INTERNATIONALINSTITUTEOFSPACELAW

26thManfredLachsSpaceLawMootCourtCompetition2017

WORLDFINALS

26-28September2017

FederalCourtofAustralia

Adelaide,Australia

http://www.iislweb.org/lachsmoot

NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens,Greece

WinnersofWorldFinal2016Guadalajara,Mexico

Contents

TheInternationalInstituteofSpaceLaw 2BoardofDirectors 3MootCourtCommittee 5JudgeManfredLachs 7TheCompetition 8SummaryoftheProblem 10ParticipantsintheRegionalRounds 12WinnersoftheRegionalRounds 16JudgesfortheWorldFinals 17ProgramWorldFinalsandIISLAnnualDinner 19AwardsforWorldFinals 20ContactDetailsfortheRegionalRounds 23 Addresses 23 Sponsors 24 FurtherReading 26

COPYRIGHT2017©IISL.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.

TheInternationalInstituteofSpaceLawFounded in 1960, the International Institute of Space Law (IISL) is an independent non-governmental organization dedicated to fostering the development of space law. Themembershipof the Institute iscomposedof individualsand institutions frommore than fortycountrieselectedon thebasisof theircontributions to the fieldofspace laworothersocialsciences related tospaceactivities. Inaddition,prospectivemembership isopen tostudentsandyoungprofessionalswithademonstratedinterestinspacelaw.

The purposes andobjectives of the IISL include the promotionof further development ofspace lawandexpansionof theruleof law in theexplorationanduseofouterspaceforpeacefulpurposes,theholdingofmeetings,colloquiaandcompetitionsonjuridicalandsocialscienceaspectsofspaceactivities,thepreparationorcommissioningofstudiesandreports,thepublicationofbooks,proceedings,reportsandpositionpapers,andthecooperationwithappropriateinternationalorganizationsandnationalinstitutionsinthefieldofspacelaw.

TheIISLholdsanannualColloquiumattheInternationalAstronauticalCongress.DuringthisColloquium the Nandasiri Jasentuliyana Keynote lecture takes place, aswell as a specialsessionforYoungScholars. InadditiontheInstituteorganizesavarietyofconferencesonspacelawthroughouttheyearinlocationsallovertheworld.ItpublishesanannualvolumeofIISLProceedingswithpapersandreportsofallactivitiesduringtheyear.

Since 1992, the IISL organizes the annual Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot CourtCompetition. The competition is based on a hypothetical space law case,written by IISLmembers,inwhicharoundsixtystudentteamsfromuniversitiesinNorthAmerica,Europe,AsiaPacificandAfricaparticipate.MembersoftheInternationalCourtofJusticejudgetheWorldFinalofthecompetition,makingituniqueintheworld.

TheIISLisanofficiallyrecognizedobserveratsessionsoftheUnitedNationsCommitteeonthePeacefulUsesofOuterSpace,anditsScientific&TechnicalandLegalSubcommittees.

FurtherinformationregardingtheIISLcanbefoundatwww.iislweb.org.

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Vice-PresidentMr.K.R.SridharaMurthi

(India)

ExecutiveSecretaryAsst.Prof.Dr.DianeHoward

(UnitedStates)

TreasurerMr.DennisJ.BurnettEsq.

(UnitedStates)

PresidentProf.Kai-UweSchrogl

(Germany)

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DirectorsProf.SetsukoAoki(Japan)

Prof.P.J.Blount(UnitedStates)

Prof.Dr.FransvonderDunk(TheNetherlands/UnitedStates)

Dr.MarcoFerrazzani(Italy)

Prof.Dr.StevenFreeland(Australia)

Prof.JoanneI.Gabrynowicz(UnitedStates)

Prof.Dr.StephanHobe(Germany)

Prof.Dr.MahulenaHofmann(CzechRepublic)MsCorinneJorgenson(UnitedStates)Dr.MarthaMejia-Kaiser(Mexico/Germany)

Prof.Dr.SergioMarchisio(Italy)Ms.ElinaMorozova(Russia)

Prof.Lesley-JaneSmith(UnitedKingdom)

Dr.Milton“Skip” Smith(UnitedStates)

Prof.Dr.MaureenWilliams(UK/Argentina)Prof.ZhenjunZhang(China) 

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Ms.LuluMakapela Prof.MelissadeZwart Ms.Maria-Vittoria“Giugi" CarminatiEsq.

(SouthAfrica) (Australia)(UnitedStates)

RegionalOrganizer RegionalOrganizer RegionalOrganizerforAfrica forAsiaPacific forNorthAmerica

Co-Chairs

MootCourtCommittee2016-2017:

Members

Mr.LeslieI.TennenEsq.(UnitedStates)

Ms.MelissaK.Force,Esq.(UnitedStates)

Dr.ZhenjunZhang(China)

Ms.ElinaMoroziva(Russia)

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Prof.SergioMarchisio Prof.DaleStephensMr.NathanJohnson(Italy) (Australia) (UnitedStates)ECSLChairman AsiaPacificCoregionalAssociateRegionalOrganizerRegionalOrganization Organizer forNorthAmerica

Dr.Milton"Skip"Smith(UnitedStates)

Mr.KumarAbhijeet

(India)AssociateRegionalOrganizerforAsia

Mr.V.Gopalakrishnan

(India)

JudgeManfredLachsManfred Lachs was born in 1914 in Poland. He earned a Doctorate of Laws at the CracowJagiellonianUniversityandheld several academicpositions inAustriaand theUnitedKingdom,andlaterenteredtheworldofdiplomacyrepresentingPoland.

AftertheshockoftheSecondWorldWar,ManfredLachsactedonbehalfofhiscountryattheParisPeace Conference in 1946, took part in the Nuremberg tribunal and served as representative ofPoland to the United Nations. Manfred Lachs is the only person in the UN history to have beenelectedthreetimesastheChairmanofCommitteeVI(Legal)oftheGeneralAssembly.

Manfred Lachs chaired the Legal Subcommitteeof theUnitedNationsCommitteeon thePeacefulUses ofOuter Space andwas deeply involved in the debates and drafting of the firstmultilateralspacetreaty,theOuterSpaceTreatyof1967.

In1967,attheageof53,ManfredLachsbecametheyoungestelectedjudgeoftheInternationalCourtofJustice inTheHagueandwas re-elected twice foranunprecedented three termson theCourt.HealsopresidedontheCourtfrom1973to1976.

JudgeLachswasPresidentoftheIISLfrom1990untilhisdeathin1993.Heauthoredmanyarticlesand books, among them ‘The Law of Outer Space: An Experience in Contemporary LawMaking’(1972),whichtheIISLre-publishedin2010tocelebrateits50thanniversary.

Hemayneverhaveimaginedthatafterhisdeathhisnamewouldbeused,withthepermissionofhisfamily,forthespace lawmootcourtcompetitionofthe IISLandthusberememberedbysomanyspacelawstudentsandotherpersonsinvolvedinthecompetition.

JudgesManfredLachs,StephenM.Schwebel,andGilbertGuillaumewithMilton“Skip”Smith(lefttoright),inthefirstIISLMootCourtCompetition,

Washington,D.C.1992

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TheCompetition

TheManfredLachsSpaceLawMootCourtCompetition isorganizedannuallyby the InternationalInstituteofSpaceLaw(IISL).

ThefirstcompetitionwasorganizedforlawstudentsfromNorthAmericabytheAssociationofUSMembersofthe IISL(AUSMIISL)duringthefirstWorldSpaceCongressheld inWashington,D.C.,USA in 1992.One year later, the Competitionwas extended to include European students. In2000,theAsiaPacificRoundwasadded,andtheAfricanRegionwasinauguratedin2011.

PreliminarycompetitionsareheldbetweenAprilandJuneineachregion.Thewinningteamsoftheregional rounds meet in the World Finals, which are held in conjunction with the annual IISLColloquiumontheLawofOuterSpace.TheFinalRound istraditionallyjudgedbythreejudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJustice.ThisuniquefeaturemakestheManfredLachsMootCourtoneofthemostprestigiousmootcourtcompetitionsintheworld.

The competition is based on a hypothetical space law dispute before the International Court ofJustice. The Problem is written by a Member of the IISL upon invitation by the OrganizingCommitteeof theCompetition, alternating between the different regions.The2017hypotheticalProblem is entitled  the “Case Concerning Lunar Facilities andWithdrawal from the Outer SpaceTreaty (Pervosk vTitan)."  TheMoot Problempresents issues relating to interferencewith theactivitiesofstatesintheuseoflunarresourcesandtheresolutionofthedisputeundertheprinciplesofex aequo et bono.

RegionalRoundsmustcomplywiththeOfficialRulesfortheCompetitionadoptedbytheIISLBoardofDirectors.Participating teamsare required tosubmita ‘Memorial’as formalwrittenargumentsforboththeApplicantStateandtheRespondentStateonthelegalissuesofthehypotheticalcase.

IntheregionalPreliminaryRoundseachteamwithtwospeakerspresentsOralArgumentsbeforepanelsof three judges.MemorialsandOralArgumentseachcarryaweightof50%of the totalscoreofateam.ThefourwinningteamsoftheregionalPreliminaryRoundsmoveontotheFinalRounds.

The expenses of the teams taking part in the Final Rounds are borne by the JapanAerospaceExplorationAgency(JAXA), theEuropeanCentre forSpaceLaw(ECSL),NASA,SouthAfricanNationalSpaceAgency(SANSA)andtheSouthAfricanDepartmentofTradeandIndustry.Teamsareallowed to revise theirMemorialsbefore they resubmit themfor theFinalRounds.ApanelofjudgesreviewandgradetheMemorials,andthescoresareusedtodeterminetheteampairingsforthesemi-finalsoralarguments.Theseoralargumentsareconductedinclosedsessionsbeforethreejudgepanels,andthetwowinningteamsqualifyfortheFinal.

The26thManfredLachsSpaceLawMootCourtCompetitionwillbeheldinAdelaide,Australia.TheSemi-finalswillbeconducted inclosedsessionsonTuesday,26September2017.TheFinal isapublic event and will take place on Thursday 28 September, at the Federal Court of Australia,Adelaide,beforeapanelofJudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeinTheHague.

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2017EuropeanRegionalRound,Helsinki,Finland

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2017AfricanRegionalRound,Pretoria,SouthAfrica

Credit: Simona Spassova

SummaryoftheProblemCaseConcerningLunarFacilitiesandWithdrawalFromtheOuter

SpaceTreaty

(PerovskvTitan)

PerovskandTitanareneighboringrepublicsenjoyingmorethan200yearsofpeacefulrelations,acommonlanguage,andasharedculturalheritage.Theynonethelesshavevery different economic values with Perovsk favoring individualism and laissez faireapproacheswhileTitanfavorssocialplanningandvariouscombinationsofpublicandprivate cooperation in businessand industry. Both countries signedand ratified theOuter Space Treaty, but only Titan did so for the Moon Agreement. In the mid1970’s,TitanconductedtworoboticmissionstotheMoon,NovumOrganum-1andNovumOrganum-2alightingontheMoon’sSeaofTranquilityandthenresumedsuchmissions in 2019 with the establishment there of a robotic lunar base namedMondiale.The tradition of peaceful cooperation betweenPerovsk andTitanwas expressed inthedevelopmentofcomplementarynichespecializationinthespacesector. PerovskexcelledinlaunchandspacebasedmanufacturingwhileTitanspecializedinspacecraftdesign, instrumentation and scientific research. Titan’s early missions to the Moonemployed launch services from Perovsk as did its Mondiale mission. Titan’s owninstrumentationsupportedakeyobjectiveofthislattermissionwhichwastoanalyzethegascompositionoftheMoon’stenuousatmosphere.Intheearly2020’spoliticalpressureformoreambitious lunarmissionsgrew inbothcountries.PerovskwaspressedtoadvancecommercialapplicationswhileTitanwasurged toundertakescientificones. In thisenvironmentPerovskpushed forwardwithplans to launch its own lunar station, named Tekla. That this station was to beoperatedbyaprivatecompany,FireskinLtd.,incorporatedinPerovskraisedconcernsin Titan about commercial exploitation of the Moon. The Tekla station wassuccessfullylandedontheMooninJanuary2024.LaterthatyearFireskinaugmentedtheTeklastationwiththedeliveryofamobilesurveyingunitcapableoftravelingasfaras20kmawayandassessingthemineralcontentoflunarmaterial.In2025Perovskreported discovery of titanium ore in commercially interesting concentrations and,notingthepresencenearsomeofthosediscoveriesofthedistinctivetreadpatternoftheTitanite roverbasedat theMondiale station, criticizedTitan for havingpreviouslydiscoveredconcentrationsoftitaniumorewithouthavingreportedthem.

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StungbythecriticismandfearfulthatPerovskwasabouttosetoffa“colonialistgoldrush” inspace,somepeople inTitanassertedthathidingwealththatbelongedtoallhumankindfrom“greedyentrepreneurs”wasjustified.InPerovskseriousdiscussionsbegan about withdrawal from the Outer Space Treaty. Perovsk also increased itscapacitytodeveloplunarmaterialcommerciallybydeliveringa3DprintertotheTeklaStation. In2025theywenteven further,asPerovskiteastronauts installed regolithprocessing equipment at three sites within range of Tekla’s mobile surveying unit.One of those sites was only 15 km away from Titan’s Mondiale Station. Withtensions rising between Perovsk and Titan, in January 2026, Perovsk formallydeclaredits intentiontowithdrawfromtheOSTdeliveringthenecessarydocumentstothedepositorystates.InFebruary2027,TitanwasconcernedthatPerovskwassettingupamajor industrial facilityontheMoonandthattheprocessingofregolithwasreleasingtraceamountsofoxygeninterferingwiththeatmosphericresearchatMondialeStation.Seekingmore information, it sent its lunar roveronan inspectionmissiontothenearestofPerovsk’sprocessingunits.Duringthismissionaseriesofunanticipatedevents ledtoacollisionthatcausedtheprocessingunittoshutdown.Nonetheless, the inspection confirmed that trace amounts of oxygen were beingreleased from titanium rich ilmeniteorebeingprocessedat the site.Titanpromptlydemanded the dismantlement of Perovsk’s processing units and further accusedPerovsk of despoiling the Novum Organum landing sites. Perovsk countered thatTitan’sfailuretosharetheresultsofitsexplorationsontheSeaofTranquilitydeniedFireskininformationthatitmighthaveusedtoselectdifferentsitesforitsprocessingequipment.Wantingtopreservetheirtraditionofpeacefulcoexistence,butunabletoreachanegotiatedsettlement,PerovskandTitanagreedtorefertheirdisputestotheCourtevenprovidinganhistoricauthorizationforthecourttoconsidersomeelementsofthecaseundertheprinciplesofexaequoetbono.

The2017CasewasauthoredbyDr.MichaelSimpson(UnitedStates)andChrisJohnson,Esq.(UnitedStates)

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WorldFinal2014Toronto,Canada

ParticipantsintheRegionalRounds

Africa:

Europe:

MakerereUniversity,Kampala,Uganda

ObafemiAwolowoUniversity,CityofIle-Ife,Nigeria

UniversityofJuba,Juba,SouthSudan

UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka,Nigeria

UniversityofPretoria,FacultyofLaw,Pretoria,SouthAfrica

BelgorodStateNationalResearchUniversity,Belgorod,RussiaInternationalInstituteofAirandSpaceLaw,LeidenUniversity,Leiden,TheNetherlandsJohnPaulIICatholicUniversityofLublin,Lublin,PolandLeuphanaUniversity,Lüneburg,GermanyNational&KapodistrianUniversity,Athens,GreecePeoples'FriendshipUniversityofRussia,Moscow,RussiaSapienzaUniversityofRome,Rome,ItalyTyumenStateUniversity,Tyumen,RussiaUniversityofGenoa,Genoa,ItalyUniversityofHelsinki(Law),Helsinki,FinlandUniversityofLlubljana,Llubljana,SloveniaUniversityofLodz(LawandAdministration),Lodz,PolandUniversityofLuxembourg,Luxembourg,LuxembourgUniversityofParis-Saclay,Paris,FranceUniversityofVienna,Vienna,Austria

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DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina,USA

FloridaStateUniversityCollegeofLaw,Tallahassee,Florida,USA

GeorgetownUniversityLawCenter,WashingtonD.C.,USA

GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,WashingtonD.C.,USA

McGillUniversity,InstituteofAirandSpaceLaw,Montreal,Quebec,Canada

NewYorkUniversity,NewYorkCity,NewYork,USA

PepperdineUniversity,Malibu,California,USA

St.ThomasUniversitySchoolofLaw,MiamiGardens,Florida,USA

UniversityofArkansas-LittleRock,LittleRock,Arkansas,USA

UniversityofColorado,Boulder,Colorado,USA

UniversityofHawaii,WilliamS.RichardsonSchoolofLaw,Honolulu,Hawaii,USA

UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan,USA

UniversityofMississippi,SchoolofLaw,Oxford,Mississippi,USA

UniversidadSergioArboleda,Bogotá,Colombia

UniversityofNebraskaCollegeofLaw,Lincoln,Nebraska,USA

UniversityofNevada-LasVegas,LasVegas,Nevada,USA

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ParticipantsintheRegionalRounds

NorthAmerica:

BandungIslamicUniversityIndonesia,Bandung,Indonesia

BeijingInstituteofTechnology,Beijing,ChinaCatholicUniversityofAtmaJaya,Jakarta,IndonesiaChanakyaNationalLawUniversity,Patna,IndiaChinaUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLaw(CUPL),Beijing,ChinaCityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong

CivilAviationUniversityofChina,Tianjin,ChinaCollegeofLegalStudies,UniversityofPetroleumandEnergyStudies(UPES),Dehradun,IndiaDr.RamManoharLohiyaNationalLawUniversity,Lucknow,IndiaGujaratNationalLawUniversity,Gandhinagar,IndiaIndianLawSocietyLawCollege(ILS),Pune,India

NationalLawSchoolofIndiaUniversity(NLSIU),Bangalore,IndiaInstituteofLaw,NirmaUniversity,Ahmedabad,IndiaJindalGlobalLawSchool,Sonipat,IndiaMurdochUniversity,Perth,AustraliaNALSARUniversityofLaw,Hyderabad,India

NationalLawUniversity,Delhi,IndiaNationalLawUniversityJodhpur,IndiaNationalLawUniversity,Odisha,Cuttack,IndiaNationalUniversityofAdvancedLegalStudies(NUALS),Kochi,IndiaNationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore,Singapore

ShanmughaArts,Science,Technology&ResearchAcademy(SASTRAUniversity),Thirumalaisamudram,IndiaSchoolofInternationalRelations,Tehran,IranShahidBeheshtiUniversity,Tehran,IranSoongsilUniversity,Seoul,SouthKorea

SymbiosisLaw,IndiaSchool,Pune,IndiaTheWBNationalUniversityofJuridicialSciences,Kolkata,India

UniversitasIslamIndonesia,Yogyakarta,Indonesia

UniversitasPadjadjaran,Bandung,Indonesia

UniversitasTrisakti,Jakarta,Indonesia

UniversityofAdelaide,Adelaide,Australia

UniversityofHongKong,HongKong

UniversityofKarachi,Karachi,Pakistan

ZhongnanUniversityofEconomicsandLaw,Wuhan,China

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ParticipantsintheRegionalRounds

AsiaPacific:

2017NorthAmericanRegionalRoundWashingtonD.C.,UnitedStates

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2017AsiaPacificRegionalRound,Adelaide,Australia

2017WinnersoftheRegionalRounds

Africa:

UniversityofPretoria,Pretoria,SouthAfricaStudents: Ms.RuvimboSamangaandMs.TebelloMoseouFacultyAdvisor: Prof.SewelaMasie

AsiaPacific:

NationalLawSchoolofIndiaUniversity,Bangalore,India

Students: Mr.SharanA.Bhavnani,Ms.HrishikaJain,andMr.KaranDhallaFacultyAdvisor: Prof.KunalAmbasta 

Europe:

NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens,Greece

Students: Ms.Yvonni-KyriakiVastaroucha,Ms.IlianaGriva,andMs.Pelagia-Ioanna AgeridouFacultyAdvisor: Prof.GeorgeD.KyriakopoulosFacultyAdvisorAssistant: Ms.GiolenaExarchou

NorthAmerica:

UniversityofMississippi,Oxford,Mississippi,USA

Students: Ms. AlexiaBoggs,Mr.KyleHansen,Mr.KentAldenderferFacultyAdvisor: Prof.Dr.AndreaHarrington

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JudgesfortheWorldFinals

JudgesfortheFinal

H.E.JudgeJamesRichardCrawford,InternationalCourtofJusticeH.E.JudgeKirillGevorgian,InternationalCourtofJusticeH.E.JudgeKennethKeith,FormerMember,InternationalCourtofJustice

JudgeCrawford JudgeGevorgian JudgeKeith

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WorldFinal2003,Bremen,Germany

JudgesforSemifinals

ForOralPleadingsProf.HenryHertzfeld(UnitedStates),Professor,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,

Washington,D.C.,USA

Prof.MahulenaHoffman,(CzechRepublic),SESChairinSatelliteCommunicationand

MediaLaw,UniversityofLuxembourg,Luxembourg

Dr.RanjanaKaul(India),PartneratDuaAssociates,NewDelhi,India

Dr.SeiduOnailoMohammed(Nigeria),DirectorGeneraloftheNationalSpace

ResearchandDevelopmentAgency(NASRDA),AbujaNigeria

Dr.ElinaMorozova(Russsia),HeadofInternationalandLegalService,Intersputnik,

Moscow,Russia

Prof.YunZhao(China),HeadofDepartmentofLaw,TheUniversityofHongKong,

China

ForMemorialsDr.UlrikeM.Bohlmann(Germany),AdministratorofStrategyDepartment,EuropeanSpaceAgency,Paris,France

Prof. Melissa deZwart (Australia), Dean of Law, University of Adelaide, Adelaide,Australia

LusaniNelufuleMugivhi (SouthAfrica),Senior LegalCounsel atCouncil forScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR),Johannesburg,SouthAfrica

RosaMariaRamirezdeArellanoyHaro(Mexico),CoordinatorGeneralofInternationalAffairsandSpaceSecurity,MexicanSpaceAgency,MexicoCity,Mexico

Dr. Milton ‘Skip’ Smith, Esq. (United States), Partner at Sherman & Howard LLC,ColoradoSprings,Colorado,USA

Prof.DaleStephens(Australia),Professor,UniversityofAdelaide,Australia

Dr.LottaViikari(Finland),Professor,UniversityofLapland,Rovaniemi,Finland

Adv.PhetolePatrickSekula(SouthAfrica),SouthAfricanCouncilforSpaceAffairs,Pretoria,SouthAfrica

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WorldFinal

3:00p.m. DepartfromtheAdelaideConventionCentretoFederalCourt- FederalCourtattendeesmustallowsufficienttimetoproceed throughsecurity

3:45p.m. Allgueststobeseated.

IntroductionbyMelissaK.Force,Co-Chair, LachsMootCourtCommittee

Readingoftheproblem

4:00p.m. OralArguments

5:30p.m. Deliberations

6:00p.m. Announcementofthewinningteamsandpresentationofawards

6:30p.m. DeparturetoIISLDinnerattheMortlockChambers, StateLibraryofSouthAustralia

(Registeredguestsonly)

IISLAnnualDinner

7:00pm DrinksattheTreasurer'sWall,MortlockChambers, StateLibraryofSouthAustralia

8:00p.m. IISLAnnualAwardsDinnerattheMortlockChambers, StateLibraryofSouthAustralia

10:30p.m. BustransportbacktotheAdelaideConventionCentreandhotels

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AwardsforWorldFinals

WinningTeamPresentationofLachsTrophyLeeLoveAwardforBestTeamCommemorativePlaqueCertificatestoteammembers

Runner-upCommemorativePlaqueCertificatestoteammembers

ParticipantsinSemifinalsCommemorativePlaqueCertificatestoteammembers

BestMemorialsEileneM.GallowayAwardforBestMemorialsTrophyPlatetoSchoolCertificatestoteammembers

BestOralistSternsandTennenAwardforBestOralistTrophyPlatetoSchoolCertificatetoWinner

AllStudentParticipantsintheFinalsLawbooksdonatedbyElevenInternationalPublishingLawbooksdonatedbyBrill/NijhoffLawbooksdonatedbySpringer

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AWARDSDR.EILENEM.GALLOWAY(1906-2009)wasalegendinthefieldsofspacepolicyandspacelaw, having been instrumental in the formation of the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA). From 1941-1975, she worked for the U.S. Congress as a staffmemberoftheLegislativeReferenceService(latertheCongressionalResearchService)andwascalleduponbythen-SenateMajorityLeaderLyndonB.JohnsontoadvisehimonhowtorespondtotheSovietUnion'slaunchofSputnik1onOctober4,1957.SheassistedSenatorJohnsonaswell as  then-Speaker of the House JohnMcCormack in crafting the National Aeronautics andSpaceAct,whichcreatedNASA.SheaccompaniedSenatorJohnsontotheUnitedNationswhenhe represented the United States in recommending creation of what is now known as theCommittee on the Peaceful Uses ofOuter Space (COPUOS). Shewas an official observer atCOPUOS from 1970-1994. She was a founding member of the IISL, its Vice President(1967-1979), and an Honorary Director (1979-2009). She also helped establish Section 4(Social Sciences)  of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA). She received manyawards,butwasespeciallyproudoftheAndrewG.HaleyGoldmedalthatshereceivedfromtheIISLin1968.TheGallowayAwardissponsoredbyMs.MarciaS.Smith.

MRS.LEEM.LOVEwasapioneerinreportingonUnitedNations'effortstoensurethepeacefulusesofouterspaceforover40years.Shewroteabout theUnitedNationsCommitteeon thePeaceful Uses ofOuter Space (COPUOS) from its early days. Her personal relationswere soclosewithcommitteemembers that shebecameoneof thevery fewpeoplewhowasable tohostreceptionswithdelegatesfromboththeUnitedSatesandtheformerSovietUnionininformalsettingstopromoteunderstandingduringtheColdWaryears.BythetimeshelefttheU.N.,Leehadcoveredman'sflightsintospaceandthemoonandreportedonargumentsoverwhoownedthe rights to outer space, seas and satellite orbits. She attended the annual InternationalAstronauticalCongressallovertheworldandwasmemberoftheInternationalInstituteofSpaceLaw.TheLeeLoveAward formembersof thewinning team in theManfredLachs space lawmootcourtcompetition,whichshesupportedandattendedeachyearwithimmensepleasureandinterest,wasestablished inherhonourbyher familyand issponsoredbytheMatthewandLeeLoveFoundation.Shepassedawayin2008.

PATRICIAM.STERNS&LESLIE I.TENNEN. In1997, fiveyearsafter thecompetitionstarted,PatriciaSternsandLesTennenof theLawOfficesofSternsandTennen, inPhoenix,Arizona,proposedthatanawardbepresentedtothebestoralistoftheWorldFinal.TheBoardofDirectorsacceptedthisproposal, togetherwith theiroffer tosponsor theaward,whichhassincebecomeeponymous.PatriciaandLeshavebeenactivemembersoftheInstituteandhaveparticipatedinIISLcolloquiaformorethan threedecades. PatriciaservedasaJudgeProTemoftheMaricopaCountySuperiorCourt,andafterservingasamemberoftheBoard, waselectedasanHonoraryDirectoroftheIISL.LescurrentlyservesasCo-ChairoftheMootCourtCommitteeandasLegalCounsel for the International Academy of Astronautics, He was appointed to two terms  as aCommissioner on the Arizona Space Commission, and is a former member of the Board ofDirectorsoftheIISL. 21

THEMANFREDLACHSTROPHY

Onpermanentdisplay,InternationalCourtofJusticeTheHague,TheNetherlands

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CONTACTDETAILSREGIONALROUNDSAFRICA:LACHSMOOT-AFRICA@IISLWEB.ORG

ASIAPACIFIC:LACHSMOOT-ASIAPACIFIC@IISLWEB.ORG

EUROPE:LACHSMOOT-EUROPE@IISLWEB.ORG

NORTHAMERICA:LACHSMOOT-NORTHAMERICA@IISLWEB.ORG

ADDRESSESINTERNATIONALASTRONAUTICALCONGRESS2017:

AdelaideConventionCentre,NorthTerrace,AdelaideSA5000,Australia

adelaidecc.com.au +61882124099

WORLDFINALOFTHEMOOTCOURTCOMPETITION:

CourtroomNumber1,FederalCourtofAustralia,3AngasStreet AdelaideSA5000,Australia

IISLDINNER:

MortlockChambers,StateLibraryofSouthAustralia,CornerNorthTerrace&Kintyre Avenue,AdelaideSA5000

Australia+61882077250

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WorldFinal2007,Hyderabad,India

SponsorsofRegionalWinningTeams

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NorthAmericanTeam:

AfricanTeam:

EuropeanTeam:

AsiaPacificTeam:

�25

AdditionalSponsors

FurtherReading

• BRILL/NIJHOFFPUBLISHERS:

WWW.BRILL.NL• DTISOUTHAFRICA

WWW.DTI.GOV.ZA• ELEVENINTERNATIONALPUBLISHING: WWW.ELEVENPUB.COM

• EUROPEANCENTREFORSPACELAW(ECSL): WWW.ESA.INT/SPECIALS/ECL

• EUROPEANSPACEAGENCY(ESA): HTTP://WWW.ESA.INT/ESA• EXCALIBURALMAZ

WWW.EXCALIBURALMAZ.COM• INTERNATIONALASTRONAUTICALFEDERATION:

WWW.IAFASTRO.ORG• INTERNATIONALCOURTOFJUSTICE: WWW.ICJ-CIJ.ORG

• INTERNATIONALINSTITUTEOFSPACELAW(IISL): WWW.IISLWEB.ORG

•JAPANAEROSPACEEXPLORATIONAGENCY(JAXA): WWW.JAXA.JP• MANFREDLACHSSPACELAWMOOTCOURT:

WWW.IISLWEB.ORG/LACHSMOOT• NASA

WWW.NASA.GOV• SOUTHAFRICANNATIONALSPACEAGENCY WWW.SANSA.ORG.ZA

• SECUREWORLDFOUNDATION: WWW.SECUREWORLDFOUNDATION.ORG

• SRINGER:WWW.SPRINGER.COM  

LACHSMOOT: WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/SPACEMOOTLACHSMOOT: TWITTER.COM/SPACELAWMOOTIISL:   WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/SPACELAWIISL:   HTTP://WWW.LINKEDIN.COM/GROUPS?GID=124057&TRK=MYG_UGRP_OVRIISL:   HTTPS://TWITTER.COM/IISL_SPACE

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