iii diesel testing

FTP

Real World vs Lab

US06

2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM)

Real World Emissions

Real World Bus Emissions

bus_data

license_datesamp_lengthavg_vi_mphco_bhpco2_bhpnox_bhphc_bhpavg_mpg

Bus36010/25/01806110.49914402681.5327267088393.28089070846.94667038830.28439647692.6563255179

Bus36110/25/01564423.64636782421.2307902197392.70995570525.91412473420.12626718646.6230935507

Bus36310/24/01806913.81790804310.8758619408390.82002850425.6492824390.02953550637.6132742595

Bus36410/26/01568817.71496132211.0546061885369.4758473985.31767932490.31271888196.3928516174

Bus37210/26/01528321.42827938671.0595343555407.0440885864.63363240580.19405451456.5224834374

Bus37510/25/01785815.6903028761.4974560957388.25871086795.55608679050.14549554595.7911860524

Bus37710/24/01809112.09754047710.7939451242390.96107403295.16943517490.05299653943.9482758621

Bus37910/23/01788815.1029538541.3972718053400.15673301225.68331389450.15818737323.6233303753

Bus38010/23/01802313.02565125261.2476243301410.78553035028.61336657110.10070385142.8967904774

Bus38110/22/01729516.31735435231.261564085399.41110623717.15857162440.06671034965.9260520905

Bus38210/17/01314019.92939490451.811544586378.25767197458.82228662420.10688152876.7316974522

Bus38310/19/01795118.23514023391.0314979248413.33608602697.61488869320.22115620686.0977537417

Bus38410/17/01846118.24461647561.3403392034393.12724618848.87307410470.14270452677.199700981

Bus38510/18/01843116.54313841771.6913865496390.87647372797.53759103310.16513201287.3496382398

Bus38610/19/011034717.30614670921.7983550788384.03535710836.62393737320.14033855225.9454924133

averages1.2732963655394.17867452286.67785741450.150495755.6694609754

ucl1.3523972198397.09324448047.0268354920.17028451396.0730318835

lcl1.1941955112391.26410456536.3288793370.13070698625.2658900672

bus_THC

license_datesamp_lengthavg_vi_mphhc_bhp

Bus36310/24/01806913.81790804310.0295355063

Bus37710/24/01809112.09754047710.0529965394

Bus38110/22/01729516.31735435230.0667103496

Bus38010/23/01802313.02565125260.1007038514

Bus38210/17/01314019.92939490450.1068815287

Bus36110/25/01564423.64636782420.1262671864

Bus38610/19/011034717.30614670920.1403385522

Bus38410/17/01846118.24461647560.1427045267

Bus37510/25/01785815.6903028760.1454955459

Bus37910/23/01788815.1029538540.1581873732

Bus38510/18/01843116.54313841770.1651320128

Bus37210/26/01528321.42827938670.1940545145

Bus38310/19/01795118.23514023390.2211562068

Bus36010/25/01806110.49914402680.2843964769

Bus36410/26/01568817.71496132210.3127188819

average0.1584102533

.25_std0.0186330798

THC_chart

0.02953550630.15841025330.01863307980.0186330798

0.0529965394

0.0667103496

0.1007038514

0.1068815287

0.1262671864

0.1403385522

0.1427045267

0.1454955459

0.1581873732

0.1651320128

0.1940545145

0.2211562068

0.2843964769

0.3127188819

&A

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hc_bhp

average

bus_NOx

license_datesamp_lengthavg_vi_mphnox_bhpMOBILE6STANDARD

Bus37210/26/01528321.42827938674.63363240584.475

Bus37710/24/01809112.09754047715.16943517494.475

Bus36410/26/01568817.71496132215.31767932494.475

Bus37510/25/01785815.6903028765.55608679054.475

Bus36310/24/01806913.81790804315.6492824394.475

Bus37910/23/01788815.1029538545.68331389454.475

Bus36110/25/01564423.64636782425.91412473424.475

Bus38610/19/011034717.30614670926.62393737324.475

Bus36010/25/01806110.49914402686.94667038834.475

Bus38110/22/01729516.31735435237.15857162444.475

Bus38510/18/01843116.54313841777.53759103314.475

Bus38310/19/01795118.23514023397.61488869324.475

Bus38010/23/01802313.02565125268.61336657114.475

Bus38210/17/01314019.92939490458.82228662424.475

Bus38410/17/01846118.24461647568.87307410474.475

average6.8200220551.5257320034

MOBILE64.471.364004411

Standard5

NOX_chart

4.63363240584.475

5.16943517494.475

5.31767932494.475

5.55608679054.475

5.6492824394.475

5.68331389454.475

5.91412473424.475

6.62393737324.475

6.94667038834.475

7.15857162444.475

7.53759103314.475

7.61488869324.475

8.61336657114.475

8.82228662424.475

8.87307410474.475

&A

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On-Road Data On 15 1996 MY Urban Buses:36% higher than standard52% higher than MOBILE6 prediction from cert data

On-Road Bus Data

MOBILE6

Emission Standard

Average NOx (g/bhp-hr)

bus_CO2_data

license_datesamp_lengthavg_vi_mphco2_bhp

Bus36410/26/01568817.7149613221369.475847398

Bus38210/17/01314019.9293949045378.2576719745

Bus38610/19/011034717.3061467092384.0353571083

Bus37510/25/01785815.690302876388.2587108679

Bus36310/24/01806913.8179080431390.8200285042

Bus38510/18/01843116.5431384177390.8764737279

Bus37710/24/01809112.0975404771390.9610740329

Bus36110/25/01564423.6463678242392.7099557052

Bus38410/17/01846118.2446164756393.1272461884

Bus36010/25/01806110.4991440268393.2808907084

Bus38110/22/01729516.3173543523399.4111062371

Bus37910/23/01788815.102953854400.1567330122

Bus37210/26/01528321.4282793867407.044088586

Bus38010/23/01802313.0256512526410.7855303502

Bus38310/19/01795118.2351402339413.3360860269

average395.2186395022

.25_std2.4848627478

CO2_chart

369.475847398395.21863950222.48486274782.4848627478

378.2576719745Bus382

384.0353571083Bus386

388.2587108679Bus375

390.8200285042Bus363

390.8764737279Bus385

390.9610740329Bus377

392.7099557052Bus361

393.1272461884Bus384

393.2808907084Bus360

399.4111062371Bus381

400.1567330122Bus379

407.044088586Bus372

410.7855303502Bus380

413.3360860269Bus383

&A

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co2_bhp

average

bus_CO_data

license_datesamp_lengthavg_vi_mphco_bhp

Bus37710/24/01809112.09754047710.7939451242

Bus36310/24/01806913.81790804310.8758619408

Bus38310/19/01795118.23514023391.0314979248

Bus36410/26/01568817.71496132211.0546061885

Bus37210/26/01528321.42827938671.0595343555

Bus36110/25/01564423.64636782421.2307902197

Bus38010/23/01802313.02565125261.2476243301

Bus38110/22/01729516.31735435231.261564085

Bus38410/17/01846118.24461647561.3403392034

Bus37910/23/01788815.1029538541.3972718053

Bus37510/25/01785815.6903028761.4974560957

Bus36010/25/01806110.49914402681.5327267088

Bus38510/18/01843116.54313841771.6913865496

Bus38610/19/011034717.30614670921.7983550788

Bus38210/17/01314019.92939490451.811544586

average1.3450399337

.25_std0.0733175803

CO_chart

0.79394512421.34503993370.07331758030.0733175803

0.8758619408Bus363

1.0314979248Bus383

1.0546061885Bus364

1.0595343555Bus372

1.2307902197Bus361

1.2476243301Bus380

1.261564085Bus381

1.3403392034Bus384

1.3972718053Bus379

1.4974560957Bus375

1.5327267088Bus360

1.6913865496Bus385

1.7983550788Bus386

1.811544586Bus382

&A

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co_bhp

average


The Ultimate Diesel Emission TestRefer back to the basic requirements:Accurately reflect actual useAccurately measure pollutantsRepeatableAffordablePrevent defeat devicesEnable in-use testing


Recent DevelopmentsStandards established for non-road enginesBoth transient and steady-state tests requiredAn off-cycle test added NTE (not-to-exceed standard applied to most operating modes)Development of portable emission measurements for in-use testingComplete revision and standardization of heavy-duty certification tests proposed by EPADevelopment of a world-wide certification test


NTE Standards and TestingHistorically, EPA relied on a defeat device prohibition to help ensure that vehicles and engines would meet standards in useA defeat device is any auxiliary emissions control device (AECD) (electronic, mechanical or otherwise) which reduces the effectiveness of the emission control system that is in effect under the specific test conditions but not in effect under normal operating conditions, except:


NTE Standards and TestingExcept:If substantially included in the certification testIf needed for protection from accident or damageIf needed for engine startingImplementation of the defeat device regulation often requires case-by-case determinationsElectronically controlled engines have many AECDs


NTE Standards and TestingThe NTE standard is applied in addition to the existing certification test cycle and standards and the existing defeat device prohibitionNTE expands coverage beyond the driving cycles and ambient temperatures in the certification testIt provides certainty to the manufacturers about the acceptability of AECDsNTE can be tested in-use


NTE Standards and TestingNTE contains several key concepts:A defined engine operating region (engine speeds and loads)Defined ambient operating conditions (temperature and altitude)Defined in-use operating conditions (minimum of 30 seconds duration)Specified numerical emission limits (1.25 x the primary emission standard)


NTE Standards and Testing(US EPA)

Chart1

1013.251.22590

1007.261.2191389.415

1001.291.2132888.83

995.3591.2074688.245

989.4531.2016587.66

983.5761.1958787.075

977.7271.1901186.49

971.9061.1843785.905

966.1131.1786585.32

960.3491.1729584.735

Pressure (hPa)

Air Density (kg/m^3)

Temperature + 31F (F)

Chart3

9095100

89.41594.41599.415

88.8393.8398.83

88.24593.24598.245

87.6692.6697.66

87.07592.07597.075

86.4991.4996.49

85.90590.90595.905

85.3290.3295.32

84.73589.73594.735

84.1589.1594.15

83.56588.56593.565

82.9887.9892.98

82.39587.39592.395

81.811886.811891.8118

81.22586.22591.225

80.6485.6490.64

80.05585.05590.055

79.4784.4789.47

78.88583.88588.885

78.301883.301888.3018

77.716882.716887.7168

77.131882.131887.1318

76.546881.546886.5468

75.961880.961885.9618

75.378680.378685.3786

74.793679.793684.7936

74.208679.208684.2086

73.623678.623683.6236

73.038678.038683.0386

72.453677.453682.4536

71.868676.868681.8686

71.285476.285481.2854

70.700475.700480.7004

70.115475.115480.1154

69.530474.530479.5304

68.945473.945478.9454

68.362273.362278.3622

67.777272.777277.7772

67.192272.192277.1922

66.607271.607276.6072

Region 1

Region 2

Region 3

Temperature + 31F (F)

Temperature + 36 (F)

Temperature + 41(F)

Altitude (Feet relative to sea-level)

Ambient Temperature (degrees F)

Sheet1

ISO Standard Atmosphere

Geometeric Altitude (meters)Temperature (C)Geometeric Altitude (feet)Pressure (hPa)Air Density (kg/m^3)Temperature (F)Geometeric Altitude (feet)Temperature + 31F (F)Temperature + 36 (F)Temperature + 41(F)

015- 01.01E+031.22559.0- 09095100

5014.6751641.01E+031.2191358.4164899499

10014.353281.00E+031.2132857.8328899499

15014.0254929.95E+021.2074657.2492889398

20013.76569.89E+021.2016556.7656889398

25013.3758209.84E+021.1958756.1820879297

30013.059849.78E+021.1901155.5984869196

35012.7251,1489.72E+021.1843754.91,148869196

40012.41,3129.66E+021.1786554.31,312859095

45012.0751,4769.60E+021.1729553.71,476859095

50011.751,64053.21,640848994

55011.4251,80452.61,804848994

60011.11,96852.01,968838893

65010.7752,13351.42,133828792

70010.4512,29750.82,297828792

75010.1252,46150.22,461818691

8009.82,62549.62,625818691

8509.4752,78949.12,789808590

9009.152,95348.52,953798489

9508.8253,11747.93,117798489

10008.5013,28147.33,281788388

10508.1763,44546.73,445788388

11007.8513,60946.13,609778287

11507.5263,77345.53,773778287

12007.2013,93745.03,937768186

12506.8774,10144.44,101758085

13006.5524,26543.84,265758085

13506.2274,42943.24,429747984

14005.9024,59342.64,593747984

14505.5774,75742.04,757737883

15005.2524,92141.54,921727782

15504.9275,08540.95,085727782

16004.6035,24940.35,249717681

16504.2785,41339.75,413717681

17003.9535,57739.15,577707580

17503.6285,74138.55,741707580

18003.3035,90537.95,905697479

18502.9796,06937.46,069687378

19002.6546,23436.86,234687378

19502.3296,39836.26,398677277

20002.0046,56235.66,562677277

2050

2100

2150

Sheet2

Chart2

088.5714285714

0.189.7142857143

0.290.8571428571

0.392

0.493.1428571429

0.594.2857142857

0.695.4285714286

0.796.5714285714

0.897.7142857143

0.998.8571428571

1100

1.1101.1428571429

1.2102.2857142857

1.3103.4285714286

1.4104.5714285714

1.5105.7142857143

1.6106.8571428571

1.7108

1.8109.1428571429

1.9110.2857142857

2111.4285714286

2.1112.5714285714

2.2113.7142857143

2.3114.8571428571

2.4116

2.5117.1428571429

2.6118.2857142857

2.7119.4285714286

2.8120.5714285714

2.9121.7142857143

3122.8571428571

3.1124

3.2125.1428571429

3.3126.2857142857

3.4127.4285714286

3.5128.5714285714

3.6129.7142857143

3.7130.8571428571

3.8132

3.9133.1428571429

4134.2857142857

4.1135.4285714286

4.2136.5714285714

4.3137.7142857143

4.4138.8571428571

4.5140

4.6141.1428571429

4.7142.2857142857

4.8143.4285714286

4.9144.5714285714

5145.7142857143

127.10654241650

128.39188946020.1

129.67723650390.2

130.96258354760.3

132.24793059130.4

133.5332776350.5

134.81862467870.6

136.10397172240.7

137.38931876610.8

138.67466580980.9

139.96001285351

141.24535989721.1

142.53070694091.2

143.81605398461.3

145.10140102831.4

146.3867480721.5

147.67209511571.6

148.95744215941.7

150.24278920311.8

151.52813624681.9

152.81348329052

154.09883033422.1

155.38417737792.2

156.66952442162.3

157.95487146532.4

159.2402185092.5

160.52556555272.6

161.81091259642.7

163.09625964012.8

164.38160668382.9

165.66695372753

166.95230077123.1

168.23764781493.2

169.52299485863.3

170.80834190233.4

172.0936889463.5

173.37903598973.6

174.66438303343.7

175.94973007713.8

177.23507712083.9

178.52042416454

179.80577120824.1

181.09111825194.2

182.37646529564.3

183.66181233934.4

184.9471593834.5

186.23250642674.6

187.51785347044.7

188.80320051414.8

190.08854755784.9

191.37389460155

&C&"Arial,Bold"&16Figure 4

Intake Manifold Temperature

Engine Coolant Temperature

Temperature (F)

Intake Manifold Pressure (bar)

Cold Engine Operation Issue

Sheet3

IMT (F)ECT(F)

890

900.1

910.2

920.3

930.4

940.5

950.6

970.7

980.8

990.9

1001

1011.1

1021.2

1031.3

1051.4

1061.5

1071.6

1081.7

1091.8

1101.9

1112

1132.1

1142.2

1152.3

1162.4

1172.5

1182.6

1192.7

1212.8

1222.9

1233

1243.1

1253.2

1263.3

1273.4

1293.5

1303.6

1313.7

1323.8

1333.9

1344

1354.1

1374.2

1384.3

1394.4

1404.5

1414.6

1424.7

1434.8

1454.9

1465

1270

1280.1

1300.2

1310.3

1320.4

1340.5

1350.6

1360.7

1370.8

1390.9

1401

1411.1

1431.2

1441.3

1451.4

1461.5

1481.6

1491.7

1501.8

1521.9

1532

1542.1

1552.2

1572.3

1582.4

1592.5

1612.6

1622.7

1632.8

1642.9

1663

1673.1

1683.2

1703.3

1713.4

1723.5

1733.6

1753.7

1763.8

1773.9

1794

1804.1

1814.2

1824.3

1844.4

1854.5

1864.6

1884.7

1894.8

1904.9

1915

Chart 4

100

99.415

98.83

98.245

97.66

97.075

96.49

95.905

95.32

94.735

94.15

93.565

92.98

92.395

91.8118

91.225

90.64

90.055

89.47

88.885

88.3018

87.7168

87.1318

86.5468

85.9618

85.3786

84.7936

84.2086

83.6236

83.0386

82.4536

81.8686

81.2854

80.7004

80.1154

79.5304

78.9454

78.3622

77.7772

77.1922

76.6072

NTEMaximum temp. - 100 deg. F at sea-level down to 86 deg. F at 5,500 feet

Minimum temp. - no lower bound

Altitude - all altitudes less than or equal to 5,500 feet

Temperature + 41(F)

Altitude (Feet relative to sea-level)

Ambient Temperature (degrees F)

NTE Altitude & Temperature Regions




Manufacturer In-Use TestingPilot program in calendar years 2005 and 2006Minimum of 5 to a maximum of 10 vehicles per engine familyAll engine families over 1500 sales are tested over a four year periodPortable emission measurements of gaseous and particulate emissionsTest vehicles from at least two owner sources


Portable Emission MeasurementDesign requirements:Simple installation on a wide variety of vehiclesUnattended operationWeather and tamper proofLow power consumptionRemote communicationMultiple measurement capabilitiesFlow measurementAmbient conditionsEngine speed, temperature, etc.


PEMS History of DevelopmentEPA investigated and developed on-highway application ROVERPhotograph from EPA


ROVER(US EPA)

MHLH

7.34.75.1

124.3

54.7

154.1

264.5

313.6

363.1

93.3

A3.8

44.5

53.4

163.6

184.3

223.8

4.47.4

Consent Decree NTE Limit and Non-CD Guidance Limit for Post-7/31/99 LHDD/MHDD Trucks and Urban Buses

Error Band in NOx Measurement Accuracy

2/14/02

Engine Family

NTE NOx (g/bhp-hr)

MAXIMUM NTE NOx VALUES FROM FY01 & FY02 IN USE TESTING OF MHDD & LHDD TRUCKS

HHDD

21212121213.22121212121

38383838387.15.438383838

40404040404.24040404040

10.79.16.75.66.711.76.77.57.21713.86.5

CCCCC6.26.2CCCC

11111111118.37.37111111

13131313137.61313131313

24242424244.92424242424

3333333357.37.566.33333

34343434344.511.734343434

333336.333333

23232323236.12323232323

32323232324.53232323232

41414141416.16.25.9414141

BBBBB6.7BBBBB

77776.36.28.114.3777

28282828286.52828282828

29292929294.92929292929

252525252562525252525

27272727275.92727272727

NTE Limit for HHDD Trucks

Error Band in NOx Measurement Accuracy

2/14/02

Engine Family

NTE NOx (g/bhp-hr)

MAXIMUM NTE NOx VALUES FROM FY01 & FY02 IN USE TESTING OF HHDD TRUCKS

Sheet1

workbook barchart.xls2/14/02EFA

DATA USED IN BAR PLOT FOR HHDD AND MHDD AT 7.0 STD

ENGINESERIES NUMBERS---->

FAMILY#123456789101112

213.2

387.15.4

404.2

610.79.16.75.66.711.76.77.57.21713.86.5

C6.26.2

118.37.37

137.6

244.9

3357.37.566.3

344.511.7

36.3

236.1

324.5

416.16.25.9

B6.7

76.36.28.114.3

286.5

294.9

256

275.9

original source data

FAMILY#CATCATCumminsCumminsCumminsCumminsCumminsCumminsCumminsCumminsCumminsCumminsCumminsCumminsDDCDDCDDCMACKMACKMACKMACKVOLVO

213.2

387.15.4

404.2

610.79.16.75.66.711.76.77.57.21713.86.5

C6.26.2

118.37.37

137.6

244.9

3357.37.566.3

344.511.7

36.3

236.1

324.5

416.16.25.9

B6.7

76.36.28.114.3

286.5

294.9

256

275.9

DATA USED IN BAR PLOT FOR MHDD AND LHDD

ENGINESERIES NUMBERS---->

FAMILY#123456

17.34.75.1

124.3

854.7

154.1

264.5

313.6

363.1

93.3

A3.8

44.5

53.4

163.6

184.3

223.8

354.47.4

DATA USED IN BAR PLOT FOR 855NAE CUMMINS

TESTSERIES NUMBERS---->

NUMBER1234

Field Upgraded 370 ESP+ (at GFC)370 ESP+370 ESP+ Before Upgrade370 ESP+ After Upgrade (at Ryder)

10GFC11.7Field Upgraded 370 ESP+ (at GFC)

22GFC10.7Field Upgraded 370 ESP+


54RT6.7370 ESP+

60RR5.7370 ESP+ Before Upgrade

61RR6.2370 ESP+ After Upgrade (at Ryder)

62RR6.7370 ESP+ After Upgrade



3GFC17Field Upgraded 370 ESP+


14RT6.5370 ESP+


Portable Emission Measurement(US EPA)EPA continued development for non-road applications SPOT

Non-road Exhaust Flow Device


Portable Emission MeasurementWest Virginia University -MEMS measures CO2 and NOx additional work on particulate with a quartz crystal microbalanceCommissioned by the engine manufacturers as a part of the consent decreeWVU also operates a portable dynamometer for trucks and busesCapable of simulating up to 55,000 lbs inertia weight and equipped with full scale dilution tunnel


WVU Transportable Laboratory


Portable Emission MeasurementRide along vehicle emission measurement system (RAVEM) developed by Engine, Fuel and Emissions Engineering, Inc.Measures gaseous emissions and samples particulate on a filterRecently used in the Mexico City pilot project to retrofit city buses


RAVEM


Particle Number MeasurementMany different approaches evaluated in the UNECE Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP)Approaches include:Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI)Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)Thermodesorber (TD)


Particle Number vs. MassPortable PM mass measurement is still not available (except for RAVEM)Europe has taken the approach of setting a number-based standard Swiss-based VERTU.S. is still hoping to have an on-board measurement of mass ready for the 2007 manufacturer in-use testsThis subject remains under discussion and evaluation


Heavy-Duty OBDCARB has adopted a rule for heavy-duty OBD to take effect in 2010Diesel engine monitors:Fuel systemFuel pressure controlFuel injection quantityFuel injection timingClosed loop system functionMisfire2010-2012 identify continuous misfire at idle2013 identify any misfire causing 1.5 x standard increase


Heavy-Duty OBDDiesel engine monitorsEGR systemDetect faults in the flow rate, response rate, and cooling system performance before 1.5 x emissions increaseMonitor closed loop system functionBoost pressure controlDetect faults before 1.5 x emissions increaseUnder and over boost malfunctionsSlow responseCharge air undercoolingMonitor closed loop system function


Heavy Duty OBDDiesel engine emission control technology monitors:Hydrocarbon catalystNOx catalyst (SCR)NOx adsorberPM filterAdditional monitors:Exhaust gas sensors, variable valve timing systemCooling system; PCV systemElectronic components


Diesel Emission Testing - SummaryTesting using an engine dynamometer is the most accurate but very expensive and cumbersomeUsing a heavy-duty chassis dyno requires a large capital investment, and cannot accommodate most non-road equipmentCurrent and proposed regulations aim to provide complete control across all applications and the entire operating cyclePEMS are under development but appear not to approach the accuracy and repeatability of engine test benches


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