtk;>
ry;ypagUtk;> nrsjpfg; gUtk; Mfpa gj;Jg; gUtq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4339 tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; MdJ. tlnrhw;fs; kpFjp. fk;gidg; Nghd;W
jkpo;g;gLj;jhikahy; gy tl nrhw;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;E}Yf;Fg; ghapuk;
vOjpath; tue;jUthH. ,th; tpy;ypGj;J}uhiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; tugjp
Ml;nfhz;lhdpd; kfdhthH.
,uFtk;rk;
fhspjhrdpd; ,uFtk;rj;ij Kjy; E}yhff; nfhz;L murNfrhp vd;gth;
jkpopy; ,uFtk;rk; vOjpdhH. jpUth&H jpahfuhrh; Kd;G muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ.
ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fs; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah;
,yq;ifiar; rhHe;jth;. CH ey;Y}H. mur Fyk; vd;gh;. tlnkhopg;
Gyikkpf;fth;. fhyk; 17Mk; E}w;whz;L. ,tuJ jkpo; Mrhd; ,uhkhErf;
ftpuhah;. Mo;thHj; jpUefhpiar; rhHe;jth;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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nkhj;jg; ghly;fs; 2500. kf;fs; tof;fpy; mjpfk; ,lk;ngwhj E}y;
,uFtk;rk;.
tR rhpj;jpuk;
Mrphpah; njhz;ilkhe;Jiw mk;gyj;jhLk; Iad;. ,jd; %y E}y;
,uhkuh[ G+\zftp njYq;fpy; vOjpa tR rhpj;jpukhFk;.
ey;yhg;gps;is ghujk;
tpy;ypGj;J}uhH vOjpa ghujk; vg;gb mth; ngauhy; tpy;ypGj;J}uhH
ghujk; vd toq;fg;gLfpwNjh mJNghy; ey;yhg;gps;is vOjpa ghujk; mth;
ngauhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. tpy;ypghujk; 10 gUtq;fisf; $w ,th; 18
gUtq;fs; mikj;Js;shH. nkhj;jg;ghly; 13953. tpy;ypghujr; nra;Al;fis
E}w;Wf;fzf;fpy; khWjypd;wpf; ifahz;Ls;shH. ,th; CH Kjyk;NgL. fhyk;
18Mk; E}w;whz;L.
m\;lg; gpuge;jk;
Mrphpah; gps;isg; ngUkhs; Iaq;fhH. ,tUf;f mofpa kzthsjhrh;
vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. jkpo; ,yf;fz mwpT kpf;NfhNu. ,e;E}iyr; rpwg;ghfg;
gapyKbAk;. jpUkhypd; ngUik NgRk; E}y;. m\;lk; vd;gJ vl;L vd;w
vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;j vl;L E}y;fspy; ehd;F jpUtuq;fj;jpd; ngUik
NgRfpwJ. ,uz;L E}y;fs; jpUNtq;flkiyapd; ngUik NgRk; ,it jtpu
xUE}y; mofh; me;jhjp vd;Wk; kw;nwhd;W E}w;wpnal;Lj; jpUg;gjp me;jhjp
vd;Wk; ngah; ngw;Ws;sd.
,e;E}ypy; mjpfk; tof;fpy; ,y;yhj akfk;> rpNyil Kjypa
myq;fhuq;fs; kpFjpahf mike;Js;sd. ,jw;F it.K.Nfh ciu rpwg;ghff;
fpilj;Js;sJ.
,uhkhDrh; E}w;we;jhjp
jpUtuq;fj;J mKjdhH ghba E}y; ,JthFk;. ,uhkhDrhpd;
ngUikapid vLj;Jiuf;Fk; E}y;. Mrphpah; jpUtuq;fj;jpy; tho;e;jth;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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,uhkhErUf;F xU E}w;whz;L gpe;jpath;. fp.gp.13Mk; E}w;whz;L. ,th;
,uhkhErhpd; rPlh; $uj;jho;thuhy; Qhdr;Rlh; ngWk; NgW ngw;wth;.
fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwapy; mike;jJ. 108 ghly;fs;. ,uhkErh; Gfo;ghLk; E}y;.
ke;jpuk; Nghy; typikahf cr;rhpf;fj; jFe;j ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. vdNt
,jidg; gpugd;d fhaj;hp vd;Wk; $Wth;. Mo;thHfs; tuyhWk; mike;js;sJ.
ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ls;sJ.
Njrpfg;gpuge;jk;
Njrpfg; gpuge;jk; vOjpath; Ntjhe;j Njrpfh;. ,tuJ fhyKk;
,uhkhErh; fhyKk; Vwf;Fiwa xd;whFk;. ,UtUk; itztj; njhz;L nra;
nghpahNu. itztj;jpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffis ,e;E}y; ed;F tpsf;FfpwJ.
405 ghly;fs;. gy;NtW tifahd ghf;fs;.
Ntjhe;j Njrpfh; ,aw;ngah; ntq;flehjd;. njhz;ilkz;lyk; fhQ;rpia
mLj;j Jg;Gy; ,tuJ nrhe;j CuhFk;. ,tuJ fhyk; 13 Mk; E}w;whz;L.
,tUk; ,uhkhErUk; itztj;ijg; gug;gpa NghjpYk; ,Uth; Nfhl;ghl;bYk;
NtWghL cs;sJ. Kf;jpailar; rhjp xU nghUl;ly;y vdf; fUjpath;
,uhkhErh;. mjw;F Neh;khwhd fUj;jpidf; nfhz;lth; Ntjhe;j Njrpfh;.
guzp
„Mid Mapuk; mkhpik ntd;w
khd tDf;F tFg;gJ guzp‟
vd ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; guzpf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wfpd;wJ. NghHf;fsj;jpy;
Mapuk; ahidfisf; nfhy;Yk; tPuidr; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghLtJ. NghHnra;Ak;
tPuh;fSf;F Cf;fk; mspf;fg; ghlg;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
guzp el;rj;jpuj;jpd;NghJ nfhw;witf;Ff; $o; ml;L tpohf;
nfhz;lhLth;. nfhw;witf;Fhpa ehs; guzp. NkYk; Nga;> ahid> vkd;
,tw;NwhL njhlh;GilaJ guzp vd;gh;.
gd;dpUghl;bay; guzpapd; gz;ig
tQ;rp kiye;J ckpiQ Kw;wpj;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Jk;igapw; nrd;w njhLfoy; kd;did
ntk;Grpd khw;whd; jhid ntq;fsj;jpy;
FUjpg; NguhW ngUFk; nrq;fsj;J
xUjdp Vj;Jk; guzpaJ gz;Ng‟
vd vLj;Jiuf;Fk;
er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; VHf;fsk; ghL eUk;> NghHf;fsk; ghLeUk;> guzp
ghLeUk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjhy; nghUeh;fspy; guzp ghLNthH vdj; jdpg;gphpT
,Ue;jdh; vd vz;z ,lk; cs;sJ.
flTs; tho;j;J> filjpwg;G> fhLghly;> Nga; Kiwg;ghL> fhspf;Ff; $sp
$wpaJ> fsk; ghbaJ> tho;j;J vdg; gy;NtW tif cWg;Gf;fs; guzpapy;
mikAk;. ,t;TWg;Gf;fs; Kiw khwp mikjYk; cz;L.
ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; guzp E}y;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp. Vida guzp E}y;fspy; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit
xl;lf;$j;jhpd; jf;fahfg; guzp> itj;jpa ehjNjrpfhpd; ghrtijg; guzp>
jj;Jtuhthpd; Nkhftijg; gjuzp> mQ;Qtijg; guzp> Mrphpah; ngahpy;yh
,uzpatijg; guzp Mfpad. nghJthfg; guzp Njhw;Nwhd; ngahpy; mike;J
ntw;wp ngw;Nwhdpd; rpwg;gpidf;$Wk;.
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp
Mrphpah; nraq;nfhz;lhH. guzpf;NfhH nraq;nfhz;lhH vdg; Gfog;gLth;.
Kjw; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyk;. (fp.gp.1070 – 1118) fp.gp. 11Mk; E}w;whz;L.
jPgq;Fbapy; tho;e;jth;. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; gilj;jiytd; fUzhfuj;
njhz;ilkhd; fypq;f kd;dd; mde;jth;k Nrhlq;fd; kPJ NghH njhLj;J
ntd;w tPur; nray;fisg; ghLtJ ,g;guzpahFk;.
fypq;fj;Jg;guzpapd; ghly;fs; nghUs; eaKk; Xir eaKk; kpf;fit.
czh;r;rpf; Nfw;gg; ghly;fspd; XirfSk; khwp khwp mike;Js;sd. ,uz;L
,uz;L mbfisAilajha;j; jhopirapy; mike;jJ. 585 jhopirfs; cs;sd.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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FNyhj;Jq;fd; meghad; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhd;. mtidg; gw;wpa
nra;jpfisj; jUfpd;wJ. E}ypd; mikg;G vd;W fhZk;NghJ guzpf;Fhpa
jiytd; gy;yhz;L tho ,iwaplk; Ntz;Lk; flTs; tho;j;J. NghHf;fsk;
nrd;w fztd; tutpw;fhf Vq;Fk; fhjy; kidtpapd; filj;jpw;G. ntw;wpj;jha;
nfhw;witapd; NfhapiyAk; mts; ciwAk; fhl;ilAk; ghLk;> fhL ghbaJ>
Nfhapy; ghbaJ. Njtpiag; ghLjy;> Nga;fspd; jd;ikiaf; $Wk; Nga;ghbaJ.
,e;jpurhyk;> kd;ddpd; guk;giug; ngUikiaf; $Wk; ,uhr ghuk;ghpak;.
Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; (meghad;) gpwg;G> ntw;wpfis tpsf;Fk; mtjhuk;>
fypq;fj;jpy; NrhoDf;Fk; fypq;fDf;Fk; eilngw;w Nghhpidf; fypq;fj;Jg;
Nga; fhspf;Ff; $Wk;> fhspf;Ff; $sp (Nga;) $wpaJ. NkYk; fhspf;Fg; NghH
epfo;r;rpiag; Nga; tphpthf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; NghH ghbaJ. NghHf;fsj;ijf;
fhzg; Nga;fs; fhspia miof;ff; fhspAk; fz;L Nga;fSf;Ff; $Wk; fsk;
ghbaJ. gpd;dh; fhspapd; Mizf;Nfw;gg; gy;Jyf;fpf; $ol;L cz;L ,it
fpilg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhd meghar; Nrhoidg; Nghw;wpg; ghLk;.
Xir eaj;jpw;Ff; fypq;fj;Jg; guzp rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; mikfpwJ.
NghHf;fs Xirfs; tUzpf;Fk; ghly;>
„vLnkL nkLnkd ntLj;jNjhH
,fnyhyp flnyhyp apff;fNt
tpLtpL tpLghp fhpf; Fohk;
tpLk;tpL nkDnkhyp kpiff;fNt‟
mLj;Jf; filj;jpwg;G fhl;Lk; fhjy; NghHf;fsk; fhzPH. NghHf;fsj;jpy; fypq;f
tPuh;fisr; rha;j;Jf; Fd;nwd epkph;e;j NjNshL> %q;fpiy xj;j Njhspidg;
ngw;w jiytpiaf; fhz xt;nthU giltPuDk; XbtUfpwhd;. kfsph;
tuNtw;ff; fhj;J epw;fpd;wdh;. Nty; vLj;j tPud; iffs; ghHit mk;ghy;jhf;f>
ths; tpopapy; kaq;fpf;$Wk; $w;W>
„nrf;fr; rpte;j fOePUk;
nrfj;jpy; ,isQH MUapUk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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xf;fr; nrUFq; Foy;kltPH
ck;nghw; fghle; jpwkpNdh.
tUthH nfhOeh; vdj;jpwe;Jk;
thuhH nfhOeh; vdtilj;Jk;
jpUFq; FLkp tpbasTe;
NjAq; fghle; jpwkpNdh.‟
guzp E}y;fs; gy Njhd;wpDk; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; tof;nfhope;jd. guzp
gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;j lhf;lh; e.tP.nrauhkd; gjpNdO guzpE}y;fs; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfs; fpilg;gjhff; $Wth;.
jf;fahfg; guzp
Mrphpah; xl;lf;$j;jh;. Nrho kd;dd; tpf;uk Nrhod;> ,uz;lhk;
FNyhj;Jq;fd;> mtd; kfd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; MfpNahH fhyj;jth;.
vdNtjhd; ,k;%tiuAk; ehafh;fshf mikj;J %tUyh ghbdhH. Nrhoh;
mitapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wth;. ,th; fhyj;jth; GfNoe;jpAk;> fk;gDk; vd;gh;.
khWgl;l fUj;Jk; cs;sJ. ,th; vOjpa NtW E}y;fs; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
gps;isj;jkpo;> fhq;Nfad; ehyhapuf;Nfhit> %tUyh> ,th; fhyk;
fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L.
jl;rd; rptngUkhid kjpf;fhJ ahfk; nra;a mjdhy; rpdq;nfhz;l
rptdpd; ike;jd; tPugj;jpud; ahfj;ij mopj;J> cjtpf;F te;Njhiu ntd;W
jl;rdpd; jiyiaj; Jz;bj;j Guhz tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ. Njhw;w jf;fdpd;
ngauhy; kuGg;gb ngah; ngw;wJ.
mfj;jpaiug; Nghw;Wfpd;whH. jkpo; kPJ kpFe;j gw;Wf;nfhz;lth;
xl;lf;$j;jh;. nkhop eil rpwpJ fLikahfNt cs;sJ. E}iy Kbf;Fk;nghJ
„thop jkpo;r; nrhw; nwhpe;j E}w;Wiw
tho; jkpo;f; nfhj;j jidj;J khHf;fKk;‟
vd tho;j;Jfpd;whH. KUfnd Qhdrk;ge;jdhf te;J thjpl;Lr; rkzh;fis
ntd;wjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; jpy;iykd;wpYs;s jpUkhy; %Hj;jj;ijf;
flypy; vwpe;j tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpia ,e;E}y; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. jpUkhiyr;
rpWnja;tk; vd;W $wpapUg;gJ ,tuJ irtg; gw;wpd; kpFjpiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
cyh
jiytd; cyhtUk; NghJ> Ngij> ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij> mhpit>
njhpit> Nghpsk;ngz; Mfpa vOtifg; gUtkfspUk; mtd; mofpy; kaq;fpf;
fhjy; nfhs;tjhfg; ghLtJ cyh. ,J jkpo; kfspiu ,opTgLj;Jk; nray;
vdf; fbe;J cyhit xJf;Fth;. vdNtjhd; er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; ,jpy; tUk;
fhjy; kfspH guj;ijah;> Fykfspud;W vd;gh;. ngUq;fijAk; cyh
gw;wpf;$Wkplj;jpy;
„cj;jk kfsph; xopa......‟ vdf; $wpa Fy kfspiu ePf;Fk;. „Nguhrphpah;
ciuAk; „..............CnuhL Njhw;wKk; guj;ijah;f;fd;wpf; Fykfsph;f;Ff;
$wg;glhJ‟ vdf;$Wk;.
cyhtUk; jiytdpd; rpwg;Gf;fs; tphpthfr; Rl;lg;gLk;. mjidaLj;J
mtidf; fz;L fhjy; NehAw;w VOtifg; gUt kfsphpd; epiy
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;. kpFjpahd cyh E}y;fisg; ghbath; xl;lf;$j;jh;.
cyh E}y; ,uz;L gFjpfshf mikAk;. Kjdpiyapy; Fbapd;jd;ik>
murd;ePjp> kuG> nfhil> ePuhLjy;> mzp mzpAk; Kiw> efu tuNtw;G> fspW
CHjy; Mfpait ,lk; ngWk;. jiytd; rpwg;Gf; $Wq;fhy; gj;Jtifr;
rpwg;Gf;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;. ,jidj; jrhq;fk; vd;gh;. cyhtpd; gpw;gFjpapy;
vOtif kfsphpd; Mly; ghlNyhL jiytd; kPJ mth;fs; nfhz;l fhjYk;
,lk;ngWk;.
cyh gpw;fhyj;Jj; Njhd;wpaJ. vdpDk; njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk;
„CnuhL Njhw;wKk; chpj;njd nkhopa
tof;nfhL rptzpa tifikahd‟
vDk; E}w;gh cyhtpd; Njhw;w epiy vd;gh;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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jkpopy; jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh> jpUth&H cyh> jpUg;G+tzehjh;
cyh> jpUf;fhsj;jpehjh; cyh> Vfhk;guehjd; cyh> jpUf;fOf;Fd;wj;J cyh>
tpf;uk Nrhod; cyh> FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; cyh> ,uhruhr Nrhod; cyh>
jpUf;Fw;why ehjUyh> MSila gps;isahH jpUTyh khiy> nrhf;fehjh;
cyh> jw;fhyj;jpy; ntspte;j fhkuhrh; cyh Mfpa gy E}y;fs;
Njhd;wpAs;sd.
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhH ,aw;wpa jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh> cyh
E}y;fspy; Kjypy; Njhd;wpajhFk;. vdNt ,e;E}iy „Mjp cyh‟ vd;gh;.
,iwtd; ngUik NgRk; cyh vDk; Kiwapy; ,jidj; „nja;tPf cyh‟
vd;Wk; $Wth;. rpwe;j Xir eaKk; fUj;jhoKk; nfhz;lJ.
Nrukhd; ngUkhd; ehadhH Vohk; jpUKiw ghba $e;ju%Hj;jp
Rthkpfspd; ez;gh;. nghz;tz;zj; je;jhjp> jpUth&H Kk;kzpf;Nfhit>
jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh Mfpa rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; ,th; mUspaitNaahFk;.
jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; gjpNdhuhe; jpUKiwapy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp.8Mk; E}w;whz;L. rptdpd; ngUikAk;>
,iwtpapd; moFk;> tPjpfspd; rpwg;Gk; mofpa tUzidNahL mike;J
fw;Nghiu kfpo;tpf;fpd;wJ.
ek;gpahz;lth; ek;gpfs; ,aw;wpa „MSila gps;isahH jpUTyhkhiy‟
mLj;J miktJ. jpUQhdrk;ge;jiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L miktJ.
%tUyh xl;lf;$j;juhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. tpf;uk; Nrhod;> FNyhj;Jq;fd;>
,uhruhrd; Mfpa %d;W Nrho kd;dh;fisAk; jiyth;fshff; nfhz;L
jdpj;jdpahfg; ghlg;ngw;w cyh. ,k;%d;iwAk; ,izj;J %tUyh vd;gh;.
,k; %d;W kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpYk; tho;e;jth; xl;lf;$j;jh;. jf;fahfg; guzpAk;
,th; ghbaNjahFk;.
jkpof tuyhw;iw mwpa ,e;E}y; nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wJ> tprahyar;
NrhoDf;F 96 tpOg;Gz;fs; Vw;gl;l nra;jpAk;> Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ntw;wpAk;> fq;ifAk; flhuKk; nfhz;l Kjyhk; ,uNre;jpudpd; ntw;wpAk; gw;wp
xl;lf;$j;jh; jk; cyhE}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
Ngijg; gUtj;ij xl;lf;$j;jh; fhjy;fskhf;Ffpd;whH. mwpahg; gUtk;
,JthFk;. Mapd; ,jidaLj;J mikak; gUtk;; ngJk;ig. ngJk;igg;
gUtj;ijNa cyh ghLNthH rpwg;ghf vLj;jhs;fpd;wdh;. vdNt> „NgRk;
cyhtpw; ngJk;igg;Gyp‟ vDk; tof;Fs;sJ vz;zj;jf;fJ.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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IV. tsh;jkpo;
1. fpwp];jth;fs; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L
jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;j Nkdhl;L mwpQHfSk; jkpo;ehl;by; gpwe;J tho;e;j
fpwp];j;jth;fSk;> jkpo; nkhopf;F Mw;wpa gzpfisj; jhd; fpwp];j;Jtj;
jkpo;j;njhz;L vd;fpNwhk;.
jkpo; nkhopf;Fr; nra;j njhz;Lfs;
,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fis Nkiy ehl;L nkhopfspYk;> Nkiyehl;L
,yf;fpaq;fisj; jkpo; nkhopapYk; nkhopngaj;jdh;.
ciueilj; jkpio cz;lhf;fpdh;.
ehty;> rpWfij> ehlfk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; jkpio tsur; nra;jdh;.
jpwdha;Tf; fiyiaAk; nkhop Muha;r;rpiaak; jkpopy; GFj;jpdh;.
ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;> gonkhopfs;> tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;
Kjypatw;iwj; njhFj;Jf; fhg;ghw;wpdh;.
tpQ;Qhd E}y;fisj; jkpopy; ,aw;wpdh;.
Vl;Lr; Rtbapy; ,Ue;j jkpio mr;rpy; nfhz;L te;jdh;.
jkpopy; nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> ,yf;fpa ,jo;fs; ntsptuj; Jiz epd;wdh;.
jkpo; vOj;J tbtj;jpy; rpy rPHjpUj;jq;fisr; nra;J> rpf;fiyg;
Nghf;fpdh;.
nghUis czuj;jf;f tifapy; ,lk; tpl;L vOJjy;> Gs;spfs;
Kjypad itj;Jg; gphpj;jy; Mfpatw;iwg; GFj;jpf; fw;Fk; Kiwia
vspikg;gLj;jpdh;.
,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fis ,aw;wpj; jkpod;idf;Fg; Gjpa
mzpfyd;fis mzptpj;jdh;.
jkpo;ehl;L kf;fsplk; jk; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gp mth;fisj; jk;
kjj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW nra;tjw;fhf INuhg;gpah;fs; jkp;o; nkhopiaf;
fw;wdh;. jkpo; nkhopiag; Ngrpdh;. jkpo; nkhopapy; E}y;fs; gy vOjpdh;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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,r;nray;fshy; jkpo; nkhopAk;> ,yf;fpaKk; gy ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wr;
nropj;jd. INuhg;gpah; jk;ik mwpahkNyNa jkpo;j; njhz;L nra;jhHfs;.
kjkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l jkp;o;f; fpUj;jth;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;L nra;jhHfs;.
jj;Jtg; Nghjfh;
jj;Jtg; Nghjf Rthkpapd; ,aw;ngah; ,uhgh;l;-b nehgpyp. ,j;jhyp
ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. cah;Fy ,e;Jf;fisf; fpUj;Jtuhf;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhL
te;jhH. mjw;F Vw;whw;Nghy; jd;Dila eil> cil ghtidfisg; gpuhkzh;
Nghy; khw;wpf;nfhz;lhH. kJiuapy; rig epWtp ehw;gj;ije;J Mz;Lfs; rkag;
gzp Ghpe;jhH. kjr; rhHGila tlnkhop fye;j gy jkpo; ciueil E}y;fis
,aw;wpAs;shH. mtw;wpy; gy mr;Nrwhj fhuzj;jhy; mope;Jtpl;ld.
kJiuapy; tho;e;J gpd;dh; ikyhg;G+hpy; 1656-y; fhykhdhH. ,th; ,aw;wpa
E}y;fs; ke;jpukhiy> rFd epthuzk;> Gdh; n[d;k Ml;Nrgk;> jj;Jtf;
fz;zhb> VRehjh; rhpj;jpuk; MfpadthFk;.
rPfd; ghy;F Iah;
,th; n[Hkdp ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. jkpo; ehl;by; Kjd; Kjyhf
GNuhl;nl];lhz;L fpUj;Jt kjj;ijg; Nghjpj;j Kjy; FU MthH.
juq;fk;ghbapy; jq;fp jkpo;j;njhz;L Ghpe;jhH. Kjd;Kjypy; jkpo;g;Gj;jfq;fis
mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lhH. jkpofj;jpy; Kjd; Kjypy; mr;Rf;$lk; epWtpaJ
kl;Lky;yhky; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiyAk; epWtpdhH. jkpo;> ,yj;jpd; Mfpa
,UnkhopfSf;Fk; nghJthf toq;Fk; gy nrhw;fis tpsf;Fk;> jkpo;
,yj;jPd; xg;gpyf;fd Ma;T vd;Dk; Ma;T E}iyAk;> ,th; iggpisj;
jkpo;g;gLj;jpAs;shH kw;Wk; jkpo; - ,yj;jPd; mfuhjp Mfpatw;iw mr;rpl;lhH.
Nghg; IaH
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. rkag; gzpf;fhf ,e;jpah te;jth;.
jkpo; ehl;bd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; gs;spf; $lq;fisAk;> rkag; gs;spfisAk;
epWtpdhH. ,th; jpUf;Fws; KOtijAk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;j;J
me;E}ypd; ngUikapid cyfwpar; nra;jhH. jpUthrfj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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nkhopngah;j;J ,Utpid fle;j nry;td; ,irj;j thrfj;ijnay;yhk;
tUtpisahl;lhw; NghYk; kWnkhopajdpy; itj;jPH vd;W Nguhrphpah; #ypad;
tpd;rdpd; ghuhl;bidg; ngw;whH. fpUj;Jtj;ijg; gug;gg; ghjphpauhf te;jth;>
jkpiog; gug;Gk; Qhdpahf tpsq;fpdhH. ehybahH> rpQhd Nghjk;
Mfpatw;iwAk;> GwehD}W> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy Mfpa E}y;fspd; rpy
gFjpfisAk;> kzpNkfiyf; fijiaAk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhH.
Mq;fpy ,jo;fspy; jkpopd; ngUik Fwpj;Jk; gy fl;Liufs; tiue;jhH.
vy;yP]; Jiu
,th; Mq;fpNyah;. nrd;id efuf; fnyf;luhf Ntiy ghHj;J te;j
vy;yPrh; jkpopYk;> tlnkhopapYk; ty;yth;. ,th; jpU.Kj;Jr;rhkpg;gps;isath;
fisf; nfhz;L gioa Vl;Lr; Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj;jhH. mtiuf; nfhz;L
tPukhKdpth; tuyhW ntsptur; nra;jhH. jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; jpUf;Fwspd;
Kjy; gjp%d;W mjpfhuq;fSf;F Kjd; Kjypy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ciu
vOjpAs;shH.
tPukhKdpth;
,th; ,j;jhyp ehl;bdh;. ,th; ,aw;ngah; fhd;];lz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp.
1700-y; jkpofj;Jf;F te;j ng];fp> Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhahplk; jkpo; fw;whH. jdJ
Kg;gjhtJ tajpy; jkpo;ehL te;J Vwf;Fiwa 37 Mz;L fhyk; jkpofj;jpy;
jq;fp> kjg;gzp Ghpe;j VRrigf; FU MthH. tPukhKdpth; njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
vDk; E}ypy; v.X vDk; Fw;nwOj;Jf;spd; Nky; rpW NfhL Nghd;w Gs;spiaAk;
nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; Nky; Ropj;j Gs;spiaAk; itf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W GJtpjp
$wpdhH. fPNo Ropf;fg;gl;l nfhk;igf; (n) Fw;nwOj;jhf;fp> ,UGwKk;
Ropf;fg;gl;l nfhk;ig (N) nel;nlOj;jhf;fpdhH. tPukhKdpth; ,t;ntOj;Jr;
rPHjpUj;jk; vspikahf ,Ue;jikahy; jkpoh;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;. jkpo;
nkhopapd; thp tbitj; jpUj;jpa ntspehl;lhH tPukhKdpth; xUtNu. ,th;
vOjpa njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E}iyf; Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak;
vd;W midtUk; ghuhl;Lfpd;wdh;. ,th; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; njhz;L nra;Js;shH.
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jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;> rpj;Njhp mk;khs; mk;khid> md;idaOq;fy;
me;jhjp> milf;fy khiy Kjypa rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisAk;> Njk;ghtzp vDk;
fhg;gpaj;ijAk; ,tH ,aw;wpdhH>
Njk;ghtzp rpwg;ig czh;e;Nj ftpNahfp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahH rhukhk;
Njk;ghzpapidj; njhbDk;> jkpo; kzk; fkOk; vd; fuNk vd;W
ghuhl;Lfpd;whH. ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;Gk; ngUikAk; fz;L kfpo;e;j rhd;NwhH
,tUf;F tPukhKdpth; vd;Dk; gl;lkspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jdH. Njk;ghtzp
fijg;Nghf;fpy; gy ,lq;fspy; fk;guJ fhtpaj;ijj; jOtpr; nry;fpd;wJ.
jpU. G+uzypq;fk; gps;is mtHfs; ,J rPtf rpe;jhkzpf;F ,izahd
fhtpakhFk; vd;W Nghw;Wfpd;whH.
,tH NtjpaH xOf;fk;> Ntjtpsf;fk;> Ntjfk; kWj;jy; Kjypa
ciueil E}y;fisAk; toq;fpdhH. epfz;Lfspy; xLq;fpf;fple;j jkpo;
nrhw;fisAk;> nghUisAk; rJufuhjpahf;fpj; jkpopd; Kjy; mfuhjp E}iy
mspj;j ngUikAk; ngw;whH. ,jpy; ngah;> nghUs;> njhif> njhil vDk;
ehd;F mjpfhuq;fis mikj;Jr; rJufhuhjp vd;W ngahpl;lioj;jhH.
,th; gpnuQ;R> ,yj;jpd; fpNuf;fk;> `_g;U> ,j;jhyp> ghurPfk;> Mq;fpyk;>
jkpo;> njYq;F> tlnkhop Mfpa nkhopfspy; Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhH. jkpOf;Fg;
Gjpa jhd guhkhHj;j FU fij vd;Dk; fij E}iy toq;fpdhH. ,jpy;
eaKk;> eifr;RitAk; epuk;gpa ,e;E}y; rpwe;j fij E}yhFk;. jkpopy; Kjd;
Kjyhfj; Njhd;wpa jiyrpwe;j Vsd ,yf;fpakhf ,J jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,e;E}y;
njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa ,e;jpa nkhopfspYk; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sik
,jd; ngUikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk;.
Ntjtpsf;fk; Ngjk; kWj;jy; vd;gJk; mtuhy; ciueilapy;
,aw;wg;gl;l fj;Njhypf;f rka E}y;fs; MFk;. Ngr;Rj; jkpopyf;fzj;ijf;
nfhLj;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vd;w ngahpy; ,yj;jpd; nkhopapy; E}nyhd;W
vOjpAs;shH. ,yf;fzg;gzpf;fhfr; nre;jkpo;j; Njrpfh; vDk; gl;lk; ngw;whH.
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Fwspd; mwj;Jg;ghiyAk;> nghUl;ghiyAk; ,j;jhyp nkhopapy;
nkhopngah;j;Js;shH.
rJufhjp Kj;jhukhf kpsph;fpd;wJ. tPukhKdpth; jkpo; Kdpth;fspy;
xUtuhf tpsq;FfpwhH vd;W nrhy;ypd; nry;th; uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is ,tUf;Fg;
Gfohuk; #l;bg; G+hpf;fpd;whH. ,t;thW tPukhKdpth;> fpUj;jt kf;fSf;Ff;
fhg;gpaj; je;ijahfTk; jkpo; kf;fSf;F ciueil ,yf;fpa Kd;NdhbahfTk;
mq;fj ,yf;fpa MrphpauhfTk;> mfuhjp E}y;fspd; jiytuhfTk;> nkhop
E}yhuha;r;rpapy; Kjy;tuhfTk;> nkhopngah;g;G E}y;fspd; topfhl;bahfTk;
jpfo;fpd;whH.
n`r;.V.fpUl;bzg;gps;is
jpUney;Ntyp nul;bahH gl;bapy;> itzt Ntshsh; FLk;gj;jpy;
gpwe;jth;. itztuhd ,th; 1858Mk; Mz;L fpUj;Jtuhf kjk; khwpdhH.
[hd;gd;ad; vOjpa gpy;fphpk;]; GNuhfpu]; vDk; E}iyj; jkpo; nkhopapy;
,ul;rz;a Fws;> ,ul;rz;a kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rz;a rka eph;zak; vDk;
E}w;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. ,ul;rz;a kNdhfuk; vDk; E}y; fpUj;Jth;fspd;
Njthuk; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. jhAkhdth;> fk;gh; ,th;fspd; ftpj; jhf;fq;fs;
ahTk; fpUl;bzg;gps;isapd; gilg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,tUila ngw;NwhH rq;fuehuhazh;> nja;t ehafp mk;khs; MthH.
rkak; khwpagpd; n`d;wp My;gHl; vDk; ngaiu itj;Jf; nfhz;likahy;
n`r;.V.fpUl;bzg;gps;is vdj; jk; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;nfhz;lhH. fk;gdpd;
ftpr;rhaiyg; nghpJk; tpUk;gp mijj; jk; fhtpaj;jpYk; ifahz;Ls;sikahy;
,tiuf; fpUj;Jtf; fk;gd; vd miof;fpd;wdh;. ,th; jpUtde;jGuk; kd;dh;
fy;Y}hpapy; jkpo;g;Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpAs;shH.
Ntjehafk;gps;is (1826-1889)
jpUr;rpf;F mUfpy; cs;s Fsj;J}hpy; gpwe;jth;. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp
Re;juk; gps;isaplk; jkpo; fw;wth;. khAuk; khtl;lj;jpy; Kd;rPg;ghfg;
gzpahw;wpdhH. ,irj;jkpopYk;> Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; ed;F Gyikg; ngw;wth;.
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ehty; ,yf;fpaj;ijj; jkpOf;F mwpKfg; gLj;jpdhH. ,th; vOjpa gpujhg
KjypahH rhpj;jpuNk jkpopd; Kjy; ehtyhFk;. ,th; 16 jyGuhzq;fisAk;> 16
me;jhjpfisAk;> 10 gps;isj;jkpo; E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. NkYk;
rh;trka rkukf; fPh;j;jid> rj;jpa Ntjf; fPHj;jid> jpUtUs; khiy> Njt
Njhj;jpu khiy Mfpatw;iw vOjpAs;shH. jpUkzf;fhyq;fspy; kzkfid
ikj;Jdh; vs;sp eifahLtij ehl;Lg;Gw tbtpy;
ikj;JdNu ,d;WKjy;
kfuhrh; ePNu
nfhj;jhH Foyp vq;fs;
Fapiyf; nfhz;bNu
coTj; njhopy; nra;j ckf;F
clk;ngy;yhk; NtW
Cj;ij fOtg; gw;WNkh
xd;gJ MW - vd;W ghbAs;shH
2. ,Ryhkpah;fs; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L.
Kd;Diu
fp.gp. 7k; E}w;whz;by; Kfk;kJ egp Njhd;wpdhH. mtUila Njhoh;fs;
jkPd; md;rhhp> cf;fhrh rfhgp ,UtUk; jkpofk; te;jhHfs;. ,Ryhkpaf;
Nfhl;ghLfisg; gug;gpdhHfs;. fp.gp.14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; khypf;fhG+H vd;w
jsgjp njd;dhl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Kfkjpa Ml;rpia epiy epWj;jpdhd;.
mjd; gpd;dNu jkpofj;jpy; ,Ryhkpa rkak; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ. murpay;
nry;thf;fhy; jkpoh; gyh; Kfkjpauhf khw;wg;gl;ldh;. rpyh; jhkhfTk; khwpdh;.
,th;fs; ,Ryhkpah; vd miof;fg;gl;lhYk; nkhopahy;> czh;thy; jkpoh;fshf
tho;e;J te;jdh;. ,RyhkpaUs; gyh; jkpo;g;Gyik ngw;Wf; ftp ghLk; Mw;wy;
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ngw;wdh;. vdNt rkaf; nfhs;iffis> tuyhWfisf; $Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fisj;
jkpopy; ,aw;wpdh;.
17Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; ,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpak; jioj;J Xq;fp
tsh;e;Js;sJ. mth;fs; gjpndl;bw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fhg;gpaq;fisAk;> mk;khid>
me;jhjp> Mw;Wg;gil> gps;isj;jkpo;> Nfhit Kjypa jkpo; kuG topr;
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisAk;> nehz;b ehlfk;> fPhj;jid ehlfk; Nghd;w ,ir
ehlfq;fisAk;> gilg;nghH> Kd[hj;J> fp];]h> kryh ehkh Nghd;w
,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpa tiffisAk;> khiy> Vry;> rpe;J> Fk;kp> jhyhl;L>
jpUg;Gfo;> fPh;j;jid> Mde;jf; fspg;G> Qhdg;gDty; Nghd;w ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpa tiffisAk;> ciueil E}y;fisAk;> ePjp E}y;fisAk; rka
E}y;fisAk; je;J jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy;fpg; ngUfr; nra;jdh;. ,th;fs;
,aw;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fis Ie;J tiffshfg; gphpg;gh;.
1. Nghpyf;fpak; 2. rpw;wpyf;fpak; 3. nghJkf;fs; ,yf;fpak; 4. GJtif
,yf;fpak; 5. Qhdg;ghly;fs; ,t;thW E}y; gilj;j Gyth;fisg; Nghw;wpg;
ghJfhj;j Gutyh; rPjf;fhjp ts;syhH.
Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG
ehw;gj;NjO Mz;Lfs; tho;e;j ,thpd; gpwg;gplk; fhay;gl;bdkhFk;.
,sikapy; ,th; mj;jh; tpahghpaha; tpsq;fpdhH. ,tUila ,aw;ngah;
Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjph;. ,th; tho;e;j fhyk; 1788-1835 tiu MFk;.
jpUkzj;jd;Nw kztho;f;ifia ntWj;J Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH. rJufphp>
Gwhkiy> ehfkiy Kjypa kiyfspYk;> fhLfspYk; jdpj;J tho;e;J Kw;wpa
Nkhdj;jpy; Qhdk; ngw;wth;. gpd;dh; nrd;id ,uhaGuj;jpy; Jwtpahf tho;e;jhH
vd;gh;. ,th; Kfk;kjpa kjj;jpy; Mo;e;j gw;Ws;sk; nfhz;lth;. ,aw;ngah;
kiwe;J Fzq;Fb k];jhd; vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;whH.
„khjtQ;Nrh; NkNyhH tOj;Jq;Fzq;Fbahz;l vd;Wk;> FUtha;
mLj;NjhHf;F mUs; Ruf;Fk; Nrhjpf; FzQ;Nrh; Fzq;Fbahz;l vd;Wk;>
khrpyhkzpNa> Kdpth;fs; ,iwNa ts;syha; te;j fz;kzpNa vd;Wk;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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GydOf;fw;w Gyth; ngUkf;fshy; Gfog;ngw;wth; Qhdp Fzq;Fb k];jhd;
rhfpG. eh$H> fhiuf;fhy;> nrd;id Mfpa ,lq;fspy; jq;fpg; gy mw;Gjq;fis
epfo;j;jp jd; ghly;fisAk;> fPHj;jidfisAk; nrd;id efuj;njUf;fspy;
,irNahL tha;tpl;Lg; ghbf; nfhz;L jphpe;jhH. jhAkhd mbfspd; ghly;
Nghd;W ,tUila ghly;fSk; rkaj; njsptpidAk; cz;ikapidAk;
tw;GWj;jp epwfpd;wd. ,tuJ ghly;fs; midj;Jk; njhFf;fg;gl;Lf;
Fzq;Fbk];jhd; rhfpG kPJ jpUj;jzpif rutzg; ngUkhs; Iah; ehd;kzp
khiyAk; ma;ahrhkp KjypahH gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjpAk; ghbAs;sdh;.
,th; mfj;jPrh; rjfk;> ee;jPrh; rjfk;> epuhkaf;fz;zp> Mde;jf; fspg;G
vd;gtw;wpid ,aw;wpAs;shH.
nra;Fj; jk;gpg;ghtyh;
,th; ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j ,yq;fil vd;Dk; Ciur; Nrhe;jth;.
rq;fuehuhazd; vd;gthplk; fy;tp fw;whH. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,izaw;w
Gytuhd ,th; xU rjhtjhdp Mth;. xU Neuj;jpy; E}W mtjhdq;fisr;
nra;Ak; jpwik ngw;wth;. ,th; 1907-Mk; Mz;L nrd;id tpf;Nlhhpah gg;spf;
`hypy; ngUk; Gyth;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; jdJ rjhtjhdj; jpwikia
epUgpj;Jf; fhl;bg; ghuhl;Lg; ngw;whH. „rPwhg;Guhzj;jpw;F‟ ciu vOjpAs;shH.
jpUtUl;gh vd;Dk; Gdpj E}iy vjph;j;J aho;ghzj;Jf; fjpiu Ntw;gps;is>
MWKf ehtyh; KjypNahH gpur;rhuk; nra;jdh;. mit mUl;gh my;y kUl;gh
vd;wdh;. ,f;fUj;ij kWj;J Vw;gl;l mUl;gh-kUl;gh G+rypy; kUl;gh
fl;rpapdh; kUl;gh kWg;G vd;Dk; E}iy ntspapl;ldh;. kUl;ghit kWj;jhy;
mJ mUl;gh MfptpLk; vd;W $wp ts;syhhpd; ngUikia epiyehl;bdhH.
,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ehiff;Nfhit> jpUeh$Hjphpge;jhjp> mofg;gf;Nfhit>
jpUf;Nfhl;lhw;Wg; gjpw;Wg; gj;J> ePjp ntz;gh> ,d;dpirg; ghkhiy>
jpUNfhl;lhw;Wg; gps;isj;jkpo; Kjypad MFk;.
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fhrpk; Gyth;
fhrpk; Gyth; jpUtbf; ftpuhah; vd;gthplk; fy;tp fw;whH. mth;
fw;wtw;Ws; mUzfphp ehjhpd; jpUg;GfNo mtiu kpfTk; <Hj;jJ. mth; jhDk;
mt;thW xU E}y; gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhH. ,jd; nghUl;L egpfs;
ehafj;ij Ntz;bdhH. egpfs; ehafk; ,th; fdtpy; Njhd;wp gfUk; vd;W
nrhy;yp kiwe;jhH. clNd fhrpk; Gyth; mijNa Kjy; mbahff; nfhz;L
„gfUKUtpyp mUtpyp ntUtpypl‟ vdj; jpUg;Gfo; ghbdhH. fhrpk; Gyth; re;jr;
rpwg;Gs;s nre;jkpo;g;ghf;fs; gytw;iw egpehafj;jpd;kPJ ghbAs;shH. mit
mUzfphpahhpd; jpUg;GfNo vd;W $Wkstpw;Fj; jpUg;Gfo; re;jj;NjhL
ghbAs;shH. mg;ghlypd; njhFjp jpUg;Gfo; vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rt;thJg;
Gytuhy; kJuftp – vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;l ngUikAilath;. ,tNu jk;ik
kJu ftpuhrd; vd mioj;Jf;nfhz;lhH.
Nrfdhg; Gyth;
nra;fg;Jy; fhjph; neapdhH nyg;ig vd;w ngaiur; RUf;fpr;
Nrfdhnyg;ig vd;wioj;jdh;. ,tiur; Nrfdh Gyth; vd;Wk; mioj;jdh;.
,tUk; Gfo;ngw;w Qhdpahd Fzq;Fb k];jhDk; gs;spj;Njhoh;fs;. ,th;
fhay;gl;bdj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,uj;jpd tzpfhpd; kfd;. ,sikapy; ,th; Nghjpa
mstpy; mwpT tsh;r;rp milahky; ,Ue;jhH vd;Wk;> xU ehs; fUehfk; ,th;
ehitj; jPz;baJ. mJKjy; ftpgilf;Fk; Gyik ngw;whH vd;W $Wth;.
,Ug;gpDk; jk; guk;giuj; njhopyhd ,uj;jpd tpahghuj;ijj; njhlh;tNjhL>
ghly; GidtjpYk; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH.
,th; \hFy; `kPJ Mz;lifapd; tuyhw;iw 2565 ghf;fs; nfhz;l
Guhzkhf ,aw;wpdhH. KifjPd; tuyhw;iw 1340 ghf;fs; nfhz;l fj;Gehafk;
vd;Dk; Guhzkhfg; ghbAs;shH. egp ,Guh`pk; mth;fspd; Gdpj tuyhw;iw
2044 ghf;fspy; ghbAs;shH. mjw;Fj; jpUkzpkhiy vd;W ngah; #l;bdhH.
,e;E}y; ,iwtdpd; Gfiof; $WtjhFk;. ,th; Njhj;jpukhiy> nrhHf;f ePjp>
Gjh ;̀ \hk; jpUf;fhuzg; Guhzk;> ehifae;jhjp> kf;fhf; fyk;gfk; Kjypad
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gilj;Js;shH. me;jhjp ml;lge;jk;> fkyge;jk;> ehfge;jk; Mfpa rpj;jpa
ftpfSk; egpfs; Nky; ghbdhH.
rt;thJg;Gyth;
,th; vkdPr;Ruk; vd;Dk; Ciur; NrHe;jth;. ,th; rh;f;fiug; Gythpd;
ikj;Jdh; vd;gh;. JUtzpfh; Kfk;kJkPH rt;thJ nrhw;Gyikf; nfjph; nrhy;y
Kbahnjd;W Fkuf; flTs; FwpQ;rpapy; Vwpf; nfhz;lhd; vd;Wk;>
mUzfphpehjh; fpstbtk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhH vd;Wk; xU Gyth; rpwg;gpj;Jr;
nrhy;fpd;wdhH. rt;thJg;Gyth; nre;jkpo; ty;yth;. tir ghLtjpy; fhsNkfg;
Gytiug; Nghd;wth;. tz;lkpopd; vz;Nzh> vOj;Njh> ,irNah> ,ay;Gyth;
fz;Nzh> rt;thJf; ftp vd;W xU jkpo;g;Gyth; K];yPk; ftpQuhd rt;thJg;
Gytiug; Nghw;Wfpd;whH. ,tiu tz;lkpo; rt;thJ thnay;yhk; eQ;Nr vd;whH
xU Gyth;. mt;tsT rf;jp nfhz;l thf;Fg; ngw;wth;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf
Nri\aq;fhH vd;gh; ,tUf;Fg; gzk; jukWj;jhH. mjw;F ,th;
tPrk; gzk; nfhLf;fhj Nrrh
tPhpak; ghk;G fbj;Jr; rhrh vd;W rgpj;jhH. ,ij myl;rpag;gLj;jpa
Nri\aq;fhiu tphpad; ghk;G jPz;b md;Nw mq;NfNa khz;lhH. ,th; ehiff;
fyk;gfk; kjPdj; je;jhjp> KifjPd; Mz;lth; gps;isj;jkpo; Nghd;w
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisg; ghbAs;shH.
tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gyth;
,tUila ,aw;ngah; `kPJ ,g;ufPk;. ,th; kJiuf;F mz;ikapy;
cs;s kPry; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. kJiuapy; xU jk;gpuhidr; rhHe;J gy
nkhopfisAk; fw;Wzh;e;jhH vd;gh;. tz;zg;ghly;fs;- re;jg;ghly;fs; ghLtjpy;
,th; ty;yth;. Mifahy; ,tiu tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gyth; vd mioj;jdh;.
KifjPd; Guhzk; ,tuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. eh$hpy; muq;Nfw;wk; MdJ.
,e;E}ypd; ,dpikapy; kfpo;e;j md;gh; xUth; ,th; tpUk;gpa jd; kfis
,tUf;F kzKbj;J itj;jhH. ,th; ,aw;wpa E}y; ,uh[ehfk; MFk;.
fhtpar; Ritfs; ahTk; epiwe;j> 2240 ghf;fshy; mike;j ,dpa E}y;. ,J
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fiykhd; egpapd; fijiaf; $WtjhFk;. NkYk; jPd; tpsf;fk; vd;Dk;
GuhzKk;> nkhifapjPd; Guhzk;. mypghJ\h ehlfk;> Fj;G ehafk; Mfpad
,th; ,aw;wpadthFk;.
rh;f;fiug; Gyth;
,th; 17-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. rt;thJg;Gythpd; ikj;Jdh;.
eifr;Rit Njhd;w ciuahLtjpYk;> nra;As; ,aw;WtjpYk; ty;yth;. ,th;
mNugpahtpYs;s Kfk;kjpag; Gz;zpaj;jykhd kjPdh efiur; rpwg;gpj;J
kjPdh me;jhjp vDk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; gilj;Js;shH.
Fyhk; fhjpW ehtyh;
,th; eh$iur; rhHe;jth;. ,th; Gyth; Mw;Wg;gil muGj;jkpo; mfuhjp>
MhpG jhafk;> ckWgh\htpd; Gj;j rhpj;jpuk;> fd;[Py; fwhkhj;J>
rKj;jpukhiy> rPwhg;Guhztrdk; jpUkhf;fhj; jpUte;jhjp> egpehafj;jpd;kPJ
Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> eh$Hf;fyk;gfk;> eh$Hg;Guhzk;> gjhapUf;fyk;gfk;> kjPdhf;
fyk;gfk;> kJiuf;Nfhit Mfpait gilj;Js;shH.
mypahH Gyth; ,UE}w;W Ik;gj;njl;Lf; Fws;fisf; nfhz;l ngz;Gj;jp
khiy vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shH. kjhWrh;fpG Gyth; jpWrheh vd;Dk;
fhg;gpa E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shH. eapdh Kfk;kJ Gyth; Kdfphpd; khiy vd;Dk;
E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shH. fy;tpf;fsQ;rpag; Gyth; rpd;d rPwhg;Guhzk;> rpj;jpuf;
ftpj;jpul;L vd;Dk; ,U E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shH.
GJtif ,yf;fpak;
muhgpa ghurPf ,yf;fpa mikg;gpidj; jOtpj; jkpopYk; gy
,yf;fpaq;fis Kfkjpah;fs; vOjpdh;. mit> ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
vd;Dk; Kj;jpiu ngw;wd. mit> Nghiur; rpj;jhpf;Fk; gilg;NghH gw;wpa
E}y;fs; Ie;J gilg;NghH> #ird; gilg;Nghh;> ,e;jpuhad; gilg;NghH vd;gd.
mLj;jJ> my;yhitj; njhOk; Kd[j;! E}y; Kdrhj;J khiy. mLj;jJ
tuyhW $Wk; fPrh E}y;fs; A+RG egpfp];]h> nra;Jd; fp];]h> E}W krhyh>
Mapu krhyh Kjypad kw;Wk; ehkh tuyhW $WtJ E}y;. E}W ehkh> ehkh
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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vd;gJ ghurPfg; ghitfSs; xd;W. Kd[j;> fP];]h> krhyh vd;gd muGr;
nrhw;fs; MFk;.
Qhdg;ghly;fs;
Qhdf; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;j ghly;fisAk; Kfk;gjpag; Gyth;fs;
ghbdh;. jhAkhdtiug; Nghy Qhd E}y;fis vOjpg; Gfo;ngw;wth;fspy;
jiyahath; Fzq;Fbk];jhd; rha;G Mth;. ,e;Jkjf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;>
flTsiuAk; Nghw;wp kNdhd;kzpf;fz;zp KifajPd; rhjfk;. Mde;jf; fspg;G
Nghd;w gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shH. kw;Wk; kr;rNuifr; rpj;jd;> jw;fiy gPH
KfkJ rhfpG Mfpath;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;.
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V. nkhopgapw;rp
1. nghUs; ,yf;fzk;
jkpOf;Nf rpwg;G kpf;fjha; kpsph;tJ tho;f;if ,yf;fzj;ij vLj;J
,ak;GtJ nghUs; ,yf;fzkhFk;. ek;gpafg;nghUs;> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy
Nghd;w ,yf;fz E}w;fspd; topahf vspjhfTk;> njspthfTk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s
KbfpwJ.
ek; Kd;NdhH nghUis mfk;> Gwk; vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpj;jdh;. mfk;
vd;gJ fhjy; tho;f;ifiaAk;> Gwk; vd;gJ nghJthfr; rKjhaf;
flikfisAk;> rpwg;ghf tPutho;f;ifiaAk; tpsf;FtjhFk;. mfj;jpizfspy;
md;gpd; Ie;jpizf;F kl;Lk; Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;> chpg;nghUs; cz;L.
“Kjy;fU chpg;nghUs; vd;w %d;Nw
EtDq;fhiy Kiw rpwe;jdNt
ghlYk; gapd;wit ehLq;fhiy” (njhy;)
1. Kjw;nghUs;: xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; chpa epyKk;> nghOJk; Kjw;nghUs;.
jpiz epyk; ngUk;nghOJ rpWnghOJ
1 FwpQ;rp kiyAk; kiy rhHe;j
,lKk;
Fsph; ahkk;
2 Ky;iy fhLk; fhL rhHe;j ,lKk; fhHfhyk; khiy
3 kUjk; taYk; tay; rhHe;j ,lKk; Mz;LKOtJk; itfiw
4 nea;jy; flYk; fly; rhHe;j ,lKk; Mz;LKOtJk; Vw;ghL
5 ghiy ngUk; kzy; rhHe;j ,lk; Ntdpw;fhyk; ez;gfy;
2. fUg;nghUs;
xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; chpa nja;tk;> kf;fs;> czT> tpyq;F Kjypad
fUg;nghUs;
fUg;nghUs; FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy
1 nja;tk; KUfd; jpUkhy; ,e;jpud; tUzd; JHf;if
2 caHe;NjhH ntw;gd; Njhw;wy; FWk;giw Nrh;g;gd; vapdh;
3. jho;e;NjhH Fwtd; ,ilah; coth; gujh; kwth;
4 tpyq;F ahid khd; vUik RwhkPd; nre;eha;
5 G+ FwpQ;rp Ky;iy jhkiu nea;jy; Futk;
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6 aho; FwpQ;rpaho; Ky;iyaho; kUjaho; tpshpaho; ghiyaho;
7 czT jpiz tuF nre;ney; kPd; topg;Nghf;fhplkpUe;J
gwpj;j czT
8 kuk; re;jdk; nfhd;iw kUjk; Gd;id ghiy
9 gwit kapy; fhl;Lf;Nfhop ehiu flw;fhfk; fOF
10 CH rpWFb Nrhp Ng&H gl;bdk; FWk;G
11 ePH mUtp fhl;lhW Fsk; kzw;fpzW ePH tw;wpa Rid
12 giw njhz;lfk; VWNfhl;giw kzKoh kPd;Nfhl;giw Jb
13 gz; FwpQ;rpg;gz; rhjhhpg;gz; kUjg;gz; nrt;thpg;gz; gQ;Rug;gz;
njhopy; Njd;vLj;jy; epiu
Nka;j;jy;
VW
jOTjy;
kPd;mhpjy; topg;gwp (epiu
fth;jy;)
3. chpg;nghUs;
xt;nthU epyj;jpw;Fhpa xOf;fk; chpg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.
1. FwpQ;rp - Gzh;j;jYk; Gzh;jy; epkpj;jKk;
2. Ky;iy - ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk;
3. kUjk; - ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk;
4. nea;jy; - ,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk;
5. ghiy - gphpjYk; gphpjy; epkpj;jKk;
2. mfj;jpizfs; - VO
mfkhtJ xNu md;Gila jiytDk;> jiytpAk; fhjy; cs;sj;jhw;
fye;J> fsT tho;f;if Nkw;nfhz;L> gpd; fw;gpaypy; GFe;J> ,y;ywkhfpa
ey;ywj;ij Vw;W ,Wjpapy; tPLNgW miltJ. ,f;fhjy; vg;nghOJk;
cs;sj;J czh;thNyNa czug;gLtJ. gpwh;f;Fg; Gyg;gLj;JkhW vLj;Jf;$w
,ayhjJ. Mjyhy; ,t;nthOf;fk; mfk; vdg;gl;lJ.
mfg;nghUs; vO tifg;gLk;
mit
1.FwpQ;rp 2.Ky;iy 3.kUjk; 4.nea;jy; 5.ghiy 6.iff;fpis
7.ngUe;jpiz vd;gd.
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md;gpd; Ie;jpiz
md;gpd; Ie;jpiz vd;gJ md;gilf;fhkk;. Fyj;jhYk;> Fzj;jhYk;>
eyj;jhYk;> tajhYk; xNu jd;ikAila jiytDk; jiytpAk; xUtiu
xUth; md;G nfhz;L xOFk; xOf;fk;. ,j;jifa md;G xOf;fj;ij md;gpd;
Ie;jpiz vdTk; miof;fg;ngWk;.
“fhjy; ,Uth; fUj;J xUkpj;J
MjuT gl;lNj ,d;gk;” vd;gJ xsit thf;F.
Ie;jpiz vd;gJ md;Gilf;fhkk;
iff;fpis
iff;fpis vd;gJ xUjiyf; fhkk;. jiytd; kl;Lk; fhjy; nfhz;L
jiytp fhjy; nfhs;shikAk; jiytp kl;Lk; fhjy; nfhz;L jiytd; fhjy;
nfhs;shikAk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;
“iff;fpis cilaJ xUjiyf;fhkk;”.
ngUe;jpiz
ngUe;jpiz vd;gJ nghUe;jhf; fhkk;> Fzk;> Fyk;> eyk;> taJ
Kjypatw;why; nghUj;jkw;wth;> ngw;NwhH> cwtpdh; KjypNahH Vtyhy; kzk;
Ghpe;J tho;jYk;> tpUg;gkw;Nwhiu type;J $LjYk; Kjypa md;gpw;F
xt;thjd nty;yhk; ,jd; fz; mlq;Fk; “ngUe;jpiz cilaJ nghUe;jhf;
fhkk;”.
3. tiuT fw;G
tiuT flhjy;
Njhop jiytid tpiutpy; tiuf vdf; flhTjy; mjl;bf; $wy;>
tw;GWj;jy;> tpdTjy;> Ntz;Ljy;> J}z;Ljy; vdg; gy nghUs;gLk;.
tiuT flhjypd; tif
“ngha;j;jy; kWj;jy; fowy; nka;j;jy; vd;W
xUehy; tifj;Nj tiuT flhjy;”
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ngha;j;jy; (ngha;ahdit $wp mr;RWj;jy;) jiytd; Ntz;Ltij
kWj;jy;> fowy; (,bj;Jf; $Wjy;) nka;j;jy; (cz;ikahd mwnewp>
cyfpaiy vLj;Jiuj;jy;) ,it ehd;Fk; tiuT flhjypd; tiffshFk;.
tiuT flhjypd; fpstp tiffs;
tpdtpa nrtpypf;F kiwj;jik tpsk;gYk;
myh;mwp TWj;jYk; jha;mwp Tzh;j;jYk;
ntwpmr; RWj;jYk; gpwh;tiuT czh;j;jYk;
tiuT vjph;Tzh;j;jYk; tiuAk;ehs; czh;j;jYk;
mwptwp TWj;jYk; Fwpngah;j;jpLjYk;
gfy;tU thid ,uTtU nfd;wYk;
,uTtU thidg; gfy;tU nfd;wYk;
gfypDk; ,utpDk; gapd;W tUnfd;wYk;
gfypDk; ,utpDk; mfy;,td; vd;wYk;
cuNthd; ehLk; CUk; FyDk;
kuGk; GfOk; tha;ikAk; $wYk;
MWahHj; Jw;w mr;rk; $wYk;
Mw;whj; jd;ik Mw;wf; $wYk;
fhty;kpf ciuj;jYk; fhkk;kpf ciuj;jYk;
fdTeypT ciuj;jYk; ftpdopTiuj;jYk;
vdKiw ehb ,ak;gpa ,UgJk;
tiuT flhjy; tphpvdg; gLk;Nk.
tpdtpa nrtpypf;Ff; fsit kiwj;jik gw;wpj; jiytw;Fj; Njhop
tpsk;gy;> jiytDf;F CuhH mwpe;J myh; J}w;Wjiy mwpTWj;jy;> fsitj;
jha; mwpe;jikia mwpTWj;jy;> jiytpf;F VNjh nja;tf; NfhshW vd;W
ntwpahl;L vLf;fg; Nghfpd;wdh; vdj; jiytid mr;RWj;jy;> nehJ kyh;
kzk; Ngrp tUtij czh;j;jy;> tiuitj; jiytpapd; ngw;NwhH Vw;gh; vdf;
$wy;> tiutjw;Fhpa ey;y ehs; tUfpd;wnjd czh;j;jy;> jiykfs;
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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gz;igAk; mwpitAk; jiytDf;F mwpTWj;jy;. Fwpaplk; khw;wp ciuj;jy;>
gfy; tUthid ,uT thvd;wy;> ,uT tUthidg; gfy;th vd;wy;> gfypYk;
,utpYk; khwpkhwp tUf vd;wy;> ,UnghOJk; tuhNj vdy; (,t;thW
myf;fopg;gJ> mtid tpiutpy; kze;J nfhs;SkhW J}z;Ltjw;Nfahk;)
jiytdJ ehLk; CUk; FyKk; Fbtop kuGk; GfOk; tha;ikak; $wp
tiuaj; J}z;Ljy;> top gw;wpa MWghHj;Jw;w mr;rk; $wy;> mtsJ mw;wh
ikia Mw;Wtpf;ff; $Wjy;> fhty; kpFjpia ciuj;jy;> fhkk; kpFjpia
ciuj;jy;> fdT ey;tij ciuj;jy;> jiytp moF nfLtij ciuj;jy;
,it ,UgJk; tiuT flhjy; fpstp tiffshk;.
mwj;njhL epw;wy;
jiytpapd; cly; NtWghL> eilKiw Kjypad fz;L IAw;W
jiykfis jha;> nrtpyp Kjypath;fs; mtis „,w;nrwpg;gh;‟ (tPl;by; itj;J>
ntspapy; NghfhJ fhg;gh;) me;epiyapYk; my;yJ NtW #oy;fspYk;
NjhopNah> jiytpNah> jiytidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jp mtDf;Nf
mtis kzk; nra;J nfhLf;f Kay;tJ ,J. fhjypj;jtidNa
kzg;gJjhd; mwkhjypd; ,J> “mwj;njhL epiy” vdg;gl;lJ.
mwj;njhL epw;gJ vd;gJ fsit ntspg;gLj;JtJ. ngw;NwhHf;Fr;
rpdj;ijAk; tUj;jj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jf;$baJ. ,jidj; jiytpNah> NjhopNah
NeNu ngw;Nwhplk; nrhy;tJ ehfhpfkhfhJ mjdhy; jq;fs; „Fw;wj;ij‟ eakhf
ntspg;gLj;JthH Nghy; ele;J nfhs;th;.
“jiytp ghq;fpf;F mwj;njhL epw;Fk;
ghq;fp nrtpypf;F mwj;njhL epw;Fk;.
nrtpyp ew;wha;f;F mwj;njhL epw;Fk;
ew;wha; je;ij jd;idah;f;F mwj;njhL
epw;Fk; vd;g newpAzh;e;NjhNu
(ek;gpafg;nghUs; -48)
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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jiytp NeNu ngw;Nwhhplk;> jd; fhjiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy; ehfhPfkhfhJ.
mjdhy; mts; mf; „fstpidj;‟ jd; caph;j; NjhopaplNk $Wths;.
Njhopf;Fk; njhpahj epiyapy;> Vw;gLtJ ,J vd;gij mwpayhk;.
Njhop mwpe;j gpd;> jiytpapd; nrtpypj;jhaplk; ,ij ntspg;gLj;Jths;.
nrtpypj;jha; ew;wha;f;F ntspg;gLj;Jth;. gpd;G ew;wha; jiytpapd; je;ij>
jikad;khHf;F czh;j;Jths;. kf;fspd; gz;ghNl ,J.
4. Gwj;jpiz
1. ntl;rpj;jpiz
giftNuhL Nghhplf; fUJk; Nte;jd; xUtd; mjw;F mwpFwpahf
mg;gif ehl;bYs;s Mepiufisf; fth;e;J tUkhW jd; tPuh;fSf;F Miz
,Lthh;. mt;thizia Vw;W tPuh;fs; Ntw;Wg;Gy fstpy; M je;J xk;gg;
Gwg;gLth; ,J ntl;rp vdg;gLk;.
,t;tPuh;fs; ntl;rpg;G+tpid R+Lth;. gif ehl;L kd;dh; Nghh;
njhLg;gjw;F Kd;Ng ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba me;jzh;> ngz;bh;> gps;isfSk;>
gzpAilNahUk;> gRf;fSk; mfYkhW me;ehl;by; giw mwptpj;J njhptpg;gh;.
mg;NghJ jhkhf ghJfhg;Gj; Njbf; nfhs;s ,ay;gpy;yhj gRf;$l;lq;fisf;
ftu jd; tPuh;fis VTthd;.
gifehl;L tPuh;fs; Mepiufisf; fth;e;J nrd;W tpLth; ,jidNa
Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyapy;
“ntd;wp Nte;jd; gzpg;gTk; gzpg;gpd;wpAk;
nrd;wp fz;Kid Mje; jd;W”
(Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy ntl;rp 1)
2. tQ;rpj;jpiz
tQ;rp vd;gjw;F gifehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jy; vd;gjhFk;. tQ;rpj;
jpizapd; Jiwfs; nkhj;jk; ,UgJ MFk;. tQ;rpf; nfhbapd; G+f;fisr; #b
nry;tjhy; ,J tQ;rpj; jpizahapw;W.
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jdf;F gzpahj gif Nte;jid gzpaitj;J mtdJ ehl;ilf;
ftUtjw;fhf me;ehl;bd; Nky; gilnaLj;Jr; nry;tJ tQ;rpj;jpiz MFk;.
“thlh tQ;rp jiykiye;J
$lhH kz;nfhsy; Fwpj;jd;W”
(GwnghUs; tQ;rp -3)
giftiu xU nghUl;lhf kjpahky; Mz;ik fhl;LthHfs;.
Nghhpd;NghJ tpiue;J nts;sj;ijf; fy;yiz jLj;J epWj;JtJ Nghyg;
gifth;fs; gyiu tPud; xUtNd jLj;J epWj;JtJz;L. jd; tPuh;fSf;F
murd; ngUQ;nrhW ey;Fthd;. ntw;wpAk; Njhy;tpAk; ,UthyUf; chpaNj.
Njhw;w nfhw;wtd; ntd; Nte;jDf;F jpiw jUthd;.
3. copiQj;jpiz
gifaurdpd; kjpiy tisj;Jf; nfhz;L Kw;WifapLjy; copiQj;
jpizahFk;. mg;nghOJ tPuh;fs; copiQg; G+itr; #Lth;. ,jDila
Jiwfs; nkhj;jk; ,Ugj;J xd;gJ MFk;.
“Kbkpir copiQ#b xd;dhH
nfhb Elq;fy; vaph; nfhsf;fUjpd;W
(Gw.nt.copiQ.6)
jd; Mizia Vw;fhkYk; ,Uf;Fk; Nte;jdpd; kjpiy Kw;WifapLtJ
tof;fk;. Kjypy;> kjpypd; Gwj;Nj jq;Fthd; kd;dd;. ,thplk; Njhw;gil
ngUfp epw;Fk;. kjpypDs; murDk; nry;tg; ngUf;Filatdhfj; jpfo;thd;.
mjdhy;> Gwj;jurd;> mk;kjpiyf; nfhs;s Kbahky; tUe;JtJ Kz;L.
gifth; gyh; Kd;Nd> copiQ tPud; xUtd;> jd;de; jdpahfNt NghHGhpthd;.
4. thifj;jpiz
thif vd;gJ ntw;wp MFk;. Nghhpy; ntw;wp ngw;w murDk;
mt;turdpd; tPuh;fSk; ntw;wp ngw;wjw;F milahskhf thifg; G+tpidr; #b
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhLjy; thifj;jpiz vdg;gLk;. thifj;jpizapd; Jiwfs;
nkhj;jk; Kg;gj;J %d;W Jiw MFk;.
“,iyGid thif#b ,fy;kiye;J
miyfly; jhid muRml;L MHj;jd;W”
(Gw.ntz;.thifj;jpiz)
NghH kPJ nfhz;l tpUg;ghy; murh; $jph; fhyj;jpYk; Ntdpw; fhyj;jpYk;
ghriwapy; jq;fpapUg;gh;. murh; tay; epykhfpa NghHf;fsj;jpy; NjiuNa Vuhf;
nfhz;L fizfis tpijahf tpijj;Jg; gifthpd; jiyfshfpa
fjph;kzpfis mWj;J ntw;wp ngWthHfs;. giftUld; Nghhpl;L ntd;w XH
murdJ Njh; Kd; tPuh;fs; Fuit vd;w $j;jpid MLthHfs;. mt;thNw
Njhpd; gpd;Dk; MLthHfs;. jhk; $wpa tQ;rpdj;Jf;F Vw;g> capiu
mtpg;gypahf ,LthHfs;. gifth; ehl;bidf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;L kfpo;th;.
murh; me;jzh; tzpfh; Ntshsh; vd;w ehd;F tFg;ghUk; mwf;fsr;
rhd;NwhH> Nrhjplh;> kwth;> kwf;Fb kfsph; Mfpa ,th;fsJ ,ay;G
Nkk;ghlfis rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WjYk; thifj; jpizapy; mlq;Fk;.
5. ghlhz;jpiz
murDila Gfo;> nfhil typik> tPuk; Kjypa gz;Gfisg; Gfo;e;J
ghLtJ ,JthFk;. ghL + Mz; + jpiz vdg;gphpj;J Mzpd; nray;jpwd;fisg;
Gfo;tJ vdg; nghUs; nfhs;th;.
xspAk; Mw;wYk; xk;gh <ifAk;
mspAk; ,itAk; Mw;wy; tiuj;jd;
(GwnghUs; - thif)
kd;dJ nfhbiaf; flTs; nfhbNahL rhHj;jpg; Gyth;fs; Gfo;thHfs;.
jpUkhy; „Nrh‟ vd;w muzj;ij md;W mopj;jJ NghyNt> ,t;TopiQ
Nte;jDk; gifaurh; jk; kjpiy mopf;f ty;ytd; vdg; ghuhl;LthHfs;.
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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.
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Mf;fk; Kidth; R. me;Njhzp nry;tFkhH ,izg;Nguhrphpah; & jiyth; jkpo;j;Jiw ehrNuj; kh;fh\p]; fy;Y}hp> gps;isad;kid.