iir working party on life cycle climate performance ... · 2 iir working party: life cycle climate...

IIR Working Party: Life Cycle Climate Performance Evaluation

Yunho Hwang, Ph.D.Chair of LCCP WP

Vice President of Commission B1

IIR Working Partyon Life Cycle Climate Performance

Evaluation

Business Meeting

IIR Working Party: Life Cycle Climate Performance Evaluation2

LCCP Details

• Direct Emissions

• Regular emissions• Irregular emissions• Service emissions• End-of-life emission• Leakage during

production & transport

• Indirect Emissions• Energy consumption of

the system• Energy to make

system/components• Energy to produce

refrigerant• Energy to transport• Energy for end-of-life,

recycling/recovery of system and refrigerant


Emission FactorsMain Category Sub Category

1. System information

1.1 Application1.2 System Type1.3 System Lifetime1.4 Refrigerant and Charge1.5 GWP (100 Yrs horizon)

2. Geographic information

2.1 Location (City, Country)2.2 Weather Data2.3 Utility Emission Rate2.4 Load Profile

3. Direct Emission

3.1 Regular Emissions3.2 Irregular Emissions3.3 Service Emission3.4 End-of-Life Emission3.5 Leakage during Production & Transport (Fugitive)3.6 Decomposition

4. Indirect Emission

4.1 Energy Consumption of the System4.2 Energy to Make Components/System

(Aluminum/Copper/Steel/Brass/Plastics)4.3 Energy to Produce & Transport Refrigerant (Embodied)4.4 Energy to Produce & Transport Components/System4.5 Energy for End-of-Life, Recycling/Recovery of System

(metals/plastics) and Refrigerant


1. System InformationSection No. Details Reference

1.1 Applications

• Air Conditioning• Heat Pumping• Domestic Refrigeration• Commercial Refrigeration• Transport Refrigeration• Mobil Air Conditioning• Industrial and Food Processing

1.2 System Types

• Single stage• Multi-stage• Cascade• 2nd loop• VCC• ABS

1.3 System Lifetime• US: DOE, Buildings Energy Data Book (2011)• EU: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010

Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.

1.4 Refrigerants • NIST Refprop V. 9.0• Brown S, 2012

1.5 GWP (100 Yrs.H) • UNEP, 2010 TOC Report: • IPCC, 2007, Climate Change


1. System InformationSection No. Details Reference

1.6 Charge

• ICF Consulting for U.S. EPA's Stratospheric Protection Division. (2005). Revised Draft Analysis of U.S. Commercial Supermarket Refrigeration Systems.

• ICF International, Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). The U.S. Phaseout of HCFCs: Projected Servicing Needs in the U.S. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Sector.

• Saba, S., Slim, R., Palandre, L., and Clodic, D. (2009). Inventory of Direct and Indirect GHG Emissions from Stationary Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Sources, with Special Emphasis on Retail Food Refrigeration and Unitary Air Conditioning.

• Arthur D. Little for the account of the Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy. (2002). Global Comparative Analysis of HFC and Alternative Technologies for Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Foam, Solvent, Aerosol Propellant, and Fire Protection Applications: Final Report .

• Godwin, D. S., Van Pelt, M. M., & Peterson, K. (2003). Modeling Emissions of High Global Warming Potential Gases. 12th Annual Emission Inventory Conference: Emission Inventories-Applying New Technologies

• EU: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.


1.3 System Lifetime – Residential Equipment

Reference: DOE, Buildings Energy Data Book, 2011


1.3 System Lifetime – Commercial Equipment

Reference: DOE, Buildings Energy Data Book, 2011


1.3 System Lifetime – EU

Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.


1.4 Refrigerants – 105 Pure Fluids

Reference: NIST Refprop V. 9.0


1.4 Refrigerants – 96 Mixtures



1.4 Refrigerants – HFOs

Reference: J. Steven Brown, Introduction to Alternatives for High-GWPHFC Refrigerants, ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference, 2012

Type Refrigerants

Pure HFOs

R1225yeR1234zeR1234yfR1234yeR1234zf

Binary HFO mixtures

R32/R1234yfR125/R1234yfR134a/R1234yf

R32/R1234zeR125/R1234zeR134a/R1234ze

R32/R1234zfR125/R1234zfR134a/R1234zf

TernaryHFO mixtures

R32/R134a/R1234yfR32/R134a/R1234zeR32/R134a/R1234zf

R152a/R134a/R1234yfR152a/R134a/R1234zeR152a/R134a/R1234zf


1.5 GWP

Reference: UNEP, 2010 Report of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps, Technical Options Committee.


1.5 GWP



1.5 GWP

Reference: IPCC, 2007, Climate Change -The Physical Science BasisContribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC


1.6 Refrigerant Charge - EU



2. Geographic Information

Section No. Details Reference

2.1 Location (City, Country) Cities listed in weather database

2.2 Climate Data Weather Data: weather database

2.3 Utility Emission Rate

• IEA, CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion - 2011 Highlights

• NERC, North American Electrical Grid Interconnections, 2007

• NREL, 2011, Hourly Energy Emission Factors for Electricity Generation in the United States, Open Energy Info.

2.4 Load Profile

• AHRI Standard 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary AC & Air-source HP Equipment, 2008

• ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, 2009

• Hourly load simulation tools: EnergyPlus and TRNSYS


2.2 Weather DataData Abb. Weather Data Source

TMY3 Typical Meteorological Year 3

ETMY Egyptian Typical Meteorological Year

IWEC International Weather for Energy Calculations

SWERA Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment

CSWD Chinese Standard Weather Data

CWEC Canadian Weather for Energy Calculations

ISHRAE Indian Weather Data from the Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

ITMY Iranian Typical Meteorological Year

CityUHK City University of Hong Kong

IMS Weather Data for Israel

IMGW Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej

INETI Synthetic data for Portugal

KISR Kuwait Weather Data from Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research


2.2 Weather Data – TMY3

Reference: S. Wilcox and W. Marion, Users Manual for TMY3 Data Sets, Technical Report: NREL/TP-581-43156, May 2008.

• A typical meteorological year (TMY) data set provides designers and other users with a reasonably sized annual data set that holds hourly meteorological values that typify conditions at a specific location over a longer period of time, such as 30 years.

• TMY data sets are widely used by building designers and others for modeling renewable energy conversion systems. Although not designed to provide meteorological extremes, TMY data have natural diurnal and seasonal variations and represent a year of typical climatic conditions for a location.

• The TMY data set is composed of 12 typical meteorological months (January through December) that are concatenated essentially without modification to form a single year with a serially complete data record for primary measurements. These monthly data sets contain actual time-series meteorological measurements and modeled solar values, although some hourly records may contain filled or interpolated data for periods when original observations are missing from the data archive.


2.3 Utility Emission Rate - IEAg CO2 / kilowatt hour 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

World 485 491 486 495 500 500 503 508 504 500

Annex I Parties 427 434 425 428 421 419 413 420 411 393

Annex II Parties 455 467 452 454 448 444 434 442 427 407

North America 539 566 522 528 526 522 500 504 491 466Europe 326 324 330 325 319 311 315 321 303 289

Asia Oceania 466 474 501 519 502 508 502 519 508 491

Annex I EIT 357 355 356 366 354 355 359 360 362 352

Non-Annex I Parties 621 616 615 627 645 641 649 642 641 643

Annex I Kyoto Parties 353 354 359 364 354 351 354 359 350 337

OECD Total 466 476 460 461 455 451 442 451 436 420Non-OECD Total 510 508 517 533 549 553 564 565 570 573

Reference: IEA, CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion - 2011 Highlights


2.3 Utility Emission Rate – North America

Reference: NERC, North American Electrical Grid Interconnections, 2007


2.4 Load Profile AC - ARI

Reference: AHRI Standard 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary AC & Air-source HP Equipment, 2008


2.4 Load Profile HP - ARI

Reference: AHRI Standard 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary AC & Air-source HP Equipment, 2008


2.4 Load Profile HP - ASHRAE

Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, 2009


3. Direct Emission

Section No. Details Reference

3.1 Regular Emissions Annual operating

• IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

• US: ADL, 2002, Global Comparative Analysis of HFC and Alternative

• EU: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 2011, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU

• Japan: JRAIA, 2004, LCCP of Some HVAC&R Applications in Japan

3.2 Irregular Emissions

3.3 Service Emission InstallationRepair service

• IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

3.4 End-of-Life EmissionRemaining • IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Recovery• IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories

3.5 Leakage during Production & Transport

• Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA.

3.6 Decomposition • Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis


3.1 Regular Emissions – IPCC


3.1 Regular Emissions - US• Sand et al. (1997) used annual leak rates of 4% of refrigerant

charge for 1996 model and 2% for 2005 model year residential air conditioning equipment.

• Arthur D. Little (2002) reported that at the end of life 85% of the refrigerant is recovered from the commercial AC.

System Residential AC

Commercial AC

Chiller Commercial Refrigeration

Recovery Rate [%] 58.5 85Annual Leak [%] 2 – 4 • 3 RT: 2

• 7.5 RT: 10.5 – 4 • DX: 15

• Distributed: 4• 2nd loop: 2

Reference: Arthur D. Little, 2002.


3.1 Regular Emissions - EU



3.1 Regular Emissions - EU


• Domestic Refrigeration: 0.01%


3.1 Regular Emissions - Netherlands• Based on survey for 1984 units for 2007 – 2010 period, 58%

of the total emission is related to the largest category of refrigeration installations (> 300 kg content). This category is related to only 5% of all installations.

• Similarly, 36% of the total emission is related to the mid-largest category of refrigeration installations (30-300 kg content). This category is related to only 22% of all installations.

Sector Dairy Meat Other Food Average

No of installations [unit] 798 399 787 Total 1984Annual Leak [%] 5.7 7.4 7.3 7

Reference: KWA Bedrijfsadviseurs B.V., 2012.


3.1 Regular Emissions - Japan• For small and medium size split AC & refrigerators:

• DE = (1-recovery rate) x Initial charge x GWP• For large chillers & refrigeration:

• DE = (1-recovery rate) x Initial charge x GWP+ additional charge• Negligibly small: Leakage during installation and transportation

System Mini Split Split for Light Commercial & Small Chiller

Large Chiller Commercial Refrigerator

Recovery Rate

60 or 70% 50 or 70% 70 or 80% 50 or 70%

Additional Charge

Normally no additional charge 10% of initial charge

Normally noadditional charge

Reference: JRAIA, 2004, LCCP of Some HVAC&R Applications in Japan


3.2 Total Emissions - UNEP

Reference: UNEP, 2010 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report


3.2 Total Emissions - EU



3.2 Recovered - EU



3.3 Service Emissions – IPCC


3.4 End of Life – IPCC


3.4 End of Life – EU



3.4 End of Life – EU

Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 2011, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU.


3.5 Leakage during Production and Transport of Refrigerants (Fugitive Emission)

• Fugitive Emission Values from Gamlen et al. 1986 and Arthur D. Little, 2002.• *: Climate Change, 1995.• Reference: Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA.

Refrigerant Fugitive EmissionR-12 265R-22 390R-134a 4.2 (13*)R-141b 6R-142b 36R-152a 0.3R-404A 18R-407C 13*R-410A 14*Propane < 0.5CO2 0 to 0.09


3.5 Leakage during Production and Transport of Refrigerants and Charging (Fugitive Emission)

Reference: Weckert, W., D-NS, Thesis, 2008

Refrigerant Emission Worst case Average Best caseRefrigerant production 1 0.5 0.1Loading of tanks and bottles

5 2 1

Charging of A/C system 5 2 0.5

Unit: % of nominal charge


3.6 Decomposition

Reference: Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis

Refrigerant Incineration Process


3.6 Decomposition


Refrigerant Incineration Process


4. Indirect EmissionSection No. Details Reference4.1 Energy Consumption of the System • ?

4.2 Energy to Make Components/System

• Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA

4.3 Energy to Produce & Transport Refrigerant Embodied energy

• Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA

• Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis

4.4 Energy to Produce & Transport Components/System


4.5 Energy for End-of-Life, Recycling/Recovery of System and Refrigerant



4.1 Energy Consumption of the System• Method and equations are based on AHRI standard 210/240,

which uses linear relationship and heat pump performance data tested at specific operating conditions to estimate annual energy (see AHRTI reports for details)

• For chillers, IPLV is used.


4.2 Energy to Make Components/System

Material Energy of Production (MJ/kg)

Emission by Energy(kg CO2,eq/kg)

Lubricant 54.5 1.3Aluminum 35.95 1.6Copper 36 1.64Steel 103 3.1Plastic 18.9 2.3Assembly ? ?

Reference: Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA


4.3 Energy to Produce and Transport Refrigerant (Embodied Energy)

• Embodied Energy values from Campbell and McCulloch, 1998 and Krieger, Bateman, and Sylvester 2004.

• *Arthur D. Little, 2002.

Refrigerant Emission by Embodied Energy CO2/kg chemical

R-12 3R-22 3R-134a 5.2 (6-9*)R-152a 1.9CO2 0.04 to 0.19Ammonia 2*

Reference: Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA



Reference: Weckert, 2008, W., D-NS, Thesis


4.4 Energy to Produce and Transport Components/System



4.5 Energy for End-of-Life

• Since the units are constructed from highly recyclable metals, it is assumed that 90% of the unit is recycled at end of life. The remaining material is assumed to be landfilled. The energy and GHG emission factors compiled by Kim (2003) were used to calculate the burdens associated with disposal.

Material Energy of Recycling (MJ/kg)

Emission by Energy(kg CO2,eq/MJ)

Refrigerant ? ?Lubricant 35.95 1.6Metal 1.7 0.10Plastic 0.15 0.10



• Stratus Engineering, 2010, Analysis of Equipment and Practices in the Reclamation Industry, Draft Report For EPA.


Discussion• Volunteers for Tasks

Task Task Details Volunteers

1

Collect information on direct and indirect emissions of working fluids for various applications from individual countries and from the current IIR’s WP on Mitigation of Direct Emissions of GHGs

2Establish the LCCP evaluation methodology applicable for refrigeration and air conditioning systems

Omar Abdelaziz and Brian Fricke (ORNL)

3Evaluate how different assumptions selected by a user of these methodologies and improvement options can affect the result of the assessment

4 Assemble such information and disseminate it amongst members of the WP and all IIR member states

5Write a booklet on the LCCP evaluation methodology developed available to members of the WP and all IIR members and to be available to non-members via Fridoc

Omar Abdelaziz and Brian Fricke (ORNL)


Back Up Slides


Chiller Technology Alternatives

• Source: Little AD (ADL). Global comparative analysis of HFC and alternative technology for refrigeration, air conditioning, foam, solvent, aerosol propellant, and fire protection applications; 2002.


Ideal COP of Chillers



Chillers Annual Energy Use



Chillers Refrigerant Charge



GWP of Refrigerant



LCCP Comparison: 350 RT Chillers


• Assumptions: 1% annual refrigerant loss, Location Atlanta, 1999 upper end efficiency, 2125 annual operating hours, 30 yrs equipment life, 0.65 kg CO2/kWh

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